Changes in the Sectoral Orientations of the State of Guerrero Between 1970 and 2000 Cambios Territoriales En Las Orientaciones S
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Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín del Instituto de Geografía,UNAM ISSN 0188-4611, Núm. 77, 2012, pp. 107-123 Changes in the sectoral orientations of the State of Guerrero between 1970 and 2000 Received: 22 February 2011. Final version accepted: 18 August 2011. Neftalí García Castro* Álvaro Sánchez Crispín** Abstract. This paper presents an economic classification has changed from one that was specialized in the primary for the municipalities of Guerrero, Mexico, in terms of sector to structures in which the tertiary and secondary successive quotients. An outline of the concepts underlying sectors have more weight. this branch of Economic Geography is followed by a des- cription of the method used to determine the economic Key words: Sectoral orientation, Guerrero, Mexico. orientations for 1970 and 2000. The economy of Guerrero Cambios territoriales en las orientaciones sectoriales de Guerrero, 1970-2000 Resumen. Este trabajo expone una tipología económico- pondientes a 1970 y 2000. Finalmente, se analiza y constata productiva de los municipios guerrerenses, desde el enfoque el tránsito de una economía guerrerense especializada en el de los cocientes sucesivos. Primero, se hace alusión a los sector primario hacia estructuras productivas en las que antecedentes cognoscitivos de esa vertiente de la Geografía el sector terciario y el secundario tienen mayor peso. Económica. En el segundo apartado se describe la secuencia utilizada para obtener las orientaciones económicas corres- Palabras clave: Orientación sectorial, Guerrero, México. * Posgrado en Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, México, D.F. E-mail: [email protected] ** Departamento de Geografía Económica, Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, México, D.F. E-mail: [email protected] Neftalí García Castro y Álvaro Sánchez Crispín INTRODUCTION systemic perspective, and the production of a map that summarizes it, is a substantial contribution to The aim of this study is to demonstrate the changes understanding its current socio-economic inequa- in the sectoral orientations of the municipalities lities. In 2000, the State consisted of seventy-six of Guerrero between 1970 and 2000. During this municipalities (Figure 1). Acapulco, José Azueta, period, this State underwent significant socio- Chilpancingo, Iguala and Taxco had the highest economic change: tourism became established concentration of inhabitants, economic inves- as the key component of the State economic tment and profitable productive activities, chiefly dynamic, and various processing plants for USA belonging to the third and second sectors. Poverty companies (principally in the northern region) is a constant in most of the municipalities (Figure and agroindustries arrived in the Tierra Caliente. 2).2 In them, the primary industries are the main The present analysis uses the municipality as the option for subsistence. Unfortunately, agriculture spatial unit of observation, since the statistical has significant yields in only a few parts of Gue- method used in the research relies on information rrero, such as the coastal strip or part of the Tierra regarding the volume of the economically active Caliente; these parts have physical characteristics population (EAP) for productive sectors. Before that have favoured the introduction of commercial the 1990s, such data were reported mainly by the crops with possibilities for export, and they benefit National Institute of Statistics and Geography from the presence of areas of irrigation. In general, (INEGI) at national, State and municipality level. there has been virtually no modernization of the Nowadays, research can supply greater territorial State’s primary sector. In the face of this situation, detail by adopting basic geostatistical areas as units it is common for country dwellers to leave their of study. However, this is viable when the period rural communities and seek better incomes in the under consideration has as its initial date 1990 main cities of Guerrero, in other States of Mexico, or, failing this, it is intended to show the sectoral or in the USA (Table 1 and Figure 3). orientations that have occurred in any territory, in a given year, or in the years that coincide with those corresponding to the later editions of the 10th BASIC CONCEPTS Census of Population and Vivienda. It was from the eleventh census onwards that INEGI began to Diverse geo-economic studies have shown the register the detailed information, and solely those specialization of regions or, in some cases, their publications have the variables mentioned.1 productive diversification, by use of