Academic Bibliography of Peer-Reviewed Studies relating to Marine Species and Anthropogenic Underwater Noise

Abate, R.S. (2010). NEPA, National Security, and Ocean Noise: The Past, Present, and Future of Regulating the Impact of Navy on Marine Mammals. J. of Int. Wildlife Law & Policy, 13, 326-356.

Amoser, S., & Ladich, F. (2003). Diversity in noise-induced temporary hearing loss in otophysine . J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 113, 2170–2179.

Ando-Mizobata, N., Ichikawa, K., Arai, N., & Kato, H. (2014). Does boat noise affect (Dugong dugon) vocalization? The Mamm. Soc. of Japan, 39, 121-127.

Andrew, R.K., Howe, B.M., Mercer, J.A., & Dzieciuch, M.A. (2002). Ocean ambient sound: Comparing the 1960s with the 1990s for a receiver off the California . Acoust. Res. Lett. Online, 3(2), 65-70.

Bagočius, D. (2015). Potential Masking of the Baltic Grey Seal Vocalisations by Underwater Shipping Noise in the Lithuanian Area of the Baltic . Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 70(4), 66-72.

Baird, R.W., Webster, D.L., McSweeney, D.J., Ligon, A.D., Schorr, G.S., & Barlow, J. (2006). Diving behavior of Cuvier’s (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville’s (Mesoplodon densirostris) beaked in Hawai’i. Canadian J. Zoo., 84, 1120-1128.

Balcomb, K.C., & Claridge, D.E. (2001). A mass stranding of cetaceans caused by naval sonar in . Bahamas J. Sci., 8(2), 1-8.

Banner, A. & Hyatt, M. (1973). Effects of noise on eggs and larvae of two estuarine fishes. Trans. Am. . Soc., 102, 134-136.

Barlow, J., & Gisiner, R. (2006). Mitigation and monitoring of beaked whales during acoustic events. J. Cetacean Res. Manage., 7, 239-249.

Bateson, M. (2007). Environmental noise and decision making: Possible implications of increases in anthropogenic noise for information processing in marine mammals. Int. J. of Comp. Psychol. 20, 169–178.

Beale, C.M., & Monaghan, P. (2004). Behavioral responses to human disturbance: A matter of choice? Animal Behav., 68, 1065-1069.

Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H., Finn, H., & Allen, S. (2009). Impact assessment research: Use and misuse of habituation, sensitization and tolerance in describing wildlife responses to anthropogenic stimuli. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 395, 177-185.

Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H., Gales, N., Mann, J., Connor, R., Heithaus, M., Watson- Capps, J., & Flaherty, C. (2006). Decline in relative abundance of bottlenose exposed to long-term disturbance. Conserv. Biol., 20, 1791-1798.

Blackwell, S.B., Nations, C.S., McDonald, T.L., Thode, A.M., Mathias, D., Kim, K.H. Greene Jr, C.R., & Macrander, A.M. (2015) Effects of Airgun Sounds on Bowhead Calling Rates: Evidence for Two Behavioral Thresholds. PLoS One, 10(6): e0125720

Borsani, J.F., Clark, C.W., Nani, B., Scarpinitti, M. (2007). Fin whales avoid loud rhythmic, low- frequency sounds in the Ligurian Sea. , 17, 161-163.

1

Bowles, A.E., Smultea, M., Würsig, B., DeMaster, D.P., & Palka, D. (1994). Relative abundance and behavior of marine mammals exposed to transmissions from the Heard Island Feasibility Test. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 96, 2469-2484.

Boyd, I.L. (2012). Technology requirements to investigate the effects of sound on marine wildlife. Soc. Underwater Technol., 30(3), 123-13.

Boyd, I.L., Frisk, G., Urban, E., Tyack, P., Ausubel, J., Seeyave, S., Cato, D., Southall, B., Weise, M., Andrew, R., Akamatsu, T., Dekeling, R., Erbe, C., Farmer, D., Gentry, R., Gross, T., Hawkins, A., Li, F., Metcalf, K., Miller, J.H., Moretti, D., Rodrigo, C. & Shinke, T. (2011). An International Quiet Ocean Experiment. Oceanography, 24(2), 174–181.

Bracciali, C., Campobello, D., Giacoma, C., Sarà, G. (2012). Effects of Nautical Traffic and Noise on Foraging Patterns of Mediterranean Damselfish (Chromis chromis). PLoS One 7(7), e40582.

Brownell, R.L., Jr., Nowacek, D.P., & Ralls, K. (2008). Hunting cetaceans with sound: a worldwide review. J. Cetacean Res. Manage., 10, 81-88.

Brownell, R.L., Jr., Ralls, K., Baumann-Pickering, S., & Poole, M.M. (2009). Behavior of melon- headed whales, Pepnoncephala electra, near oceanic islands. Mar. Mamm. Sci., 25, 639-658.

Bruintjes, R., & Radford, A.N. (2013). Context-dependent impacts of anthropogenic noise on individual and social behaviour in a cooperatively breeding fish. Animal Behaviour, 85, 1343- 1349.

Buckstaff, K.C.(2004). Effects of watercraft noise on the acoustic behavior of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Mar. Mamm. Sci., 20, 709-725.

Buscaino, G., Filiciotto, F., Buffa, G., Bellante, A., Di Stefano, V., et al. (2010). Impact of an acoustic stimulus on the motility and blood parameters of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Mar. Enivr. Res., 69(3), 136-142.

Campana, I., Crosti, R., Angeletii, D., Carosso, L., David, L., et al. (2015). Cetacean response to summer maritime traffic in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Envir. Res., 109, 1-8.

Casper, B.M., Halvorsen, M.B., Matthews, F., Carlson, T.J., Popper, A.N. (2013). Recovery of Barotrauma Injuries Resulting from Exposure to Pile Driving Sound in Two Sizes of Hybrid Striped Bass. PLoS One, 8(9), e73844.

Castellote, M., Clark, C.W., & Lammers, M.O. (2012). Acoustic and behavioural changes by fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in response to shipping and airgun noise. Bio. Cons, 147(1), 115-122.

Cato, D.H., Noad, M.J., Dunlop, R.A., McCauley, R.D., Gales, N.J., et al. (2013). A study of the behavioural response of whales to the noise of seismic air guns: design methods and progress. Acoustics Australia, 41(1), 88-97.

Clark, C.W., Ellision, W.T., Southall, B.L., Hatch, L., Van Parijs, S.M., Frankel, A., & Ponirakis, D. (2009). Acoustic masking in marine ecosystems: intuitions, analysis, and implication. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 395, 201-222.

Codarin, A., Wysocki, L.E., Ladich, F., & Picciulin, M. (2009). Effects of ambient and boat noise on hearing and communication in three fish species living in a marine protected area (Miramare, Italy). Mar. Poll. Bull., 58: 1880–1887.

2

Compton, R., Goodwin, L., Handy, R., & Abbott, V. (2008). A critical examination of worldwide guidelines for minimizing the disturbance to marine mammals during seismic surveys. Mar. Pol., 32, 255-262.

Cosens, S.E., & Dueck, L.P. (1993). Ice breaker noise in Lancaster Sound, NWT, Canada: Implications for marine mammal behavior. Mar. Mamm. Sci., 9(3), 285-300.

