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Title Distribution of Termites in the Ryukyu Archipelago Author Title Distribution of Termites in the Ryukyu Archipelago Author(s) Ikehara, Sadao Citation 琉球大学文理学部紀要 理学篇(9): 49-178 Issue Date 1966-06 URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12000/23091 Rights 49 DISTRIBUTION OF TERMITES IN THE RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO Sadao IKEHARA CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 51 Historical Data··················································............................... 51 The Scope of this Study.·· · · 53 Acknowledgments 53 II. THE RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO························ 54 Geographical Sketch········································································ 54 Climatic Status····································································· 56 Air temperature 56 Earth temperature 57 _l\.tmospheric humidity············ 57 Precipitation 58 Winds and typhoons 58 Vegetation 59 III. BRIEF NOTES ON TERMITES OF THE RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO··· 59 Family Hodotermitidae··············· 60 Family Kalotermitidae 61 Family Rhinotermitidae 63 Family Termitidae 64 IV. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TERMITES IN THE RYUKYU ARCHIPELAGO··· 66 Distribution of Each Species··· 66 General Charaters of Geographical Distribution··.. ················· 80 Distribution According to Altitude.. ·············································.... 83 V. LOCAL OCCURRENCE OF TERMITES.. ·············································· 87 VI. THE TERMITE FAUNA OF THE NEIGHBOURING REGIONS············ 94 China 94 Formosa 96 The Japanese Archipelago···········································.................... 98 Summary 99 VII. MEANS OF DISPERSAL··············· 99 Flight······································· 100 wind 102 Marine Drift 104 Dispersal Aided by Men······················································ 111 50 IKEHARA : Distribution of termites in the Ryukyu Archipelago Summary ~ 113 VIII. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VEGETATION AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TERMITES.. ················ 114 Food Habit Type of termites.. ············································· 115 Brief Notes on Each Type······························································· 116 Distribution According to Food.. · 120 Preliminary Wood Preference Test···.. ·············································· 124 The Relationship between Species of Termites and Food 126 Discussion 129 Summary···.. ······· 131 IX. THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TERMITES ············.. ··············.. ·············· 131 Tests on Temperature 132 Deathrate to low temperature extreme·····.. ······················· 132 Deathrate to high temperature extreme..··················· 136 Preferred temperature 140 Temperatures in the Nests of Termites.. ···· 146 General Discussion······ 158 Conclusion 167 X. CONCLUSION 168 XI. LITERATURE 170 EXPLANATION OF PLATES····:·····.. ······ 176 Bul~. Arts &.Sci. Div., R'yukyu Univ. (Math. &' Nat. Sci.) .51 1. INTRODUCTION Termites are primitive insects related to cockroaches. They are organized into colonies which have given rise to different kinds of individuals or castes fitted structurally to perform definite functions in the life of each colony. The termites are widely distributed over the world, although predominantly in the tropics. About 1,900 species have been described (Snyder, 1935; Nakashima, 1959). The occurrence of termites is well known to mail because of the enomous damage caused by their attacks on wooden structures and even living trees and shrubs. Hence, any work on termites is of considerable value and contributes to' present human welfare. So far as the Ryukyu Archipelago is concerned, there has never been a comprehensive study on the Ryukyuan termites. This paper is the result of a study on the Ryukyuan termites with special reference to their geographical distridution. Historical data Although considerable amount of investigation on termites has been done in Formosa and the Japanese Archipelago from the beginning of this century, We have little information on termites in the Ryukyu Archipelago. Early traditions show that termites have existed in the Ryukyu Archipelago for many years. No comprehensive study on the termites has appeared in this archipelago previous to this paper. In 1909, Watase, Kuwano, and Namie performed a scientific expedition in the archipelago on their travels to Formosa and collected a number of termites. In the same year Saeki in Okinawa collected termites at Naha, Okinawa and sent them to the Tokyo Imperial University. Later, Hozawa (1915) reported four species of termites based upon the specimens obtained from Okinawa by Watase et al and Saeki. The species identified by Hozawa at that time were as follows: Hodotermopsis japonicus Holmgren Kalote'f'mes