the method of The present study uses the method of successive successive quotients (Szczesny, 1964; Kostrowicki, quotients developed in the Polish school of Geo- graphy. This statistical-mathematical tool serves as a guideline for reaching a synthetic spatial interpre- 2 The concept of poverty, understood as a situation of tation linked with cartography, which allows the material-economic deficiency that occurs in the context complex socio-economic structure of a territory of the life of a human being, is simplistic. However, it is to be expressed in simple form. Hence, the study useful for the study of contemporary social dynamics, whose of the productive dynamic of Guerrero from this outstanding characteristics are a utilitarian philosophy and consumerism. In this sense, with the aim of showing the regional contrasts that distinguish Guerrero, the levels of 1 Similarly, the end of the period was taken as the year 2000 poverty and of migration of the various municipalities are because in the 2010 Census of Population and Housing the presented. In addition, each phenomenon helps to explain variables required for the method of successive quotients are the economic-sectoral panorama of the different municipali- the product of the application of a questionnaire distributed ties because the territories with high levels of poverty and, in only to those homes selected by a probabilistic process. For consequence, with a wide range of social problems are places that reason, the results of the 12th census (2000) are a better that people leave. This fact has not favoured or encouraged statistical support for revealing patterns of sectoral speciali- the implicit aims of projects related to local development zation or diversification at the municipal level. (Propín and Sánchez, 1998, cited in García Castro, 2007). 108 ][ Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín 77, 2012 Changes in the sectoral orientations of the State of Guerrero between 1970 and 2000 102° 00’ 101° 00’ 100° 00’ 99°00’ 98° 00’ 19° 00’ 19° 00’ Mexico Morelos Michoacán 049 027 060 Puebla Taxco 047 037 055 064 031 015 Teloloapan 050 Iguala Arcelia 073 Cd. Altamirano 058 Huitzuco Coyuca de 067 036 Catalán 067 Tepecoacuilco Tlapehuala 007 Tlapehuala 026 059 034 008 016 I 006 Coacoyula 022 017 18° 00’ Petacalco II 18° 00’ 019 068 003 045 070 042 038 054 075 033 032 074 002 024 Zihuatanejo III 005 048 040 061 065 San Jeronimito Tixtla 010 066 Chilpancingo 028 Oaxaca Petatlán V 069 020 004 057 029 072 057 011 044 051 009 063 IV Pacic Ocean Atoyac 076 San Jerónimo Tierra Colorada 043 021 041 014 17° 00’ 001 17° 00’ VI 25 23.12 Acapulco 056 Acapulco 012 062 San Luis Acatlán VII 053 052 20 18.03 16.20 035 071 San Marcos 14.13 025 Ometepec 15 12.84 12.71 030 046 Copala 013 10 018 Cuajinicuilapa 023 Area of (% state total) 5 2.96 0 0 20 40 60 80 Costa Grande Tierra Caliente Centro Montaña Norte Costa Chica Acapulco Km Proportion of the state total corresponding to the dierent regions State area 63 794 km2 16° 00’ 16 °00’ 102° 00’ 101° 00’ 100° 00’ 99°00’ 98° 00’ Municipality Key Name Key Name Key Name Main centres 001 Acapulco 033 Huamuxtitlán 065 Tlalixtaquilla de Maldonado 002 Ahuacuotzingo 034 Huitzuco de los Figueroa 066 Tlapa de Comonfort 003 Ajuchitlán del Progreso 036 Iguala de la Independencia 067 Tlapehuala Politico-administrative boundary 004 Alcozauca de Guerrero 035 Igualapa 068 La Unión de Isidoro Montes de Oca 005 Alpoyeca 037 Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc 069 Xalpatláhuac 006 Apaxtla 038 José Azueta (Zihuatanejo) 070 Xochihuehuetlán 007 Arcelia 039 Juan R. Escudero (Tierra Colorada) 071 Xochistlahuaca 008 Atenango del Río 040 Leonardo Bravo (Chichihualco) 072 Zapotitlán Tablas 009 Atlamajalcingo del Monte 041 Malinaltepec 073 Zirándaro 010 Atlixtac 042 Mártir de Cuilapan (Apango) 074 Zitlala Location with in Mexico 011 Atoyac de Álvarez 043 Metlatónoc 075 Eduardo Neri (Zumpango del Río) 012 Ayutla de los Libres 044 Mochitlán 076 Acatepec 100º 00’ 013 Azoyú 045 Olinalá 014 Benito Juárez (San Jerónimo) 046 Ometepec USA 015 Buenavista de Cuéllar 047 Pedro Ascencio Alquisiras 016 Coahuayutla de J.M. 048 Petatlán 30º 00’ 30º 00’ 017 Cocula 049 Pilcaya 018 Copala 050 Pungarabato ( Cd. Altamirano) Region 019 Copalillo 051 Quechultenango 020 Copanatoyac 052 San Luis Acatlán I Norte 021 Coyuca de Benítez 053 San Marcos 022 Coyuca de Catalán 054 San Miguel Totolapan II Tierra Caliente Gulf of Mexico 023 Cuajinicuilapa 055 Taxco de Alarcón 024 Cualác III Centro 056 Tecoanapa Pacic Ocean 025 Cuautepec 057 Técpan de Galeana 026 Cuetzala del Progreso 058 Teloloapan IV Montaña 027 Cutzamala de Pinzón 059 Tepecoacuilco de Trujano 028 Chilapa de Álvarez 060 Tetipac V Costa Grande 029 Chilpancingo de los Bravo 061 Tixtla de Guerrero Belize 030 Florencio Villarreal 062 Tlacoachistlahuaca