International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Control Research Published online July 16, 2015 (http://www.scienceresearchlibrary.com)

Vol. 01, No. 01, pp. 24 - 29

Research Article Open Access

STATISTICAL STUDY ON FLUORIDE CONTENT IN GROUND AND SURFACE WATER AND ITS STANDARDIZED EFFECTIVE RATES OF DISEASES AT BASAVANA BAGEWADI AND TALUKA OF DISTRICT , .

Smt. S.C.Kalamath, Smt, P.H. Hugar and M.S.Yadawe

S.B. Arts and KCP Science College Bijapur 586103,Karnataka, India

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received: June 03, 2015 / Accepted : June 11, 2015 ⓒ Science Research Library

Abstract : Secondary data is taken from the investigation which was undertaken in 10 villages (28 samples ) of Basavana Bagewadi Taluka and 11 villages (38 samples ) of Muddebihal Taluka of Bijapur district to assess fluoride in water and also its clinical symptoms like dental skletal and diseases. Fluoride content varies from 0.4 – 6.4 mg/L in Basavana Bagawadi taluka and 1.10- 7.10 mg/ L in Muddebihal taluka. However 12 samples are with in the range while 16 samples are above the permissible limit at Basavana Bagewadi taluka , whereas in Muddebihal taluka all the values are above of WHO respectively. Standardized effective rates of dental and skletal fluorosis. Joint Pains and gastro intestinal discomfort at Basavana Bagewadi is less than that of Muddeibhal taluka . According to large sample test the proportion people affected due to fluoride are more in Muddebihal taluka than Basavana Bagewadi Taluka.

Key words: Fluoride , Clinical Symptom, Dental Skeletal fluorosis, standardized effective rates, large sample test, correlation, proportion.

Introduction: Fluoride is key aspect of water quality in rural water supply system, which potentially affects the sustainability of water if its exceeds its prescribed limit . Fluorosis is an endemic disease resulting from excess in take of fluoride either through drinking water, food or dentifrices at concentration of 6.200 ppm or above1. At first in 1937, the excessive fluoride in ground water reported in India in State of A.P. Approximately 62 million people including 6 million children suffering from Fluorosis because of consumption of water with high fluoride concentration (Sushila 1999). 17 states in India have been identified as endemic for fluorosis 1 .Gulbarga of Karnataka was found to be a endomic area .The amount of flouride occuring naturaly in ground water is governed by climate, composition of host rock , and hydrogeology . The major source of fluoride in ground water are due to fluoride having rocks such as fluorospar, Cryolute, Flarapatile and hydroxylapatile fluorosis. Fluorosis of teeth has been reported to affect dental enamel, chronic fluorine intoxication through drinking water contained above 10 ppm of fluorine results in pathological changes of bone leading to skeletal fluorosis . water is the medimum of intake of humans Fluoride can rapidly cross cell membrane and distributed in skletal and cardic muscles ,liver ,skin and erithrocytes .2 An attempt has been made statistically to correlate the concentration of Fluoride with measured parameters and conditions affecting the ground water quality and statistically comparative study of B.Bagewadi and Muddebihal Taluka of Bijapur district has been made.

Experimental : For present study 28 samples of B.Bagewadi Taluka and 38 samples of Muddebihal Taluka of Bijapur District collected .Dental, skeletal , joint and pains and gastrointestinal diseases of both sexes between ages 8- 50 years are noted and also it is noted that there are no major surface water in the study area . However main source of water in selected area are open wells hand pumps and bore wells .

Physicochemical characteristics of water quality in selected villages B.Bagewadi Taluka.

Sl.No. Village Source Cond PH TDS Total Ca, Cl SO4 Fluoride mho/cm mg/L Hardness mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

1 Karishyal 8.03 814.00 572.00 29.00 58.00 148.00 6.40 2 Abbihal HP 1.40 7.80 964.00 589.00 53.00 98.00 195.00 2.80 3 Vandal BW 2.80 8.10 1265.00 598.00 29.00 110.00 245.00 6.30

www.scienceresearchlibrary.com Int Journal of Environmental Pollution and Control Research