Cox, T.M., Ragen, T.J., Read, A.J., Vos, E., Baird, R.W., Balcomb, K., Barlow, J., Caldwell, J., Cranford, T., Crum, L., D’Amico, A., D’Spain, G., Fernández, A., Finneran, J., Gentry, R., Gerth, W., Gulland, F., Hildebrand, J., Houser, D., Hullar, T., Jepson, P.D., Ketten, D., MacLeod, C.D., Miller, P., Moore, S., Mountain, D., Palka, D., Ponganis, P., Rommel, S., Rowles, T., Taylor, B., Tyack, P., Wartzok, D., Gisiner, R., Mead, J., & Benner, L. (2006). Understanding the Impacts of Anthropogenic Sound on Beaked Whales. J. Cetacean Res. Manage., 7(3), 177-187.

Croll, D.A., Clark, C.W., Acevedo, A., Tershy, B., Flores, S., Gedamke, J., and Urban, J. (2002). Only male fin whales sing loud songs. Nature, 417, 809.

Crum, L.A., Bailey, M.R., Guan, J., Hilmo, P.R., Kargl, S.G., Matula, T.J., & Sapozhnikov, O.A. (2005). Monitoring bubble growth in supersaturated blood and tissue ex vivo and the relevance to marine mammal bioeffects. Acoustics Research Letters Online, 6, 214-20.

Culik, B.M., Koschinski, S., Tregenza, N., & Ellis, G.M. (2001). Reactions of harbor Phocoena phocoena and herring Clupea harengus to acoustic alarms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 211, 255-260.

Cunningham, K. A., Southall, B. L., & Reichmuth, C. (2014). Auditory sensitivity of seals and sea lions in complex listening scenarios. J. Acoust. Soc. Am, 136(6), 3410-3421.

Currey, R.J.C., Dawson, S.M., Slooten, E., Schneider, K., Lusseau, D., Boisseau, O.J., Haase, P., & Williams, J.A. (2009). Survival rates for a declining population of bottlenose dolphins in Doubtful Sound, : An information theoretic approach to assessing the role of human impacts. Aquatic Conserv.: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst., 19, 658-670.

D’Amico, A., Gisiner, R.C., Ketten, D.R., Hammock, J.A., Johnson, C., Tyack, P.L., & Mead, J. (2009). strandings and naval exercises. Aquat. Mamm. 35, 452–472.

D’Spain, G.L., D’Amico, A., & Fromm, D.M. (2006). Properties of the underwater sound fields during some well documented beaked whale mass stranding events. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 7: 223-238.

Dalebout, M.L., Robertson, K.M., Frantzis, A., Engelhaupt, D., Mignucci-Giannoni, A.A., Rosario- Delestre, R.J., & Baker, C.S. (2005). Worldwide structure of mtDNA diversity among Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris): implications for threatened populations. Mol. Ecol., 14, 3353-3371.

David, J.A. (2006). Likely sensitivity of bottlenose dolphins to pile-driving noise. Water and Environment J., 20, 48-54.

Dazey, E., McIntosh, B., Brown, S., & Dudzinski, K.M. (2012). Assessment of Underwater Anthropogenic Noise Associated with Construction Activities in Bechers Bay, Santa Rosa Island, California. J. Environ. Prot., 3, 1286-1294.

3

De Robertis, A., & Wilson, C.D. (2010). Silent ships sometimes do encounter more fish. 2. Concurrent echosounder observations from a free-drifting buoy and vessels. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 67(5), 996-1003.

Deng, Z.D., Southall, B.L., Carlson, T.J., Xu, J., Martinez, J.J., et al. (2014). 200 kHz Commercial Sonar Systems Generate Lower Frequency Side Lobes Audible to Some Marine Mammals. PLoS ONE, 9(4), e95315.

Dennison, S., Fahlman, A., & Moore, M. (2012). The use of diagnostic imaging for identifying abnormal gas accumulations in cetaceans and pinnipeds. Front. Physiol., 3.

DeRuiter, S.L., Southall, B.L., Calambokidis, J., Zimmer, W.M.X., Sadykova, D., et al. (2013). First direct measurements of behavioural responses by Cuvier’s beaked whales to mid-frequency active sonar. Biol. Lett., 9, 20130223.

Dolman, S.J. (2007). Spatio-temporal restrictions as best practice precautionary response to ocean noise. J. International Wildlife Law and Pol., 10, 219-224.

Dolman, S.J., Weir, C.R., & Jasny, M. (2009). Comparative review of marine mammal guidance implemented during naval exercises. Mar. Poll. Bull,. 58, 465-77.

Dotinga, H.M., & Elferink, A.G.O. (2000). Acoustic pollution in the oceans: The search for legal standards. Ocean Development and International Law, 31, 151-182.

Dunlop, R.A., Noad, M.J., Cato, D.H., Kniest, E., Miller, P., Smith, J.N., & Stokes, M.D. (2013). Multivariate analysis of behavioural response experiments in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). J. Exp. Biol., 216, 759-770.

Dyndo, M., Wisniewska, D.M., Rojano-Doñate, L., & Teglberg Madsen, P. (2015). Harbour porpoises react to low levels of high frequency vessel noise. Scientific Reports, 5, 11083.

Dziak, R.P, Bohnenstiehl, D.R., Stafford, K.M., Matsumoto, H., Park M., Lee W.S., et al. (2015). Sources and Levels of Ambient Ocean Sound near the Peninsula. PLoS ONE ,10(4), e0123425.

Ellison, W.T., Southall, B.L., Clark, C.W., & Frankel, A.S. (2011). A New Context-Based Approach to Assess Marine Mammal Behavioral Responses to Anthropogenic Sounds. Cons. Biol., 26(1), 21-28.

Engås, A. Løkkeborg, S., Ona, E., & Soldal, A.V. (1996). Effects of seismic shooting on local abundance and catch rates of cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Can. J. Aquat. Sci., 53, 2238-2249.

Erbe, C. (2013). Underwater passive acoustic monitoring & noise impacts on marie fauna – a workshop report. Austral. Acous. Soc., 41(1), 113-119.

Erbe, C., & Farmer, D.M. (2000). Zones of impact around icebreakers affecting beluga whales in the Beaufort Sea. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 108, 1332-1340.

Erbe, C., MacGillivray, A., & Williams. R. (2012). Mapping cumulative noise from shipping to inform marine spatial planning. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 108, 423-428.

Erbe, C., Williams, R., Sandilands, D., & Ashe, E. (2014). Identifying Modeled Ship Noise Hotspots for Marine Mammals of Canada's Pacific Region. PloS One, 9(3), e89820.

4

Evans, P.G.H., Carson, Q., Fisher, P., Jordan, W., Limer, R., & Rees, I. (1994). A study of the reactions of harbour porpoises to various boats in the coastal waters of S.E. Shetland. Eur. Cetacean Soc. Newsletter, 21.

Evans, P.G.H., & Miller, L.A. eds. (2004). Proceedings of the Workshop on Active Sonar and Cetaceans. Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, 8th March 2003. Eur. Cetacean Soc. Newsletter, 42.

Faerber, M.M., & Baird, R.W. (2010). Does a lack of observed beaked whale strandings in military exercise areas mean no impacts have occurred? A comparison of stranding and detection probabilities in the Canary and main Hawaiian Islands. Mar. Mamm. Sci., 26(3), 602-613.

Fahlman, A., Tyack, P. L., Miller, P. J., & Kvadsheim, P. H. (2014). How man-made interference might cause gas bubble emboli in deep diving whales. Frontiers in physiology, 5, 13.

