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Adopting Encrypted DNS in Enterprise Environments
National Security Agency | Cybersecurity Information Adopting Encrypted DNS in Enterprise Environments Executive summary Use of the Internet relies on translating domain names (like “nsa.gov”) to Internet Protocol addresses. This is the job of the Domain Name System (DNS). In the past, DNS lookups were generally unencrypted, since they have to be handled by the network to direct traffic to the right locations. DNS over Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Transport Layer Security (HTTPS), often referred to as DNS over HTTPS (DoH), encrypts DNS requests by using HTTPS to provide privacy, integrity, and “last mile” source authentication with a client’s DNS resolver. It is useful to prevent eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS traffic. While DoH can help protect the privacy of DNS requests and the integrity of responses, enterprises that use DoH will lose some of the control needed to govern DNS usage within their networks unless they allow only their chosen DoH resolver to be used. Enterprise DNS controls can prevent numerous threat techniques used by cyber threat actors for initial access, command and control, and exfiltration. Using DoH with external resolvers can be good for home or mobile users and networks that do not use DNS security controls. For enterprise networks, however, NSA recommends using only designated enterprise DNS resolvers in order to properly leverage essential enterprise cybersecurity defenses, facilitate access to local network resources, and protect internal network information. The enterprise DNS resolver may be either an enterprise-operated DNS server or an externally hosted service. Either way, the enterprise resolver should support encrypted DNS requests, such as DoH, for local privacy and integrity protections, but all other encrypted DNS resolvers should be disabled and blocked. -
Technical Impacts of DNS Privacy and Security on Network Service Scenarios
- Technical Impacts of DNS Privacy and Security on Network Service Scenarios ATIS-I-0000079 | April 2020 Abstract The domain name system (DNS) is a key network function used to resolve domain names (e.g., atis.org) into routable addresses and other data. Most DNS signalling today is sent using protocols that do not support security provisions (e.g., cryptographic confidentiality protection and integrity protection). This may create privacy and security risks for users due to on-path nodes being able to read or modify DNS signalling. In response to these concerns, particularly for DNS privacy, new protocols have been specified that implement cryptographic DNS security. Support for these protocols is being rapidly introduced in client software (particularly web browsers) and in some DNS servers. The implementation of DNS security protocols can have a range of positive benefits, but it can also conflict with important network services that are currently widely implemented based on DNS. These services include techniques to mitigate malware and to fulfill legal obligations placed on network operators. This report describes the technical impacts of DNS security protocols in a range of network scenarios. This analysis is used to derive recommendations for deploying DNS security protocols and for further industry collaboration. The aim of these recommendations is to maximize the benefits of DNS security support while reducing problem areas. Foreword As a leading technology and solutions development organization, the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) brings together the top global ICT companies to advance the industry’s business priorities. ATIS’ 150 member companies are currently working to address network reliability, 5G, robocall mitigation, smart cities, artificial intelligence-enabled networks, distributed ledger/blockchain technology, cybersecurity, IoT, emergency services, quality of service, billing support, operations and much more. -
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Ikev2 Configuration for Encrypted DNS
IKEv2 Configuration for Encrypted DNS draft-btw-add-ipsecme-ike Mohamed Boucadair (Orange) Tirumaleswar Reddy (McAfee, Inc.) Dan Wing (Citrix Systems, Inc.) Valery Smyslov (ELVIS-PLUS) July 2020, IETF#108 Agenda • Context • A Sample Use Case • IKE Configuration Attribute for Encrypted DNS • Next Steps 2 Problem Description • Several schemes to encrypt DNS have been specified – DNS over TLS (RFC 7858) – DNS over DTLS (RFC 8094) – DNS over HTTPS (RFC 8484) • …And others are being specified: – DNS over QUIC (draft-ietf-dprive-dnsoquic) • How to securely provision clients to use Encrypted DNS? This use can be within or outside the IPsec tunnel 3 A Sample Use Case: DNS Offload • VPN service providers can offer publicly accessible Encrypted DNS – the split-tunnel VPN configuration allows the client to access the DoH/DoT servers hosted by the VPN provider without traversing the tunnel 4 A Sample Use Case: Protecting Internal DNS Traffic • DoH/DoT ensures DNS traffic is not susceptible to internal attacks – see draft-arkko-farrell-arch-model-t-03#section-3.2.1 • encrypted DNS can benefit to Roaming Enterprise users to enhance privacy – With DoH/DoT the visibility of DNS traffic is limited to only the parties authorized to act on the traffic (“Zero Trust Architecture”) 5 Using IKE to Configure Encrypted DNS on Clients • New configuration attribute INTERNAL_ENC_DNS is defined to convey encrypted DNS information to clients: – Encrypted DNS type (e.g., DoH/DoT) – Scope of encrypted DNS use – One or more encrypted DNS server IPv6 addresses • For IPv4 -
An Empirical Study Into the Absence of Consent to Third-Party Tracking in Android Apps