Statistical study on Fluoride Content in Ground and Surface Water…. 25

4 Gonal (RC) BW 1.92 7.80 1362.00 600.00 32.00 130.00 310.00 6.40 5 Kadakol BW 1.15 8.22 830.00 560.00 50.00 90.00 120.00 2.50 6 Sindageri BW 2.12 7.80 1500.00 880.00 56.00 180.00 564.00 2.40 7 Maradagi L.T. (RC) 3.60 8.00 2410.00 220.00 260.00 260.00 1290.00 3.80 8 Gani L.T BW 1.00 7.50 505.00 440.00 90.00 88.00 142.00 2.60 9 Areshankar BW 1.20 1.20 480.00 480.00 14.60 35.00 110.00 6.00 10 Muddapur BW 4.60 7.50 3424.00 600.00 120.00 660.00 1280.00 5.40 11 Sindageri OW 1.90 8.30 1501.00 950.00 55.00 176.00 544.00 2.40 12 Nandihal BW 2.03 7.40 1555.00 870.00 183.00 65.00 325.00 0.70 13 Yaranal BW 4.62 7.50 3034.00 2380.00 675.00 1058.00 590.00 1.00 14 Hattarakihal BW 2.10 7.67 1515.00 850.00 51.00 88.00 596.00 1.00 15 Rajanal BW 1.14 8.00 770.00 460.00 60.00 84.00 45.00 2.60 16 Jweeralabhavi BW 2.00 8.10 1418.00 725.00 75.00 270.00 205.00 1.50 17 Honnalli BW 1.60 7.50 1100.00 685.00 33.66 55.00 8.00 0.60 18 Rambhapur BW 4.40 7.50 2899.00 845.00 45.00 360.00 897.00 0.90 19 BW 1.80 7.25 1225.00 382.00 40.00 190.00 120.00 0.40 20 Hunshyal Bw 3.60 7.70 2500.00 1200.00 40.10 264.00 528.00 0.40 21 Madasnal BW 2.30 7.39 1550.00 620.00 48.00 364.00 300.00 0.70 22 Ingnal BW 2.80 7.40 2220.00 800.00 64.12 630.00 425.00 0.50 23 Kaulagi BW 1.70 7.48 1290.00 1040.00 278.00 352.00 180.00 0.60 24 Sikalawadi BW 1.40 7.61 950.00 704.00 123.00 176.00 188.00 1.40 25 Akalawadi BW 1.70 7.50 1150.00 952.00 169.00 204.00 552.00 1.38 26 Mukartial BW 1.35 7.66 920.00 536.00 56.00 100.00 168.00 1.80 27 Angadageri BW 0.80 7.67 558.00 456.00 47.00 72.00 44.00 2.00 28 Solawadagi BW 2.37 7.64 1584.00 596.00 41.000 220.00 472.00 1.20

BW :Borewell HP:Hand pump OW :Open well

The analytical report reveals that Fluoride values vary from 0.40-6.40 mg/L and 1.10-7.10 mg/L , however 12 samples were within range while 16 samples were above the permissible limits at B.Bagewadi taluka whereas in Muddebihal taluka all the values are above the permissible limits of WHO respectively .

Physicochemical characteristics of water quality in selected villages of Muddeibhal Taluka.

Sl.No. Village Source Cond PH TDS Total Ca CL SO4 Fluoride mho/ mg/L Hardness Mg/L mg/L mg/L Mg/L cm mg/L

1 Adavisomanal infront of Pujari house BW 2.10 7.5 544 896 1181.0 304 536.00 3.20 2 Hulagabal / Infront of Hanuman temple Khilarahatti/ Nr. BW 3.33 7.5 2450 364 112.0 460 544.00 2.80 3 Huligemma temple /Nr OW 1.19 7.8 844 352 48.00 120 116.00 3.60 4 Basapa Myageri field Madri RC / Nr BW 1.76 8.50 1001 215 40.00 104 280.0 6.60 5 Siddappa meti field handrail ? Infront of BW 1.34 8.42 934 336 59.0 168 152.00 2.80 6 B.Y Bidiri house Kuchabal / Infront of OW 1.76 8.50 1276 160 16.0 132 304.0 5.80 7 Hadapad master Kuchabal /Nr BW 1.78 7.31 1420 380 80.0 240 644.0 4.00 8 Bhimashankar Temple OW 2.74 8.09 2100 600 126.0 420 848.0 2.80 9 Lingadahalli /Infront of Mk Harijan BW 2.70 8.19 2098 628 50.0 252 1024.00 4.50 10 Lingadahalli

Int Journal of Environmental Pollution and Control Research www.scienceresearchlibrary.com

Statistical study on Fluoride Content in Ground and Surface Water…. 26

/Beside hanuman temple. BW 3.90 8.28 3020 544 43.0 480 1408.0 3.30 11 Bantanur (Tanda Nr Kulkarni Pond Gutakhandaki OW 1.10 8.36 766 204 29.0 52 128.0 3.10 12 Garasangappa Gowda BW 7.16 7.76 498 232 38.0 32 24.00 3.30 13 Geddalamari /NR Bus stand BW 9.48 7.67 544 372 54.00 80 32.00 1.60 14 Hadalageri /Infront of Durganna Temple OW 4.98 7.48 3490 1520 186.00 1072 464.00 3.10 15 Mudnal LT /2 In Tanda BW 8.38 8.09 618 380 56.00 72 52.00 2.50 16 (PN) Mallappa Koganur Budihal PN BW 8.66 7.44 626 336 73.50 72 38.00 2.80 17 Behind anganawadi Kendra BW 7.14 7.30 546 304 65.50 40 24.00 3.00 18 Jangamural/Nr Govt Primary school BW 1.86 7.53 1260 280 46.00 128 320.00 4.20 19 Malagaladinni Infront of Hanumant Somanal house BW 1.86 7.45 1360 444 89.50 220 240.00 2.50

