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Human Requirements of Flight. Aviation and Spaceflight

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Human Requirements of Flight. Aviation and Spaceflight DOCUMENT RESUME ED 111 631 SE 018 057 AUTHOR Coard, E. A. TITLE Human Requirements of Flight. Aviation and Spaceflight. Aerospace Education III. INSTITUTION Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala. Junior Reserve Office Training Corps. PUB DATE 74 NOTE 197p.; Colored drawings and:1)hp ographs may not reproduce clearly. For the acco panying Instructor Handbook, see SE 018 058 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$9.51 Plus Potage DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology; Biological Iin,fluences; Biological Sciences; Biology; Human Body; *Instructional Materials; Physical Sciences; *Physiology; Secondary Education; Textbooks IDENTIFIERS *Air Force Junior ROTC ABSTRACT This book, one in the series on Aerospace Education '4, deals with the general nature of human physiology during space flights. Chapter 1 begins with a brief discussion of the nature of the atmosphere. Other topics gamined in this chapter include respiration and circulation, pfinciples and problems of vision, noise and vibration,, and self-imposed stresses. Chapter 2 provides an account of aerospace medicine. The next two chapters are devoted to a general description of protective equipment used by fliers, pilot training, and surviving and living in space. Chapters 5 and 6 provide information on skylab and future space flights. The book is designed to be used in the Air Force ROTC program. (PB) *****#4************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materiAls.not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. nevertheless, items of marginal° * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes, available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** MAUV E0 REENINKIT@ St OP IFLO5INT AVIATION AND SPACE FLIGHT S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRO DuCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY T "40., 'iamb "14% q"asa. 14) 411=4taii wwO 2 O Aerospace .Education III Human Requirements of Flight' Aviation and Spaceflight E., A. Cciard Academic Publications Division f 3825th Academic Services Group 0 AIR FORCE JUNIOR ROTC AIR 'UNIVERSITY MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE / . 9 r 1974 i ,/ t This publication has been reviewed and approved by competent' personnel of the preparing command in- accordance with current directives on doctrine, policy, essentiality, propriety, and 9tiality. G / \ This book will not Ise* 'offered for sale. It Is for use only in the Mr Force ROTC' prOgram. This text )vas developed under the directon of lst -Lt till D. Brink, Mrospoce Curriculum Coins* Director. -AV We gratefully acknowledge the talent and contribulloits of Sat Jose M. M. Hernandez, ProductionBranch, 3825th Academic Services Group, to the illustrative development of this text. ".' , Preface AS ENGINEERs.developed aircraft that could fly higher and faster, greater stresses were placed on.the bodies:, of pilots and aircrews. Man himtelf soon became the factor limiting advances in flight. To enable man to overcome his natural handicipi and ..to progress "in flight into, the cold, rarefied atmdsphere, doctors and "physiologtsts have had to learn snore about the way' the body reactslo As medical specialists have accumulated knowledge about iiight_physlology,they_have worked_witluengi- deers to meet the human requirements of flight. By designing and developing oxygen masks, pressure suits, and,pressUrized cabins, medical and engineeringtspe:.? cialists, have enabled, man toprotect,his bOdy while flying in the upper atmosphere. With more advanced protective cidthini 1:td.eguipFiepb.m.,ansouid progress. to the very fringe of spaceiiiid thaitinto space jtself. PiOneer balloonists, pilots, and astronauts have also ; . played an important part in meeting the huinan re- quirements, of filet. First came the balloonists who explored the lower reaches of the atinbsphere. Next came the test pilots and the combat pilots who flew . the newest models Otkigh-pertormance aircraft. Even. after high-performance aircraft were flying, balloonists continued to explore the atmosphere at higher altitudes until they reached, the flight ceiling. The animals sent aloft on sounding rockets and in spacecraft helped to prepare, the way for man to go,into space. The .first 4 astronauts whosorbited in space and traveled to the moon were subjected to flight .stresses muchireater than man had.ever bore encountered. As man has learned better ways for countering the stresses on:light