Falcone, E.A., Schorr, G.S, Douglas, A.B., Calambokidis,J., Henderson,E., McKenna, M.F., Hildebrand,J., & Moretti, D. (2009). Sighting characteristics and photo-identification of Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) near San Clemente Island, California: a key area for beaked whales and the military? Mar. Biol, 156(12), 2631-2640.

Fay, R.R., Ahroon, W.A., & Orawski, A.T. (1978). Auditory masking patterns in the goldfish (Carrassius auratus): Psychophysical tuning curves. J. Exp. Biol., 74, 83-100.

Fernández, A., Edwards, J.F., Rodríguez, F., Espinosa de los Monteros, A., Herráez, P., Castro, P., Jaber, J.R., Martín, V., & Arbelo, M. (2005). ‘Gas and fat embolic syndrome’ involving a mass stranding of beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) exposed to anthropogenic sonar signals. Veterinary Pathology, 42, 446-57.

Fewtrell J.L., & McCauley, R.D. (2012). Impact of air gun noise on the behaviour of marine fish and . Mar. Poll. Bull., 64, 984–993.

Filadelfo, R., Mintz, J., Michlovich, E., D’Amico, A., Ketten, D.R., & Tyack, P. (2009). Correlating military sonar use with beaked whale mass strandings: What do the historical data show? Acquatic Mammals, 35(4), 435–444.

Finneran, J.J., Carder, D.A., Schlundt, C.E., & Ridgway, S.H. (2005). Temporary threshold shift in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) exposed to mid-frequency tones. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 118, 2696-2705.

Finneran, J.J., Dear, R., Carder, D.A., & Ridgway, S.H. (2003). Auditory and behavioral responses of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) to single underwater impulses from an arc-gap transducer. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 114, 1667-1677.

Finneran, J.J., Schlundt, C.E., Carder, D.A., Clark, J.A., & Young, J.A., Gaspin, J.B., and Ridgway, S.H. (1999). Auditory and behavioral responses of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncates) and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) to impulsive sounds resembling distant signatures of underwater explosions. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 108, 417-431.

Finneran, J.J., Schlundt, C.E., Dear, R., Carder, D.A., & Ridgway, S.H. (2002). Temporary shift in masked hearing thresholds in odontocetes after exposure to single underwater impulses from a seismic watergun. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 111, 2929-2940.

Foote, A.D., Osborne, R.W., & Rus Hoelzel, A. (2004). Whale-call response to masking boat noise. Nature, 428, 910.

5

Francis, C.D., & Barber, J.R. (2013). A framework for understanding noise impacts on wildlife: an urgent conservation priority. Front. Ecol. & Environ., 11, 305–313.

Frantzis, A. (1998). Does acoustic testing strand whales? Nature, 392, 29.

Gillespie, A. (2006). Establishing reliable foundations for the international scientific investigation of in the oceans. RECIEL, 15, 211-226.

Gillespie, A. (2007). The precautionary principle in the twenty-first century: A case study of noise pollution in the ocean. International J. of Mar. and Coastal Law, 22, 61-87.

Gillespie, A. (2008), Environmental Impact Assessment in International Law. RECIEL, 17, 221.

Goldbogen, J.A., Southall, B.L., DeRuiter, S.L., Calambokidis, J., Friedlaender, A.S., Hazen, E.L., Falcone, E.A., Schorr, G.S., Douglas, A., Moretti, D.J., Kyburg, C., McKenna, M.F., & Tyack, P.L. (2013). Blue whales respond to simulated mid-frequency military sonar. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280(1765), 20130657.

Goodwin, L., & Cotton, P.A. (2004). Effects of boat traffic on the behavior of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Aq. Mammals, 30, 279-283.

Halvorsen, M.B., Casper, B.M., Woodley, C.M., Carlson, T.J., Popper, A.N. (2012). Threshold for Onset of Injury in Chinook Salmon from Exposure to Impulsive Pile Driving Sounds. PLoS One, 7: e38968.

Hassel, A., Knutsen, T., Dalen, J., Skaar, K., Løkkeborg, S., Misund, O.A., Østensen, Ø., Fonn, M., & Haugland, E.K. (2004). Influence of seismic shooting on the lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus). ICES J. of Mar. Sci., 61, 1165-1173.

Hastings, M.C. (2008). Coming to Terms with the Effects of Ocean Noise on Marine Animals. Acoustics Today, 4(2), 22-34.

Hastings, M.C., Popper, A.N., Finneran, J.J., & Lanford, P.J. (1996). Effects of low-frequency underwater sound on hair cells of the inner ear and lateral line of the teleost fish Astronotus ocellatus. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 99, 1759-1765.

Hatch, L.T., Clark, C.W., Merrick, R., Van Parijs, S.M, Ponirakis, D., Schwehr, K., Thompson, M., & Wiley, D. (2008). Characterizing the relative contributions of large vessels to total ocean noise fields: a case study using the Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Environmental Management, 42, 735-752.

Hatch, L.T., Clark, C.W., Van Parijs, S.M., Frankel, A.S., & Ponirakis, D.W. (2012). Quantifying Loss of Acoustic Communication Space for Right Whales in and around a U.S. National Marine Sanctuary. Conservation Biology, 26(6), 983–994.

Hatch, L.T., & Fristup, K.M. (2009). No barrier at the boundaries: Implementing regional frameworks for noise management in protected natural areas. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 395, 223-244.

Hawkins, A.D., Pembroke, A.E., & Popper, A.N. (2015). Information gaps in understanding the effects of noise on fishes and invertebrates. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries, 25, 39-64.

Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., Guldborg Hansen, R., Westdal, K., Reeves, R.R., & Mosbech, A. (2013). Narwahls and seismic exploration: Is seismic noise increasing the risk of ice entrapments? Biol. Cons., 158, 50-54.

6

Henderson, E.E., Smith, M.H., Gassmann, M., Wiggins, S.M., Douglas, A.B., & Hildebrand, J.A. (2014). Delphinid behavioral responses to incidental mid-frequency active sonar. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 136(4), 2003-2014.

Hermannsen, L., Tougaard, J., Beedholm, K., Nabe-Nielsen, J., & Madsen, P.T. (2015). Characteristics and Propagation of Airgun Pulses in Shallow Water with Implications for Effects on Small Marine Mammals. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0133436.

Hildebrand, J.A. (2009). Anthropogenic and natural sources of ambient noise in the ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 395, 5-20.

Holles, S., Simpson, S.D., Radford, A.N., Berten, L, & Lecchini, D. (2013). Boat noise disrupts orientation behaviour in a coral reef fish. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,485, 295-300.

Holt, D.E., & Johnston, C.E. (2014). Evidence of the Lombard effect in fishes. Behav. Ecol., 00(00), 1-8.

Holt, M.M., Noren, D.P., & Emmons, C.K. (2011). Effects of noise levels and call types on the source levels of calls. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 130, 3100.

Holt, M.M., Noren, D.P., Veirs, V., Emmons, C.K., & Viers, S. (2009). Speaking up: Killer whales (Orcinus orca) increase their call amplitude in response to vessel noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 125, EL27-32.

Hooker, S.K., Baird, R.W., & Fahlman, A. (2009). Could beaked whales get the bends? Effect of diving behavior and physiology on modelled gas exchange for three species: Ziphius cavirostris, Mesoplodon densirostris, and Hyperoodon ampullatus. Respiratory Phys. & Neurobio., 167, 235-246.