A Fait Accompli? An Empirical Study into the Absence of Consent to Third-Party Tracking in Android Apps Konrad Kollnig, Reuben Binns, Pierre Dewitte*, Max Van Kleek, Ge Wang, Daniel Omeiza, Helena Webb, Nigel Shadbolt Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, UK *Centre for IT and IP Law, KU Leuven, Belgium firstname.lastname@(cs.ox.ac.uk | kuleuven.be) Abstract trackers benefits app developers in several ways, notably by Third-party tracking allows companies to collect users’ be- providing analytics to improve user retention, and by enabling havioural data and track their activity across digital devices. the placement of personalised advertising within apps, which This can put deep insights into users’ private lives into the often translates into a vital source of revenue for them [32,62]. hands of strangers, and often happens without users’ aware- However, it also makes app developers dependent on privacy- ness or explicit consent. EU and UK data protection law, invasive data practices that involve the processing of large however, requires consent, both 1) to access and store infor- amounts of personal data [40, 48, 62], with little awareness mation on users’ devices and 2) to legitimate the processing from users and app developers [28,71,74,85]. Data protection of personal data as part of third-party tracking, as we analyse and privacy legislation such as the General Data Protection in this paper. Regulation (GDPR) [38] in the EU and the UK, and the Chil- This paper further investigates whether and to what extent dren’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) [79] in the US, consent is implemented in mobile apps. -
A Cybersecurity Terminarch: Use It Before We Lose It
SYSTEMS ATTACKS AND DEFENSES Editors: Davide Balzarotti, [email protected] | William Enck, [email protected] | Samuel King, [email protected] | Angelos Stavrou, [email protected] A Cybersecurity Terminarch: Use It Before We Lose It Eric Osterweil | George Mason University term · in · arch e /’ t re m , närk/ noun an individual that is the last of its species or subspecies. Once the terminarch dies, the species becomes extinct. hy can’t we send encrypt- in the Internet have a long history W ed email (secure, private of failure. correspondence that even our mail To date, there has only been one providers can’t read)? Why do our success story, and, fortunately, it is health-care providers require us to still operating. Today, almost ev- use secure portals to correspond erything we do online begins with a with us instead of directly emailing query to a single-rooted hierarchical us? Why are messaging apps the global database, whose namespace only way to send encrypted messag- is collision-free, and which we have es directly to friends, and why can’t relied on for more than 30 years: we send private messages without the Domain Name System (DNS). user-facing) layer(s). This has left the agreeing to using a single platform Moreover, although the DNS pro- potential to extend DNSSEC’s verifi- (WhatsApp, Signal, and so on)? Our tocol did not initially have verifica- cation protections largely untapped. cybersecurity tools have not evolved tion protections, it does now: the Moreover, the model we are using to offer these services, but why? DNS Security Extensions (DNS- exposes systemic vulnerabilities. -
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Seamless In-App Ad Blocking on Stock Android
Seamless In-App Ad Blocking on Stock Android Michael Backes Sven Bugiel, Philipp von Styp-Rekowsky, Marvin Wißfeld CISPA, Saarland University & MPI-SWS CISPA, Saarland University Saarland Informatics Campus Saarland Informatics Campus Abstract—Advertisements in mobile applications have been App virtualization for ad-blocking: With the advent of shown to be a true danger to the users’ privacy and security. app virtualization on Android [4] a new, powerful tool has Unfortunately, all existing solutions for protecting users from this been created that in principle allows effective, highly efficient threat are not simultaneously satisfying in terms of effectiveness or deployability. Leveraging recent advances in app virtualization ad-blocking without adversely affecting the deployability of the on Android, we present in this paper a solution for in-app ad- solution. In this paper, we report on the technical challenges blocking that provides a high level of effectiveness in blocking ads and their solutions in creating an ad-blocker for in-app ads while at the same time being favorable for end-user deployment on Android. While app virtualization inherently provides great by abstaining from OS modifications or any elevated privileges. benefits for deployability of security solutions, the primary We discuss the technical challenges and their solutions for robustly stripping ads from apps while preserving the apps’ challenges for this work were a) effectively identifying the functionality. advertisement code in application packages and b) robustly stripping that code from applications without breaking the I. INTRODUCTION app’s functionality (e.g., breaking control flows that involve advertisement code). In-app advertising is a common monetization strategy for free mobile applications. -
The ISP Column DNS OARC 34
