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Detailed Programme for Research and Development 1999-2004

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Detailed Programme for Research and Development 1999-2004 - S £ •' Z 8 Z Background Report to RD&D-Programme 98 SE9900148 Detailed programme for research and development 1999-2004 September 1998 Svensk Karnbrdnslehantering AB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co Box 5864 SE-102 40 Stockholm Sweden Tel 08-459 84 00 +46 8 459 84 00 Fax 08-661 57 19 +46 8 661 57 19 BIOMOVS Biosphere Model Validation Study BIOMASS Biosphere Modelling and Assessment BWR Boiling Water Reactor CLAB Central Interim Storage Facility for Spent Nuclear Fuel EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement EQUIP Evidence from Quaternary Infills for Palaeohydrogeology FEBEX Full-scale Engineering Barriers Experiment in Crystalline Host Rock GPS Global Positioning System HRL Hard Rock Laboratory ILW Intermediate-level waste LILW Low and intermediate-level waste LLW Low-level waste HLW High-level waste HRL Hard Rock Laboratory IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency KASAM Statens rad for karnavfallsfragor (Swedish National Council for Nuclear Waste) KBS Karnbranslesakerhet = Nuclear Fuel Safety KTH Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan (Royal Institute of Technology) MLH Medium Long Holes MSEK Millions of Swedish kronor NEA Nuclear Energy Agency NPP Nuclear Power Plant OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PAGEPA PAlaeohydrogeology and GEoforecasting for Performance Assessment PWR Pressurized Water Reactor P&T Partitioning and Transmutation RD&D Research, Development and Demonstration REX Redox Experiment on detailed scale RPV Reactor Pressure Vessel RVS Rock Visualization System SAFE Safety Assessment of Final Repository for Radioactive Operational Waste SEK Swedish kronor SFR Final repository for radioactive operational waste SGU Geological Survey of Sweden SKB Svensk Karnbranslehantering AB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co) SKI Statens karnkraftinspektion (Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate) SKN Statens karnbranslenamnd (National Board for Spent Nuclear Fuel) SSI Statens stralskyddsinstitut (National Radiation Protection Institute) SFR Final Repository for Radioactive Operational Waste TRUE Tracer Retention Understanding Experiments TBM Tunnel Boring Machine TDS Total Dissolved Solids VDH Very Deep Holes VLH Very Long Holes VSP Vertical Seismic Profiling ZEDEX Zone of Excavation Disturbance Experiment Contents page I Introduction 9 2 Methods for safety assessment 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.1.1 Uncertainties 14 2.1.2 Scenarios, variants 15 2.1.3 Four steps 16 2.2 System description 16 2.2.1 Goal and programme 17 2.3 Method for choice and formulation of scenarios 17 2.3.1 Goal and programme 20 2.4 Handling of uncertainties 20 2.4.1 Goal and programme 20 2.5 Where can the processes identified in the safety assessment be found in the research programme? 22 3 Models for safety assessment 27 3.1 Handling of coupled models 27 3.1.1 Goal and programme 27 3.2 Models for radionuclide inventory and decay heat 27 3.2.1 Goal and programme 27 3.3 Models for fuel dissolution/alteration 28 3.3.1 Genera] about fuel dissolution models 28 3.3.2 Solubility-limited model 28 3.3.3 Model with radiolytic oxidation 28 3.3.4 Model with immediate dissolution 30 3.3.5 Goal and programme 31 3.4 Chemical modelling in the near field 32 3.4.1 Goal and programme 33 3.5 Modelling of evolution of damaged canister 33 3.5.1 Goal and programme 34 3.6 Models for radionuclide transport etc. in the near field 34 3.6.1 Goal and programme 36 3.7 Models for groundwater flow and radionuclide transport in the far field 36 3.7.1 Goals and programme 37 3.8 Models for radionuclide migration in the biosphere 39 3.8.1 Understanding and conceptual models 39 3.8.2 Goal fulfilment in RD&D 95 40 3.8.3 Goal and programme for future work 40 3.9 Quality assurance, computer models and calculations 41 3.9.1 Goal and programme 42 4 Spent fuel 43 4.1 Corrosion of spent nuclear fuel - analysis methods 43 4.2 Matrix dissolution 45 4.3 Radiolysis 49 4.4 Models for fuel dissolution 49 page 4.5 Natural analogues 50 4.6 Goals and programme 51 4.6.1 Solubility limitations and dissolution kinetics 51 4.6.2 Radiolysis 51 4.6.3 Redox conditions in the near field and redox kinetics 52 4.6.4 Solubility investigations of tetravalent actinides 52 4.6.5 Models for fuel dissolution 53 4.6.6 Model validation via natural analogues 53 4.7 Competence maintenance 53 4.7.1 Studsvik HCL 53 4.7.2 Nuclear chemistry 54 5 Canister material 55 5.1 Corrosion testing, copper 55 5.2 Corrosion testing, cast iron 55 5.3 Material testing 56 5.4 Nondestructive testing 56 6 Buffer and backfill 57 6.1 Functional requirements 57 6.1.1 Requirements on buffer functions 57 6.1.2 Buffer properties that provide desired function 57 6.1.3 Requirements on backfill functions 59 6.1.4 Requirements on the near-field rock for