Hooker, S.K., Fahlman ,A., Moore, M.J., Aguilar de Soto, N., de Quirós, B.Y., Brubakk, A.O., Costa D.P., et al. (2012). Deadly diving? Physiological and behavioural management of decompression stress in diving mammals, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1731), 1041-1050.

Houser, D.S., Howard, R., & Ridgway, S. (2001). Can diving-induced tissue nitrogen supersaturation increase the chance of acoustically driven bubble growth in marine mammals? J. of Theor. Bio., 213, 183-195.

Jefferson, T.A., Hung, S.K., & Würsig, B. (2009). Protecting small cetaceans from coastal development: Impact assessment and mitigation experience in Hong Kong. Mar. Pol., 33, 305- 311.

Jensen, F.H., Bejder, L., Wahlberg, M., Soto, N.A., Johnson, M., & Madsen, P.T. (2009). Vessel noise effects on delphinid communication. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 395, 161-175.

Jepson, P.D., Arbelo, M., Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.P., Castro, P., Baker, J.R., Degollada, E., Ross, H.M., Herraez, P., Pocknell, A.M., Rodriguez, F., Howie, F.E., Espinosa, A., Reid, R.J., Jaber, J.R., Martin, V., Cunningham, A.A., & Fernandez, A. (2003). Gas-bubble lesions in stranded cetaceans. Nature, 425, 575-576.

Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.P., Pocknell, A.M., Ross, H.M., Baker, J.R., Howie, F.E., Reid, R.J., Colloff, A., & Cunningham, A.A. (2005). Acute and chronic gas bubble lesions in cetaceans stranded in the . Vet. Pathol., 42, 291-305.

7

Kastak, D., Mulsow, J., Ghoul, A., & Reichmuth, C. (2008). Noise-induced permanent threshold shift in a harbor seal [abstract]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 123, 2986.

Kastak, D., Schusterman, R.J., Southall, B.L., & Reichmuth, C.J. (1999). Underwater temporary threshold shift induced by octave-band noise in three species of pinniped. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 106, 1142-1148.

Kastak, D., Southall, B.L., Schusterman, R.J., & Kastak, C.R. (2005). Underwater temporary threshold shift in pinnipeds: Effects of noise level and duration. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 118, 3154-3163.

Kastelein, R.A., de Haan, D., Vaughan, N., Staal, C., & Schooneman, N.M. (2001). The influence of three acoustic alarms on the behaviour of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in a floating pen. Mar. Enviro. Res., 52, 351-371.

Kastelein, R.A., Gransier, R., & Hoek, L. (2013). Comparative temporary threshold shifts in a harbor and harbor seal, and severe shift in a seal. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 134(1), 13-16.

Kastelein, R.A., Gransier, R., Schop, J., Hoek, L. (2015). Effects of exposure to intermittent and continuous 6-7 kHz sonar sweeps on harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) hearing. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 137(4), 1623-1633.

Kastelein, R.A., Jennings, N., Verboom, W.C., de Haan, D., & Schooneman, N.M. (2006). Differences in the responses of a striped (Stenella coeruleoalba) and a (Phocoena phocoena) to an acoustic alarm. Mar. Enviro. Res., 61, 363-378.

Kastelein, R.A., van der Heul, S., Verboom, W.C., Triesscheijn, R.J.V., & Jennings, N.V. (2006). The influence of underwater data transmission sounds on the displacement behaviour of captive harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). Mar. Enviro. Res. 61, 19-39.

Kastelein, R.A., Verboom, W.C., Muijsers, M., Jennings, N.V., & van der Heul, S. (2005). The influence of acoustic emissions for underwater data transmission on the behavior of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in a floating pen. Mar. Enviro. Res., 59, 287-307.

Kellar, N.M., Catelani, K.N., Robbins, M.N., Trego, M.L., Allen, C.D., Danil, K., et al. (2015). Blubber Cortisol: A Potential Tool for Assessing Stress Response in Free-Ranging Dolphins without Effects due to Sampling. PLoS ONE, 10(2), e0115257.

Kendall, L.S., Sirovic, A., & Roth, E.H. (2013). Effects of construction noise on the Cook Inlet Beluga whale (Delphinapterus leuctas) vocal behavior. Canadian Acoustics, 41(3), 3-13.

Knudsen, F.R., Enger, P.S., & Sand, O. (1992). Awareness reactions and avoidance responses to sound in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J. of Fish Biology, 40, 523-534.

Koschinski, S., Culik, B.M., Henriksen, O.D., Tregenza, N., Ellis, G., Jansen, C., & Kathe, G. (2003). Behavioural reactions of free-ranging porpoises and seals to the noise of a simulated 2 MW windpower generator. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 265, 263-273.

Kostyuchenko, L.P. (1973). Effect of elastic waves generated in marine seismic prospecting on fish eggs on the Black Sea. Hydrobiol. J., 9, 45-48.

Kujawa, S.G., & Liberman, M.C. (2009). Adding insult to injury: Cochlear nerve degeneration after “temporary” noise-induced hearing loss. J. of Neurosci., 29(45), 14077-14085.

8

Kyhn, L.A., Sveegaard, S., & Tougaard, J. (2014). Underwater noise emissions from a drillship in the Arctic. Mar. poll. Bull., 86(1), 424-433.

Lagardère, J.-P. (1982). Effects of noise on growth and reproduction of Crangon crangon in rearing tanks. Mar. Biol., 71, 177-185.

Leaper, R., & Renilson, M. (2012). A review of practical methods for reducing underwater noise pollution from large commercial vessels. Int. J. Marit. Engin., 154, A79-A88.

Leaper, R., Renilson, M.R., & Ryan, C. (2014). Reducing underwater noise from large commercial ships: current status and future directions. J. Ocean Tech., 9(1), 50-69.

Lemon, M., Lynch, T.P., Cato, D.H., & Harcourt, R.G. (2006). Response of travelling bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) to experimental approaches by a powerboat in Jervis Bay, New South Wales, Australia. Bio. Conserv., 127, 363-372.

Lesage, V., Barrette, C., Kingsley, M.C.S., & Sjare, B. (1999). The effect of vessel noise on the vocal behavior of belugas in the St. Lawrence River estuary, Canada. Mar. Mamm. Sci., 15, 65-84.

Lillis, A., Eggleston, D.B., & Bohnenstiehl, D.R. (2013). Oyster Larvae Settle in Response to Habitat- Associated Underwater Sounds. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e79337.

Liu, M., Wei, Q.W., Du, H., Fu, Z.Y., & Chen, Q.C. (2013). Ship noise-induced temporary hearing threshold shift in the Chinese sucker Myxocyprinus asiaticus (Bleeker, 1864). J. Appl. Ichthyol., 29, 1416-1422.

Ljungblad, D.K., Würsig, B., Swartz, S.L., & Keene, J.M. (1988). Observations on the behavioral responses of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) to active geophysical vessels in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Arctic, 41(3), 183-194.

Løkkeborg, S. (1991). Effects of a geophysical survey on catching success in longline fishing. ICES (CM) B: 40.

Lucke, K., Siebert, U., Lepper, P.A., & Blanchet, M.-A. (2009). Temporary shift in masked hearing thresholds in a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) after exposure to seismic airgun stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 125, 4060-4070.

