Negritoes in Borneo Author(S): H

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Negritoes in Borneo Author(s): H. Ling Roth Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 25 (1896), pp. 262-271 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2842249 . Accessed: 16/06/2014 17:30

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This content downloaded from 91.229.229.210 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 17:30:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 262 H. LING ROTH.-NVeg-itoesin Borneo. consists of a knob and handle,and the game dependson the skill with which it is throwrLto a distance. An interesting, description'of this game has also been given by Mr. W. E. Stanbridge,and is important,inasmuch as it differsin some particularsfrom the accounitgiven by Smyth. I hope on a futureoccasion to forwardto the Institute the native name of these tops, and the systemiaticname of the gourdof whichthey are made.

Explanation of Photogrqaph. Three tops from the Barroi PRiver,obtained by Mr. W. S. Day.

NEGRITOESin BORNEO. By H. LINGROTH. THE quiestion," Are thereany Negritoesin Borneo? " is one of greatinterest, and has been as yet by no means solved. The interestin the question lies in the fact that wlhilein the surroundingcountries the existence of Negritoeshas been moreor less proved,no European has yet met with a Negrito in Borneo. There are plenty of Negritoesin the Philippiine Islands (A. B. Meyer,"Die Philippilien,"II, Negritos;Dresdeln, fol., 1893), and while Alex. Dalryinplesays thereare none in Palawan,Mr. A. Hart Everettsays he could hear nothingof any Negritoesin that partof Palawanivisited by him. Theyexist in the Malay Peninsula. In Sumatra the Kubus had been con- sideredto have at some remoteperiod intermilng,ledwith the Negritoes,while their osteologyleans decidedlyto the Malays. (Dr. Garson,J.A.I., xiv, 132.) In Java and Madura I cannot find that Negiitoes are proved to have existed,althougih the Kalangs are very like them. In Sumbawa there is a race of people of whomalmost nothing is known(F. H. H. Guillemard, "Australasia,"II, 1894,p. 358), but it is notstated they migoht be Nearitoes. "It is highlyprobable that a low and primitive race- did once inhabit Celebes,but if so, it has, so far as we know,completely disappeared" (ibid., p. 288). It was for this reason-namely, widespread surroulnding negriticpopulation-that, when at the meetingof the British Associationat Oxfordin 1894, I pointed out we must suspend our judgmentat to the existence of Negritoesin Borneo,I was told probabilitieswere agailnstme, as Borneo was in the midst 1 "Trans. Ethnol. Soc.. 1861." p. 297. 2 Not necessarilynegritic -nor is this inferredby Dr. Guilleinard.-H. L. R.

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of a negriticcentre. Since then,I find that Dr. A. B. Meyer' had come to the same conclusionas I did, arguingfrom a somewhat differentstandpoint to that which I took up. He has gone so thoroughlyinto the matter,that I translatehis statement. "Although for a long time past all authors were of the opinionthat the reportsof the existenceof Negritoes in Borneo were not to be trusted,their existence has lately been re- peatedly asserted. Pickering (' U.S. Explor. Exp.,' 1848, ix, 174) notices especially their absence, and Waitz-Gerland ('Anthr.,' 1865, v 47) express themselvesas follows: 'Older reportshave mentionedPapuans whichwere said to have been found in the interiorof Borneo, but W. Earl2 remarksvery correctly(" East Seas," 1836, 256) that no travellerhas himself seen them,Kessel3 also only heard Malay tradersspeak of them ("Z. f. a. Erdk. N. F.,' iii, 379) and Marsden(" Misc.,' 37) only mentions that a small Borneo clhiefspoke of woolly-haired Tammans in the interior; on the. other hand, Schwaner (" Borneo," 1853, i, 64) assuiresus particularlythat with the exceptionof the Papuans4introduced into the north-eastof the country,there are no others. Lateron Earl (" Races Ind. Arch." 1853, 146) found the existence of Papuans in the interiorof Borneo somewhat more probable but still without sufficient foundationin fact.' Earl's accouintin question is held to be credibleby others,but it is practicallya matterof individual opinion whetherone believes it or lnot. It mentionsthat a ship's captain strandedin 1844 on the northcoast of Borneo,at the Berau or Kuran rivers,once met,fifty rniles inland, at the foot of Mount Tabur,17 curlyheaded small men ornamented with cicatrices,at least so the man himnselftold him (Earl), and his evidencemust be consideredsatisfactory. Everythingelse which Earl brings forwardis calculated to weaken rather than to strengthenthe case. The district in question has certainlynot often been travelled over, but now that north Borneo has been traversed several timies,and eveh Mount

