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L'impact De L'affaire Guibord, Au Canada Et Ailleurs

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L'impact De L'affaire Guibord, Au Canada Et Ailleurs CONFRONTATIONS ET EXCOMMUNICATION : L’IMPACT DE L’AFFAIRE GUIBORD, AU CANADA ET AILLEURS Alexandre Camiré Thèse soumise à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales dans le cadre des exigences du programme de maîtrise en histoire Département d’histoire Faculté des arts Université d’Ottawa © Alexandre Camiré, Ottawa, Canada, 2011 ii RÉSUMÉ CONFRONTATIONS ET EXCOMMUNICATION : L’IMPACT DE L’AFFAIRE GUIBORD, AU CANADA ET AILLEURS Alexandre Camiré Directeur de thèse : Université d’Ottawa, 2011 Peter C. Bischoff L’affaire Guibord a un rôle d’importance au Québec au cours de la deuxième moitié du dix-neuvième siècle. Malgré ceci, ce cas judiciaire se retrouve souvent dans l’ombre du fameux combat entre ultramontains et libéraux. Cette étude démontre le procès Guibord et ses répercussions, exposant la place grandissante du clergé au sein de la société québécoise. On observe une Église catholique ultramontaine triomphante sous la direction de Mgr Bourget, évêque de Montréal. Cette recherche présente d’abord les sources du conflit jusqu’à l’année 1869, lorsque l’Institut canadien de Montréal est condamné par l’Église catholique, peu avant la mort de Joseph Guibord, membre de l’organisation. Une analyse est ensuite faite concernant la question d’excommunication qui l’aurait frappée. Le cas de refus de sépulture étant porté en cour civile, il est alors possible d’observer les décisions des différents tribunaux jusqu’au verdict du Comité judiciaire du Conseil privé à Londres qui tranche en faveur de l’Institut canadien, héritier de la veuve Guibord. Cependant, une émeute aux portes du cimetière catholique, en septembre 1875, va reporter de deux mois son enterrement. L’incident est largement repris dans les journaux d’un bout à l’autre du Canada, mais aussi aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni, révélant l’opinion de sources externes sur l’affaire Guibord et le catholicisme au Québec. iii REMERCIEMENTS Plusieurs personnes ont contribué à l’achèvement de cette recherche. Je tiens premièrement à exprimer ma gratitude à mon directeur de thèse, Peter Bischoff, qui m’a introduit au sujet il y a déjà plusieurs années et qui s'est toujours montré à l'écoute lors de la réalisation de cette recherche. Sans son aide et ses suggestions, cette thèse n’aurait surement jamais vu le jour. Je tiens aussi à remercier mes professeurs du département d’histoire de l’Université d’Ottawa, particulièrement Michel Bock et Nicole St-Onge qui m’accordèrent des bourses de recherche. De plus, cette thèse aurait été impossible sans la contribution et le soutien de mes parents qui s’intéressèrent toujours aux progrès et avancements de mon travail. Enfin, cette section serait incomplète si je n’adressais pas mes plus sincères remerciements à tous mes proches et amis, votre présence et vos conseils ont eu une valeur inestimable tout au long de ce trajet. Merci! iv TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ ..................................................................................................................................................... ii REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................................. iii LISTE DES ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................................ v INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPITRE 1 : LES PREMIÈRES CONFRONTATIONS .................................................................. 15 1.1 L’ULTRAMONTANISME .................................................................................................................. 16 1.2 LE LIBÉRALISME ............................................................................................................................ 19 1.3 LES PREMIERS DÉMÊLÉS ................................................................................................................ 22 1.4 LES ANNÉES DÉCISIVES .................................................................................................................. 27 1.5 TENTATIVES DE RÉCONCILIATION, 1863-1865 ............................................................................... 34 1.6 LA QUESTION UNIVERSITAIRE ........................................................................................................ 37 CHAPITRE 2 : D’AUTRES CONFRONTATIONS ET L’EXCOMMUNICATION, L’ANNÉE 1869 41 2.1 L’EXCOMMUNICATION ................................................................................................................... 42 2.2 LA DÉCISION DE ROME .................................................................................................................. 