Lusseau, D. (2004). The hidden cost of tourism: Detecting long-term effects of tourism using behavioral information. Ecol. & Soc., 9, 2.

Lusseau, D. (2005). Residency pattern of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops spp. in Milford Sound, New Zealand, is related to boat traffic. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 295, 265-272.

Lusseau, D., Bain, D.E., Williams, R., & Smith, J.C. (2009). Vessel traffic disrupts the foraging behavior of southern resident killer whales Orcinus orca. Endang. Species Res., 6, 211-221.

Lusseau, D., Slooten, L., & Currey, R.J.C. (2006). Unsustainable dolphin-watching tourism in Fiordland, New Zealand. Tourism Mar. Enviro., 3, 173-178.

Luttbeg, B., & Kerby, J.L. (2005). Are scared prey as good as dead? TRENDS Ecol. Evol., 20(8), 416-418.

MacLeod, C.D., Perrin, W.F., Pitman, R., Barlow, J., Ballance, L., D’Amico, A., Gerrodette, T., Joyce, G., Mullin, K.D., Palka, D.L., & Waring, G.T. (2006). Known and inferred distributions of beaked whale species (: Ziphiidae). J. Cetacean Res. Manage., 7, 271-286.

9

Madsen, P.T. (2005). Marine mammals and noise: Problems with root mean square sound pressure levels for transients. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 117, 3952-3957.

Madsen, P.T., Johnson, M., Miller, P.J.O., Soto, N.A., Lynch, J., & Tyack, P. (2006). Quantitative measures of air-gun pulses recorded on sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) using acoustic tags during controlled exposure experiments. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120, 2366-2379.

Madsen, P.T., Wahlberg, M., Tougaard, J., Lucke, K., & Tyack, P. (2006). turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: Implications of current knowledge and data needs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 309, 279-295.

Martin, K J., Alessi, S.C., Gaspard, J.C., Tucker, A.D., Bauer, G.B., & Mann, D.A. (2012). Underwater hearing in the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta): a comparison of behavioral and auditory evoked potential audiograms. J. Exp. Bio., 215(17), 3001-3009.

McCauley R.D., Fewtrell, J., & Popper, A.N. (2003). High intensity anthropogenic sound damages fish ears. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 113, 638-642.

McDonald, M.A., Hildebrand, J.A., & Wiggins, S.M. (2006). Increases in deep ocean ambient noise in the Northeast Pacific west of San Nicolas Island, California. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120, 711- 718.

McDonald, T.L., Richardson, W.J., Greene Jr., C.R., Blackwell, S.B., Nations, C., Nielson R.M. & Streever, B. (2012). Detecting changes in the distribution of calling bowhead whales exposed to fluctuating anthropogenic sounds. J. Cetac. Res. Manage., 12(1), 91-106.

Melcón, M.L., Cummins, A.J., Kerosky, S.M., Roche L.K., Wiggins, S.M., Hildebrand, J.A. (2012). Blue Whales Respond to Anthropogenic Noise. PLoS One 7(2), e32681.

Merchant, N.D., Fristrup, K.M., Johnson, M.P., Tyack, P.L., Witt, M.J., Blondel, P., & Parks, S.E. (2015). Measuring acoustic habitats. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 257–265.

Miksis-Olds, J.L., Donaghay, P.L., Miller, J.H., Tyack, P.L., & Nystuen, J.A. (2007). Noise level correlates with manatee use of foraging habitats. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 121, 3011-3020.

Miksis-Olds, J.L., & Miller, J.H. (2006). Transmission loss in manatee habitats. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 120, 2320-2327.

Miller, P.J.O., Biasson, N., Samuels, A., & Tyack, P.L. (2000). Whale songs lengthen in response to sonar. Nature, 405, 903.

Miller, P.J.O., Kvadsheim, P.H., Lam, F.P.A., Tyack, P.L., Curé, C., et al. (2015). First indications that northern bottlenose whales are sensitive to behavioural disturbance from anthropogenic noise. R. Soc. open sci, 2, 140484.

Mitson, R.B., & Knudsen, H.P. (2003). Causes and effects of underwater noise on fish abundance estimation. Aquat. Liv. Res., 16, 255-263.

Moore, M.J., Bogomolni, A.L., Dennison, S.E., Early, G., Garner, M.M., Hayward, B.A., Lentell, B.J., & Rotstein, D.S. (2009). Gas Bubbles in Seals, Dolphins, & Porpoises Entangled and Drowned at Depth in Gillnets. Vet Pathol, 46, 536–547.

Moore, M.J., & Early, G.A. (2004). Cumulative bone damage and the bends. Science, 306, 2215.

10

Moore, S.E., Reeves, R.R., Southall, B.L., Ragen, T.J., Suydam, R.S., & Clark, C.W. (2012). A New Framework for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals in a Rapidly Changing Arctic. BioScience, 62(3), 289-295.

Moretti, D., Thomas, L., Marques, T., Harwood, J., Dilley, A., et al. (2014). A Risk Function for Behavioral Disruption of Blainville’s Beaked Whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) from Mid- Frequency Active Sonar. PLoS One 9(1), e85064.

Morton, A.B., & Symonds, H.K. (2001). Displacement of Orcinus orca (L.) by high amplitude sound in British Columbia. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 59, 71-80.

Nachtigall, P.E., Pawloski, J.L., & Au, W.W.L. (2003). Temporary threshold shifts and recovery following noise exposure in the Atlantic bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncates). J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 113, 3425-3429.

Neo, Y.Y., Seitz, J., Kastelein, R.A., Winter, H.V., ten Cate, C., & Slabbekoorn, H. (2014). Temporal structure of sound affects behavioural recovery from noise impact in European seabass. Biol. Cons., 178, 65-73.

Neo. Y.Y., Ufkes, E., Kastelein, R.A., Winter, H.V., ten Cate, C., & Slabbekoorn, H. (2015). Impulsive sounds change European seabass swimming patterns: Influence of pulse repetition interval. Mar. Poll. Bull.

Nieukirk, S.L., Stafford, K.M., Mellinger, D.K., Dziak, R.P., & Fox, C.G. (2004). Low-frequency whale and seismic airgun sounds recorded in the mid-Atlantic Ocean. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 115(4), 1832-1843.

Noren, D.P., Johnson, A.H., Rehder, D., & Larson, A. (2009). Close approaches by vessels elicit surface active behaviors by southern resident killer whales. Endangered Species Res., 8, 179- 192.

Nowacek, D.P., Bröker, K., Donovan, G., Glenn Gailey, Racca, R., Reeves, R.R., Vedenev, A.I., Weller, D.W., & Southall, B.L. (2013). Responsible practices for minimizing and monitoring environmental impacts of marine seismic surveys with an emphasis on marine mammals. Aquatic Mammals, 39(4), 356-377.

Nowacek, D.P., Johnson, M.P., & Tyack, P.L. (2004). Right whales ignore ships but respond to alarm stimuli. Proc. Royal Soc. London B: Biol. Sci., 271, 227-231.

Nowacek, D.P., Thorne, L.H., Johnston, D.W., & Tyack, P.L. (2007). Responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise. Mammal Rev., 37, 81-115.

