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The Stephen H. Long Expedition (1819–1820), Titian R. Peale's Field

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The Stephen H. Long Expedition (1819–1820), Titian R. Peale's Field PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 122(1):117–129. 2009. The Stephen H. Long Expedition (1819–1820), Titian R. Peale’s field illustrations, and the lost holotypes of the North American shrews Sorex brevicaudus Say and Sorex parvus Say (Mammalia: Soricidae) from the Philadelphia Museum Neal Woodman U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A., e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—While encamped for the winter of 1819–1820 at Engineer Cantonment along the Missouri River in present-day eastern Nebraska, members of Major Stephen Harriman Long’s Expedition to the Rocky Mountains collected a number of animals that were previously unknown. Among the mammals were two soricids that were subsequently described by Thomas Say as Sorex brevicaudus (Northern Short-tailed Shrew, Blarina brevicauda)andSorex parvus (Least Shrew, Cryptotis parvus). The holotypes of these species were deposited and placed on public exhibit in the Philadelphia Museum, the predominant North American systematic collection of the early nineteenth century. Like most private museums of that era, the Philadelphia Museum eventually went out of business, and its collections were dispersed and, for the most part, lost. Fortunately, Titian R. Peale made a detailed field sketch of the two specimens soon after their capture and subsequently executed a watercolor based on that sketch. In addition, an engraving of the holotypes was published in the decade following the discovery of the two species. Illustrations of holotypes are taxonomically useful when they depict diagnostic characters of species. They take on added taxonomic significance in the absence of the holotypes. In the cases of Sorex brevicaudus and Sorex parvus, pictures provide strong confirmation of the taxonomic identities of these two species, as well as recording the early history of the specimens. The Northern Short-tailed Shrew, Blar- of these species in the published literature ina brevicauda, and the Least Shrew, (e.g., Merriam 1895), and it is generally Cryptotis parvus (for this unfortunate assumed that these specimens have been name combination see ICZN 2006), are lost or destroyed—an assumption well- common small mammals in parts of the founded in light of the subsequent history eastern and central United States. Both of the collections made during the expe- species were described by the naturalist dition. There is remaining evidence, how- Thomas Say (in James 1822) based on ever, of what the holotypes looked like. single specimens that were collected dur- Archived in the Library of the American ing Major Stephen Harriman Long’s Philosophical Society (APS), Philadel- Expedition to the Rocky Mountains. phia, is a watercolor painted by Titian Since their original descriptions, there Ramsey Peale, who was officially at- has been little reference to the holotypes tached to Long’s Expedition as Assistant 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Naturalist. This painting was first pub- of an effort to establish a series of lished as a color plate in Benson (1988) American military posts along the na- under the descriptive title, ‘‘mole and tion’s northwestern frontier. This military vole.’’ The subjects of the illustration are presence was determined necessary by the immediately recognizable, however, as United States government in order to two species of shrews, suggesting that check British influence in the region, they are likely representations of the establish diplomatic ties with the Native holotypes of B. brevicauda and C. parvus. American tribes there, and provide a Subsequent investigation revealed an un- secure foundation for the continued published sketch of the same animals in growth of the American fur trade. The the APS bearing a handwritten date and original goal of the Missouri Expedition locality that confirms this identification. was to establish a permanent fort either at A few years after the expedition returned, the mouth of the Yellowstone River or at John Godman (1826–1828) published a the Mandan Villages in present-day new engraving of the holotypes as they North Dakota. The slow progress of the appeared on exhibit in the Philadelphia expedition, resulting from problems with Museum. the government contractor responsible While the aesthetic and historical value for transporting the troops and provi- of illustrations of animals from Long’s sions, fueled political wrangling between Expedition has been discussed (Haltman the House of Representatives and the 1989, 2008), their taxonomic relevance Senate in Washington, D.C. The extended has not. The objectives of this paper are debate prevented the