Appropriations for Construction FISCAL YEAR 1941

THE Interior Department Appropriation Act, 1941, One new project is provided for, i. e., the San Luis was approved by the President onJune 18, 1940 (Public, Valley project in Colorado. An appropriation of 640, 76th Cong., 3d sess.). Appropriations for con­ $150,000 is now available for further investigations, struction by the Bureau of Reclamation for the fiscal exploratory and preparatory work, and commencement year commencing July 1, 1940, total $60,822,000, an of construction in accordance with House Document amount to continue a program of construction com­ numbered 693, Seventh-sixth Congress, third session. mensurate with those of recent years when regular The project contemplates the construction of multiple­ appropriations were supplemented with emergency fund purpose reservoirs on the Rio Grande and Conejos allocations. The regular appropriation act and the Rivers in the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado to First Deficiency Act approved in April 1940 contain the furnish a supplemental water supply to 400,000 acres following items: of irrigated land and to alleviate flood damage along Arizona-California: these streams in Colorado and New Mexico, and the Parker Dam power project•...... $3,500,000 construction of a sump drain to augment the flow of the California: Rio Grande by means of drainage return from the All-American Canal project ...... 1,500,000 Closed Basin and permit an equal amount of Rio Grande Central Valley project...... 28,600,000 water to be used in the basin. Colorado: Colorado-Big Thompson project ...... 2,850,000 An appropriation of $200,000 is now available to P ine River project ...... 400,000 commence construction of a new development on the San Luis Valley project...... 150,000 Klamath project in Oregon-California, generally known Uncompahgre project...... 100,000 as the Modoc unit. This development will be under­ Idaho: taken by the Bureau ofReclamation with the cooperation Boise-Payette project...... 900,000 ofthe Bureau ofBiological Survey. The project involves Montana: Sun River project...... 50,000 the construction of a tunnel, pumping plants, drainage Nevada: system, dikes, canals, and laterals to convey water from Humboldt project...... 100,000 the Tule Lake area to Lower Klamath Lake. The water New Mexico: to be conveyed will reduce flood damages in the Tule Carlsbad project ...... 100,000 Lake area, will permit a greater income to the United New Mexico-Texas: States from leases in that area, and will eliminate a dust Rio Grande project: nuisance now prevailing in the Lower Klamath Lake area. Elephant Butte power.... , ...... 1,089,000 The project is considered to be of outstanding impor­ Oregon: tance in the rehabilitation of waterfowl in the Pacific Deschutes project...... 400,000 Oregon-California: flyway. Lower Klamath Lake formerly was one of the Klamath project: greatest duck havens on the Pacific coast. Modoc division ...... 200,000 Although the 1940 appropriation act contained an Texas: appropriation of $5,000,000 for water conservation Colorado River project: and utility projects to be constructed in the Great Plains Marshall Ford Dam. , , ...... 3,000,000 Utah: drought area, the 1941 appropriation of $3,500,000 is Provo River project...... 1,250,000 to be expended for similar projects pursuant to the Washington: provisions of the act of August 11, 1939, known as the Grand Coulee Dam project...... 19,000,000 Wheeler-Case Act. This appropriation is to be allotted Yakima-Roza project...... 500,000 by the Secretary ofthe Interior and is to be supplemented Wyoming: by relieffunds and Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees. Kendrick project...... 900,000 Riverton project ...... 200,000 The appropriations for the continuation of construe· Shoshone-Heart Mountain project...... 350,000 tion work now under way will provide adequate con­ General investigations...... 600,000 struction programs. Boulder Canyon project...... 5,000,000 JOHN C. PAGE, Water Conservation and Utility projects...... 3,500,000 Commissioner of Reclamation. PRICE ONE DOLLAR A YEAR

VOLUME 30 • AUGUST 1940 • NUMBER 8 Engineering Profession Offers Broadened Opportunities

By JOHN C. PAGE, Commissioner of Reclamation 1

I SUSPECT you would like to have me tell which to comprehend a bigger pattern than It has provided the opportunities which you what I believe the opportunities to be any which can be transposed on drafting ha ve resulted in establishment of decent homes in the profession of engineering in which you paper. for nearly 1,000,000 people on more than 52,000 expect shortly to be engaged. Two years ago, An able, well-rounded engineer once told farms and in more thau 250 towns and cities at the annual r ound-up of the Nebraska En­ me that as a young man he worked 5 years situated among these farms. It has reclaimed gineering Society at Omaha, I told a group on a job without knowing who was to use more than 3,000,000 acres from the desert of your elder brothers, professionally speak­ the data he gathered or for what purpose. status and made this great area so productive ing, that we have entered a new clay which His contribution could have been no more that on the average it yields crops which are opens many broad opportunities to the en­ under those circumstances than one toward sold for more than $100,000,000 annually. gineer, adding, however, that to seize these the perfection of engineering designs. On These man-made oases ha ve providedmarkets opportunities he must be an engineer plus. the other hand, many proposals in the name for manufactures and the products of Ameri­ He must be an engineer as adept as ever of conservation have been put forward by can labor more valuable than our markets in with his slide rule, his transit, and his blue rn en with vision, but with u tterly no under­ most of the foreign lands with which we trade. prints, but he needs additional qualifications standing of the technical problems involved. In other words, this conservation program of leadership and broad social knowledge to The r esults a re equally bad for conservation has strengthened both the social and economic assume the place which may be his in this progress. life of our country through improvements of new er a which emphasizes conservation. lasting usefulness. Is not that more important In all the broad new conservation pro­ Envineering in Reclamation Field than the fact that to do this, the engineers of grams, engineer s will be needed, for all of the Bureau at five different times in 38 years these programs call for construction or re­ Let us consider a more specific fi eld. I have had to design and build the highest dam construction. Jong since have learned that it is unsafe to then in existence in the world . I will repeat what I said in Omaha that assume that a ny audience is familiar with Some students may feel cheated because co nservation is not a political issue ; it cl raws F ederal reclamation, the field in which I Boulder and Grand Coulee Dams already have its supporters from all pa rties and from all have worked virtually all my life si nce I left been built. There may never be an occasion walks of life. Introduction of a compre­ here with a brand new sheepskin. This pro­ or opportunity again to build such structures. hensive conservation program at this time gram, one of the oldest in the conservation Boulder Dam is 725 feet high and has created means that we have turned our backs upon field, is designed to bring the scant waters of Lake Mead, the largest artificial r eservoir in the practice of exploiting our natural re- the arid and semia rid West to the arable the world. Grand Coulee Dam will have 11,- 1, c,urces for temporary and immediate gain land, for the conservation and beneficial use 250,000 cubic yards of concrete within it. Per­ without regard for the future. It means that of both these fundamental resources. Since haps there will not be a nother All-American we have substituted rather, a policy of hus­ 1902 when this work was undertaken, great Canal, an irrigation ditch as large as some banding our resources in a manner which will progress has been made. This progress can important rivers. On the other ha nd , they result in their broad and most beneficial use best be measured in the number of homes may be greatly exceeded, I do not know. I iu our generation and yet will preserve their successfuly established, and not in the num­ clo know, however, that there are other rivers usefulness for future generations. ber and size of the dams built and canals dug. to control ; that the technical problems con­ One of the most difficult problems facing It is more significant that Grand Coulee Dam, nected with smaller structures may provide a the administrators of these conservation ac­ for exmaple, will improve the lot of half a test of engineering skill as challenging to the t ivities is, and has been, to find technically million or more American people than that engineer as were those encountered in connec­ qualified engineers who also have a sym­ Grand Coulee Dam is to be the largest struc­ tion with either Boulder or Grand Coulee pathetic understanding of the purposes of the ture of its kind so far conceived by man. Dam, a nd that greater works undoubtedly lie work. An engineer can be forgiven some pride in a ahead. Leadership is essential to any permanent technical job well clone, if he remember s that Conquering the Drought solution of our conservation problems; leacl­ great works are not measured by cubic con­ ership which combines sound technical train­ tent. If he forgets that usefulness and serv­ Where? You may ask. Where now can a ing with the practi cal view it gives and a ice are the objectives, however, his structure greater work be anticipated? Here in Ne­ broad understanding of the public weal wi th might just as well be a useless monument. braska; here in the Great Plains; right here The importance of the Federal reclamation in your own back yards. 1 Address delivered May 23, 1940, befor e engineer­ Here in the Great Plains is presented the ing students of University of Nebraska, Lincoln, program, largely conceived and worked out by Nebr. engineers, is found in these facts : most difficult, the most challenging, perhaps

The Reclamation Era, August 1940 { 213} the most important of all our conser vation here, partly through new or different land NEW T. V. A. REPORT problems. You will have an opportunity to use practices. We have just witnessed the work at its solution. forced migration of nearly 100,000 families THE Bureau of Reclamation bas received the You understand the problem. A great strip from this area. If the story should be dra­ following notice from the Tennessee Valley of land reaching from Canada to Mexico, hun­ matically told in our newspapers some morn­ Authority, which it is glad to publish for its dreds of mil es wide, lies in the twilight zone ing of enforced abandonment of their homes interested subscribers : between arid and humid climates. In some by 100,000 families in far away Persia, the The Tennessee Valley Authority announces years it is wet enough to crop. In some years Nation would be in a sympathetic frenzy of the recent publication of its Technical Report it is too dry. It once was covered with buffalo grief. This drought has been so insidious in No. 1, The Norris Project. This report was grass and was a magnificent pasture. Now, its tragic effects, however, that it has hardly prepared for the purpose of giving to the largely because of unwise use, much of it is stirred us. It has not galvanized us to engineering profession the important and use­ without cover and subject to dust storms. action. ful facts about the planning and construction It is comparatively easy to cluck the tongue of the Norris Dam and Reservoir. This, the and say the Great Plains should never have Government .Agencies Cooperate first of a proposed series of TVA technical re­ been used so; that the Government should ports, contains 840 pages of text and 375 illus­ never have permitted this land to be divided Some programs have been launched. There trations. To make the report of greatest use into 160-acre homesteads and plowed; that the is, for example, the program of construction to those engaged on similar projects, relatively people who settled here should have adopted of small irrigation projects in the Great little space was devoted to parts of the different land-use programs. That is an easy Plains through the joint efforts of the work that followed well-established engineer­ second guess, but it begs the question. This is W. P. A., the Farm Security Administration, ing practice, but novel or unprecedented fea­ 1940, not 1870. Our problem is one of correc­ and the Bureau of Reclamation. These are tures have been described and explained in tion now, not one of prevention as it might small projects necessarily, since most of the considerable detail. have been then. Our problem has been com­ streams in the Great Plains rise at low alti­ Among the topics covered in this report are : plicated a thousand times by what has hap­ tudes and are scarcely more reliable than the History of the Tennessee River development; pened in these 70 years; by the habits of storms themselves. Some progress has been the Norris project investigations; social and thinking which have been established; by the made in combining farm units into larger economic studies in the Norris Reservoir re­ waves of migration to and migration from units so that a farm economy better adapted gion; dam and powerhouse designs; access the Great Plains. It has become an acute to low rainfall totals can be adopted. Some roads; employee housing ; construction plant ; problem in social and economic adjustment watering places for stock have been developed river diversion; construction methods; an­ and the lives and happiness of thousands of or improved. But 'we are far short of the alyses of construction costs ; size of various men and women and children are involved in goal. construction crews; highway, railroad, and it. No generality, however glittering, will To emphasize my next point, I would like to other adjustments made necessary by the cre­ suffice. No broad answer which is complete refer to an experience of the Bureau of ation of the reservoir ; initial operations; unit and satisfactory can be found. This problem Reclamation in the early days of its existence. costs ; and total construction costs. The ap­ must be worked out to meet the situa tions, Among the early irrigation projects we built pendixes include a comprehensive statistical human and physical, as they now exist. were a few in the Great Plains, which were at summary of the physical features of the Let us consider the physical aspects of this that time comparatively dry. Hardly had project ; copies of the engineering and geologic area. The land is gently sloping, cut by few those projects been completed when it rained consultants' reports ; details of the design, watercourses. Except for the climate it might again. Our law requires that the project models, cement and aggregate studies ; specifi­ be a garden. The rainfall on the average ap­ works be paid for in fairly easy terms by the cation forms ; allocation of project costs; proaches 20 inches annually. If this amount water users. The projects were abandoned. TVA employee relationship policy and wage could be assured for the growing season, it When the great drought of 1934 occurred, rates ; and the Tennessee Valley Authority would be sufficient for most crops. It can­ these works were wholly useless, since they Act. The report also contains comprehensive not be counted upon, however, not even for had not been operated nor maintained. They bibliographies on each phase of the work. each 12 months, let alone for any particular wonld have paid for themselves several times Cloth bound copies may be procured from season of the year. Ten years may pass, such over during this drought in crops saved and the Superintendent of Documents, vVa shing­ a s those we have just experienced, in which misery averted. ton, D. C., at $1.50 each. the pen which records the r ainfall may be We are in a great drought period now. almost continuously below the line which More irrigation projects are being built in marks the average, and another decade may this twilighl zone between the humid East Cause of D ecline in Crop Yields come when it will climb high on the graph and the arid West. Other steps are being Studied on Nevada Projects a.ltd remain continuously above that average taken and proposed to bring about a perma­ level. nent adjustment of man to his environment in THE University of Nevada Extension Serv­ The mistake which has been made, mor e the Great Plains. Will a few wet years cause ice has taken steps to institute planned rota­ than once, is the interpretation of a series of these to be abancloned? Will another heedless tion and fertilization sched ules on several wet years as assurance of continuing rainfall. wave of immigrants risk their futures in the farms on the Truckee storage project, in an IIundreds of thousands of acres have been area without the protection which sound effort to learn the cause of the decline in plowed and seeded in this belief. Towns have planning and conservation can provide? yields, principally in alfalfa, and to eradi­ been built and homes insecurely established. There is a great work to be done by you cate pests and noxious weeds. These scbed­ This mistake should not be made again. An­ young people. It offers opportunity for pro­ ules at present will be co nfined largely to other wet period will come, just as surely as fessional employment, for intelligent applica­ farms upon which farm account records are this long drought is here, but it will be fol­ tion of your training and abilities, and for available. The comparison of future ac­ lowed by another drought. service. The Boulder Dam to be built here counts with those of the past will be the Major readjustments must be made which may be a thousand small dams; t he All­ most forceful argument in favor of the estab­ will leave the population of the Great Plains American Canal may be hundreds of little lishment of such sched ules. secure through wet and through dry cycles. ditches; the Lake Mead may be divided into The Extension Service has actively dis­ These readjustments can be made, partly many stock watering ponds, but you will be tributed bulletins as an aid in preventing the through irrigation, partly through prudent building a sound foundation for a new agri­ ravages of cutworms and slugs in truck nse of such underground water as may exist cultural empire. gardens.