1 A. B. Meyer," Die Philippinem,"ii, Negritos. Dresden,fol., 1893, pp. 71-2. 2 Earl only says that no Dvak whomhe met had seen them,notwithstanding that the natives assert theirexistence; but as theyalso assertthe existenceof tailed people,thev must not be believed.-A. B. M. 3 Kessel says that in the interior," namely,in the north-east,"they cultivate the soil. This statementis perfectlyincredible.-A. B. M. 4 These are Papuans fromNew Guinea, whomthe Sulus have broughthome as slaves from their widespread piratical expeditions,or whom they have purchasedelsewhere, as, for in3tance,in the Moluccas. Schwaner says, " the few Papuans which were met in the north-eastof Borneo come from the fatherlandof the Papuans, and have been carried offby the Sulu pirates." le adds also, " that the local traditionsthere speak against the existenceof Negritoes."-A. B. M. T 2

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Kinibalii has been several times ascended, and no traces of Negritoes&have anywherebeen found,one mustvery strongly doubt tlhe credibilityof the statement of a ship's captain. Junghuhn (" Battalander," 1847, i, 220, note) considers it unimaginable that anyone could have overlooked such a specialised race with woolly hair and black skin in Borneo. Everett,who possesses a profoundknowledge of north-west Borneo,leaves the readerin the dark as to whetherhe believes the statementof the captain or not,nevertheless he seems to be more on the side of the doubters(" Nature,"1880, xxi, 588). Giglioli(" ViaggioMagenta," 1875, 253) believes the statemenit, and adds: " Beccarifound no traceof Negritoesin Borneo," cioe vide indegeni coi capelli crespi." UnfortunatelyGiglioli says nothing more,and in tlle year 1876 when he published his " Studi sulla razza negrita" (" Arch.,p. Antr.,"vi, 315), he said nothingnew on the above remark of Beccari; it is therefore only a miatterof casual observationupon which no value can be placed. I think this all the more, because when Zailnetti ("Arch. p. Antr.,"1872, ii, 159), discussing a Dyak skull of Beccari's collection,speaks against the existence of Negritoesin Borneo, he makes no mention of anly contrary opiliion of Beccari's. Finally, Hamy ("Bull. Soc. d'Anthr.," 1876, 116) refersto the above mentionedcaptain's statement, alid describesa skull whichJourdan had received at the Lyons Museum as a Negritoskull fromBorneo; he says (p. 118) that thisskull fullyproves the existenceof Negritoesin the heartof Borlneo. In 1882 Quatrefagesand Hamv (" Cr. Ethn.,"195, figs. 212, 213) publishedan illustrationlof this skull as such; it is, orilamentedwith incised lines such as we know the trophy- skulls collected by the Dyaks of Borneo possess. I do not considerthat in this case the conclusion drawn from certairb anatomicalcharacters on the race are justified. When,more- over,the Bishop of Labuan2 informsus (" Tr. Ethbl.Soc." N.S.,. 1863, ii, 25) that the traditiolnsof the Dyaks of nlorth-west Borneoindicate that a black race had precededthem, one must I See forexample Whitehead (" Expl. Kina Balu," 1893); compare Latham (" Essays," 1860, 192). Treacher (" J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc.." 1890. No. 1, p. 101), says," There are no Negritoesin Borneo." Hose (" Journ.Anthrop. Inst.," 1893, xxiii,p. 156) considersthe Punans, " the nomadictribes foundat the head watersof all the big riversin centralBorneo," as the real aborigines (p. 157): " I have no doubt in my mindthat this wanderingrace of people are the aboriginalsof the country." The Punans are real Malays.-A. B. M. 2 The Bishop's (Dr. McDougall's) words are: "With respectto the races of people, the present occupants were, he thought,the remains of a second wave of immigration. The black race or Papuas, he thought,came in first,and the secondwave of Malay or Dyak race followed; the traditionsof the country refertc such an event,anid the people speak of a black race having been there beforethem. The presentrace were probablyfrom India." (" Trans. Ethno- ooc.,"ii, 1863, p. 26)-H. L. R.