koshunensis Shiraki Leucotermes speratus (Kolbe) Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki In 1910, Iwasaki, former Chief of Meteorological Station of Ishigaki, collected a species of termite and sent it to Nawa in Gifu Prefecture. Nawa (1910) identified it as the species Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. This was the first report of termite from the Yaeyama-gunto. In 1911, Nawa, U.C1911a) reported Kalotermes kotoensis Oshima from the specimens obtained on Ishigaki-jima by Iwasaki. So far as the Ryukyu Archipelago is concerned, this was the first report about this species. During the year 1912, Iwasaki collected many specimens of termites from .52 IKEHARA: Distribution of termites in the Ryukyu Archipelago Ishigaki-jima and sent them to Nawa, D., Hozawa and Oshima. These specimens were later identified by Nawa (1912a, b, c) and Hozawa (1915). In 1913, Nawa, D. visited Amami-oshima for a survey of termite and collected the Japanese large termite, Hodotermopsis japonicus, in the forest near Nase City. In the same year Iwasaki obtained a species of termite from Ishigaki-jima and sent it to Gifu, where it was identified as Kalotermes satsumensis (Matsumura) (Konchu Sekai, 1913, 17: 153, pi. 7). This species has not been found on Ishigaki-jima since its first discovery. In 1914, a termite survey was made by Nawa, Y. on Amami-oshima and Okinawa-jima. He obtained Hodotermopsis japonicus, Coptotermes formosanus and Leucotermes speratus from Amami-oshima, and Coptotermes formosanus, Odontotermes formosanus, Kalotermes koshunensis, and Kalotermes kotoensis from Okinawa-jima. This was the first time that the previously known species, Odontotermes formosanus and Kalotermes kotoensis were reported from Okinawa-jima. Accordingly, ten species of termites existing in the Ryukyu Archipelago had been reported by 1914. They are as follows: Hodoternzopsis japonicus Holmgren Kalotermes satsumensis (Matsumura) Kalotermes koshunensis Shiraki Kalotermes juscus (Oshima) Kalotermes kotoensis Oshima Leucotermes speratus (Kolbe) Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki Odontotermes formosanus Shiraki Eutermes takasagoensis Shiraki Capritermes nitobei Shiraki So far as the Ryukyu Archipelago is concerned, since 1915, much attention has been paid to economic and practical methods of preventing termite attacks upon wood and its products, but no biological studies of the termites have been made in the Ryukyu Archipelago. In 1954, Deno et a1 (1954) collected a number of Hodotermopsis japonicus on Nakano-shima lying between Amami-oshima and Yaku-shima, Satsunan-shoto. This is the first report of occurrence of this species in the islands. In 1956, Esaki (1956) described the alates of Hodotermopsis japonicus from the· specimens found on Yaku-shima by Shirozu and Kurosawa. This is the first description of the alate of this species. From 1951 to the present time, the author made many termites investigations throughout the Ryukyu Archipelago with special reference to zoogeography. A part of this work has already been reported in the abstract of the Ninth Pacific Science Congress (1957b) and the Bulletin of Arts and Science Division, No. I- Iv C1957b 1958, 1959a, 1959b). Bull. Arts & Sci. Div., Ryukyu Univ. (Math. & Nat. Sci.) 53 It is regrettable that those studies of termites by the author were not begun many years ago. Such studies on this subject were started in 1951 when the author became a member of the stuff of the Universiry of the Ryukyus. Since then, he has tried to make many extensive investigations on the termites in the Ryukyu Archi­ pelago. Such a survey, however, does not cover all the islands in this area. It would be desirable to make a survey covering the islands of the archipelago in future. The Scope of this Study In this paper it is planned to illustrate in detail the geographical distribution of ten species of termites in the Ryukyu Archipelago. A special attempt has been made to consider the present northern limits of distribution and to find some way to determine the logical northern limits of distribution of the Ryukyuan termites. This paper consists of three major parts: (1) It concerns the geographical and climatic status of the Ryukyu Archipelago as the habitat of termites, and illustrates the geographical distribution and local ocourrence of the Ryukyuan termites. (2) The relationship between the termite fauna of the Ryukyu Archipelago and those of the neighboring regions. An attempt is made to find the method of dispersal by which the Ryukyuan termites may migrate from or to the neighboring regions and among the islands in the archipelago. (3) Factors operating to control the distribution of termites and the preferred temperature of termites as an index by which the logical northern limit of distribution may be presumed are discussed. Some parts of this paper are not yet completed. Details and further investigations are needed, the results of which will
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