( 214} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 Outlet Works at Grand Coulee Dam

By LLOYD V. FROAGE, Assistant Engineer, Columbia Basin Project

MANY years must pass before the principal pounds bring the total weigh t per conduit to purposes of the Grand Coulee Dam will be 515,500 pounds. The gates and semisteel con­ fully realized in irrigating about a million duit installations at elevations 1036 and 1136 acres of arid land and supplying 8,000,000,000 will each weigh 397,000 pounds per conduit. kilowatt hours of electrical energy each year The gates are designed to operate at a max­ to homes and industries in the Pacific North­ imum head of 250 feet. A maximum discharge west, but regulation of the flow of the Colum­ of 265,000 second-feet will occur when all 60 bia River below the dam will be possible as gates are open, and the water surface in the soon as the dam is finished. reservoir is at elevation 1184. At greater reservoir elevations the lower gates will be River Regulation closed. The two upper tiers will reach their maximum discharge of 210,000 second-feet The Grand Coulee Dam will back up the when the reservoir is full at elevation 1,288. Columbia River and raise its water surface Downstream from the cast-steel linings, the 355 feet, forming a reservoir extending 151 conduits at elevation 934 are unlined, but are miles to the Canadian border. By drawing heavily reinforced and descend through the down this reservoir a maximum of 80 feet, mass concrete in a parabolic curve which an active storage of 5,200,000 acre-feet of emerges from the downstream face of the dam water will be made available for flood control, on a tangent to the curve of the bucket section increasing power output, and for increasing of the spillway. At elevations 1036 and 1136, river flow during seasons of low run-off . . The the conduits downstream from the gates will minimum flow of the river may thus be in­ be lined throughout with welded plate steel creased from the present average of 25,000 five-eighths inch in thickness. Differing from to 40,000 second-feet. This increase in flow Gate frame section of 102-inch valve. the conduits at elevation 934, these conduits will make possible a large increase in the pass through the dam horizontally and, near m inimum power output generated at the Rock 60 conduits, each 8½ feet in diameter. 'rhese the downstream face, turn sharply downward I sland Dam and at any other power plants conduits will not be used to release irriga­ ancl emerge almost parallel to the downstream built hereafter on the Columbia above its tion water as all water for irrigation will be face of the spillway. juncture with the Snake River, and a lesser pumped from the res(\r voir behind Grand The gates and conduit liners for the outlet increase in the minimum low water power Coulee up almost 300 feet into a balancing works at elevation 934 were manufactured by output at the Bonneville Dam, and at future reservoir in the Grand Coulee, from which the Hardie-Tynes Manufacturing Co. at Bir­ plants between it and the Snake River. As it will be di stributed through a system of mingham, Ala., under specifications No. 701. Grand Coulee is the uppermost of the 10 dams canals to the land to be served. Two types of gates are included in this speci­ in the proposed Columbia River development, fication. The upstream gate, known as the and controls a large storage reservoir, all Outlet Conduits and Gates ring-follower type of gate, contains a long slid- future power plants on the river may operate ing leaf, through the lower portion of which ls a t increased capacity because of its ability to Starting at elevation 934, the outlet conduits a cylindrical port that registers with the con­ regulate stream flow. are arranged in three tiers, at vertical inter­ duit, and provides a smooth channel through The control of the river will also aid navi- vals of 100 feet. Each tier is composed of 10 the valve body, when the valve is open. It Is gation during seasons of low run-off by in­ pairs of conduits located in the odd numbered operated by oil pressure acting on a 301/2-inch creasing the minimum depth of water 3 to 4 blocks from 43 to 63 with the exception of diameter piston. The ring-follower gate per­ feet upstream from the confluence with the block 53. On the upstream face of each block mits inspection of the downstream gate, known Snake River, while below the Snake River the is a semicircular trashrack structure 22 feet as the pa radox type of gate, and is designed increase will be 2 to 3 feet. As a result of the in radius and 250 feet in height, which affords for emergency use in case the paradox gate ship locks at the Bonneville Dam, river trans­ protection to the conduits at all three eleva­ becomes inoperatiYe. portation is developing rapidly on the lower tions. Near the upstream end of each conduit Columbia River, and has increased 100 per­ are installed two gates in tandem, with a short Gate Operation cent in the past few years. Barges having section of conduit between. From the up­ capacities up to 600,000 gallons are now hanl­ stream face of the dam to a point 12 feet down­ The paradox gate. is the service gate; and, ing between 5 and 6 million gallons of gaso­ stream from the downstream gates, the con­ to insure long life, is designed to operate with­ line per month as far as Kennewiek, Wash. duits are lined with heavily ribbed, semisteel out sliding friction. The leaf in some respects These barges at present are operated at par­ castings 1¾ inches in thickness and 8½ feet resembles that of the ring-follower gate. It tial eapacity during the period of low water ; in diameter. The upstream section of each consists of an upper, bulkhead section and a but with the deeper water secured by river lining is widely flared in a bell-mouth to pro­ lower, ring-follower section, which, when the control, they will be enabled to operate at vide a smooth entrance to the flow of water, leaf is raised to the open position, forms full capacity throughout the year. and to prevent cavitation at the conduit en­ through the gate a smooth cylindrical channel, For releasing water from the reservoir and trance. The gate bodies also are heavily ribbed coinciding with the walls of the conduit and aiding river control, there is being installed semisteel castings 1¾ inches thick. Each pair minimizing resistence to the passage of water. in the spillway section of the Grand Coulee of gates at elevation 934 weighs 367,000 Unlike the leaf of the ring-follower gate, there Dam a system of outlet works consisting of pounds. Conduit linings weighing 148,500 extends from the sides of tbe paradox leaf two

The Reclamation Era, August 1940 r 215 } diagonal flanges inclined with their top ends lifting beam to the upper end s of the two bers of each tier are connected in series by several inches downstream from their bottom wedges. In raising the leaf to open the gate, galleries extending the length of the clam. ends. Between the diagonal flanges and the the hoist mechanism draws the wedges in inner, downstream surface of the gate frame between the diagonal leaf flanges and the gate Installation of Gates are assembled two long, steel wedges with frame, thus forcing the leaf directly upstream their small ends upward. away from its seat. This initial movement On April 1, 1938, the Consolidated Builders, The leaf is raised and lowered by a hoist of the wedges ca uses the leaf to clear its seat Incorporated, the present contractors, began mechanism consisting of two motor-driven by approximately three-sixteenths of an inch. installation of these gates. As maximum screws which are attached through a common The wedges and leaf then travel together as high water on the Columbia River occurs dur­ a unit to the upper or open position of the ing the month of June, and it was probable leaf. As a matter of refinement, the ends of that the river would overflow the gate black­ the wedges are rounded off by the addition of outs, there remained approximately 2 months semicircular heads 16 1/2 inches in diameter. in which to complete any work that was Each wedge assembly is enclosed in an endless started. The installation of gate bodies in six chain of stainless-steel rollers, and resembles blocks seemed possible in the time available, so a caterpillar tread. These rollers travel on w•ork was started immediately. stainless-steel tracks or guides within the gate For supporting the gates in the blockouts frame. A train of rollers is also installed be­ during assembly, the contractor made pedes­ tween each wedge aud the diagonal flange on tals of structural steel. They were grouted in the leaf, against which it bears. The wedges position with their top surfaces one-half inch are thus enclosed on both sides by roller trains below grade, allowing for shims and wedges which reduce friction to a minimum. with which to bring the gates to correct ele­ In closing the gate the leaf is lowered to the ,·ation. The gate bodies consist of three sec­ bottom limit of its travel. The leaf stops at tions known as lower bonnet, gate frame, and this point, but the operation of the hoist con­ upper bonnet. As the bodies were not de­ tinues until the wedges are retracted, allowing signed to withstand full reservoir pressure, the concrete placed around them was heavily the leaf to be thrust horizontally against its reinforced with steel rings welded in the shape seat by the pressure of water against its up­ of ellipses. This steel was placed in bundles stream face. When retracted the wedges and around the bonnets, for location after the gate roller-chain assemblies are entirely free from bodies were bolted together. load, as the pressure of water against the leaf The gate castings were delivered to the is resisted entirely by the seat against which concrete placing trestle on flat cars, and were the leaf rests. transferred from the trestle to the gate block­ Immediately above each installation of the outs by two revolving cranes using a common two pairs of gates is a gate chamber, housing lifting yoke. As some of the assemblies Trashrack structures and conduit the operating equipment and providing room weighed 39,000 pounds, this combination was openings. for maintenance and repairs. The gate cham- necessary, and it proved to be of advantage in the careful placing of castings. In installing the gates, all flanged joints Upstream side of dam, showing outlet works, trashrack structures with lower set of were cleaned, gaskets were cemented in place, trashracks in place. and flanges were given a coat of white lead, just before they were assembled. The ring­ follower gates were the first to be installed. After the lower bonnets and gate frames had been assembled, they were adjusted for height, by means of shims on the supporting pedes­ tals, so that the bores of the gate frames coincided with the bores of the conduit linings which had previously been embedded from the blackouts to the upstream face of the dam. The gate frames of the ring-follower valves were next bolted to the projecting flanges of these embedded conduits, and lastly, the short sections of lining, joining the ring-follower and paradox gates, were installed and bolted to the ring-follower gates. The lower bonnets and gate frames of the paradox gates were next assembled, shimmed to correct elevation, and bolted to the short sections of lining pro­ jecting from the ring-follower gates. The re­ maining conduit sections were next installed from the paradox gates to the downstream walls of the blockouts. The placing and bolt­ ing down of the upper bonnets completed the assembly of the gate bodies. The next item was the checking of the verti­ cal alignment throughout the entire length of the gate seats and stainless steel tracks. For