20 HULLUR LT BAsur Rathod house BW 6.75 7.88 460 416 38.00 32 17.00 6.40 21 Jattagi Nr overhead water tank OW 8.57 8.09 594 224 35.00 44 15.00 4.60 22 Koppal / IN shanteshwar Math Ingalaeriokkp. BW 6.47 7.78 426 208 48.00 24 18.50 7.10 23 INgalageri /AT Bus Stop BW 5.52 7.56 4117 3520 454.00 1280 16320 2.60 24 Chilmi Nr Kandoni House. BW 1.26 7.79 768 400 53.00 92 74.00 5.30 25 Kalagi Nr. Govt Hospital BW 1.32 8.20 830 248 50.00 176 160.00 6.50 26 Gonal (S.H. / Nr Siddappa Chalavadi’s house. BW 3.43 7.08 2510 1088 145.50 520 1152.00 2.90 27 Sarur (LT / Nr D.P) Pandeppa Field BW 8.52 7.46 670 304 62.00 72 23.00 4.80 28 Bellur/ Nr V.J. Deshmukh Field Gadisomanal (LT) BW 4.84 8.11 352 256 54.0 31 93.0 1.10 29 Infront of Shivalay temple BW 6.88 8.61 490 68 11.00 32 13.00 3.50 30 / On Kolur tanda ways Madikeshwar MWS 2.17 8.13 1606 412 81.50 204 480.00 6.20 31 Gudihal INfront of Primory school BW 2.33 7.70 1642 416 40.00 184 608.00 3.40 32 Gudhal / Nr M.N. Nadaf house Minijigi / At. BW 2.02 7.63 1412 332 64.00 200 528.00 5.30

www.scienceresearchlibrary.com Int Journal of Environmental Pollution and Control Research

27 Statistical study on Fluoride Content in Ground and Surface Water….

33 Asharaya Colony shivapur / Open BW 1.99 7.33 1472 632 134.00 240 600.00 5.50 34 Well outside the village OW 1.90 8.00 1482 548 99.00 348 316.00 2.40 35 / Infront of Primory school BW 8.07 7.74 554 268 45.00 56 38.00 3.30 36 The janata Plot Bhilebghavi /Nr BW 1.59 8.24 1094 324 59.00 156 232.00 2.60 37 Dyavappa Met field BW 8.60 8.05 600 228 46.00 68 76.00 4.10 38 / Nr Basaveshwar high school. BW 1.66 7.56 1180 264 49.50 120 464.00 4.20

It is evident from the analysis of data it is obvious that the fluoride concentration is more than the limits for drinking purpose. Fluoride content of 1mg/L in drinking water has no biological side effects Studies in these areas revealed that fluoride level is more than permissible limit in drinking water and consumed for period of 5-10 years caused dental fluorosis .Between 4-8mg/L for period of 15-20 years caused severe form of dental and mild form skeletal fluorosis and if it exceeded 8mg/L and consumed for 5-10 years or more caused severe form of dental and skeletal fluorosis . Therefore drinking water is sufficient to produce severe form dental and mild form skeletal fluorosis consumed for a period of 15-20 years 2.

Table 3 The Clinical symptoms of fluorotic patients from Basavana Bagewadi Taluka.

No. of No of No. of Peoples with Peoples No. of peoples with Age in peoples dental and Percentage suffering Percentage gastrointestinal Percentage Yea examined skeletal from Joint discomfort fluorosis pain 8-16 697 109 15.63 82 11.88 155 22.23 17-25 1070 312 29.15 91 8.50 64 5.98 26-50 1225 403 32.89 129 10.53 107 8.73

9) Statistical Analysis : -

Table 4 The Clinical Symptoms of Fluorotic patients from Muddebihal Taluka

No. of No of No. of Peoples with Peoples No. of peoples with Age in peoples dental and Percentage suffering Percentage gastrointestinal Percentage Year examined skeletal from Joint discomfort fluorosis pain 8-16 845 175 20.71 82 8.16 123 14.55 17-25 733 230 31.37 82 11.18 107 14.59 26-50 1118 407 36.40 173 15.47 185 16.54

Table 5 Correlation coefficient values of water quality parameters of Basavan Bagewadi taluka

PH TDS Total Ca, Cl SO4 Fluoride PH 0.19586 0.08526 0.079489 0.090821 0.144759 -0.24625 TDS 0.485332 0.441476 0.784779 0.818237 -0.14654 Total 0.747181 0.686514 0.159346 -0.34649 Ca, 0.709426 0.497292 -0.20566 Cl 0.497292 -0.21511

