SALINAN LINGUISTIC MATERIALS 265

Marine Biological Consultants, and Philip Adams Macko, M. E. and Roger Seapy of California State University, 1983 Beads, Bones, Baptisms, and Sweat- Fullerton, provided valuable advice and assis­ lodges: Analysis of Collections from tance. This study was made possible through a "Elijman" (CA-SBa-485), A Late Period scientific permit granted by the California Ynezeno Chumash Village in the Central Department of Fish and Game. Santa Ynez Valley, California. Master's thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara. REFERENCES Merrill, A. S., J. A. Posgay, and F. E. Nichy 1965 Aimual Marks on Shell and Ligament of Barker, R. M. Sea Scallop (Placopecten magellanicus). 1964 Microtextural Variations in Pelecypod Fishery BuUetin 65:299-311. Shells. Malacologia 2:69-84. Ricketts, E. F., J. Calvin, J. W. Hedgpeth, and D. 1970 Constituency and Origins of Cyclic W. Phillips Layers in Pelecypod Shells. Ph.D. dis­ 1985 Between Pacific Tides. Stanford: Stan­ sertation. University of California, ford University Press. Berkeley. Ropes, J. W., and A. S. Merrill Coutts, P. F., and C. Higham 1970 Marking Surf Clams. Proceedings of 1971 The Seasonal Factor in Prehistoric New the National Shellfisheries Association Zealand. World Archaeology 2:266-277. 60:99-106. Drover, C. E. Weide, M. L. 1974 Seasonal Exploitation of Chione Clams 1969 Seasonality of Pismo Clam Collecting at on the Southern California Coast. The Ora-82. Los Angeles: University of Journal of California Anthropology 1:24- California Archaeological Survey Annual 32. Report 11:127-141. Kennish, M. J. 1985 Shell Microgrowth Analysis: Mercenaria mercenaria as a Type Example for Research in Population Dynamics. In: Skeletal Growth of Aquatic Organisms, D. C. Rhodes and R. A. Lutz, eds., pp. 255-294. New York: Plenum Press. Koerper, H. C. 1980 Comment on Drover's Proposed Season­ Salinan Linguistic Materials ality Method. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 2:137-140. KATHERINE TURNER, 5166 Patrick Creek Dr., McKinleyville, CA 95521. Koerper, H. C, R. Cerreto, and K. P. Reitz 1984 Cautionary Notes on the Use of a Statistical Method of Seasonality AT the time of European contact in the Determination from Chione undatella eighteenth century, Salinan was spoken along Shells. Pacific Coast Archaeological the south-central coast of California from Society Quarterly 20(3):67-75. just north of the present town of King City Lyons, E. south to Paso Robles and east to Coalinga. 1978 A Statistical Method of Seasonality Randall Milliken's work with the California Determination from Chione undatella mission registers and recent archaeological (Sowerby). Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 14(3):33-42. studies by Gibson (1975, 1982) and Breschini and Haversat (1980) have refined Kroeber's 1984 A Response to the "Cautionary Notes . . . ." Pacific Coast Archaeological (1925) geographic distribution of Salinan Society Quarterly 20(3):76-83. speakers. The most significant change from 266 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

Kroeber's boundaries is to move the southern ario" (sic), a paradigmatic noun vocabulary, coastal limit 40 miles north and to suggest a and a prayer board. These are now found in western-eastern, rather than a northern- widely separated locations: the original southern division between speakers of the Confesionario (Sitjar MS) is in Washington, two attested dialects: Antoniafio and DC, at the Georgetown University archives; Miguelino. The Salinans' neighbors at the the vocabulary with the noun paradigms, time of European contact were the Esselen partly composed by Fr. Sitjar and partly by (Hokan linguistic stock), the Soledad Cos- Frs. Cabot and Dumetz (Cabot and Dumetz tanoan (Penutian stock), the Yokuts (Penu- MS), is in the Boston Athenaeum; and the tian), and the Obispefio, or Northern, Chu­ prayer board (Pieras and Sitjar MS) is at the mash (Hokan). The Salinan language is con­ National History Museum of the Smithsonian ventionally designated a member of the Institution, Washington, DC. All of these Hokan linguistic stock. are, of course, glossed in the Spanish of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth cen­ OVERVIEW turies. The Salinan can be identified as the There are approximately twenty sources Antoniafio dialect, but it is written in ad of linguistic data on Salinan, dating from the hoc orthographies that are not even inter­ late eighteenth to the mid-twentieth century, nally consistent. The Spanish itself poses slightly more than 150 years during which some problems because these missionaries written records of Salinan were made. The were not educated academicians, and many majority are written in idiosyncratic ortho­ of the Spanish glosses reflect a local late graphies and eight are glossed in Spanish. eighteenth-century Spanish dialect from The last speaker died thirty years ago, but GaUcia in northwest Spain. the language nearly disappeared within 100 Also dating from the mission period, Fr. years after the establishment of the first Buenaventura Sitjar's "Vocabulario de la Franciscan