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.210 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 17:30:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. LING ROTH.-VeVgritoesin Borneo. 265 nlotjump to the conclusionthat theyrefer to Negritoes; besides, according,to Waitz-Gerlanld ("Anthr.,"1865, v, i, 47), the traditionsread quite otherwise. On whatFlower quite recently supportshis short statement("J.A.I.," 1889, xviii, 82), that Negritoesexist in the interiorof Borneo I do not know for certain,but I presumeit is on themap in Quatrefages'"Hist. Geln. des Races Hum." (1889, to p. 343), or to the latter'sreferences in " Les Pygmees" (1887-42), butwhich, as we saw above,do not standinvestigation. How carelesslyQuatrefages went about this questionI inay show by a singleexample. He says (l.c.,p. 76), A Borneo,les Dayaks chassent au Ne6gritocomme a la bete fauve,"and refersto Earl (" Papuans,"1853, 147); but Earl only reproducesan account of Dalton's on certain tribes of North Borneo,of whomEarl says that theyinay perhapsbe relatedto the above named morethan questionable Negritoes of the ship's captain,in spite of the factthat Dalton himselfcalls themwild iDyaks. As Dalton lived eleven months on the Koti river,no one has the right to re-christenhis Dyaks Negritoes. That which Earl adds to Dalton's account makes it to appear as quite settled that these people possibly could have been Negritoes. Comparealso Meinicke'sexcellent remarkson the absence of Negritoesin Borneo (" Beitr.Eth. As.," 1837, p. 8). Afterall this I conclude that there is no proof yet of the existenceof Negritoesin Borneo; all the same,we can only then judge withthe fullestconfidence when the whole interiorshall have been fullyexplored." The followingis Mr. Earl's statementin full.- " The interiorof this large island is occupiedby tribesof the brownrace, whose warlike habits, and skill in the use of mis- siles,will accountfor the disappearanceof a less civilisedrace from the southernand westernparts of the island. In the year 1834, when on a visit to the westerncoast of the.island, I was informedby some of the more intelligentamong the natives,that a wild,woolly-haired people existedin the interior; but the informationwas mixed up with so manyincredible details respecting,their habits,that I was led to considerthe whole as fabulous; and the subject is treated in this light in the narrativeof my voyages,which was published soon after my returnto England in the followingyear.' 1 The various tribes are said to differconsiderably from each other, an assertionI do not pretendto dispute,although my own experiencewould go to provethe contrary,since I saw individuals belongingto several distincttribes, who,with the exceptionof a differenceof dialect,might be recognisedas the same people,those who lived entirelyon the waterbeing much darkerthan the rest. It is said by the Dyaks themselves,that some parts of the interiorare inhabitedby a woolly-hairedpeople; but as theyalso assertthat men withtails like monkeys,and living in trees, are also discoverable,the accuracyof their accountsmay be doubted. I met with no Dyak who had seen either,but as a

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"During a secondvisit to the Archipelag,o,my attentionwas chieflydirected to the moreeastern islands,where the fieldwas comparativelynew, and I had no opportunityof obtaining fartherinformation respecting the interior of Borneo until when again on my return to England in 1845. One of my fellow passengerson that occasion was Captain Brownrig,g, whose ship,the 'Premier,'of Belfast, had been wrecked on the east cost of Borneo during the previous year, vrhenthe European portion of the crew found refugewith the Rajah Mudah of Gunung Thabor, a place about 50 nmilesup the Buru or Kuran River, whence they were removed after a residenceof several monthsby a Dutch vessel of war,which had been sent from Macassar for the purpose. Captain Browinriggwas so kind as to entertain me frequelntlywith accountsof the people amnongwhom he had been thrown,and w%hohad not previouslybeen visited by Europeans. They appeared to me to differin no essential particularfrom the other coast tribes of Borneo, except in being,rather mnore aclvaniced,as was evident,indeed, from the hospitablereception he met with among,them; but my attentionhavillg been aroused by a repeatedmention of ' darkies' as formingpart of the population,I was induced to make some ilnquiries, when I found that lie alluded to an inland tribe that only occasionallyvisited Gunung Thabor, and who were a short, but stoutly built, people, perfectlyblack, and with hair so short and curlythat the head appeared to be covered with little knobs. This perfectlyagTees with the general appear- aiice of the hair of the Papuans, who keep the head shorn; and I have not the slightestdoubt that they were unmixed Papuans. He also described the skins of the breast and shouldersas displayiingmiany raised scarificationis,apparenitly imilar to thoseof some New Guinea tribes,but whichdo not appear to be commonamong the mountainPapuans. On one occasion,a partyof seventeenmen, chiefly young, and middle aged, visited the settleinentfor the express purposeof seeing the Europeans. They appeared to live on veryfriendly termns with the people of Gunung,Thabor, from whom they obtained suppliesof axes and choppingknives, giving the produceof the forestsin exchalnge. "It shouldbe mentionedthat this was Captain Brownrigg's firstvisit to the Archipelago,and he could scarcelyhave been awarethat any peculiarinterest was conniiectedwith this informia- tion,so that his evidence must be consideredsatisfactory. I woolly-hairedpeople is to be found scattered over the interiorof the Mlalay Peninsula,their existence in Borneo seems by no means improbable."-" The Eastern Seas," p. 255.-H. L. R