{ 216} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 this work, plumb bobs weighing 20 to 30 bon nets to resist the hydrostatic pressure of hoist and upper bonnet covers were placed pounds were suspended with No. 6 music wire the surrounding concrete which was poured and bolted down. A manhole in each upper along the seats and tracks. Measurements in four lifts, one of which had a depth of bonnet cover provided access for connecting taken with machinist's micrometers from the 10 feet. Upon completing the embeclment of the hoist stems to the leaves. As the upper tracks and eats to the plumb wires showed the gate bodies in the ix blocks, the summer Lonnet covers of the ring-follower gates were any deviations from plumb. As the ga te tloocl was impending, so the upper bonnets without manholes, they were temporarily frames ancl embedded conduit linings were were covered with wooden bulkheads to pre­ supported on blocks to provide acce. s to the bolted together in continuous units, little vent floodwaters from pouring cl own through upper bonnets for connecting hoist stems and could be clone to change their alignment, so lhe gate bodies and bursting off the bulkheads leaves. After installing the stems and lower­ hy means of screw jacks placed between the on the downstream encl of the conduits. Fur­ ing and bolting clown the upper bonnets, the walls of the blockouts and the bonnet cast­ ther work on the gates was suspended. ring-follower installations were co mpleted by ings, the upper and lower bonnets were Following the period of high water, the slipping the hoi st cylinders clown over the forced into alignment with the gate frames. in tallation of the gate bocl ie. · in the re­ pistons. The install ation of the electrical This method of correction was so effective maining four blocks was completed, and the ancl high-pressure oil systems for operating that, with few exceptions, the tracks and installation of gate leaves and hoists was the gates was deferred until the gate cham­ sea ts were brought within 0.015 inch of a begun. The lem·es for the paradox gates were bers were cornrecl over with concrete, and true plane. Additional braces were placed the heaviest assemblies in the entire instal­ the galleries connecting the chambers were around the bonnets to prevent their being lation, weighing 53,300 pounds. In com­ stripped of forms. ahifted while co ncrete was placed around pl eting the assembly of the paradox gates, The diversion of the wa ters of the Columbia them. J ack. were also placed inside the the leaves were lowered into place, and the River at the Grand Co ulee Dam was accom-

Grand Coulee Dam, with Coulee Dam, the Government town, in foreground.

The Reclamation Era, August 1940 ( 217} plisbed, 11 ot by tbe use of diversion tu11u els as ure gate and the stoppage of flow through one opened and were left open 13 days while ihe on many projects, bnt by leaving certain rows of the low gaps, the recently closed group of flood passed. of block. · through the clam at low elevations, paradox gates would be reopened, providing When the outlet works at eleva tion 934 are thus forming channel· or sluts through which an alternate path for the water and main­ in operation, the gates are very quiet. Oper­ the river co uld flow. In the spillway section taining the water level downstream. This ating at a head of 90 feet, and each clischarg­ of the darn the even numbered rows of blocks procedure reduced the time required to lower ing 3,500 second-feet of water, the gates do were left low for this purpose. In the con­ a closure gate to a matter of only a few min­ not indicate either by sound or vibration that struction of the clam these blocks were han­ utes, yet abrupt alterations of river fl ow ap- they are in use. The ring-follower gates have dled in two groups differing in elevation by proximated only that caused by the closin g of at all times been left open, but each paradox 15 feet. The river orclinaril.Y fl owed through one paradox gate. gate has been opened and closed many times, the group at the lower elevation. As the pour­ On September 20, 1939, the last dive rsion each operation requiring about 8 minutes. ing of concrete in the clam progressed, these slot was closed, a nd for the first time the en­ During a brief period while opening or closing low blocks we re closed off one by one at their tire fl ow of the river passed through the out­ a gate, the flow of the water causes a snapping ups tream ends by the placing of teel closure let gates. The water surface upstream from or crackling sound, but when the gates are gates 52 feet in width and 35 feet high. By the clam ou this date was at elevation 1024. fully open they operate so quietly that uo closing off the lower blocks so they could be This elevation was of particula r adva ntage to sounds can be heard even when one inspects filled wi th concrete, the river was forced to the contractor in the use of a floating derrick, them: by stopping his ears and holding a rise a nd fl ow through the next higher group. and was held fairly constant by closing out­ sounding rod in his teeth. It consequentl.v he­ Thus the fl ow of water was dive rted from let gates from time to time as the flow of the comes necessary to look at the indicator to tell side to side of the spillway, rising an addi­ river dec reased. During this same time, the whether a gate is open or closed. At the tional 15 feet with each change. installation of penstocks was in progress in downstream encl of tbe conduits, however, co n­ When placing the closure gates, the con­ the east powerhouse and penstock tunnels. ditions are entirely different. The most vio­ tractor wn s directed to so regulate the r ate The penstock sections were ferried across the lent turbulence replaces the calm a nd quiet of of closing a gate that the fl ow of water would east tailrace on a large, and were lowered into the gate chambers. The disch arge from the not be a lterecl to such a n extent that the the turbine pits by a fl oating derrick. Rough conduits is too deeply submerged to be seen water level downstream from the cl am would water in the tailrace resulted from waves set directly, but some apprec iation of its force be clecren. ·eel in 24 hours more than 18 inches up by tbe discharge of the adjacent outlet and magnitude may be obtained by watching when the flow of tbe rive r exceeded 100,000 conduits, and interfered with the handling the long row of billows leaping and boiling second-feet, 12 inches when the flow was be­ of the penstock sections. Consequently, the below the spillway. tween 60,000 and 100,000 second-feet, or 6 outlet gates at the east end of the spillway During the working season of 1939, the in­ inches when the fl ow was less than 60,000 were kept closed whenever the flow of the stallation of the second tier of outlet gates second-feet. In securing this result as much river permittecl. was carried practically to completi on, and as 3G hours was spent in lowering a closure By the middle of October, the flow of the work on the third tier is now in progress, so gate. river had so decreased that it was being car- it is probable that the third feature of the During the winter of 1938-39 the installa­ riecl by 14 conduits. On October 2G, at the Grand Co ulee project, river control, will be­ tion of the outlet works at ele,·ation 934 was approach of a flash flood, all 20 gates were come effective during the flood season of 1940. carried to co mpletion. The concrete surfaces of the conduit were r epaired and fini shed by stoning, the high pressure oil lines serving the ring-follower gates were nstallecl , electrical Grand Coulee Dam Construction installations were made, gate leaves were ad­ justed for proper travel, a nd all damaged pai n ted surfaces were repaired. This work .Progresses Rapidly was co mpleted a nd the fir ·t gate wa s placed in opera tion on May 2, 1939. PRESENT construction progrc s at Grand 17 columns of concrete bl ocks, which w ill have In placi11 g a conduit in operation, the ring­ Coulee Dam indicates the completion of co n­ been left lower than their neighbors for that follower gate was opened but the paradox gate crete placement in 1941. The 5,000,000-ya rcl purpose. Thus, not only will the Columbia was left closed. Water, under pre sure from mark has already been passed by the present pass the clam without ha rm to inco mpletecl the contractor's water ma in , was used to fill construction contracto1·, bri ngi 11 g the total parts, but it will create the spectacle of a 250- the section of conduit extendin g from the volume to 9,500,000 cubic yards- about three foot waterfall plunging clown the spillway. pa radox gate to the upstrea m face of the clam, times Boulder Da rn 's bulk. Boulder is now By the encl of the year the spillway crest and force off the wooden bulkhead which cov- the highest dam, bu t Grn ncl Co ulee, when com­ and bridge piers to support the highway erecl the upstream conduit entrance. The plete, will be the la rgest concrete dam in the across the top of the clam will be co m­ pa radox gate was then opened, and the flow world. pleted. Eleven drum gates, the 2,000,000- of water through the conduit di slodged the A r ecord average pour exceeding 10,000 pound hydraulically controlled steel barriers, bulkhead from the downstream encl. All yards a day is being maintained The wing­ which will regulate the upper 28 feet of the gates were placed i II operation by May 14, clam actually the front wall of the pumping reservoir behind the clam, will also have been 1939. plant, to be built on the wes t side of the river, installed by that time. With the outlet gates in operation, the plac­ will be finished in August, and the clam-abut­ Grand Coulee Dam is the outstanding fea­ ing of a closure gat·e beca me greatly s impli­ ment sections will r each their maximum heigh t ture of the Columbia Basin project. It will fiecl. When a closure gate was to be placed, of 110 feet by September. furnish water to more than 1,000,000 acres of an estimate was made of the flow of water in Almost half of this year's co ncrete will be fertile lands and make availabl e to the Pa­ t he diversion ·lot to be shut off; then, during placed in the central 1.650-foot spillway sec­ cific Northwest an abundant supply of low-cost the 24 hours precedingthe placing of the gate, tion. Work i n the spillway ha · to be timed electricity. a succession of paradox gate· would be closed against the a nnual fl ood fl ow of the Columbia at regular intervals un til the resulting reduc­ River,which comes in June and July, with the Grand Coulee Contracts Awarded tion in flow approximated that which wonlcl peak usually late in June, At that t ime the occur from the placing of the closure gate. river will flow through sixt.v 8 1/2-foot tunnels Three penstock coaster gates and hoists Simulta neousl,v with the lowering of the clos- in the center of the dam and oyer the tops of have been ordered for Grand Co ulee Dam. To

{ 218} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 the American Bridge Co. of Denver was The three penstock coaster gates and hoists with an unbalanced hydrostatic head of 245 awarded the contract for one of the three to be furnished under these contracts will be feet on the upstream side of the gate leaves coaster gates, on its low bid of $113,128; and installed at the entrances of three of the main and with unrestricted flow through the pen­ to the Consolidated Steel Corporation, Ltd., of penstocks for the left, or west powerhouse, stocks. Los Angeles, was awarded the contract for which is the only one being constructed a t this The penstock coaster gates will be operated furnishing three hydraulic hoists, on its low time. by these hydraulic hoists, using oil as a me­ bid of $82,000. The penstocks are the huge The penstock coaster gates act as guards, to dium, with a maximum working pressure of pipes that convey river water to the turbines be closed in emergencies in case of damage to 1,000 pounds per square inch in the hoist cyl­ in the powerhouse for generation of electrical the hydraulic turbines, or when it is necessary inders. energy. to unwater the penstocks to permit inspection Embedded in the concrete of the Grand and maintenance of the penstocks and turbines. The contractors a re r equired to deliver Coulee Dam will be eighteen 18-foot diameter Normally the gates will be opened and closed the equipment ordered as follows: one pen­ penstocks for the main power units. The under conditions of balanced hydrostatic pres­ stock coaster gate within 240 days, one within penstocks will be arranged parallel in two sure on opposite sides of the gate leaves and 285 clays, a nd one within 330 days; one hy­ groups, nine for the right powerhouse and with no flow through the penstocks, but under draulic hoist within 270 days, one within 315 nine for the left powerhouse. emergency conditions the gates may be closed days, and one within 360 days. Joint Investigations, Columbia Basin Project