mission in Salinan territory. Lengua de los Naturales de la misi6n San That mission, San Antonio de Padua, was Antonio, Alta California" was published in founded in 1771 by Fr. Junipero Serra, as 1861 as Volume 7 in Shea's Library of the third Franciscan mission established in American Linguistics, but it was compiled Alta California. Mission San Miguel, Arc- much earlier, because Fr. Sitjar died in 1808. angel, was founded in 1797 by Fr. Buenaven­ A. S. Taylor dated this at 1787. The tura Sitjar, the incumbent of Mission San original is in the Bancroft Library, Univer­ Antonio. In order to evaluate the progress sity of California, Berkeley. This document, of their efforts, the missionaries required too, is in an idiosyncratic orthography, but their Indian converts to speak Spanish the Spanish is much easier to understand. (Engelhardt 1929, 1972). The Franciscans' The published version is preceded by a proselytizing brought about the eventual grammatical sketch by Shea. eradication of Salinan aboriginal culture at During the last century, several visitors all levels, including their language. to California compiled short vocabularies of the two Salinan dialects, glossed in English SOURCES for the most part, but only eight are sources The missionaries made some attempts to of particular linguistic interest. The earliest communicate with the Indians in their native of these vocabularies consists of a list of language, attested by the surviving docu­ the numbers from "one" to "sixteen" taken ments of the mission period: a "Confession- down by Dr. Thomas Coulter, a Dublin physi- SALINAN LINGUISTIC MATERIALS 267 cian, in 1834 (Couher 1848). This was fol­ problems of working with Merriam's English- lowed by slightly fuller vocabularies by based orthography are well known. He did, Scouler (1841:247-251), Latham (1856), Tay­ however, have a "phonetic" key to his lor (1860), Gatschet (1877), Pinart (1878), spellings at the beginning of each of his and Henshaw (1884). Henshaw compiled the printed schedules: "Field Check Lists" longest of these vocabularies, completing (Merriam 1902a, 1933a) and "Vocabularies most of the extensive Bureau of American of North American Indians" (Merriam 1902b, Ethnology schedules for both dialects of the 1933b). If the philologist is already familiar language. Less useful sources include with the American Indian language Merriam Lap6rouse (1797), de la Cuesta (1821, 1833), was recording, his elicitations are quite Gallatin (1848), Yates and Gould (1887), and valuable, especially with reference to flora Pieras and Sitjar (MS). and fauna. Merriam was a biologist and All of these vocabularies are in idiosyn­ used specific Latin taxonomic terms for his cratic transcriptions based on English, glosses. With Salinan, however, one should French, and Spanish, except for those of be aware that Merriam was working through Henshaw, who had the directions of Powell a Spanish-speaking interpreter. (1880) for his orthography. In some cases J. Alden Mason, a student of Edward his transcriptions are helpful because he Sapir, began his work with Salinan in 1910 indicated syllable boundaries with hyphens. and published his dissertation "The Ethno­ The twentieth century saw the efforts of graphy of the Salinan Indians" in 1912. His Kroeber (1901, 1904), Merriam (1902, 1933), "Language of the Salinan Indians" was hur­ Mason (1912, 1916-1917, 1918), Harrington ried into print at the urging of Kroeber in (1922, 1932-1933; cf. CaUaghan 1975, Walsh 1918. Mason, too, worked with a Spanish 1976), Bright (1954), and Jacobsen (1954, interpreter but transcribed his elicitations 1955, 1958). These twentieth-century re­ phonetically, using the conventions of Boas cordings are more modern: they pose fewer et al. (1916). He, too, had problems with philological problems, and the majority are word-initial glottal stops and with glottaliza- glossed in English. tion in general. I have found it more useful Kroeber did a workmanlike job of to work with his notebooks (Mason 1916- compiling a short vocabulary of the Migu- 1917) rather than with the published version eleiio dialect and his notebook (Kroeber because of a few printing errors, but the 1901) currently is in the Survey of California chief caution one should exercise in working and Other American Indian Languages at the with his materials involves his mixing of the University of California, Berkeley. He dis­ two dialects. He also retranscribed his played some of the classic errors of an inex­ interpretations of Fr. Sitjar's (1861) "Vocab­ perienced field linguist: he did not record ulario ..." in his stem list. word-initial glottal stops and his Salinan Luckily, the language came to the atten­ glosses for body parts translate as "your tion of John Peabody Harrington. He used (singular)" body part, meaning that when he Mason's published work as a primary source asked how to say "my leg" or "my arm," he for his re-elicitations, and, although he had elicited instead the word for "your leg" or some peculiar orthographic practices, his "your arm." "ear" was so accurate and his attention to C. Hart Merriam's original notebooks and phonetic detail so exhaustive that his work diaries are in the Manuscript Division of the goes a long way toward disambiguating Library of Congress in Washington, DC. The Mason's work. Harrington (1922, 1932-1933) 268 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY provided the information necessary for a Breschini, Gary, and Trudy Haversat phonemic reconstitution of the language. 