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Al-Azhar University- Gaza Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science Department of Political Science

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Al-Azhar University- Gaza Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science Department of Political Science Al-Azhar University- Gaza Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science Department of Political Science MA. Program of Political Science Peace and Settlement in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and Northern Ireland: A Comparative Study اﻟﺴﻼم واﻻﺴﺘ�طﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻗطﺎع ﻏزة واﻟﻀﻔﺔ اﻟﻐر��ﺔ، ٕواﯿرﻟﻨدا اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟ�ﺔ دراﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ by: Reem Motlaq Wishah-Othman Supervised by Dr. Mkhaimar Abusada Associate Professor of Political Science Al-Azhar University- Gaza Gaza- Palestine 1436 Hijra- 2015 Affirmation It is hereby affirmed that this M.A. research in Politics entitled: Peace and Settlement in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and Northern Ireland: A Comparative Study is my own original contribution which has not been submitted-wholly or partially-for any degree to any other educational or research institution. I hereby declare that appropriate credit has been paid where reference has been made to the works of others. Moreover, I fully shoulder the responsibility-legal and academic-for any real contradiction to this “Affirmation” may emerge. Researcher’s Name: Reem Motlaq Ibrahim Wishah-Othman Researcher’s Signature: Date: 5 November 2015 إﻗــــــــــــ را ر �ﻤوﺠب ﻫذا، أﻗر أﻨﺎ اﻟﻤوﻗﻌﺔ أدﻨﺎﻩ، ﻤﻘدﻤﺔ ﻫذﻩ اﻷطروﺤﺔ ﻟﻨﯿﻞ درﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﯿر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠوم اﻟﺴ�ﺎﺴ�ﺔ �ﻌﻨوان: Peace and Settlement in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and Northern Ireland A Comparative Study اﻟﺴﻼم واﻻﺴﺘ�طﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻗطﺎع ﻏزة واﻟﻀﻔﺔ اﻟﻐر��ﺔ، ٕواﯿرﻟﻨدا اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟ�ﺔ: دراﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ. �ﺄن ﻤﺎ اﺸﺘﻤﻠت ﻋﻠ�ﻪ ﻫذﻩ اﻷطروﺤﺔ، إﻨﻤﺎ ﻫو ﻨﺘﺎج ﺠﻬدي ٕواﺴﻬﺎﻤﻲ، �ﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻤﺎ أﺸرت إﻟ�ﻪ ﺤﯿﺜﻤﺎ ورد، وأن ﻫذﻩ اﻷطروﺤﺔ، أو أي ﺠزء ﻤﻨﻬﺎ، ﻟم �ﻘدم ﻤن ﻗﺒﻞ ﻟﻨﯿﻞ أي درﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻤ�ﺔ أو أي ﻟﻘب ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻟدى أي ﻤؤﺴﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﻠ�ﻤ�ﺔ أو �ﺤﺜ�ﺔ أﺨرى. ﻫذا، ٕواﻨﻨﻲ أﺘﺤﻤﻞ كﺎﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺴؤوﻟ�ﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻨوﻨ�ﺔ واﻷﻛﺎد�ﻤ�ﺔ ﺤﺎل ﺜﺒوت ﻤﺎ ﯿﺨﺎﻟﻒ ذﻟك. اﻟ�ﺎﺤﺜﺔ: ر�م ﻤطﻠق إﺒراﻫ�م وﺸﺎح-ﻋﺜﻤﺎن ﺘوﻗ�ﻌﻬﺎ: اﻟﺘﺎر�ﺦ: 5 ﻨوﻓﻤﺒر 2015 To “My People of Palestine” Appealing to them to Follow Omar ibn al-Khattab’s words to his people: “Once you see me crooked, you must make me straight.” Acknowledgments Many are those who have contributed to the making of this research through the care and the love they have paid me through their continuous questioning about the progress I have achieved in my research together with the sincere wishes they have always been showering me with to achieve this interestingly exhausting activity. I deeply acknowledge those whose political positions contradict with mine, as both a researcher and a citizen, and keep themselves open-minded and open-hearted with me without any prejudice and hostility against my criticism of the Palestinian leadership and negotiators. On top of these, is Dr. Mkheimar Abusada, who has restlessly and patiently managed outstanding discussions with me, especially regarding some of my criticism which he has regarded as critical; and has therefore guided me to a rewording that can be regarded as more objective. No idea has elapsed from his keen observation, and this has helped me defend my ideas that would raise arguments. Indeed, my utmost veneration goes to Dr. Abusada, my supervisor, as rarely a student can find such a thorough supervision that is intertwined with appreciation to education and credible information. My family deserves my full devotion and dedication for the hard times I have caused for all my family members, who strongly kept themselves beside me all the time I stayed away from them while researching. They never blamed me for any minute of absence from them, and never made me ripped asunder before the huge responsibilities that any fundamental family considers. My mother, who inspired me with freedom and the feeling of Islam and Arabism, is a strong defender of freedom fighters and lovers. She is a resilient Palestinian, whose national and human history, as a mother, in defending the just cause of the Palestinian and Arab prisoners inside the Israeli occupation jails, has filled me with pride to tell the Irish women, who have experienced similar situations: “This is my mother”. My father’s honored soul is still alive and flying around, assuring my mother and family with peace, security, and fatherhood intimacy. He has followed the human rights-based approach while growing us up, and from him I have realized that human dignity and homeland’s dignity are inseparable. To my eldest brother, Jabr, who has planted the seeds of the love of Palestine, and has developed this love, I owe much more than I can adequately say. He is the first one who made me know, when I