THE Grand Coulee Dam-Columbia Basin Associated with Dr. Barrows a re vVilliam Development Problems project will irrigate about 1,200,000 acres, E. Warne, director of information, Bureau of an area roughly comparable iu size to Dela­ Reclamation, representative of the Washing­ For convenience, the problems of the in­ ware. This land, now dry and largely unused, ton office, and Dr. E. N. Torbert, economic Yestigation are divided into 16 divi sions. The will be highly productive after it is irrigated geographer of the Bureau of Reclamation, basic surveys, land classifications, and ap­ and when fully developed, perhaps in the next who is fi eld coo•rdinator with headquarters at praisers, together with a temperature re­ 50 years, will undoubtedly serve to support an Ephrata, Wash., in the project area. recording program, constitute the first di­ increase of 500,000 in the population of the On November 1, 1939, Dr. Barrows and Mr. vision. The second divi sion is designed to State of Washington. Warne drafted a plan for the joint investiga­ provide information on applicable types of Grand Coulee dam, the key structure of the tions in which 28 separate problems, in addi­ farm economy. The problems under this whole Columbia River area, was begun in 1933 t ion to the basic engineering surveys, were set clivision seek information concerning types of and will be virtually completed this year. In up for study. Participating in the studies in <·rops, crop combinations, and crop rotat ions anticipation of the development of the irri­ some capacity and to varying degrees are more on other northwestern irrigation projects ; ga ble lands, a law to prevent speculation was than 30 agencies of the Federal, State, and the types of agricultural programs best suited enacted several years ago. Under this law, local governments, educational institutions, to the project area; a nd practicable and no work was to be permitted on structures private industry, and local civic organizations. equitable means, if any, to insure proper land use as determined. strictly assignable to the irrigation system The objectives of the joint inyestigations are pending compl etion of appraisals of the unde­ to provide a general plan for the development Two investigations a re included in the veloped land and the negot·iation of contracts and settlement of the Columbia Basin a rea as third division to determine the water re­ for the repayment of the cost of the project a whole and detailed plans for areas to be ir­ quirements of the irrigable lands for the to be allocated to irrigation. Irrigation dis­ rigated relatively soon. The planning pro­ crop and land use programs recommended, tricts have been formed, the irrigable lands gram has been superimposed on the usual top­ and a study of ways of pre,·enting excessiye are being classified and appraised, and the ographic surveys and land classifications of use of water. repayment contracts are being drafted. It is the Bureau of Reclamation which here serve The size of farm units is the subject of anticipated that the terms of the anti-specula­ as a base. Subjects of study range from the two studies in the next division, the fi rst tion law will have been met by this fall and number and proper location of new towns or being a study designed to determine the that there will be no reason for further delay cities within the area to suitable guides fo r optimum size of farm units, having in mine! in the construction of irrigation features of ornamental and useful tree plantings on the the type of crops and crop programs which the project provided that appropriations can individual farmsteads. are recommended, and the second designed be obtained next year. to determine whether there is need for It is hoped that by adequate thought and Looking forward to the time in 1943 or 1944, special "labor units" of small size to accom­ foresight, many of the problems which might when water may be available for the irriga­ modate pa rt-time farmers OL' part-time otherwise be encountered in the development tion of the fi rst block of lands under the proj­ laborer s. of so large an area can be prevented from ever ect canals, the Bureau of Reclamation in July Another diyision poses adclitional questions. arising. It is recognized that the job of r ec­ 1939 appointed Dr. Harlan H . Barrows, head Three problems are presented in the lay-out lamation is not done when water is brought of the Geography Department, University of and equipment of farms: One, to delimit the to the land, but is completed only when men Chicago, as planning consultant, and launched sections where it may be desirable to arrange have been enabled, as a result of such develop­ the joint investigations of the irrigation proj­ the farms in adjustment to topography; two, ment to establish homes for their families, ect. At the first meeting of the planning pro­ to determine feasible means to help insure gram in Spokane, vVash., a few months later , homes that are reasonably secure ancl ade­ an adequate standard of living and to min­ Commissioner John C. Page made the state­ quate to the needs of American citizens. imize the fin ancial commitments of needy ment that the projec t area was like a blank With this knowledge, while realizing also that families in providing suita ble and essential sheet of paper and that the opportunity ex­ the highest use of the Columbia Basin lands improvements; and, three, the advantages, isted to sketch upon this sheet as nea rly a dictates that part of the new opportunities be Economic and social, in farm lay-out a nd perfect agricultural community as could be extended to indigent but worthy farm fam­ farm work which might result from concen­ devised in advance. ilies, the joint studies were begun. tration of settlers in small communities or

The Reclamation Era, August 1940 { 219} from grouping farm houses on corners of tbe way as to eliminate or m1111m1ze the possi­ Most of the groups designated for the study farms. bility of an excessive tax burde11. of individual problems have been organized Four problems related to tbe allocation of With the Bureau of Reclamation, perhaps and have their work under way. All tbe costs and to repayments are a study of tbe the key agencies cooperating in the joint in­ key studies which must repor t relatively soon allocation of the costs of Grand Coulee Dam vestigations are the ,vashington State Plan- are in progress. and tbe primary irrigation works; bow niug Commission, the P acific Northwest Re­ The job of organization, as is indicated by equitable payments toward tbe cost of the gional Planning Commission, the Washington the monthly reports issued by Dr. Torbert, is primary irrigation works may best be secured State College, and the Department of Agri­ virtually completed. There seems to be every directly or indirectly f rom nonrural settlers; culture through several of its bureaus. reason to hope and expect that the unprece­ whether it is desirable a nd practicable to as­ Full and enthusiastic cooperation has been dented preparation being made in advance for sign different r epayment charges against obtained from the railroads, the Chambers of the settlement and development of the Co­ lands of different classifications; and what Commerce, the Irrigation District Boards, the lumbia Basin area will result in the provision are the best means of extending financial aid State Department of Conservation and De­ of means to increase the opportunities for suc­ in conservatively adequate amounts to needy velopment, the Federal Housing Administra­ cess of every settler who casts his lot on the settlers within the project area. tion, the Corps of Engineers, the National project, and the provision of oppor tunities for An investigation of methods for establish­ P ark Service, the Geological Survey, and the maximum number of families, with or ing the requisite control of privately owned many others. without independent means at the outset. lands, whether by Federal purchase or some other means, and a similar study related to the State, County, and railroad lands are included. 4-H Club Work on the Shoshone To estimate, in the light of all relevant factor s, tbe annual rate at which lands should be brought in during the first few years Reclamation Project after water becomes available is the assign­ ment given to another group of investigators. By FRANCIS A. CHISHOLM, County Agent, Park Co11nty, Wyo. Division 9 is concerned with villages, and its problem is to determine the optimum num­ THE Shoshone project is one of the outstand­ gram have held the interest of older girls ber of new villages for the project area and ing 4-H Club fields in Wyoming. Since the from year to year to furnish a well-rounded their most advantageous placement. beginning of extension work 25 years ago, ap­ course in training, not available from any Three problems r elated to roads and other proximately 3,000 boys and girls have taken other source. transportation facilities are included, the first, advantage of one or more years in some No less important are the effects of tbe ag­ to plan desirable additions to the road net; phase of the work. ricultural program which has been carried by the second, to plan desirable additions to The relationship of 4-H Club work to the both boys and girls over the same period. The railroad facilities; and the third, to make a farms and homes on the project has been of Extension Service has effectively used the study of the significance to the project ar ea the highest quality, and bas played an im­ club program to demonstrate practical farm­ of the Columbia River as a commercial route. portant part in the development of the entire ing operations. The introduction of pure­ A study is being made of underground community. bred stock, the use of pure seed, and the im­ water s for the purpose of determining the Tbe "live at home" project, of which we portance of proper poultry practices, in hest source of domestic water within the hear so much today, has not been a serious addition to the valuable training received by project area. problem here, largely because of the fact the club members themselves, has had an un­ Division 12 contemplates a study of rural that over a period of years there has been an estimable influence on tbe progress of farm­ and villageelectrification. effective program of food conservation and ing on the project. Division 13 deals with manufactures, and preparation. Clothing problems have had the In a new community one of the major prob­ its problem is to define the opportunities for same attention and hundreds of potential lems has always been the lack of livestock. village and neighborhood industries in the homemakers have learned the practical ap­ Cash crops have been the source of income to parts of the project apt to be settled relatively plication of the old and honorable art of sew­ such an extent that the land bas suffered. soon and to determine what steps should be ing. This program, which has been carried Realizing this, those who have bad charge of taken to promote the development of indus­ on in the homes over a period of years, can­ shaping 4-H programs have made a special triesof promise. not but have a beneficial influence in the effor t to encourage all types of livestock Recreational resources and needs are ap­ community. work. proached in an effort to locate and plan tbe Other phases of the 4- H homemaking pro- In recent years, with the financial aid o! lay-out and improvement of rural parks and the First National Bank at Powell, feeding recreational grounds within the project area, operations for club member s have shown a and to formulate plans to promote the recrea­ Cleo Frisbie and Mary Ann Daley demon­ rapid increase. The ba nk has financed all tional use of the great reservoir now forming strate on"Better School Lunches for phases of livestock feeding and tbe purchase above Grand Coulee Darn. Powell Project." of dairy stock, and to date has not lost a Division 15, involving rural community single account. As a result of this coopera­ centers, is designed to plan the location and, tion, the practicability of marketing home­ ar far as practica ble, the improvement of sites grown feeds through stock has not only been for rural schools, churches, community halls, a source of direct income, but has increased market centers, athletic fields, and the like. the procluctivity of the new farms by manu­ The last division encompasses a study of facturing cheap fertilizer so necessary with governmental organizntion and public works irrigation. This has been particularly true programming and financing, the problem be­ on the Willwood division, which has on ly re­ ing to develop the most advantageous pattern cently celebrated its 10th birthday. of local governmental units to meet prospective A co nservative estimate of tbe monetary public needs, having in mind the need to plan va lue of 4-H Club work to members in 1939 and finance the public improvementsin such a was $7,733.46.