1980 La Cueva Pintada: A Technical Report His extensive documentation of Salinan is on Documenting the Rock Paintings at National Re^ster Site CA-MTN-256. housed in the National Anthropological Salinas, CA: Coyote Press. Archives of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., and is now available on Bright, WiUiam O. 1954 Salinan Field Notes. MS in Bright's microfilm. Harrington glossed many of his possession. elicitations in a peculiar "California" Spanish which I have translated only with Cabot, Padre Pedro, and Pedro Dumetz MS A Vocabulary of the [illegible] words great patience and good luck, consulting from Mission San Antonio taken ia the frequently with Latin American Spanish handwriting of [illegible]. A. S. Taylor, speakers. Nov., 1853. Given to the Boston Athenaeum by Mrs. Schoolcraft, March William Bright made a brief visit to 6,1871. $2B7 Cll. Salinan speakers in 1954 and has recorded a short vocabulary notable for its modernity in Callaghan, Catherine 1975 J. P. Harrington-Cahfomia's Great transcription. Linguist. The Journal of California The only completely reliable modern tran­ Anthropology 2:183-187. scription of the language of any length was Coulter, Thomas made by Jacobsen (1954,1955,1958) while he 1848 Salinan Vocabulary. In: Hale's Indians was a graduate student. He has kindly put a of North-west America, and Vocabu­ copy of his notes at my disposal. The laries of North America, Albert S. language was nearly moribund by the time he Gallatin, ed., p. 129. Transactions of the American Ethnological Society II. worked with speakers of Salinan, and he faithfully recorded the phonological, de la Cuesta, Fr. Felipe Arroyo morphological, and syntactic simplifications 1821 Vocabulary of Salman. Transcribed by that were in progress as the language Albert S. Gatschet. Bureau of Ameri­ can Ethnology MS 850 on file at the reached extinction. National Anthropological Archives, In summation, then, a modern linguistic Smithsonian Institution, Washington, analysis of Antoniaho Salinan has been pos­ DC. sible based on the work of Mason, Harring­ 1833 Lecciones de Yndios. MS C-C 63b on ton, and Jacobsen, with the aid of, princi­ file at the Bancroft Library, University pally, Fr. Sitjar, Frs. Cabot and Dumetz, and of CaUfomia, Berkeley. Henshaw. Mason was the only one to record Engelhardt, Fr. Zephyrin texts, Harrington to record phonetic detail 1929 San Miguel, Arcangel: The Mission on of previously elicited vocabulary, and Jacob- the Hi^way. Santa Barbara: Mission sen to record completely reliable modern Santa Barbara. phonetic transcriptions of extensive vocabu­ 1972 San Antonio de Padua: The Mission in lary and paradigms of both nouns and verbs. the Sierras. Ramona, CA: Ballena Press. Gallatin, Albert S., ed. REFERENCES 1848 Hale's Indians of North-west America, Boas, Franz, P. E. Goddard, A. L. Kroeber, and and Vocabularies of North America. E. Sapir New York: Transactions of the Amer­ 1916 Phonetic Transcription of Indian Lan­ ican Ethnological Society II. guages. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col­ Gatschet, Albert S. lections 66(6):1-15. 1877 Indian Languages of the Pacific States SALINAN LINGUISTIC MATERIALS 269

and Territories. Magazine of American Lap6rouse, Jean Francois Galaup History 1(1):145-171. 1797 Voyage de la Pdrouse autour du monde Gibson, Robert O. (recorded in 1786). Vol. 11:247-292. 1975 PreUminary Analysis of Ethnohistoric Paris. Data on Northern Salman. Unpublished MS on file at the Department of Latham, Robert G. Anthropology, CaUfornia State Univer­ 1856 On the Languages of Northern, West­ sity, Hayward. ern, and Central America. Transactions of the Philological Society of London of 1982 Ethnogeography of the Salinan People: 1856:57-115. A Systems Approach. Master's thesis, California State University, Hayward. Mason, J. Alden 1912 The Ethnology of the Salinan Indians. Harrington, John Peabody University of California Publications in 1922 and 1932-33 SaUnan Field Notes. John American Archaeology and Ethnology Peabody Harrington Papers, microfilm 10(4). edition, reels 084-088. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian 1916-1917 Salinan linguistics and ethnology. Institution, Washington, DC [1984]. MS No. 4702 in Manuscripts Relating to the American Indian in the Library of Henshaw, Henry W. the American Philosophical Society, 1884 San Antonio and San Miguel Vocabular­ Philadelphia. ies. Bureau of American Ethnology MS 1918 The Language of the Salinan Indians. 3077-a and -b, on fde at the National University of California Publications in Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian American Archaeology and Ethnology Institution, Washington, DC. 14(1).