at higheraltitudes' flight has become safer and more comfortable. Comtliercial air trans-, portation has apanded rapidly. as a restilt.. in compiling this book, information was obtained from many sources. Grateful acknowledgment is,made, to the Federal Aviatibn Administration (FAA) and, to the airlines for information on pilot training. Thanks are alsO due to .the NationalAdonautics and .Space Administration (NASA-) for photographs showing man's activities hi space, as well as for information on space projects and schedules.InfdrMation on the physiological effects of space ddiation was obtained from publication's of the U$ Atomic Energy Com- mission and the Air University Space, Handbook,. a e It) e nients Preface . iii Chapter iPHYSIOLOGY OF-FLIGHT .. : .. , 1 . .Naiure 'Of the Atinosphere s_s: ...,, '2 , Re§pirationand arm-dation, 4, ', . -., ...I, 8 'Effects of Reduced-Pressure at. Altitude 12. _...,,. jlapid Decompression . .i,, . 20- ' Principles and Problems of vision . ,. 21. Spatial DisoripktatiOn' and Motion ., . .. 'Sickness ..26 Acceleration and Deceleration:- ..- . Increa.le4t, 0-Forces . .'.--. 29 ,,, --Noise-and-Vibration---, ..-- ----- .--y7---.---4.----. C. Beat and. Cold DurinFlight .- 33C- . t . Nqious.-Gases and Vapors. SeIVIMpoied Stresses. ., . 3356 i Chapter 2=--AEROSPACE MEDICINE AND RUMAN ENGINEERING , . .. 43 ' - ., .. Beginning) of Aerospace Medicine . .. 44 .Care of Fliers.- . .:-,_ .. ;.. SO Man and Machine. .:, ,-. 'Si' 'Research on Ihe.,Fringe .of Space,'... 54 4 erA7PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT . AND,PIOT TRAINING. 65, P(olective Equippent. Train.ipt Prngrtnnt . Fliiht, Simulators, . .. .. 91 1`) Chapter 4,--SURVIVINQ ACID LIVING IN SPACE 1b3 Space iFtVironment -1417 "Stresscof Siacefliet Environmental Cobtrol System .. Liiing in Space . 132: ,Spice Rescue. '140 t , , , - .AChoptei..,57-TfiE MANNED 'SPAQEFLioHTS 147 - Fittt.Theee Seriet of Flights. ... t , ... 147 The..Skyrah, t 158 Chaplet: 6--'.F.1IdiT)1N THE FUTURE . 169 :Ailvanced :Aiiccaft 169 Futuri 815aceflight. '.4., t .172 . .., INDEX. .. 185; A THIS CHAPTER summarizes the bask principleI of the physiologyof flight. It describes the nature of the different layers of the atmosphere, and it explains how the respiratory and circulatory systems are affected by reduced barometric pressure at altitude. It desCribe4 the causes and symptoms,d hypoxia, trapped gases, and decompression sickness, and' the effects of rapC8 decompression at altitude.Italso explains how tho eyes function during flight and how the flier's body is affected-by disorientation and motion sickness, increased G-forces, noise and vibration, excessive heat and cold, noxious gases and vapors, and self unposed stresses...After you leave studied this chapter, you should be able to clo the following. (1)tellthe principal differerices ,between the layey of the almasphere through,which aircraft fly, (2) explain how et flier is affected by hypoxia, trapped gases, decompression sickness, and rapid decompression at high altitudes,(3) explain why good eyes are important to a flier.; and (4) describe how a flieris affected.* disorientation, noise and vibration, excessive heat and cold, and self-imposedstresses(alcohol,tobacco, and drugs). MAN'S N ATCRA ENVIRONMENTIsonthe ground the b'ottom of an' ocean pf air. As man began to leave his nat- ural em ironment and fly,aircraft to high altittJdes, he found that thepressureofthesurroundingairdecreasedwithincreasinz height,ind that he experienced stress' in the cold, rarefiedair. As man AA to increasingly higher altitudes' and at greater speed', additional stIesses were played on the bodyIf ,man as to con- . 'emu to in fly ing, he had to learn More about, the' human body and tile \kitp in which it'is affected by flight. Man has learned many w 4s to adaptto flyingasaviation - and spaceflight haN e progressed This ,adaptation has been brought about not by learning how to make the body changebut rather byusing special equipment or changing the l9o4y's enironment during flightThe human body" makes chanf.es 'only itlunnar- row limits in attempting to adjust to the saesses of flight. The 9, HUMAN REQUIREMENTS Of'FLIGHT body tissues maintain esse daily the same temperature, have about the same concentration ofxygen and salts, and are bathed by a similar amount ,of, fluid .du flight as on the ground. One of the principal ways that, man kee 's body functioning normally during flight is to create an earthlike environment that he can take with him while he is flying. NATURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE In his natural environment on the ground, man maintains a
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