{ 220} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 During the past year 157 boys and girls on the Shoshone project took 4-H projects. The champion Angus baby beef at the Wyom­ ing State Fair (this calf was Grand Cham­ pion at the Park County Fair), was fed by Harold Carter, Jr. Harold also won the grand championship showmanship contest at the junior livestock show at Billings, Mont., with a pure-bred Hampshire gilt. Wayne Pearson made an outstanding record with two fat calves, winning prizes at the county aud State fairs and at the stock show in Billings. Boys learning to caponize chickens. Carl Stine, a 4-H boy, has one of the finest H allie June Cles and Helen Dellinger herds of Hampshire hogs in Wyoming. He demonstrate and show "Clothes Closet activities of the Shoshone project. It speaks has supplied breeding stock not only over Conveniences for the School well for the type of settlers who have made Park County, but over the State as well, as their homes here, as the success of the club a result of his pig project. and 4-H Girl." work depends largely on the wholehearted Ka tie Gillett won the State bread-making cooperation of the parents. contest in 1939 and received a trip to Chicago. fair, to Denver, and in one instance to Wash­ Any account of progress made by organ­ These are only a few of the records made in ington, D. C., as one of four outstanding club ized effort is a tribute to the local leadership. 4-H Club work. Each year demon tration members in Wyoming in 1938. This was To these volunteers who give freely of their teams and individual champions are sent Doris Bender, of Powell. time and talents without pay is due most of from this part of the county to the State The Extension Service is proud of the 4-H the credit for any success attained. Activities of the Shoshone Chapter of Future Farmers of America

By HELEN L. WINDLE, Senior, Powell High School, and Editor, Powell Powwow

THE Powell Chapte1· of FFA on the Shoshone 1936-37 The Powell Future Farmers won a great project was selected as the most outstanding Receipts ______$16,404.60 many prizes at the Wyoming State Fair in chapter in Wyoming in 1939. The fact that Expenses 12,159.89 Douglas. They brought home the sweepstakes out of the 39 Wyoming chapters the Powell ribbon for the best exhibit and also the grand group was chosen for this honor is in itself Net profit_ _ 4,244. 71 champion ribbon and two champion reserve explanatory of the rating and reputation the Self labor 713. 12 ribbons for baby beef. The Powell FFA also boys have gained in agriculture in this and won 47 blue ribbons, 33 red ribbons, 14 white previous years. Total pupil labor income 4,957.83 ribbons, and two fourth-place ribbons for their Having 75 members on its roll, the order is entries. Their ribbons included awards for on ly one of 10,000 chapters in the nited 1937-38 the school exhibit for vocational agriculture States, with a total of 207,000 boys as members. showing various phases of the work, best class­ The Future Farmers of America was formed Receipts______16, 032. 00 room notebooks, best display of grains, beets, during the American Royal of Kansas City in Expenses------11,869. 97 potatoes, best steers. sheep, pigs, chickens. 1927, and includes boys of every State but farm mechanics, and similar projects. Net profit Rhode Island, which has a law forbidding high 4,162.03 A livestock judging team from Powell at­ Self labor_ school fraternities and that law precludes par­ 845.81 tended the national stock j udging contest in ticipation in the FFA. By the motto "Learn­ Kansas City. The boys on the dairy judging ing to do- Doing to learn- Eaming to live­ Total pupil labor income 5,007.84 team were Sam Anderson, Mak Kawano, and Living to serve" the order teaches leadership, Wilbur Reed. Members on the poultry judg­ thrift, character, service, improved agricul­ 1938-39 ing team were Dennis Burch a nd Sam Ander­ ture, sportsmanship, cooperation, scholarship, Receipts ______26,889. 43 son. These teams won the State judging recreation, patriotism, and citizenship. Expenses ______16,507.71 contests earlier in the year, which enabled Each boy has his individual projects every them to represent Wyoming at the national year, and an annual report as to the returns is Net profit______10,182.72 convention. C. N. Peterson, vocational agri­ made in the fall. In 1938-39 fifty-nine boys Self labor______1,076.57 cultural teacher at Powell , and Verne Harri­ completed 93 supervised projects. The proj­ son, American farmer candidate from Wyo­ ects were worked in the following enterprises: Total pupil labor income 11,259.29 ming, accompanied the boys. Verne Harri­ Great Northern beans, pinto beans, sugar beets, son was the American Farmer candidate, beef cattle, sheep, hogs, dairy cattle, poultry, In addition to the projects, the Shoshone one being selected each year from the 1,000 alfalfa hay, oats, barley, and corn. Chapter has become known because of out­ Wyoming FFA boys. While at Kansas City, The record showing the progress made in standing exhibits, livestock, and ability at the Shoshone chapter received a cash prize the past 3 years is here given. judging. for being of the greatest service to their com-

The Reclamation Era, August 1940 { 221} T hree of Shoshone Chapter's best calves at Junior Fat Show. Left to right: Bill Franklin, Richard Schmidt, Wilbur R eed.

L eft: Livestock judging team with cup won at Worland in feeder day contest. munity, the judging team won fifth in Jersey The poultry team placed second. Mak The close of the annual Big Horn Basin cattle, and the certificate of American Farmer Kawano won third high individual honors. livestock judging contest found Cody, Wyo., was given to Verne. Dennis Burch also attended the contest and first and Powell second. Had the Powell Powell boys won their share of victory as State president of the FFA had the honor boys won the co ntest this year, the cup which and recognition at the second annual regional of being toastmaster at the banquet. Sam is given to the winner each year would have junior fat stock show at Billings, i\lont. In Anderson, also of Powell, is vice president of been iu their permanent possession as they the exhibit of fat livestock there were 424 the organization. had won it the 2 years before, a nd need only Montana and ·w yoming 4-H Club members Powell High School's FFA judges won both 3 years of con secutive wins to keep the cup. and Future Farmers of America competing. team and individual honors at the eleventh Darwin Franklin of Powell was high indi- The grand championship in the FFA show­ manship divi ion went to Richard Schmidt a nnual livestock judging contest conducted by vidual, with Donald J ones of Powell, second. of Powell. the Worland, Wyo., chapter of FFA. The With such an enviable record to back them The State Future F armers' judging con­ Powell judging team won first in the total up, C. N. Peterson and h is FFA boys can be test was held at Laramie. There were 37 judging for the clay, while in individual expected to do great things in the future, for teams competing and the stock judging team judging, Brandt of Powell won first, and themselve and for the farming community from Powell placed third in dairy cattle. Miller of Powell, third. in which they live. Machine Methods of Canal Lining ROZA DIVISION, YAKIMA PROJECT

CONTINUED progress in development of depth of 10.5 feet, a water depth of 9.07 feet, the lower encl of tunnel No. 1 to the bench more efficient methods and equipment war­ and a r ated capacity of 1,300 second-feet. flum e which connects to the Pamona siphon. rants the belief that engin eers and contractors (Nine hundred second-feet will be used just Lining under the third contract begins a short will fi nd special interest in a description of the below tunn 1 No.3 in the generation of power distance below tunnel o. 3 and consists of 3 equipment and methods used on contract con­ for the pumping plants to be installed later.) sections, ending at station 1120+00. It was struction for the Bureau of Reclamation on the The side slopes are 1¼ to 1, with an 8-inch constructed by the H. J. Adler Construction Roza division of the Yakima project. concrete berm at the top of each. Five-foot Co. a nd comprises 1.6 miles of canal. The The year 1938 saw the completion of 13.9 ea rth berms were left when the excavation fourth contract, by Guthrie-McDougall Co. and miles of concrete-lined ca nal on the Roza divi- was completed. Mark C. Walker & Son Co., extends from the sion, almost all of which was lined by machine The lining is 4 inches thick, reinforced with above-mentioned station to tunnel No. 5, the methods. The ca ual o constructed lies be­ l/2-inch round steel bars spaced at 12: inches lining being continuous for a distance of 8.9 tween the lower end of tunnel No. 1, which is longitudinally and at 24 inches transversely, miles. A section 100 feet in length below the 9 miles north and east of the city of Yakima, the steel mat being approximately at the mid­ siphon was constructed by hand methods by and the upper end of tunnel No. 5, approxi­ dle of the lining. Under the lining, and adja­ J . A. Terteling & Sons. AnotheL· short section mately 3 miles south and east of the town of cent to the uphill ·lope, is a 6-inch drain tile above tunnel No. 3, built by Morrison-Knud- Moxee City. surrounded by 3 inches of gravel. ·en Co., Inc., as a part of its tunnel work, is The sections of lining between tunnels Nos. The work under the first contract, compris­ 0.2 of a mile in length and was lined by means 1 and 3 have a bottom width of 14 feet, a ing three ·cctions between the siphon under of a small machine mentioned later in this depth of 13 feet, a water depth of 11.2 feet, and the Yakima River, 6 miles north of Yakima, article. a carrying capacity of 2,200 cubic feet per sec­ and tunnel No. 3, wa clone by J. A. Terteling & First Two Contracts ond. Below tunnel No. 3, which extends Sons. These sections total 2.4 miles in length. through the ridge north of Yakima, the lined The second contract, which was awarded to J. A. Terteling & Sons brought trimming sections have a bottom width of 12 feet, a the same co mpa ny, extends 0.7 of a mile from and lining ma chines from an aqueduct in Cali-

{ 222} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 fornia and had them rebuilt to conform to the sections of the Roza Canal. Both machines operated on 18-inch-gage tracks of 30-pound rail, laid on the berms of the canal. The rails were in sections of varying lengths united by 6-inch steel-channel ties. Trimming and compacting subgrade.-The trimming machine was a double trapezoidal steel truss suspended at each encl on two hy­ draulic jacks supported by a four-wheeled truss having axles 10 feet apart. Scarifier teeth were provided along the front of the machine to trim the slopes roughly to line and grade. Behind the teeth on each slope was a long blade scraper to complete the process of fine grading. A V-shaped scraper trimmed the floor of the channel and moved the trim­ mings to bucket elevators which placed the spoil on a conveyor belt discharging onto the downhill berm. A sheepsfoot roller was used for compacting the floor. The trench for the underdrain was excavated by jackhammer and by hand. Considerable handwork was nece. - sary to finish the grade preparatory to laying the reinforcement and placing the concrete. The soil was sprinkled to secu re optimum ab­ sorption for compaction of the grade and to as ·ist in curing the lining. The second con­ Photo 1: Trimming machine. Note rotating drum teeth, trimming arrangement, tract by J . A. Terteling & Sons (specifica­ and screw-carrying device in canal invert. tions No. 711- 1 ) was fine-graded by hand methods, the sheepsfoot roller being used 011 advancing form as it shaped the plastic mate­ \Yell-graded aggregates having a maximum the bottom and air tampers, as found neces­ rial to the section of the canal. size of 1½ inches were used in the concrete. sary, on the slopes. Wooden ribbons, 2 by 4 A third motor operated 3-inch rotating rods A slump of 3 inches was found to be necessary inches, were set to form the vertical sides of extending down the slopes through the pockets. for placing with this machine. Each night the the concrete berms and served as positive These rocl s, which had short fingers for work­ lining was complet!;!d to a wooden header guides for control of liD e and grade of the ing the concrete and to aid in feeding it to wher e it formed a vertica l joint with the con­ completed lining. the form, oscillated about 60 time per minute crete lining placed in the succeeding day's Concrete lining.-The slip form consisted through an are of 90°. The fingers depressed run, the reinforcement being co ntinuous primarily of a ¾,-inch steel plate 6 feet wicle, the larger aggregate and lessened the work of through the joint. Drilled holes proved curved upward on the front and rear edges. the finishers. the lining to be well consolidated. Expansion The plate extended aero the bottom ancl up A noticeable tremor in the whole machine joints were not used. each slope, there being a lag of 2 feet at the from the vibration of the motor probably top. It formed the shorter base ancl sides of helped to compact the lining as the mach ine Third Contract (Specifications No. 729) a regular trapezoid corresponding with the ironed it out. The weight of 40 tons assi ted cross section of the ca nal. The deck of the materially. (Practice has shown tube vibra­ H. J . Adler Construction Co. co nstructed the machine formed the longer base, and the whole tors to be more effective than these oscillating lining in the section of canal below and ad­ framework was trussed to form a complete rocls.) The progress of the Ii ner depended jacent to tunnel No. 3 (specifications No. 729) jumbo. The jumbo rested on jacks supported upon the rate of preparation of the subgracle. and designed and built trimming and lining by 4-wheeled trusses having 10-foot wheel Using a 1 yard mixer, the aggregates being equipment fo r its work. bases. Horizontal plates attachecl to the slop­ batched by truck and the cement by hand, it Trimming and compacting subgrade.--The ing sides assisted in forming the concrete was possible to lay 425 linear feet of lining trimmer (photo No. 1) differed from the ma­ berms. The jacks permitted adjustment of in an 8-hour shift. chine used upstrea m in that the cutting of the machine to grade, and thus compensated Attached to the rear of the machine were the slopes was clone by more than 400 teeth, for some rnovemeut of the track. stagings of plank which served the first seven-eights inch square, attached to 12-inch The liner was advanced by means of cables group of finishers who used floats to remove revolving cylinders, the direction of rota tion operated by hoists driven by a gasoline motor. the imperfections left by the moving form. being opposite to that of the wheels en rrying Alinement was maintained by the setting of Two wooden jumbos with plauk steps for the the ma chine on the rails. the tracks and mauipulation of the cables other finisher s followed. After these came the The trimming machinery was supported on which were attached to the tracks ahead of painters' jumbo equipped with a small air com­ a trapezoidal steel truss which spanned the the machine. pressor and ba rrels from which coal-tar cut­ canal. Two-wheeled trus cs, each with axle Concrete from the mixer on the lower berm back curing compound was piped to the paint centers of 10 feet, carried the machine along was distributed by means of a gasoline-driven pot, whence hoses fed the guns used in apply­ tracks consisting of single 56-pound steel rails shuttle car operated across the deck of the ing the compound. Because of the distance set at line ancl grade on woocleu ties. A re­ liner. As the car moved across the machine traversed in the course of 14 cl ays, and the volving spiral cutter-wo rm trimmed the bot­ the concrete was released through a bottom windy climate, curing by water was deemed tom and moved the spoil to the central ele­ gate and slid clown an inclined steel plate to infeasible. Whitewash was used on the sec­ vator which dumped it onto a belt conveyor the open-bottomed pockets along the front of tion of lining adjacent to tunnel No. 1 to pre­ for discharge to the lower berm. The ma­ the slip form. The pockets served to bold vent excessive absorption of heat by the black chine was powered by three gasoline-driven the concrete on the slopes annd to feed the surface of the curing membrane. motors; two opera tecl the cutters on the