The ISP Column A monthly column on things Internet February 2021 Geoff Huston DNS OARC 34 It’s an interesting topic of speculation to think about what form of network architecture would we be using if we were start afresh using today’s world of scalable content and service distribution as the starting point. Like the “clean slate” discussions of over a decade ago, if we were to think about today’s world without inherent assumptions based on unicast models of networks largely derived from the telephony service model, and we were to think about the network architecture in massively replicated service terms that are more like the old school publication or retail worlds, we probably would not have come up with a network architecture based on unicast destination endpoint address-based packet forwarding. Maybe such an Internet would be based on some form of what we’ve come to call name-based networking. We would probably start such a design exercise with the functions that today are found largely in the functions that are currently embedded in the DNS. What are these functions? What’s going on in the DNS these days? One way to understand the current topics of focus in the DNS is to tune in to the regular meetings of the DNS Operations and Research community. OARC 34 was held in the first week of February and here are some items from that meeting that interested me. (https://indico.dns- oarc.net/event/37/timetable/#20210204.detailed) DNS Flag Day 2020 Efforts to coordinate a common action from DNS software vendors has continued with the DNS Flag Day 2020, a program intended to stop the use of fragmented UDP in the DNS. -
Mobile In-App Tracking and Advertising
Mobile In-App Tracking and Advertising Carnegie Mellon University Data Privacy Day 2017 How do I manage app permissions? How does in-app In recent versions of iOS and in Android Marshmallow (6.x), tracking work? applications must ask the user for permission before using sensitive resources. These permissions can also be managed after the app has • • • been installed. However, in Android Lollipop (5.x), all permissions Similar to online tracking, are automatically granted once you install the app. mobile applications are able to record information about you, which is typically used to serve targeted ads. To learn more about you, mobile applications often use resources from your phone’s operating system, such as your location, photos, and contacts list. Android and iOS operating systems also have built-in advertising platforms used by apps to provide you with targeted ads. Each device is iOS (6+) By app: Settings → App name associated with an By resource: Settings → Privacy advertising ID, which is used to place you in a Android By app: Settings → Apps → App name targeting group. These Marshmallow (6.x) → App permissions advertising IDs are By resource: Settings → Apps → Tap associated with information the gear icon in the upper-right corner → App permissions such as your Apple or Google account profile Android Lollipop To view app permission in the Google (including your age and (5.x) Play store, search for the app and look gender), downloads to your for the “Permissions” section in the device, and activities in app description apps. To -
Internet Privacy Implications Research and Draft
Internet Privacy Implications A Major Qualifying Project Worcester Polytechnic Institute Submitted to the Faculty of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science. Submitted By: Goncharova, Masha Harnois, Jeffrey Advisors: Wills, Craig PhD Doyle, James PhD May 6, 2021 Abstract Our research focused on understanding the effectiveness of browsers, extensions, mobile applications, and search engines and their protection of user privacy. We ran test cases on the top 100 Alexa sites, using a Fiddler proxy to capture traffic, with certain configurations of tools mentioned to see which ones were efficient in blocking user tracking technologies. We found that Brave and Firefox in Strict mode are the best browsers in terms of tradeoff between percent of websites with degradation versus percent trackers remaining. uBlock Origin, Ghostery and Privacy Badger are the best browser extensions in terms of the same tradeoff. Based on our results, we created a recommendation system using a survey approach. We suggest a combination of tools that are personalized to users based on their reported privacy preferences and desire to switch their current browsing setup. In order to better understand users’ views on privacy, we additionally showed participants their own data Google has synthesized about them to evaluate if that would change their responses. A ceiling effect appeared in our responses, indicating that no matter the condition, all our participants indicated a willingness to switch to the tools that we were recommending. 1 Table of Contents Abstract 1 Table of Contents 2 List of Tables 6 List of Figures 7 Double Major Note 9 1. -
Encrypting Network Traffic
Network Security Encrypting Network Communication Radboud University, The Netherlands Spring 2019 Acknowledgement Slides (in particular pictures) are based on lecture slides by Ruben Niederhagen (http://polycephaly.org) Network Security – Encrypting Network Communication2 A short recap I Hostname resolution in the Internet uses DNS I Two kinds of servers: authoritative and caching I Two kinds of requests: iterative and recursive I DNS tunneling: I Encode (SSH) traffic in DNS requests to authoritative server I Special authoritative server extracts and handles SSH data I DNS DDOS amplification: I Send DNS request with spoofed target IP address I Much larger reply launched onto target I DNS spoofing/cache poisoning: provide wrong DNS data I Blind spoofing: cannot see (but trigger) request I Countermeasure against blind spoofing: randomization I Most powerful attack: sniffing DNS spoofing I Countermeasures: Use crypto to protect DNS I DNSSEC (with various problems) I Alternative: DNSCurve I Other alternative: DNS over HTTPS (DoH) Network Security – Encrypting Network Communication3 A longer recap I So far in this lecture: various attacks (often MitM): I ARP spoofing I Routing attacks I DNS Attacks I Conclusion: sniffing (and modifying) network traffic is not dark arts I It’s doable for 2nd-year Bachelor students I It’s even easier for administrators of routers I So far, relatively little on countermeasures::: so, what now? Network Security – Encrypting Network Communication4 Network Security – Encrypting Network Communication5 Cryptography in the TCP/IP