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have since searchedthe published accounts of visitors to the east coast of Borneo,but the only allusion I can findto a people who may be allied to the same race,is containedin the papers of Mr. Dalton, who residedfor eleven monthson the CotiRiver, to the south of the Buru, during the years 1827-28. Mr. Dalton's papers were originallypublished in the 'Singapore Chronicle' of 1831: and the followingextract is fromMr. Moor's 'Notices of the Indian Archipelago,'in whichthey are reprinted:- "' Farthertowards the northof Borneo are to be found men livingabsolutely in a state of nature,who neithercultivate the groundnor live in huts; who neithereat rice nor salt, and who do not associate with each other,but rove about some woods like wild beasts. The sexes meet in the jungle, or the man carriesaway a womanfrom some kampong. When the children are old enough to shift for themselvesthey usually separate, neitherone afterwardsthinking of the other; at night they sleep undersome large tree, the branches of which hang low. On thesethey fasten the childrenin a kindof swing; aroundthe treethey make a fireto keep offthe wild beasts and snakes; theycover themselves with a piece ofbark, and in this also they wrap theirchildren; it is softand warm,but will lnotkeep out the rain. These poor creaturesare looked on and treated by the Dyaks as wild beasts; huntingparties of twenty-fiveand thirtygo out and amuse themselveswith shooting at the children in the treeswith sumpits, the same as mlonkeys,from which they are noteasily distinguished. The men takenin theseexcursions are invariablykilled, the womencommnonly spared if young. It is somewhatremarkable that the childrenof these wild Dyaks cannotbe sufficientlytamed to be entrustedwith their liberty. Selgie (the Dyak chiefof Coti) told me he-never recollectedan instancewhen theydid not escape to the jungrlethe very first opportunity,notwithstanding, nmany of them had been kindly treatedfor years.'1 "It must be rememberedthat this account,as well as the extractfrom Valentyn respecting the wild tribes of Ceram, is derived fromthe informationof natives,who avowedly made parties forthe expresspurpose of huntingthem, and who are thereforein makingthem appear as much as possible in the lightof wild beasts. Neitherof these accounts alludes to thewild tribesas being woolly-headed,but this is a point on which no native is likely to give information,unless the question is expresslyput to them. When on the coast of Borneoin 1843, we had a Papuan sailor on boardthe vessel,who formedone of 1 Dalton's " Notices,"p. 49.-G. W. E. The term" Dyaks " should probably read " Kayans."-H. L. R.

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.210 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 17:30:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 268 H. LING ROTH.-NVegritoesin Borneo. my boat's crew,and thepeculiarity of his appearancewas almost invariablya topic of conversationwherever we went,and if any of the nativeswe came in contact with had ever seen or heard of a people possessingsimilar peculiarities, the circumstancewas nearlycertain to be noticed. " It is probablethat informationconnected with the existence, of this race in Borneo,which is of considerableethnograph'ical interest,may be foundin Holland, among the documentscon- tainingthe reportsof governmentofficers who have been des- patchedfrom time to time to make researcheson the east coast of the island,as Dr. Roorda Van Eysinga,Professor of Oriental Languages and Geographyto the Royal Military Academy of Holland, states,in his " Geographyof Netherlands'India," that " In the inaccessibleparts `of the island " (Borneo) " Papuans yet residein a savage state,bordering upon that of wild beasts."' No authoritiesare quoted in the work,but as it is used as a class-bookthroughout the Netherlands,it cannot be supposed that the statementhas been loosely made." (Earl's " Papuans," pp. 144-149.) The referenceby MM. Quatrefagesand Hamy (" Crania Ethnica," pp. 194-196) to a comparisonbetween the Negrito skull and that of the Andamese,induced me to turnto Mr. E. H. Man's work " On the AboriginalInhabitants of the Andaman Islands " (Lond., 1884), where on p. 119 there is a footnote referenceto the kidnapping of the Andamanese by Malays, etc. It runs as follows: " Captain J. H. Miller,in a communicationto the 'Nautical Magazine,' 1842, says: 'The islands in the west side of the Andamans are frequented during the fine season, from December to April,by a mixed and mongrelrace of Malays, Chinese,and Burmese fishermenfor bechedle mer and edible birds' nests, who are of very doubtful honesty,and it is necessaryto take a few muskets anid cutlasses,just to show themthat you are preparedfor mischief in case of need. These fellowsare also ' fishersof men,'and to theirevil deeds muchof the hostilityof the islandersmay be attributed;they carry off children,for whom theyfind a readymark-et as slaves in the neighbouringcountries. I have been told that formerlythey were friendly,and assistedthese fishermen,until a large party was invited on board a junk or prow (the Chinese got the blame of it), and afterbeing intoxicated,were carried offand