The Reclamation Era, August1940 { 223} slopes and moved the machine ahead by ports fo r the fin ishers. A paint jumbo car­ pneumatic tires wh ich traveled in top and means of gear ed wheels on the tracks. The r ied a small compressor and a supply of clear bottom guide channels across the bottom and third operated the bottom trimmer, the ele­ curing compound, of which three coats were up the slop in g sides of the canal. The driver vator, and the conveyor. J acks under the applied. H ere, as prev iously, curing by water carri age was moved by cables actuated by a main frame of the trimmer all owed adjust­ was considered impracticable. The completed gasoline motor, and the hammer by a ir from ment for grade. The machine adva nced lining wa of good quality. a compressor set on one end of the double about about one foot per minute. A 10-ton truss. r oller and a ir tampers were used for com­ Fourth Contract (Specifications No. 748) The driver required a special foot and co n­ pactin g the bottom and the slopes. The ditch sid erable experimenting was done before the for the subdrain was excavated by hand and Gu thrie-1\lcDougall Co. and Mark C. best size a nd shape were determined. Finally, by pavement breakers. The steel was laid as Walker & Son Co. used somewhat different a steel plate, about 12 by 36 inches, with bev- described previously, co ncrete bricks being methods and machinery on the 8.9 miles of eled edges, seemed to withstand the hammer­ used for its support. lining above tunnel No. 5. The principal ing a ncl produce the best results. The rate of This trimmer produced a good subgrade in pieces of machinery, in order of their prog­ travel of the driver carriage was such as to general, although the material to be removed ress down the canal, were: The compacting allow some overlap in the travel of the ham­ varied in texture and required handwork in machine built by t his co ntractor; trimmer mer, which operated at about 90 blows per places. As much water as the subgrade designed and built by Clyde Wood of Stock­ minute. Where special attention was re­ would abso1·b was applied by hand sprinkling. ton, Ca lif. ; a small conveyor for r emoving quired, as at berms and low spots, Ingersoll­ Concrete lining.--The lining machine was the drain excavation ; wooden jumbos for Rand air tampers were used. Forward mo­ similar in principle to that used by J . A. handling tile, gravel and steel ; the lining tion of the compacting equipment was by Terteling & Sons, and modeled after it. The machine designed a nd bu il t, also, by Clyde means of an air tugger and cables attached main plate, however, was only 3.5 feet wide, Wood;and fo ur wooden jumbos used by fin. to the track. to prevent flo ating of the machine, which was ishers and pa in ters. All of these machines The trimmer (photo No. 3) consisted of a lighter than the one used on the upper sec­ used under specifications No. 748 were moved traveling steel jumbo with a chain of cntting tions of the canal. Lack of proper design on wheel which traversed the single 70- buckets running across the bottom and up resulted in frequent break-downs in the op­ pound steel track la id on each berm. Three each slope. The spoil was dumped onto the erating machinery. The narrow plate made by 12-inch wooden ties spaced on 3-foot lowe 1· berm by a belt conveyor. Two gasoline it less difficult to move the liner around the centers were used a nd pins through them moto rs operated the bucket lines and convey­ curves in the canal. J acks in this machine minimized lateral movement To maintain or ; a third operated a hoist which pulled lhe permitted adjustment fo r grade as required. line and grade for the trimming and lining machine ahead by cables. The angle between Wooden ribbons, as described previously, equipment, the track were set carefully to the bottom and slopes was rounded by the were used for the vertical sides of the berms the line and grade of the canal. transverse travel of the buckets. Hand com­ and for control of the line and grade. Pro­ Trimmingand compacting subgrade.--The paction was used where necessary to com­ pulsion was by means of gasoline-driven presence of cemented sand and gravel and plete the preparation of the grade ahead of drums with cables attachecl to the t racks "nigger heads" in the fi rst 2 miles of this con. the drain installation and steel-laying oper­ ahead of the slip form. An endless cable tract (specifications No. 748) , nece sitated ations. shuttled the concrete car on the deck of the OYerexcavation and refill with suitable mate­ Concr ete lining.--The type of lining ma­ liner, the concrete being dropped through a rial before the subgrade could be compacted chine (photo No. 4) used was developed on the bottom gate to the pockets. A slump of 3 and trimmed. Water was applied during this Colorado River aqueduct in California. The inches was necessary for placement and proces s and ahead of the lining operation so sliding fo rm in thi s case was 4 feet wide, with working of the concrete handled through this as to permit proper absorption into the grade. some lag at the upper ends of the sloping equipment. The maximum daily run was The compacting machine (photo No. 2) con­ plates. The shuttle car received the concrete 336 linear feet; the average 258 linear feet. sistecl of au a ir-d riven pile driver bead of the from the mixer and dropped it through a bot­ A staging on the rear of the machine, type used for driving steel sheet piling. This tom gate to the inclined plate, from: whence followed by wooden jumbos, provided sup- driver was mounted on a. carriage having it wa s di scharged into open-bottom pockets

Photo 2: Compacting machine operating at Station 1125, 8 miles east of Yakima. Hammer at left. Photo 3: Canal trimming machine at Station 1124.

{ 224} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 Photo 4: Lining machine in operation at Station 1141, 10 Photo 5: Lined canal. The concrete is first painted with miles east of Yakima. coal-tar cut-back and then coated with whitewash as a tempera­ ture control. The dark patches on the lining are openings left along the front of the slip form. The rear for the piers of a bridge to be constructed. edge of the main plate was placed near the center of the machine to facilitate movement the steps of the two jumbos which followed Uncler specifications No. 652 (extra work arouncl curves. Plates attached to the sloping it. Those working on the berms used short order No. 1), the 1,130-foot section of canal side plates formed the tops and sides of the sections of 2 by 4 to support the vertical faces above tunnel No. 3 was trimmed by hand berms. The machine was carried on 2- of the concrete while floating and trowelling. after the necessary compaction by sheepsfoot wheeled trusses, the span between wheels It was planned to have special vibrators com­ roller and air tampers. The drain and steel being adjustable for movement on curves. pact the berms as the machine advanced, but were laid as usual. Concrete for the floor was The method of placing and consolidating the manufacturer did not construct them soon transported by bucket from the mixer, and the lining differed from methods previously enough. The finishing process for the bottom spread and finished by hand. A step joint was described. Tube vibrators extended through and slopes included floating and trowelling, provided at each edge of the floor, the joints the pockets across the bottom and up each ha rd t rowelling being the final step. It was being cleaned by wire brushing and water and slope. The connections supporting the vi­ found that surface markings caused by spring­ air jets. As the concrete was placed at the brators in the framework of the liner were ing of the reinforcement could be eliminated foot of the slope, the joint faces were given a provided with rubber pads to dampen vibration largely by trowelling upward at an angle of bonding coat of grout. of the slip form. Electric motors operated the 45° and also longitudinally. Each night a A jumbo was built by the contractor for unbalanced shafts inside the tubes at 2,300 rev­ wooden header was used to form a vertical lining the slopes. This consisted of a heavy olutions per minute. Extensive experimenting joint at the encl of the clay's run. The steel framework carried by wheels which moved was done in connection with the determination mat was continuous, but the lining was scored 011 wooden rails, one on the berm, the other at of the proper amplitude for the vibrators. The five-eighths of an inch deep at intervals of the foot of the slope. A steel plate, 10 feet nse of these tube vibrators permitted satisfac­ 12 feet to control the location of contraction long and 2 feet wide, sen ·ed to form each tory placement at a low slump-2 to 2½ inches. cracks. panel of the lining as it was drawn up the It was found ad,isable to operate the vibra­ Curing (photo No. 5) was accomplished by slope by hand hoists. The concrete was con­ tors only as the machine advanced, as pro­ spray application of coal-tar cutback, fol­ solidated by internal vibration. The slopes tracted vibration in one position actually lowed by a sprayed covering of whitewash to on curves were shaped to avoid flat surfaces. "floated" the liner. Excellent consolidation prevent excessive heat absorption and couse­ The berms were formed by hand. The fin­ was obtained with this equipment and the con­ quent expansion of the concrete. The equip­ ishing was done in the usual manner. crete was otherwise of good quality, as indi­ ment for applying the tar was carried on one Under specifications No. 711-2 (extra work cated by compressive strength test results as jumbo, and that for applying whitewash 011 a order No. 4), the 100-foot stretch of lining high as 5,600 pounds per square inch at 28 second jumbo. The tar was warmed in the below the siphon was placed by hand, the days. early morning by piping the exhaust from the floor being laid first, then the slopes. Power for the machine was supplied by a motor into a metal jacket surrounding the As the lined canal constructed under these gasoline-driven generator with push-button storage tank. Compressors driven by gaso­ contracts has as yet no service record, the control from a panel on the front of the ma­ line motors supplied air for the spray guns. relative performance of the several sections, chine. Electric motors drove the concrete The tar was applied as soon as possible and of the work a. a whole in comparison with shuttle car and the vibrators, and pulled the after the completion of the hard trowelli11g, other similar projects, has not been demon­ machine ahead by means of cables. Progress and the whitewash as soon as the tar seemed strated. However, it is known that vibra­ varied with the rate of preparation of the hard enough to receive it without discolora­ grade and the production of concrete. The tion. Although whitewash containing about tors, especially those of the tube type used in machine could be advanced 2 feet per minute, 7 percent casein glue hacl good adhesion, it the Wood machine, have permitted lower and as much as 120 feet of lining per hour was gradually removed by weathering. water-cement ratios than were possible other­ was accomplished. Usually, the movement The best run by Guthrie-McDougall and wise, and the concrete placed by them has was intermittent, making the average some­ ·walker was 821 linear feet in 8 hours. Such shown the highest density and compressive what less. progress was possible only when all parts of strengths. The superiority of tube vibrators The 15 finishers worked from the staging at­ the organization were "clicking." The aver­ for use in the mechanical construction of con­ tached to the rear of the slip form, and from age 8-hour run was 555.5 linear feet. crete canal lining has been proven.