Olesiuk, P.F., Nichol, L.M., Sowden, M.J., & Ford, J.K.B. (2002). Effect of the sound generated by an acoustic harassment device on the relative abundance and distribution of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in Retreat Passage, British Columbia. Mar. Mamm. Sci., 18, 843-862.

Papale, E., Gamba, M., Perez-Gil, M., Martin, V. M., & Giacoma, C. (2015). Dolphins Adjust Species-Specific Frequency Parameters to Compensate for Increasing Background Noise. PloS one, 10(4).

Parente, C.L., de Araújo, J.P., & de Araújo, M.E. (2007). Diversity of cetaceans as tool in monitoring environmental impacts of seismic surveys. Biota Neotropica, 7(1).

11

Parks, S.E., Clark, C.W., & Tyack, P.L. (2007). Short-and long-term changes in right whale calling behavior: The potential effects of noise on acoustic communication. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122: 3725-3731.

Parks, S.E., Miksis-Olds, J.L., & Denes, S.L. (2014). Assessing marine ecosystem acoustic diversity across ocean basins. Ecological Informatics, 21, 81-88

Parsons, E.C.M., Birks, I., Evans, P.G.H., Gordon, J.C.D., Shrimpton, J.H., & Pooley, S. (2000). The possible impacts of military activity on cetaceans in West Scotland. Eur. Res. Cetaceans, 14, 185-190.

Parsons, E.C.M., Dolman, S.J., Jasny, M., Rose, N.A., Simmonds, M.P., & Wright, A.J. (2009). A critique of the UK’s JNCC seismic survey guideline for minimizing acoustic disturbance to marine mammals: Best practice? Mar. Poll. Bull., 58, 643-651

Parsons, E.C.M., Dolman, S.J., Wright, A.J., Rose, N.A., & Burns, W.C.G. (2008). Navy sonar and cetaceans: Just how much does the gun to smoke before we act? Mar. Poll. Bull., 56, 1248- 1257.

Pearson, W.H., Skalski, J.R., & Malme, C.I. (1992). Effects of sounds from a geophysical survey device on behavior of captive rockfish (Sebastes spp.). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 49, 1343-1356.

Picciulin, M., Sebastianutto, L., Codarin, A., Calcagno, G., Ferrero, E.A. (2012). Brown meagre vocalization rate increases during repetitive boat noise exposures: A possible case of vocal compensation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 132(5), 3118-3124.

Picciulin, M., Sebastianutto, L., Codarin, A., Farina, A., & Ferrero, E.A. (2010). In situ behavioural responses to boat noise exposure of Gobius cruentatus (Gmelin, 1789; fam. Gobiidae) and Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758; fam. Pomacentridae) living in a Marine Protected Area. J. of Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 386, 125-132.

Pine, M.K., Jeffs, A.G., & Radford, A.C. (2014). The cumulative effect on sound leves from multiple underwater anthropogenic sound sources in shallow coastal waters. J. Appl. Ecol., 51, 23-30.

Pirotta, E., Merchant, N.D., Thompson, P.M., Barton, T.R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity. Biol. Cons., 181, 82-89.

Pirotta, E., Milor, R., Quick, N., Moretti, D., Di Marzio, N., et al. (2012). Vessel Noise Affects Beaked Whale Behavior: Results of a Dedicated Acoustic Response Study. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e42535.

Pirotta, E., Thompson, P.M., Cheney, B., Donovan, C.R., & Lusseau, D. (2015). Estimating spatial, temporal and individual variability in dolphin cumulative exposure to boat traffic using spatially explicit capture–recapture methods. Anim. Cons., 18(1), 20-31.

Popov, V.V., Klishin, V.O., Nechaev, D.I., Pletenko, M.G, Rozhnov, V.V., et al. (2011). Influence of acoustic noises on the white whale hearing thersholds. Doklady Biol. Sci., 440(1), 332-334.

Popper, A.N. (2003). The effects of anthropogenic sounds on fishes. Fisheries, 28(10): 24-31.

Porter, M., & Henderson, L. (2013). Global ocean . Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, 19. 010050.

Purser, J., Radford, A.N. (2011). Acoustic Noise Induces Attention Shifts and Reduces Foraging Performance in Three-Spined Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). PLoS One, 6(2): e17478.

12

Radford, A.N., Kerridge, E., & Simpson, S.D. (2014). Acoustic communication in a noisy world: can fish compete with anthropogenic noise? Behavioral Ecology, 00(00), 1–9.

Reeve, L.L.N. (2012). Of Whales and Ships: Impacts on the Great Whales of Underwater Noise Pollution from Commercial Shipping and Proposals for Regulation under International Law. Ocean & Coastal LJ, 18, 127.

Régnault, M.R., & Lagardère, J.-P. (1983). Effects of ambient noise on the metabolic level of Crangon crangon (Decapoda, Nanantia). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 11, 71-78.

Reichmuth, C., & Southall, B. L. (2012). Underwater hearing in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): Expansion and interpretation of existing data. Mar. Mammal Sci., 28(2), 358- 363.

Rendell, L.E., & Gordon, J.C.D. (1999). Vocal responses of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) to military sonar in the Ligurian Sea. Mar. Mammal Sci., 15, 198-204.

Reynolds, J.R. (2008). Submarines, Sonar, and the Death of Whales: Enforcing the Delicate Balance of Environmental Compliance and National Security in Military Training. Wm. & Mary Envtl. L. & Pol’y Rev., 32(3), 759-802.

Richardson, W.J., Miller, G.W., & Greene, C.R. (1999). Displacement of migrating bowhead whales by sounds from seismic surveys in shallow waters of the Beaufort Sea [abstract]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 106, 2281.

Richardson, W.J., & Würsig, B. (1997). Influences of man-made noise and other human actions on cetacean behaviour. Mar. Fresh. Behav. Physiol., 29, 183-209.

Ridgway, S.H., & Howard, R. (1979). Dolphin lung collapse and intramuscular circulation during deep diving: Evidence from nitrogen washout. Science, 206, 1182-83.

Rolland, R.M., Parks, S.E., Hunt, K.E., Castellote, M., Corkeron, P.J., Nowacek, D.P., Wasser, S.K. & Kraus, S.D. (2012). Evidence that ship noise increases stress in right whales. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1737), 2363-2368.

Romano, T.A., Keogh, M.J., Kelly, C., Feng, P., Berk, L., Schlundt, C.E., Carder, D.A., & Finneran, J.J. (2004). Anthropogenic sound and marine mammal health: Measures of the nervous and immune systems before and after intense sound exposure. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci., 61, 1124-1134.

Rommel, S.A., Costidis, A.M., Fernández, A., P.D. Jepson, D.A. Pabst, W.A. McLellan, D.S. Houser, T.W. Cranford, A.L. van Helden, D.M. Allen, & N.B. Barros. (2006). Elements of beaked whale anatomy and diving physiology and some hypothetical causes of sonar-related stranding. J. Cetacean Res. Manage., 7, 189-209.

Rossi-Santos, M.R. (2015). Oil Industry and Noise Pollution in the Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Ecology of the Southwestern Atlantic Breeding Ground. J. Coastal Res., 31(1), 184-195.

Santulli, A., Modica, A., Messina, C., Ceffa, L., Curatolo, A., Rivas, G., Fabi, G., & D’amelio, V. (1999). Biochemical responses of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) to the stress induced by off shore experimental seismic prospecting. Mar. Poll. Bull., 38, 1105-1114.