1 " Ten zuiden van het koningrijkBorneo wonen de wilden volksstammen, Doesoems,K-a-jans en Maroetsgenaamd. In het outoegankelijkgedeelte van heteiland wonenlnog Papoeaas in eenenstaat van wildheid,dewelke aan dien der wilde dierengrenst." " Aardrijkbeschrijvingvan NederlandschIndie," p. 76.- G. W. E.

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.210 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 17:30:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. LING ROTH.-Negritoesin Borneo. 269 sold at Acheen: and the practice is still carried on by these fellows,who land and carrythem offwhenever they can catch them. The Andamanians have retaliatedfearfully whenever any foreignerhas fallen into their power,and who can blame them?"' (" Sailing,Directions for the PrincipalPorts in the Bay of Bengal,"by W. H. Rosserand J. F. Imray). On asking,Mr. Man for furtherinformation, he kindlysent me the following extract: "Extract froman articleentitled, 'One of the earliest accountsof two captiveAndamanese,' edited from a paperby the late JohnAndersoln, Esq., Secretaryto GoverrnmentPenang Civil Service,by his son, Captain T. C. Alnderson,B.S. Corps,and published in a magazine called ' Indian Society,' May, 1867: A Chinese junk, manned partly by Chinese and partly by Burmans,proceeded to the Andaman Islands, to collect b&ehece mer,sea slugs (a greattreat in China),and somewhatresemblino a black snail,which the Chinese dry and eat, as well as edible birds'nests, which abound there. The crew of thejunk, which was lyingabout two miles frointhe shore,observed eight or ten of the savages approachingthe vessel,and wading throughthe water. Upon comingwithin a shortdistance of the vessel,they dischargedseveral showersof arrows,which severelywounded four of the Chinese. . .. The Burmans gave immediate pursuitin theirboat, and aftermuch difficultycaptured two of the savages. These were broughtto Penang by the Chinese. One of the savages was 4 feet 6 inches,and the other 4 feet7 inchesin height,and each weighedabout 76 lbs. They had large paunches, and though theywere so small, were in good condition. . . "My father,in a workentitled 'Considerationsrelative to the Malayan Peninsula,'says in a paperon a tribecalled 'Semangs,' 'There is little doubt that the degenerateinhabitants of the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Belngalare descended fromthe same parentstock as the Semangs. . . . Again, he,says of a Semangwhom he saw, " This man was at the time of his visit to Penang,when I saw him, about 30 years of age, 4 feet 9 inches in height. His hair was woollyand tufted,his colour a glossyjet black, his lips were thick,his nose flat,and bellyvery protuberant,resembling exactly two natives of the Andaman Islands who were broughtto Prince of Wales' Islands (i.e., Penang) in the year 1819."' At the same time he wrote me: " I feel sure,however, that the skulls found in Borneo,which differso widelyfrom those of Dyaks, can have nothingto do with the Andamanese,none of whom,so far as we know,were ever taken beyond Penang and Perak." But how can we tell to what distance these kid- napped islanderswere taken? We have seen Chinese and Bur-