Herzog, George, Stanley S. Newman, Edward Merriam, C. Hart Sapir, Mary Haas Swadesh, Morris Swadesh, and 1902a and 1933a Field Check Lists, Ennesen. Charles F. Voegelin MS on file at the Manuscript Division, 1934 Some Orthographic Recommendations Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Arising out of Discussions by a Group 1902b and 1933b Ennesen. Vocabularies of of Six Americanist Linguists. American North American Indians. MS on file at Anthropologist 36:629-631. the Manuscript Division, Library of Jacobsen, WiUiam H., Jr. Congress, Washington, DC. 1954, 1955, and 1958. Salinsm Field Notes. Unpublished manuscript in possession of Milliken, Randall Jacobsen. 1982 Personal Name Distributions, Language Boundaries and Inter-language Relation­ Kroeber, A. L. ships in Proto-historical Central 1901 Unpublished linguistic field notes on California. Paper read at the Confer­ Salman. MS on file at the Survey of ence on Far Western Languages and California and Other American Indian Prehistory, Santa Cruz. Languages, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley. Pieras, Rev. Miguel, and Buenaventura Sitjar MS Prayer Book from Mission San Antonio. 1904 Languages of the Coast of California MS 1082 on file at the National South of San Francisco. University of Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian California Publications in American Institution, Washington, DC. Archaeology and Ethnology 2(2). 1925 The Esselen and the Salinans. Hand­ Pinart, Alphonse book of the Indians of California. 1878 CaUfornia Indian Vocabularies. MS C-C Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 62:3 on file at the Bancroft Library, 78:544-549. University of CaUfornia, Berkeley. 270 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNL\ AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY

PoweU, John Wesley Exwanyawish'. A Luiseno 1880 Introduction to the study of Indian Languages, with words, phrases, and Sacred Rock sentences to be coUected. 2nd edition. D. L. TRUE and SUZANNE GRISET, Dept. of Washington: Bureau of American Anthropology, Univ. of California, Davis, CA 95616. Ethnology. Scouler, John EXWANYAWISH was first described by Con­ 1841 Observations on the Indigenous Tribes stance Du Bois (1908:159): of the North West Coast of America. One of the most striking rocks in this locaUty Royal Geographic Society Journal of ancient monuments is the painted rock, 11:215-251 [Salinan vocabulary pp. 247- Exwanyawish which was one of the Temecula 251]. people, a woman, who turned into this form. Sitjar, Fr. Buenaventura Indians suffering bodily pain rub against the 1861 Vocabulario de la lengua de los rock to obtain reUef It is not known when the Naturales de la misi6n San Antonio, painting on the hoUowed side was done, nor Alta California. New York: Shea's when the sacred stones, wiala, were poised on Library of American Linguistics 7. top. The oldest man remembers that they were always there, though the touch of a hand might MS "Confesionario" [sic]. MS on file at overturn them. the Georgetown University Archives, Washington, DC. This report presents ethnographic tes­ Taylor, Alexander S. timony collected 30-40 years ago by the se­ 1860-1863 CaUfornia Notes: The Indianology nior author which pinpoints the location of of California. California Farmer 22 Exwanyawish, and provides additional infor­ February 1860 and 27 April 1860. mation concerning the pictographs located Turner, {Catherine thereon. Initially, we had some concern 1987 Aspects of Salinan Grammar. Ph.D. about publicizing the exact location of this dissertation. University of California, Berkeley. important feature, but we realized that al­ though the site had been recorded archaeo- Walsh, Jane MacLaren 1976 John Peabody Harrington: The Man and logically many years ago, its ethnographic His California Indian Field Notes. significance had become confused. Many of Ramona: Ballena Press Anthropological the Luiseno elders who knew the details Papers No. 6. connected with the rock, its pictographs, and Yates, L. G., and G. H. Gould its mythological connections have since 1887 Salinan and Chumashan Vocabularies. passed away, so it is important from an eth­ Bureau of American Ethnology MS 4239, nographic perspective to fill in as many gaps National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, as possible while the remaining carriers of DC. this knowledge are alive. It is clear from the context of Du Bois' description of ancestral Luiseiio landmarks (1908:158-160) that Exwanyawish is located in the vicinity of Potrero, not far from the ancestral home of her informant, Lucario Cuevish (Fig. 1). Another reference is in­ cluded in her myth entitled "The Dance of the Spirits" (Du Bois 1908:154). A man from Ahoya (Ahuya; near Rincon) stopped at the place Kamak (Potrero) to spend the night