Sarà, G., Dean, J.M., D’Amato, D., Buscaino, G., Oliveri, A., Genovese, S., Ferro, S., Buffa, G., Lo Martire, M., & Mazzola, S. (2007). Effect of boat noise on the behaviour of bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 331, 243-253.

13

Schecklman, S., Houser, D., Cross, M., Hernandez, D., & Siderius, M. (2011). Comparison of methods used for computing the impact of sound on the marine environment. Mar. Enivron. Res, 71(5), 342-350.

Schick, R.S., & Urban, D.L. (2000). Spatial components of bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) distribution in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 57, 2193-2200.

Schlundt, C.E., Finneran, J.J., Carder, D.A., & Ridgway, S.H. (2000). Temporary shift in masked hearing thresholds of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncates, and white whales, Delphinapterus leucas, after exposure to intense tones. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 107, 3496-3508.

Scholik, A.R. & Yan, H.Y. (2002)a. Effects of boat engine noise on the auditory sensitivity of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Environ. Biol. Fish., 63, 203-209.

Scholik, A.R., & Yan, H.Y. (2002)b. The effects of noise on the auditory sensitivity of the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus. Comp. Biochem. and Physio. Part A, 133, 43-52.

Scott, K.N. (2007). Sound and cetaceans: A regional response to regulating acoustic marine pollution. J. of International Law and Pol., 10, 175-199.

Shannon, G., McKenna, M.F., Angeloni, L.M., Crooks, K.R., Fristrup, K.M., et al. (2015). A synthesis of two decades of research documenting the effects of noise on wildlife. Biol. Rev.

Shapiro, A.D., Tougaard, J., Jørgensen, P.B., Kyhn, L.A., Balle, J.D., Bernardez, C., Fjälling, A., Karlsen, J., & Wahlberg, M. (2009). Transmission loss patterns from acoustic harassment and deterrent devices do not always follow geometrical spreading predictions. Mar. Mamm. Sci., 25, 53-67.

Sierra-Flores, R., Atack, T., Migaud, H., Davie, A. (2015). Stress response to anthropogenic noise in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. Acquacultural Enigneering, 67, 67-76.

Sills, J.M., Southall, B.L., & Reichmuth, C. (2015). Amphibious hearing in ringed seals (Pusa hispida): underwater audiograms, aerial audiograms and critical ratio measurements. J. Exp. Biol, 218, 2250-2259.

Sills, J.M., Southall, B.L., & Reichmuth, C. (2014). Amphibious hearing in spotted seals (Phoca largha): underwater audiograms, aerial audiograms and critical ratio measurements. J. Exp. Biol., 217(5), 726-734.

Simmonds, M.P., Dolman, S.J., Jasny, M., Parsons, E.C.M., Weilgart, L., Wright, A.J., & Leaper, R. (2014). Marine noise pollution – increasing recognition but need for more practical action. J. Ocean Technol., 9(1), 70-90.

Simmonds, M.P., & Lopez-Jurado, L.F. (1991). Whales and the military. Nature, 351, 448.

Simpson, S.D., Meekan, M.G., Larsen, N.J., McCauley, R.D., & Jeffs, A. (2010). Behavioral plasticity in larval reef fish: orientation is influenced by recent acoustic experiences. Behavioral Ecology, 21(5), 1098-1105.

Simpson, S.D., Meekan, M., Montgomery, J., McCauley, R., & Jeffs, A. (2005). Homeward sound. Science, 308, 221.

Sims, P.Q., Hung , S.K., Wursig, B. (2012). High-Speed vessel noises in west Hong kong waters and their contributions relative to Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis). J. of Mar. Biol., 2012, Article ID 169103.

14

Skalski, J.R., Pearson, W.H., & Malme, C.I. (1992). Effects of sounds from a geophysical survey device on catch-per-unit-effort in a hook-and-line fishery for rockfish (Sebastes spp.). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 49, 1357-1365.

Slabbekoorn, H., Bouton, N., van Opzeeland, I., Coers, A., ten Cate, C., & Popper, A.N. (2010). A noisy spring: The impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25, 419–427.

Slotte, A., Hansen, K., Dalen, J., & One, E. (2004). Acoustic mapping of pelagic fish distribution and abundance in relation to a seismic shooting area off the Norwegian west coast. Fish. Res., 67, 143-150.

Smith, M.E., Kane, A.S., & Popper, A.N. (2004). Noise-induced stress response and hearing loss in goldfish Carassius auratus. J. Exp. Biol., 207, 427–435.

Solé, M., Lenoir, M., Durfort, M., Lopez-Bejar, M., Lombarte, A., van der Schaar, M., & André, M. (2013). Does exposure to noise from human activities compromise sensory information from cephalopod statocysts ? Deep-Sea Research II, 95, 160-181.

Soto, N.A., Delorme, N., Atkins, J., Howard, S., Williams, J. & Johnson, M. (2013). Anthropogenic noise causes body malformations and delays development in marine larvae. Scientific Reports, 3, 2831.

Soto, N.A., Johnson, M., Madsen, P.T., Tyack, P.L., Bocconcelli, A., & Borsani, J.F. (2006). Does intense ship noise disrupt foraging in deep-diving Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris)? Mar. Mamm. Sci., 22, 690-699.

Southall, B.L., Schusterman, R.J., Kastak, D., & Kastak, C.R. (2005). Reliability of underwater hearing thresholds in pinnipeds. Acoustics Res. Letters Online, 6, 243-249.

Stansbury, A.L., Götz, T., Deecke, V.B., & Janik, V.M. (2015). Grey seals use anthropogenic signals from acoustic tags to locate fish: evidence from a simulated foraging task. Proc. R. Soc. B, 282, 20141595.

Stone, C.J., & Tasker, M.L. (2006). The effects of seismic airguns on cetaceans in UK waters. J. Cetacean Res. Manage., 8, 255-263.

Talpalar, A.E., & Grossman, Y. (2005). Sonar versus whales: Noise may disrupt neural activity in deep-diving cetaceans. UHM, 32, 135-139.

Teilmann, J., & Carstensen, J. (2012). Negative long term effects on harbour porpoises from a large scale offshore wind farm in the Baltic—evidence of slow recovery. Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 045101.

Thompson, P.M., Hastie, G.D., Nedwell, J., Barham, R., Brookes, K.L., et al. (2013). Framework for assessing impacts of pile-driving noise from offshore wind farm construction on a harbour seal population. Environ. Imp. Assess. Rev., 43, 73-85.

Thomsen, F., McCully, S.R., Weiss, L.R., Wood, D.T., Warr, K.J., Barry, J. & Law, R.J. (2011). Cetacean Stock Assessments in Relation to Exploration and Production Industry Activity and Other Human Pressures: Review and data needs. Aquat. Mamm., 37(1), 1-93.

Tiemann, C.O., Martin, S.W., & Mobley, J.R., Jr. (2006). Aerial and acoustic marine mammal detection and localization on Navy ranges. IEEE J. of Oceanic Engineering, 31, 107-119.

15

Todd, S., Stevick, P., Lien, J., Marques, F., & Ketten, D. (1996). Behavioural effects to underwater explosions in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Can. J. Zool., 74, 1661-1672.

Tolstoy, M., Diebold, J.B., Webb, S.C., Bohnenstiehl, D.R., Chapp, E., Holmes, R.C., & Rawson, M. (2004). Broadband calibration of R/V Ewing seismic sources. Geophysical Res. Letters, 31, L14310.