SO4 -0.078259 Fluoride -

Int Journal of Environmental Pollution and Control Research www.scienceresearchlibrary.com

28 Statistical study on Fluoride Content in Ground and Surface Water….

Table 6 : Correlation coefficient values of water quality parameters of Muddebihal taluka

PH TDS Total Ca, Cl SO4 Fluoride PH -0.19681 -0.3035 -0.27677 -0.2658 -0.13711 0.165295 TDS 0.74408 0.153562 0.919881 0.620331 -0.16267 Total 0.468339 0.892485 0.908459 -0.22339 Ca, 0.377683 0.720696 -0.15974 Cl 0.720696 -0.24037

SO4 -0.14937 Fluoride -

Correlation is the mutual relationship between two variables. Direct correlation exists when increase or decrease in the value of one parameter is associated with a corresponding increase or decrease in the value of the other. The correlation is said to be positive when increase in one parameter causes the increase in other parameter and it is negative when increase in one parameter causes the decrease in other parameter. The correlation ( r) has a value between +1 and -1.

Correlation coefficients ( r ) among various quality parameters are calculated for Basavana Bagewadi and Muddebihal Taluka and are given in Table 5 and Table 6. Negative Correlation is observed between Fluoride and other parameters – PH, TDS, Total Hardness, Ca,

Cl, & SO4.

Frequency distribution of Fluoride in Ground water in Basavana Bagewadi and Muddebihal Taluka

70

60 50 40

30 bagewadi muddebihal 20

No. of Villages(in10 %)

0 <1 1 to 1.5 1.5 to 3 > 3 Fluoride Content in water

By calculating standardized effective rates for 3 diseases for Basavana Bagewadi and Muddebihal Taluka. It is observed that standardized effective rates of Dental Skeletal disease of Basavana Bagewadi Taluka (264.71) is less than that of Muddebihal Taluka (301.18) standardized effective rates of joint pains of Basavana Bagewadi Taluka (103.67) is less than that of Muddebihal Taluka (125) standardized effective rates of Gastro intentional discomfort of Basavana Bagewadi Taluka (89.56) is less than that of Muddebihal Taluka (153.93)

www.scienceresearchlibrary.com Int Journal of Environmental Pollution and Control Research

29 Statistical study on Fluoride Content in Ground and Surface Water….

Multiple bars showing SER of the three diseases of both Talukas.

350

300 250

200 bagewadi

S.E.R 150 muddebihal 100

50

0 Dental/s keletal J oint pain G as tro intes tinal dis comport

Is there a real difference between proportion of persons affected by diseases in two regions? According to large sample tests the proportion of people affected by fluoride are more in Muddebihal Taluka than Basavana Bagewadi Taluka, and Estimated No. of people affected by Dental and Skeletal diseases ( 83526) Joint pains (30611), Gastro intestinal discomfort (33043) in Basawana Bagewadi Taluka. Estimated No. of people affected by Dental and Skeletal diseases (76396) Joint pains (31705), Gastro intestinal discomfort (39305) in Muddebihal Taluka.

Conclusion:

From the results of Statistical analysis People of Muddebihal Taluka are more affected by Fluoride content in water than Basavana Bagewadi Taluka. Therefore it is essential that village affected by flourosis be supplied with safe drinking water less than 1 mg / L Fluoride either by changing the water source to safer once or by adopting suitable treatment technique to remove fluoride in existing sources.

Reference:

1. Veeraputhiran.V.Alagumuthu.G.International journal of Environmental sciences Volume-1, No-4, 2010. 2. M.S.Yadwe, Smt.D.M. Hiremath and S.A.Patil E-Journal of Chemistray 2010, 7(2), 241-247. 3. Rajesh Kumar and Dr. S.S. Yadav International Journal of applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. Volume-2, Issue- 1:Jan-Mar- 2011. 4. Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics by S.C.Gupta and V.K.Kapoor. 5. Fundamentals of Applied Statistics by S.C.Gupta and V.K.Kapoor. 6. Kubakaddi A B, Epidemiology of fluorosis and Educational Intervention in Hungund Taluk, M.H Sc. Thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2001. 7. Choubisa.S L, Sampura K, Choubisa P K and sharma.O.P, Indian J Environ Health,19961,38,286-292 8. Preek R, The Indian J Nutr Diet., 1994, 31,121-125 9. Environmental health criteria for fluorine and fluorides, Geneva;WHO, 1984, 1-136. 10. Carlson.C H, Armstrong W D and Singer L, Distribution and excretion of radiofluoride in the human .Proc Soc Exper Biol Med.,(NY), 1960, 104, 235-239.

Int Journal of Environmental Pollution and Control Research www.scienceresearchlibrary.com