The Reclamation Era, August 1940 { 225} Floating-Ring Gate and Glory-Hole Spillway at Owyhee Dam

By LEWIS G. SMITH, Assistant Engineer, Denver Office

ONE of tbe more interesting structures cre­ were completed in 1932, r eservoir levels had of a vertical, downwardly tapering, va riable ated in recent years by tbe Bureau of Rec­ not permitted them to be tested under actual diameter shaft to a 22-foot diameter tunnel, lamation is the glory-bole type spillway at operating conditions until four years later, in used formerly for diversion of the river during Owyhee Darn in Oregon. Noted for its touch March 1936. Three years' performance of construction of the dam (fig. 2). The total of originality, this spillway has, for its type, these have now been witnessed, making it pos­ drop from intake crest to the tunnel is, as a n unprecedented and to date unequaled height sible to discover the degree to which the stated, 309 feet, or 14 feet higher than the of 309 feet, with a 60-foot crest diameter. It soundness of the designer's foresight has been dome of the United States Capitol Building has a 12-foot overflow controlling height, with confirmed. Often the hydrologic, topographic, in Washington, D. C. Immediately upstream steel-ring gate installed at the circular over­ and geologic conditions at a dam site form a from the junction of the vertical shaft with flow weir. While the glory-hole type of spill­ triumvirate in economic favor of the glory­ the horizontal tunnel is a plug of concrete for way with lesser heights of fall had previously hole type of spillway, especially where a non­ sealing off the r eservoir at the tunnel eleva­ been used at several earlier clams, some hav­ overflow clam is to be built. Hence it is of tion. ing free crests and others having a number of live concern to disclose what experience has The ring gate at the crest is provided so radial gates between piers, tbe installation at been gained from the Owyhee spillway. It that, during normal inflows to the reservoir Owyhee was the first and, to the knowledge of is proposed to review here the reasons for the gate can be raised, preventing spilling of the Bureau, is yet the only instance in which selecting this type of spillway, the general the water and allowing it to be conserved in a single gate controlling the full circle of the design, construction, and performance of the the reservoir storage space above the spillway crest has been used (fig. 1). The ring gate spillway, with particular attention given to crest; then, during high run-off, after the res­ is a hollow, annular drum, seated within a some of the more salient mechanical features ervoir is already full, to be lowered so as to hydraulic chamber surrounding and in con­ of the ring gate, such as the means provided waste water through the spillway rather than junction with the upper surfaces of the ring for keeping the gate level at all times; the allow it to overtop the dam. As the flood gate forming the spillway crest. It is raised method of automatic and hand control, with recedes the gate will again be raised according or lowered as one complete unit by its own emergency safety measures ; provisions for to the reservoir levels so that no more water buoyancy in water introduced into the cham­ a,oiding negative pressures at the inner lip than necessary is wasted. Within a certain ber from the reservoir. of the gate; and the means adopted for pre­ range of reservoir levels the normal operation At the time of installation the ring gate venting the formation of ice around the periph­ of the gate is automatic, but hand controls are represented a bold departure from established ery of the crest. provided so that the gate may remain in the practice. Many operating conditions had to The glory-hole intake structure of the spill­ lowered position should this be desirable. A be foreseen and provided for in making a fool­ way is located on a promontory on the north single gate, instead of a number of gates proof design. Although the spillway and gate side of the reservoir and connects by means between piers, was chosen because with the single gate the diameter of the crest could be considerably smaller in achieving the same discharge capacity. The glory-bole type of spillway was selected after much weighing of facts, theory, and judgment. Because of plans to build in the future a power plant near the foot of the dam, and in view of the confining character of the canyon walls, an overflow crest section in the clnm was excluded, giving way to some type of appurtenant spillway leading around the dam. An open-channel spillway would have required large amounts of rock excavation because the

PLAN canyon walls continue in an abrupt ascent above the crest level of the dam. A tunnel type of spillway chute therefore seemed to National Cap itol present the more favorable solution of the wasteway. Of the common types of intake structure used in combination with a tunnel chute, such as the side channel as at Boulder Dam, the straight approach as at Seminoe, and the glory hole, the last named proved to offer a substantial saving over the others. A diver­ sion tunnel was required in any event because of the scarcity of working area in the bottom '22.6' Circula r tunnel of the canyon and the presence of a fault 113 feet deep to be mined and backfilled with con­ ~£1. 2350 LONGITUDINAL SECTION THRU DIVERS ION TUNNEL AND SP ILLWAY crete. The less expensive connection between

{ 226} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 Figure I. Crest structure for glory-hole spillway during filling Figure 3. Crest structure during construction, of reservoir.

the spillway intake structure and the diversion over the inner lip of the hydraulic chamber, of the inner lip required expert carpentry, ancl tunnel was, according to the most fundamental an air duct extending the full circuit of the resulted in one of the most perfect curved­ theorem in geometry, a vertical drop. It can structure is formed on the inward side, with surface jobs the Bureau has known. Forms be seen from figure 2 that the promontory on 8-inch pipes leading from the ceiling of the for this section were made of matched ¾­ which the crest structure is located was ideal duct to the top of the lip. The air duct con- by 4-inch facing a nd were constructed en bloc for the type of spillway selected. Compara- nects with the air shaft in the forepart of the at the carpenters' shed, then cut for placing. tively little excavation was required for the control pier. On preliminary designs it bacl Metal-lined panel forms were used in the crest structure and tbe shaft. Even though been planned to feed this air shaft through cylindrical portions below, where concrete was an inclined shaft with some other type of a floor grating at the top of the pier. Later placed in 10-foot lifts. Concrete was delivered intake had been selected, the hydraulic prob­ it was seen that this would constitute a to a loading hopper from the mixing plant lems a rising from the jet falling within a gravehazard to the safety of visitors stand­ and from the hopper to the forms by a 1-yard, closed conduit with consequent entrainment ing on the top of the pier as the bea vy clown bottom-gate bucket on a 90-foot boom of a of air would have been similar though perhaps draft of l1igh velocity might tend to draw derrick located midway between the hopper not identical to those prevailing with the ver­ them against the inlet grating and crush and the shaft. The ring gate was placed in tical shaft. Hence, almost every considera­ them. In avoiding the possibility of such oc­ position before the upper tips of the crest tion seemed to emphasize the desirability of currences, the air-intake openings were placed structure were poured, as shown in figure 3. the glory-hole type, and it was therefore in the sides of the pier. Subsequently, how­ chosen. ever, the luring fascination of the water Ring Gate Crest Structure swiftly pouring into the dark abyss in so spectacular a fashion proved to be so strong The ring gate was fabricated in 12 circular The intake structure, made of reinforced an attraction to the first vis itors that they erecting segments, each being 16 feet 9½6 concrete, is comprised of the circular crest swarmed out on the pier nose and stood up inches in length, as shown in figure 4. It is with an adjoining control chamber ancl pier on the railings, the better to see this strange an assemblage of wall, roof, a nd bottom plates on the lanclwarcl side, as shown in figure 2. phenomenon, and took so many risks in sat­ %-inch thick, laced vertically at 16-foot 91/26- The circular crest structure contains the isfying the urge to look clown into this en­ inch intervals constituting the vertical joints ring-gate hydraulic chamber which is 7.5 trance to a modern version of Dante's descent between segments, as shown in section BB, feet in maximum wicllh with a mea n diam­ into the infernal regions that it became neces­ and braced horizontally at six intermediate eter of 60 feet ancl an approximate depth of sary to enclose the pier in heavy woven fenc­ planes as shown in the plan view and in tne 16 feet. For seating the gate in its lowered ing and so prevent visitors, for their own section AA. Each segment has a field splice position, 12 concrete pedestals 18 inches high safety. from gaining access to it. about midway the height of the gate as shown are constructed at the flooring at 30° spacings In order to prevent the formation of ice in section AA. This splice was imposed by of the circle. Water for floating the gate into near the spillway crest, which formation transportation limitations. Erecting segments raised positions is supplied through an inlet might otherwise hinder the operation of the were joined with field rivets through encl pipe protected by a trash-rack structure lo­ gate during periods of nonoverflow, a system stiffeners of adjacent segments, and abutting cated approximately 60 feet downstream of compressed air outlets is provided. Air skin plates were field-welded and ground from the control pier. The nose of the con­ pipes extend to the top of the outer lip of the smooth. Seating shoes, consisting of short trol pier was placed radially adjacent to the crest structure at 4-foot intervals. With air pieces of 21-inch I beams, are bolted to the circular crest at the side closest to the shore bubbling through at these points, warm water bottom skin plate on each side of the field so as to avoid swirl or whirling vortex ac­ is brought up from below in the vicinity of the joint. These shoes rest on the 12 concrete tion of the water as it overflowed the crest. gate and is kept sufficiently agitated to pre­ pedestals previously mentioned, as may be The figures showing the spillway in action vent its freezing. seen in sections B- B and D- D, figure 5. illustrate clearly the radially converging in­ The inner and outer lips of the hydraulic The lip at the top of the gate, being curved ward flow proving that no swirl or vortex chamber were reinforced both circumferen­ in two dimensions, required that the top plates motion is present. tially and radially, with care being exercised be scalloped in conformity with best shop In order to prevent negative pressures to balance the reinforcement of these two sys­ practice in vogue at the time of construction. where the inner lip of the ring gate protrudes tems. The forming of the bell-shaped surface Subsequently, improvements have been made

The Reclamation Era, August 1940 ( 227} in plate-shop technique so that now it is pos­ the torques as exerted, is exceedingly nection in the floor of the hydraulic chamber. sible to have the plates pressed with the de­ small. Each year the gear racks and leveling Each year the drains are taken apart and sired curvings without undue difficulty of device are cleaned and coated with a water­ cleaned to make sure that all swinging joints shop fabrication or marked variation in thick­ proof grease. Flanges on the gear-rack wheels are free and not fouled by rust. ness of the plate. prevent the gate from rotating in the chamber. During installation of the gate some diffi­ One of the most difficult matters which had See enlarged section a t "A," figure 5. Two culty was experienced in making the field to be faced in the ring gate was the problem of guide-rollers are placed at each 30-degree plices at the midsections of erecting segments keeping the gate level, even though a large point on the circumference at the top on the caused by bending and warping of the wans amount of trash, logs, or ice become snared at outside of the gate for preventing any ten­ while in transit. From this experience it was one side. In meeting this problem an arrange­ dency of the gate to jog laterally. concluded that the splices might better have ment was devised which makes it physically Spring-type metal seals are provided at the been placed at one of the planes of horizontal impossible for one side of the gate to be ap­ inner and outer lips of the hydraulic chamber, ring-rib bracing which could have been preciably higher than the other. This device and are arranged so that the seal on the inner ranged to provide support for both halves of is illustrated in figure 5. Each gate shoe, pre­ side prevents the escaping of water from the the segment at the plane of joining. After viously mentioned, is equipped at the bottom hydraulic chamber, and the seal on the outer installation the gate was tested by floating it with two bearing brackets which support side prevents entrance of reservoir water into to a raised position as shown in figure 7. 3 15/16-inch diameter shafts extending in the chamber at this point. These seals im­ both directions circumferentially to the prove the functioning of the gate when it is in Gate Controls shoe next removed. These shafts have geared the raised or nearly raised positions; how­ rack wheels keyed at each encl. The twin ever, the performance of the gate in this posi­ Operation of the ring gate is similar in gen­ track wheels at each shoe mesh with vertical tion is not wholly dependent upon the effec­ eral principle to that of the conventional drum gear racks anchored to the concrete wall of tiveness of the seals. The manner of opera­ gates such as are installed at the spillways the chamber. With this arrangement, any tion is such that the gate will function even at Boulder clam and are to be installed at the vertical movement at one shoe is simultane­ though all seals should become totally inef­ overflow crests of Grand Coulee and Shasta ously transmitted by rotation of the shafts to fective. Dams. There are two general phases of gate the two adjacent shoes and so on around the The gate is raised, as stated, by its buoy­ operation; the first, in which the gate is entire circumference of the gate. The only ancy in displaced water ; hence, any appre­ caused to rise in advance of a rising reservoir opportunity for lag between one side of the ciable amounts of leakage into the interior of by means of water communicated directly to gate and the other arises either from twist in the ring gate would impair its operation. It the hydraulic chamber from the resen ·oir, the shafts or from play between the gears of was necessary therefore to provide internal with the elevation of the water surface within the wheels and the gears of the racks. In or­ drainage of the gate. These drains, shown in the chamber being the sa me as the elevation der to minimize the latter possibility the gears section "G-G," figure 6, were placed at four of the reservoir surface ; and the second were accurately machined. As for twist in equal intervals around the circumference. phase, in which either the automatic or hand the shafts, the amount to be produced on a Flexible-jointed piping was installed between controls are brought into play in a manner as 3 15/16-inch diameter cold-steel rod, with the gate connection and the drain outlet con- to disturb the balance of water surface leYels

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60' x 12' SPILLWAY RING ASSEMBLY PLAN AND SECTIONS .. . .. BOTTOM

{ 228} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 Bron

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The Reclamation Era, August 1940 { 229} Figure 7. Ring gate floated to raised position during test. Figure 9. The glassy smoothness of the rapidly flowing water, 2½ feet deep over crest shown in this picture, as it starts its 300-foot plunge, is remarkable.