Tougaard, J. (2015). Underwater Noise from a Wave Energy Converter Is Unlikely to Affect Marine Mammals. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0132391.

Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J., Teilmann, J., Skov, H., & Rasmussen, P. (2009). Pile driving zone of responsiveness extends beyond 20 km for harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena (L.)). J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 126, 11.

Tougaard, J., Wright, A.J., & Madsen, P.T. (2015). Cetacean noise criteria revisited in the light of proposed exposure limits for harbour porpoises. Mar. Poll. Bull., 90, 196-208.

Tripovich, J.S., Hall-Aspland, S., Charrier, I., & Arnould, J.P. (2012). The behavioural response of Australian fur seals to motor boat noise. PloS one, 7(5), e37228.

Tubelli, A.A., Zosuls, A., Ketten, D.R., Yamato, M., & Mountain, D.C. (2012). A prediction of the Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) middle-ear transfer function. J. Acoust. Soc., 132, 3263.

Tyack, P.L. (2008). Implications for marine mammals of large-scale changes in the marine acoustic environment. J. of Mammalogy, 89, 549-558.

Tyack, P.L. (2009). Acoustic playback experiments to study behavioral responses of free-ranging marine animals to anthropogenic sound. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 395, 187-200.

Tyack, P.L., Zimmer, W.M.X., Moretti, D., Southall, B.L., Claridge, D.E., et al. (2011). Beaked Whales Respond to Simulated and Actual Navy Sonar. PLoS One, 6(3), e17009.

UNEP Convention on Biological Diversity – Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice. (2012). Scientific Synthesis on the Impacts of Underwater Noise on Marine an Coastal Biodiversity and Habitats (93 pp.). Proceedings of the 16th meeting, Montreal, 30 April – 5 May 2012.

Van der Schaar, M., Ainslie, M.A., Robinson, S.P., Prior, M.K., & André, M. (2014). Changes in 63 Hz third-octave band sound levels over 42 months recorded at four deep-ocean observatories. J. Mar. Syst., 130, 4-11.

Van Dyke, J.M., Gardner, E.A., & Morgan, J.R. (2004). Whales, submarines, and active sonar. Ocean Yearbook, 18, 330-363.

Voellmy, I.K., Purser, J., Flynn, D., Kennedy, P., Simpson, S.D., & Radford, A.N. (2014). Acoustic noise reduces foraging success in two sympatric fish species via different mechanisms. Animal Behaviour, 89, 191-198.

Wale, M.A., Simpson, S.D., & Radford. A.N. (2013). Noise negatively affects foraging and antipredator behaviour in shore crabs. Animal Behaviour, 86(1), 111-118.

Wale, M.A., Simpson, S.D., & Radford, A.N. (2013). Size-dependent physiological responses of shore crabs to single and repeated playback of ship noise. Biol. letters, 9(2), 20121194.

16

Wang, Z., Wu, Y., Duan, G., Cao, H., Liu, J., Wang, K., & Wang, D. (2014). Assessing the of the World's Largest Vibration Hammer (OCTA-KONG) and Its Potential Effects on the Indo-Pacific Humpbacked Dolphin (Sousa chinensis). PLoS One, 9(10), e110590.

Wang, J.Y., & Yang, S.-C. (2006). Unusual events of Taiwan in 2004 and 2005. J. Cetacean Res. Manage., 8, 283-292.

Watkins, W.A., Moore, K.E., & Tyack, P. (1985). Sperm whale acoustic behaviors in the southeast Caribbean. , 49, 1-15.

Weilgart, L.S. (2007). A brief review of known effects of noise on marine mammals. Int. J. of Comp. Psychol., 20, 159–168.

Weilgart, L.S. (2007). The impacts of anthropogenic ocean noise on cetaceans and implications for management. Can. J. of Zool., 85(11), 1091–1116.

Weir, C.R., & Dolman, S.J. (2007). Comparative review of the regional marine mammal mitigation guidelines implemented during industrial seismic surveys, and guidance towards a worldwide standard. J. International Wildlife Law and Pol., 10, 1-27.

Whitfield, A.K., Becker, A. (2014). Impacts of recreational motorboats on fishes: A review. Mar. Poll. Bull., 83, 24-31.

Williams, R., Ashe, E., Blight, L., Jasny, M., & Nowlan, L. (2014). Marine mammals and ocean noise: Future directions and information needs with respect to science, policy and law in Canada. Mar. Poll. Bull., 86, 29-38.

Williams, R., Bain, D.E., Ford, J.K.B., & Trites, A.W. (2002a). Behavioural responses of male killer whales to a “leapfrogging” vessel. J. Cetacean Res. Manage., 4, 305-310.

Williams, R., Bain, D.E., & Trites, A. (2002b). Behavioural responses of killer whales (Orcinus orca) to whale-watching boats: Opportunistic observations and experimental approaches. J. Zool. (London), 256, 255-270.

Williams, R., Erbe, C., Ashe, E., Beerman, A., & Smith, J. (2014). Severity of killer whale behavioural response to ship noise: A dose-response study. Mar. Poll. Bull., 79, 254-260.

Williams, R., Lusseau, D., & Hammond, P.S. (2006). Estimating relative energetic costs of human disturbance to killer whales (Orcinus orca). Biol. Conserv., 133, 301-311.

Wimmer, T., & Whitehead, H. (2004). Movements and distribution of northern bottlenose whales, Hyperoodon ampullatus, on the Scotian Slope and in adjacent waters. Can. J. Zool., 82, 1782.

Wright, A.J., & Highfill, L. eds. (2007). Considerations of the effects of noise on marine mammals and other animals. Int. J. of Comp. Psychol., 20, 89-316.

Wright, A.J., Rose, N.A., Parsons, E.C.M., & Dolman, S.J. (2009). Urging cautious policy applications of captive research data is not the same as rejecting those data. Bull., 58, 314-316.

Wright, A.J., Soto, N., Baldwin, A., Bateson, M., Beale, C., Clark, C., Deak, T., Edwards, E., Fernandez, A., Godinho, A., Hatch, L., Kakuschke, A., Lusseau, D., Martineau, D., Romero, M., Weilgart, L., Wintle, B., Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, & G., Martin, V. (2007). Do Marine Mammals Experience Stress Related to Anthropogenic Noise? Int. J. of Comp. Psych., 20(2), 274-316.

17

Wysocki, L.E., Dittami, J.P., & Ladich, F. (2006). Ship noise and cortisol secretion in European freshwater fishes. Bio. Conserv., 128, 501-508.

Yang, W.-C., Chou, L.-S., Jepson, P.D., Brownell, R.L., Jr., Cowan, D., Chang, P.-H., Chiou, H.-I., Yao, C.-J., Yamada, T.K., Chiu, J.-T., & Wang, P.-J., Fernández. (2008). Unusual cetacean mortality event in Taiwan, possibly linked to naval activities. Veterinary Record, 162, 184-186.

Zimmer, W.M.X., & Tyack, P.L. (2007). Repetitive shallow dives pose decompression risk in deep- diving beaked whales. Mar. Mamm. Sci., 23, 888-925.

Zitterbart, D.P., Kindermann, L., Burkhardt, E., Boebel, O. (2013). Automatic Round-the-Clock Detection of Whales for Mitigation from Underwater Noise Impacts. PLoS One, 8(8), e71217.

18