46 2.3 LA DÉCISION À MONTRÉAL ............................................................................................................ 48 2.4 L’EXCOMMUNICATION DANS L’AFFAIRE GUIBORD, UN RETOUR HISTORIOGRAPHIQUE .................. 50 2.5 L’ANATHÈME DE MONSEIGNEUR BOURGET ................................................................................... 57 CHAPITRE 3 : L’APOGÉE DU CONFLIT : LE PROCÈS GUIBORD ............................................. 68 3.1 LES DERNIÈRES CORRESPONDANCES DE LOUIS-ANTOINE DESSAULLES AVEC MGR BARNABO ...... 69 3.2 VERS LE PROCÈS : LA DÉCLARATION ASSERMENTÉE D’HENRIETTE BROWN .................................. 71 3.3 EN COUR SUPÉRIEURE, DÉCISION DU 2 MAI 1870 ........................................................................... 73 3.4 LA COUR DE RÉVISION, DÉCISION DU 19 SEPTEMBRE 1870 ............................................................ 78 3.5 CE QUE DISENT LES JOURNAUX ...................................................................................................... 82 3.6 LA RÉCUSATION DES JUGES ........................................................................................................... 85 3.7 LE JUGEMENT DE LA COUR DU BANC DE LA REINE, SEPTEMBRE 1871 ........................................... 88 3.8 LES ANNÉES 1872-73 ..................................................................................................................... 92 3.9 LE CONSEIL PRIVÉ DE LONDRES, DÉCISION DU 21 NOVEMBRE 1874 .............................................. 93 3.10 PRÉPARATION À L’ENTERREMENT.................................................................................................. 96 CHAPITRE 4 : LES PERCEPTIONS EXTÉRIEURES ..................................................................... 109 4.1 L’AFFAIRE GUIBORD EN EUROPE ................................................................................................. 111 4.2 L’AFFAIRE GUIBORD DANS LA PRESSE AMÉRICAINE .................................................................... 120 4.3 LES PERCEPTIONS CANADIENNES HORS QUÉBEC .......................................................................... 134 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 150 ANNEXE 1 : L’ÉVOLUTION DE L’INSTITUT CANADIEN (1849-1875) ...................................... 157 ANNEXE 2 : MEMBRES DÉCÉDÉS ET ENTERRÉS EN TERRE CONSACRÉE (1870-1875) ... 159 ANNEXE 3 : PRINCIPAUX JOURNAUX HORS QUÉBEC UTILISÉS (SEPT.-DÉC. 1875)........ 161 BIBLIOGRAPHIE .................................................................................................................................. 162 v LISTE DES ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration 1.1 : Monseigneur Ignace Bourget ........................................................................... 18 Illustration 2.1 : Joseph Guibord ................................................................................................ 61 Illustration 3.1 : Francis Cassidy ................................................................................................ 76 Illustration 3.2 : Joseph Doutre .................................................................................................. 85 Illustration 3.3 : L’accès au cimetière catholique obstrué par la foule ....................................... 99 Illustration 4.1 : Préparation de la milice sur le Champ-de-Mars ............................................ 127 Illustration 4.2 : Partie supérieure du sarcophage .................................................................... 129 Illustration 4.3 : Partie inférieure du sarcophage ..................................................................... 129 Illustration 4.4 : Remplissage de la tombe avec du ciment et du fer ........................................ 130 vi LISTE DES SIGLES ACAM Archives de la Chancellerie de l’Archevêché de Montréal ASTR Archives du Séminaire de Trois-Rivières BAC Bibliothèque et Archives Canada BANQ Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec DBC Dictionnaire biographique du Canada LPB Lettres personnelles de Mgr Bourget MEM Mandements des évêques de Montréal RHAF Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française RLB Registres des lettres de Mgr Bourget 1 INTRODUCTION La société canadienne-française du dix-neuvième siècle a souvent été qualifiée de très conservatrice, principalement en raison de la prétendue domination du clergé sur sa population. Les historiens révisionnistes ont démontré à plusieurs reprises qu’il existait cependant un esprit libéral influent. Les Rouges, nom donné aux libéraux radicaux, remettront en question les idées et l’influence du clergé ultramontain de l’époque. L’étude de ce mouvement libéral a pris une certaine importance
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