was six, that “Bobby Sands” is an internationally-recognized Irish hero. He went with his prison comrades on hunger-strikes, insisting on experiencing martyrdom as exactly Bobby Sands and his nine martyred comrades had done. Having been released from prison, he continued providing me with the information resources and invaluable books about the conflicts in Northern Ireland and the occupied Palestine. The gratitude that I deeply owe to my lovely sisters (Shamma, Najah, and Basima), and to my lovely brothers (Diab, Basem and Yasser) is really more than I can adequately express. To my husband, Dr. Ayyoub, who has repeatedly rearranged his life’s agenda to enable me achieve this study qualitatively. His time is precious, but he has proved to me that nothing is as precious as my time and study. He is the sacrificing father for our wonderful daughters and son, the ardent fighter who does not acquiesce to concessions and transactions whatever the size of conspiracy is, and thus the husband who knows a woman is human. It would be unfair if I do not record, with pride and admiration, the efforts together with the feelings that always have been paid by our family members: Nagham, Ibda, Raw’a, Orouba, Ishraq, Ghazal, Aroub, Ahd, Raseel and our sweet, Gharam. Many writers have generously contacted with me and mailed their composed books and researches to me without any hesitation. I namely acknowledge the historian Richard English, former lecturer at Queens University Belfast, the author of Armed Struggle, which I strongly depended on in the first chapters of this study, and Dr. Neil Jarman, director of the Institute of Conflict Transformation and Social Justice- Belfast, who kept e-mailing the soft copies and mailing the hard copies to me in the besieged Gaza. ii Preface “Peace and Settlement in Palestine and Northern Ireland” is a title that has navigated my mind to study how peace affected the Settlement qualitatively and quantitatively after the beginning of the Palestinian-Israeli negotiations and after the signing of the Oslo peace agreements. The expansion of the Israeli occupation Settlement is a jeopardy that undermines any possibility to peace in the OPT. Dr. Haidar Abdelshafi, is the only Palestinian negotiator who strongly and meticulously pointed to this jeopardy. Regretfully, the Palestinian leadership paid no attention to his position, which deserves to be considered and even after more than two decades of delay. To clarify how experiences of other nations and political leaderships are highly important to be learned and transferred, it is worthy to hold comparisons between these experiences. Northern Ireland is well-known as the “Plantation of Ulster”, which is Britain’s first colony. The British colonial mind has transferred the experience of the “Plantation of Ulster” to Palestine through the Zionists. The “Plantation of Ulster” and the Israeli occupation settlement are synonyms to each other in Northern Ireland and occupied Palestine respectively, where native-settler conflicts have bloodily been empowered. In the same time, these two conflicts have gone through peace negotiations and peace processes, where the consequences and impact on Settlement are different in each conflict and peace experiences. In the light of the above mentioned, I would like to stress on the significance of the comparative study, especially in national causes, where people are in dire need for getting the support of their leadership and where any leadership cannot sustain strong without the support of its people. I have not retreated an iota to choose this comparative study, especially the impact of peace on Settlement in the OPT and Northern Ireland, because it is a national cause that reflects the sublimity of resistant people to liberate their usurped land against the inferiority of usurping power to colonize land. This comparative study has consumed a lot of time and thought to be managed and achieved appropriately, particularly as it has been made in the Gaza Strip which is extremely rich with conflict, but poor with conflict studies and researches. Thus, I have to confess that I have gone through multiple sufferings to get resources about the two conflicts and the peace processes in the OPT and Northern Ireland. What adds to my multiple suffering is that the most invaluable resources are in English. I believe that this bitter fact should be declared, hoping some positive change may happen in the near future regarding academic and research studies in Arabic. iv Abstract Many are the studies on colonial settlement, peace, conflicts, and conflict transformation, but rare are the comparative studies in these areas. This comparative study sheds light on two areas: peace and colonial settlement in the Occupied Palestinian Territories and Northern Ireland, on the one hand, and the impact of peace on colonial settlement in the two compared areas, on the other. In this regard, this study has a distinguishing mark, especially as the Arabic studies are concerned, since many are the researches and books deal with the impact of colonial settlement on peace but not the impact of peace on colonial settlement. Hence, it is essential to clarify the difference between settlement and colonial settlement. Settlement is a humanitarian right that enables human beings to move from a place to another place and settle in, taking it as a homeland, without destroying the lives and properties.
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