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.210 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 17:30:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 270 H. LING ROTH.-Jegritoesin Borneo. niese pirates visited the Andairnans. When the pirates were destroyed(190 killed or drownedand 31 taken to Sarawak), releasing390 captives(140 by death only)," amono the captives therewere people fromevery part of the Eastern Archipelago, from Borneo, Celebes, Java, the smaller islands, and the 'Malayarl Peninsula" (Helms, 212). The wide range of the pirates,who broughttheir captives to the Sulti slave mart,is referredto by Dr. Guillemnard(op. cit. p. 92). If Anda- nianese were carried to the Malay Peninsula, there is every probabilityof theirhaving been carriedfurther east, and hence possiblyto Borneo. On asking M. Ernest Chantre,Director ot the Museum des Sciences Naturelles at Lyon,where the skull is deposited,for furtherinformation regarding its origin.he wrote me under date of 24th January,1894: '" All that I can tell you over and above what is mentioned in the 'Crania Ethiiica' is, that it was obtainedmore than thirtyyears ago, as comingfrom Borneo, but we do not know underwhat circum- stancesit was got. In fact,I do not possess a single document, about it. I may,however, add that side by side with this engravedskull we possessanother one equally small,not engraved, but blackenedby smoke. It was purchased about ten years, ago froma naturalhistory merchant of the city of Amsterdam, as coming fromBorneo." Furtherrequests for measuremelnts. of this second skull failedto elicit any reply. The illustration of this engravedskull showsvery characteristicBorneo tracery,. and omittingthe factthat we are not sure fromwhat districtof Borneo these engraved skulls are obtained,and also leaving apart tne absence of nmentionby any one who has seen these eng,ravedskulls hung up by the people who engravedthem, we must conclude tllat this skull must have passed througlhthe hands of Borneo people. But this by no means proves that the skull originallycame fromBorneo. So much forthe arti- ficialevidence. If the skull is so identicalwith that of Anda- nianese,as I understandMM. Quatrefagesand Hamy appear to think-but which, as seen above, Dr. A. B. Meyer doubts- then it miay have been introduced. If, on the other hand,, furtherindependent examinationshould show it to be only generallysimilar, then it may possiblybe indigenous. It may also be accepted that if the skull can be provedto have been brouoht fromfar inland,then we have better evidence that Negritoesexist orexisted in Borneo. In ProfessorSir William Flower's " Catalogue,Royal College of Surgeons" (London, 1879), p. 125, he thus remarkson skull No. 745: "A cranium,said to be that of a Dyak. . . . It presentsmore Melanesian than Malay characters,and may be of Papuan origin,as Papuans are often taken to Borneo as

This content downloaded from 91.229.229.210 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 17:30:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. W. SETON-KARR.-EVdWencesof thte Palceolithic Stonte Age. 271 slaves." It will be observed,Sir William Flower does notjump to the conclusiollthat Papuans are indigenousto Borneo. In this enquiryno referenceis made to the presenceof the Negritoin prehistorictimes. If, as nlow appears to be generally accepted,the Negro famnily,like the rest of mankind,had it,s origin in the Indo-Africancontinent (Keane's " Ethno- logy," pp. 229, 242), it may be probable that Negritoesonce existedin Borneo. On the otherhand, Borineois comparatively new. It consistedoriginally of a few islands,which were later on joined together,and ultimatelytook on a shape verysimilar to that of Celebes now,the larger portionof the presentform of Bornleobeing recentgeologically, tertiary and post tertiary (see Posewitz).1 As one island it probablydid not exist at the time of the finaldisappearance of the Indo-Africancontinent+. The onlystone implementfound so faris the neolithicone illus- trated in the J.A.I.,i, P.E.S., p. xxxix, found by Mr. A. Hart Everett,but others may yet be found. The evidence of an ancient occupation of the islaindis still wanting,and with it necessarilyany trace of Negritooccupation. As forthe present day the existenceof the Negritoin Borineohas yet to be proved.

DISCOVERYof EVIDENCESof the PALA3OLITHICSTONE AGE in SOMALILAND(Tlropical Africa). By H. W. SETON-KARtR.

[WITH PLATES XIX-XXI.] LASTSeptember at the British AssociationMeeting at Ipswich, I exhibited some stone implementswhich I had discovered during,my third and fourthjournevs in Soinaliland, and I statedthat this was the firstevidence of the stone age found in tropicalAfrica. During my thirdexpedition, I met a geentle- man in the interiorof Somaliland, a inerchant and banker residingat Aden,to whomI explained the nature of my dis- coveries,and gave a few specimens,askilng him not to mention tile subjectto anyone in Aden on his returnuntil I had more thoroughlysearched the districtfor specimens. He appears, however,to have told the Frenchat Jibuti, for in the last quarter's" L'Anthropologie" thereis an article on the subject mnentioninghim as an intelligenttraveller, and figurino'some imnplementsof a much ruder type than the majorityof those I have Since then discovered. The specilmensfirst exhibited indicated,by the weathering,of themii,very great antiquity, but Sir JohnEvans was doubtfulwhether they might belongo to the early neolithic period or to the paloeolithic,as the i"Borneo: Its Geologyand Mineral Resources,"Lond. 1892, pp. 239-260.

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