appropriation of to provide the historical background on sufficient funds to support the military the discovery and description of B. mission after the second year, and the brevicauda and C. parvus; to trace the scope of the expedition was greatly available history of the former collections reduced. Instead, a post was established of the Philadelphia Museum through the at Cantonment Missouri on the west holotypes of these two species; to draw bank of the Missouri River in present- attention to the existence of the illustra- day eastern Nebraska, where the military tions of these holotypes; and to show that force over-wintered in 1819–1820 (Chit- these illustrations provide valuable con- tenden 1902, Godwin 1917, Wesley 1931). firmation that the scientific names for A small party of topographers and these two shrews are applied today as naturalists attached to the Missouri Ex- they were when the two species were pedition and under the leadership of originally described. Major Stephen Harriman Long of the Army Engineers encamped a short dis- Long’s Expedition to the tance downriver at Engineer Cantonment Rocky Mountains from 19 September 1819, until 6 June 1820. This latter team included Thomas The operation that led to Long’s Say as the expedition’s zoologist and Expedition began as a much larger Titian Ramsey Peale as Assistant Natu- undertaking involving thousands of men ralist. The scientific party was authorized with goals that were more military than by Secretary of War John C. Calhoun to scientific in scope. In 1818–1819, the document the natural resources, physical Missouri Expedition (also known as the geography, and Native American tribes of Yellowstone Expedition—see Wesley the upper Missouri River region. When 1931) of the U.S. Army slowly worked funding for the Missouri Expedition was its way down the Ohio and up the cut, the charge of the scientific survey Mississippi and Missouri rivers as part changed as well. Their new goal, which VOLUME 122, NUMBER 1 119 resulted in what commonly became discovered in the vicinity of Engineer known as Long’s Expedition to the Cantonment. A large body of work, Rocky Mountains, was to explore the however, did not make it into the Account Platte River to its source in the Rocky and was never published in its original Mountains, work south to the headwaters context. This includes the majority of the of the Arkansas and Red Rivers, and then illustrations produced by the two trained explore those rivers to their confluence artists associated with the expedition, with the Mississippi River. Although Titian R. Peale and Samuel Seymour. In great discoveries were expected as the addition to sketches and paintings re- party set out for the Rocky Mountains, cording landscapes, events, and meetings the funding cuts by Congress left the with Native Americans, Peale in particu- expedition ill-supplied for its long trek, lar recorded in graphic detail many of the and ultimately they did not achieve many specimens of animals and plants obtained of their primary exploratory goals (Ever- by the expedition. Many of these speci- ett 1823, Chittendon 1902). Moreover, mens did not survive the journey, and much of the collected scientific data was some became the basis for the description lost when three enlisted men deserted near of new species. Although some of these the end of the expedition, taking with illustrations have appeared in the litera- them the three best remaining horses and ture on American history (Benson 1988) much of the personal baggage, including or art history (Haltman 2008), few of the all of Thomas Say’s written scientific visual representations of vertebrates have observations and descriptions of animals ever been published in their original made since leaving Engineer Cantonment context as natural history illustrations (James 1822). (see Evans 1997 for some exceptions). Despite the numerous set-backs en- dured by Long’s Expedition, the scientists Two New Species of Shrews in the party made a substantial number of important biological contributions. The Among the 13 species of mammals first American printing of the official discovered by Long’s Expedition were published record of the expedition, Ac- two soricids, Sorex brevicaudus (Northern count of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to Short-tailed Shrew, Blarina brevicauda) the Rocky Mountains (James 1822), in- and Sorex parvus (Least Shrew, Cryptotis cluded descriptions of 39 new vertebrate, parvus), that were described in the same four invertebrate, and 11 fossil species by footnote in the Account (Say in James Say and ten species of plants by Edwin 1822, 1:163–164). Both species descrip- James scattered as footnotes through the tions were based on single specimens two textual volumes of the work. Addi- obtained while the scientific expedition tional specimens
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