constructability 60 6.2 Knowledge gained during the past RD&D period 60 6.2.1 Fundamental knowledge 60 6.2.2 Technology development 61 6.2.3 Interaction with surrounding environment 61 6.2.4 Function in deep repository 62 6.2.5 Choice and availability of buffer material 62 6.3 Calculation models 63 6.4 Transport processes 63 6.4.1 Hydraulic processes 63 6.4.2 Ion diffusion 64 6.4.3 Gas flow 64 6.5 Concrete 65 6.6 Goal and programme 66 6.6.1 Questions that have essentially been explored 66 6.6.2 Remaining questions 66 7 Structural geology and the mechanical stability of the rock 69 7.1 Geological and bedrock-structural conditions 69 7.2 Mechanical properties of the crystalline basement 70 7.3 Geodynamic and mechanical processes 71 7.4 Activities in relation to goals in RD&D-Programme 95 73 7.5 Goals and programme 75 7.5.1 Geological and bedrock-structural conditions 75 7.5.2 Mechanical properties of the crystalline basement 76 7.5.3 Geodynamic and mechanical processes 77 7.6 Rock-mechanical models 77 page 8 Water flow in rock 81 8.1 Groundwater flow and advection 81 8.2 Characterization of fractures with regard to flow, advection and retention 82 8.3 Goals and programme 82 9 Groundwater chemistry 85 9.1 Chemical composition of the groundwater in Sweden 85 9.2 Groundwater types and their origin on Aspo 87 9.3 Important physical processes 93 9.3.1 Mixing 93 9.3.2 Diffusion 93 9.3.3 Gas generation 94 9.4 Important processes in groundwater-mineral interaction 95 9.4.1 pH evolution 95 9.4.2 Redox evolution 96 9.4.3 Microbial processes 97 9.4.4 Colloid formation 98 9.4.5 Dissolution and precipitation of fracture minerals 98 9.5 Geohydrochemical sampling and analysis 99 9.6 Goals and programme 100 9.7 Hydrochemical modelling tools 102 9.7.1 Concept 102 9.7.2 Method 102 9.7.3 Continued development 103 10 Chemistry 105 10.1 Radionuclide chemistry 105 10.2 Sorption and diffusion 106 10.3 Colloids 107 10.4 Organic substances 107 10.5 Microbes 108 10.6 Validation experiments 109 10.7 Hazardous substances 109 10.8 Goals and programme 109 10.9 Competence development 110 11 Biosphere 111 11.1 Understanding and conceptual models 111 11.2 Model development 112 11.3 Transport processes 113 11.4 Forest ecosystem 113 11.5 Sediments 113 11.6 Long-term variations in climate, land uplift and salinity 114 11.7 International work 114 11.8 Goal fulfilment in RD&D 95 115 page 11.9 Goal and programme for future work 115 11.9.1 Process-oriented conceptual models 116 11.9.2 Transport processes 116 11.9.3 Forest ecosystem 117 11.9.4 Sediments 117 11.9.5 Long-term variations in climate, land uplift and salinity 118 11.9.6 Model development 118 11.9.7 International work 119 11.10 Competence development 119 12 Other long-lived waste 121 12.1 LILW to SFL 121 12.2 Repository design and layout 123 12.3 Performance and safety 124 12.4 Laboratory investigations 125 12.5 Goals and programme 126 12.6 Competence development 127 13 Alternative methods 129 13.1 Partitioning and transmutation 129 13.1.1 Background 129 13.1.2 State of knowledge 130 13.1.3 Swedish work 132 13.1.4 Assessment of the future of partitioning and transmutation 134 13.1.5 Programme for the period 1999-2004 135 13.2 Disposal in deep boreholes 136 13.2.1 Geoscientific premises 136 13.2.2 Goals and programme 138 14 Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory 139 14.1 Introduction 139 14.2 Goals 141 14.3 Executed projects 142 14.3.1 Verification of pre-investigation methods 142 14.3.2 Finalization of detailed characterization methodology 146 14.3.3 Testing of models for description of the barrier function of the rock 147 14.4 Results of ongoing projects and research programme 1999-2004 150 14.4.1 Execution and organization 150 14.4.2 Basic research at the Aspo HRL 151 14.4.3 Finalize detailed characterization methodology 153 14.4.4 Testing of models for description of the barrier function of the rock 155 14.4.5 Demonstration of technology for and function of important parts of the disposal system 166 14.5 Information 176 14.6 International participation 177 page 15 Natural analogues 179 15.1 Natural analogues and safety assessment 179 15.2 Jordan 180 15.3 Oklo 181 15.4 Palmottu 183 15.5 Goals and programme 183 15.5.1 Goals of the Oklo Project 183 15.5.2 Goals of the Palmottu Project 184 15.5.3 Maqarin, Oklo and Palmottu 184 15.6 Competence enhancement 185 15.7 Miscellaneous 185 16 Palaeohydrogeological programme 187 16.1 Goals of the programme 187 16.2 Modelling of glaciations and their impact on the geosphere 187 16.3 Hydrogeological and hydrochemical aspects 189 16.4 Mechanical aspects 189 16.5 Coupled effects of glaciations 190 16.6 EQUIP Project 191 16.7 PAGEPA Project 191 17 Deep drilling at Laxemar 193 17.1 Situation report 193 17.2 Goal and programme 194 18 Science information 195 18.1 Risk project 195 18.2 Function of the unit for science information 195 18.3 Internet 196 18.4 Internal training 196 References 197 &SEXT PAQK8) left BLANK 1 Introduction This report is a background to RD&D-Programme 98/1-1/.
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