Figure 8. Spillway with l ½-foot depth on crest. Figure 10. Spillway discharging a very thin film of water over ring gate crest. The radially converging flow is plainly by draining water from ,Yi thin the hydraulic seen here. chambers faster than it fl ows in, causing the surface level within the chamber to lower and controls a re also interco nnected through the a re attached to this rod at some preestablished the gate to recede even though the resen ·o ir various sheaves wi th two cables attached to point so that as the fl.o at is raised by water continues to ri se. the ri11g gate, so that a principl e of counterac­ co mmnnicated directly from the reservoir, it In the first phase, water is communicated tion is introduced whereby a ny movement of co ntacts the clamps and exerts an upward to the chamber directly through a 24-inch inlet the gate a utomaticall y and simultaneously op­ pull on the float sheave which in turn lifts pipe, shown at the left of section A- A, figure erates to oppose such movement, causing equi­ the pilot valves of the two 24-inch control 6, which extends to an inlet structure removed librium of the control system to be reestab­ valves. The same result is accomplished by downstream from the crest. A valve is placed li shed at successive fresh positions of the gate. turning the handwheel, serving to lift the float in line at the co ntrol chamber so that, if de­ This pt·inciple is explained later. rod. Weights placed on the control cable sired, the gate ca n be checked from rising br The 24-inch control valves for co ntrolling where th e end s connec t with the pilot valves, cutting off communication of water to the the water level in the hydraulic chamber are force the control valves to seek closed posi­ chamber. opened or closed by means of pilot valves con­ tions. The weight of these must be overcome In the control a rrangement for the second nected to control ca bles. These cables extend by the lift exerted on the control rods in order phase of operation, as shown in figure 6, water upward from the valves a nd overwind the for the valves to open. is drained from the hydraulic chamber upper or float shearn, common to both cables, In providing the co unteracting element of through two 2-l-inch, needle-type, control then extend downward.· a nd across to connect control two cables which are fastened to a vah·es which in turn a ,·e controll ed by a s~·stem with the axle of one of the twin-gate cable bracket bolted to the bottom of the ring gate of co ntrol cables a nd sheave~ either accorcling­ sheaves The upper sheave is fastened to the at a point near the co ntrol pier, extend up­ to the automatic action of a float loeatecl in lower end of a rod which extends upward wa rd, across pulleys, then downward to be a well above the control chamber or hy a through the fl oa t well a nd through the center fastened to the outer rims of the twin gate­ handwheel located on top of the pier. These of the float to the ha ndwheel above Clamps ca bl e sheaves.

( 230} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 P erformance ments, was found to work perfectly. On this work back unhampered. For flows greater elate (May 5, 193G) an inspection was made of than the 1½ feet over the crest, such as shown The ring gate as designed has, except fo1• the concrete at the foot of the spillway shaft, in figure 9, the air pressure is not sufficient to slight modifications in the operating controls, and in the diversion tunnel, and no indications break back and is forced out through the proved entirely satisfactory mechanically; in of erosion were found. This was after ap­ outlet encl. It is believed that a supplemental fact, it is possible to set and hold the gate proximately 55,000 acre-feet of water had air duct could be readily provided for air within 0.10 foot of any desired setting with passed over the spillway. The maximum flow escape near the bottom of the shaft which the manual control. During early operation over the spillway during the month is esti­ would prevent this regurgitation. slight stiffness was encounterecl in the con­ mated to be 0,300 econcl-feet. The rush of Many of the features relating to the floating­ trols making it desirable to increase the water out of the spillway tunnel formed an ring gate and its controlling mechanism a re weights on the pilots of the 24-inch control eddy whi ch co m1 lctely cut out the small bar believed to be new and novel, and the engi­ valves from 60 to 106 pounds each. on which the inspector 's office was located. neers who evolved ::incl cle,eloped these inven­ The automatic controls under normal con­ leaving a small helf of solid rock in front tions have entered patent applications cover­ ditions function as contemplated in the de­ of the lower entrance to the clam, and it also ing these inventions, the interc ts of the Gov­ sign; however, the gate is so responsive to washed out the rn i !road trestle, and about 300 ernment being con served by its guaranteed flu ctuations in reservoir level that, during high feet of the fill in the canyon immediately be­ right of royalty-free use of these devices cov­ winds blowing downstream, the wave action low the clnrn." ered under these patent applications, as is causes the flo at to rise as much as 0.10 foot During fl ows around 1½ feet in depth over mnde mandatory by law. above the normal elevation, causing the gate the crest, the water falls in a solid sheet to lower more than would be desired for the toward the center of the spillway shaft and existing true reservoir level. In addition to Acknow l edgrnents apparently entrains air faster thau it can be this, a slight change in depth of water over the crest cau es a considerable change in released at the outlet encl of the . pill way tun­ This article was made possible through the quantity of water discharged. Sudden nel, causing the air pressure to build up un­ cooperation of a number of Bureau of changes in di ·charge make it difficult to regu­ til great enough to "regurgitate" or break Reclamation engineers. P. A. Kinzie, senior late the gates on canal di tches below. In through the sheet of o,erflowing ,vater. This engineer, conceived of the article originally, view of this, the clamp piece on the float rod air comes through with enough force to carry furn ished all information on the ring-gate de­ was raised so that the automatic control ·pray 50 or 60 feet above the level of the gate sign, and offered constructive assi ta.nee in would be inoperative through a certain range crest, as mny be . ·ecn in figure 8. This phe­ his review of the a rticle. J. J. Hammond, of reservoir flu ctuation but would again come nomenon occur · sometimes as often as once senior engineer, furnished information on the every 15 second s and sometimes only once in into play during high water so that snfeguard structural clesi "U of the crest structure. against overtoppingthe dam is provided. 5 minutes, depending llpon the tail-water ele­ Dick R. Stockham, reservoir superintendent at The Owyhee monthly report dated May 5, vations which are influenced, also by the Owyhee, furnished information on the per­ 1936, reads in part as follows: "The spillway water released through neeclle-, alve outlets at formance of · th e spillway and gate. All ring gate was put in service for the first time the clnm. For flow less than above-stated, photographs were taken by the Bureau of on April 14, and with a few minor adjust- excess entrained air is apparently able to Reclamation. Irrigation History and Resettlement of Milk River Project By GLADYS R. COSTELLO , Malta, Montana ( Contin1ted From June Iss1te}

ON those hi gh '·benches·• ( uncl e,·elopecl ir­ a good share o.r the adjustment nece sary will Scattered over this 7,000,000-acre project rigable Janel) who ·e rich soils protl nce cl the be accomplished before a profit can be made area, 339 range reservoirs were created by best grass in the world, wh eat farming is by either the farmer or the ranchers. clamming coulees and providing storage for possibl e where la rge-scale operation can be In other words, assured crops raised in the the spring run-off; 35 natural ·prings and old carried out by nrn chinery nn cl where units of irrigable valley are necessary for the economic wells were cleaned out and improved ; 59,704 800 to 2,000 ncres cn n be cropped a nd fallowed. welfare of the tockmen and the developed acres of abandoned crop land were seeded to Possibilities of tl1e ll e1·eJopment of fi oocl irri­ range lands, where they can pasture small c1·ested wheat grass ; abandoned farm build­ gation make a few other nrt>n;: ;:; uitnble for flo cks of sheep or small herds of beef cattle ings, old sheds, corrals, and fences were re­ farming and the raising of feed a ncl h,iy crops. during the summer, are essential for the farm· moved, and dry wells and cellar holes were But, because of the vast acreages of land ers whose irrigated lands are too expensive filled in to make the range safe for stock. fit only for livestock, it is safe to assume that for pasture. Rodents were eradicated from 482,000 acres; stockraising will be one of the principal in­ By the encl of tl1e fi scal year 1939 the Soil 326 miles of line and boundary fences were dustries of northern Montana for some time Conservation Service program of acquisition constructed; nine corral and clipping-vat units to come. The distance from markets has al­ and development bad resulted in the purchase were located at central locations for the use ways handicapped both farmers and stock­ of 970,199 acres of abandoned cropland. This of the stockmen ; and numerous other jobs men, and home consumption of products would land, overgrown with weeds and fringed sage such as the building of roads, cattle guards, assist in bnlancing the t,vo agricultural pur­ and denuded of topsoil by wind erosion, was and, in cooperation with the United States suits. If the stockmnn can market a share of practically worthless as grazing Janel until it Biological Survey and the Montana fish and his lamb and calf crop to the feeder in the was reseeded, protectt>d from trespass by range game department, the planting of adaptive valley and the purchaser in turn ca n fatten stock, and provided with sufficient stock water fi sh and cover in some of the larger reservoirs the animals on his surplus home-grown feeds, to make it usable in dry seasons. was co mpleted. In time, nature would have

The Reclamation Era, August 1940 { 231 } acres; construction of 73 miles of fence, 61 miles of irrigation ditches, 44 miles of drains, 15 miles of roacls, 8 bridges, 18 river struc­ tures, and thousands of feet of iLTigation cul­ verts, and flumes, as well as the installation of such structures as tum-outs, checks, drops, and di\·ision boxes. Modern farm homes were constructed on the South ,vagner acreage and the first pur­ chased area was approved. In addition to houses, barns, poultry houses, farmstead fences, and roads were co nstructed. Houses on the remaining units were lower in cost and less modern but Yery desirable for farm houses, being warmer, roomier and more con­ Yenient than the average farm home in tbis ~ection of the country. Good farm buildings, roads, and fences were provided. The family subsistence tracts, which vary from 1 to 5 acres, are an important part of South Wagner Community School, attended at present by 85 children. irrigable land development on the Milk Rh·er­ nortbern Montana pr oject. These small tracts, upon which good hou es, small barns, restored tbe good, hardy grasses to northern on irrigable lands in tbe Milk River Valley. garages, and chicken houses have been con­ Montana without anotber period of drougbt, Some 18,143 acres of irrigable land had been structed, are designed for farm laborers and but the reseeding of a hardy adaptive gra s purchased in the valley, anll after subdivision heads of families who have some employ­ and the conservation of water bas accom­ into units varying in size from 80 to 160 acres, ment. A low rental is charged for the house plisbed more in 5 years than nature coulcl have a limited number of families could be re­ and Janel, and mucb of the family living can clone in 20, or perbaps would have been able located. be obtained from the small feed plot, garden, to do in 120 years. Many of these 901 families, ho\\'ever, had a cow, chickens, and a few pigs. Project sold their submarginal land to the Government Manager H. L. Lantz regards tbem as an R estorat-ion of Submarginca Range Areas and thus were enabled to finance tbeir own integral part of the entire program because resettlement either in other parts of the State, they serve as stepping stones up and clown, One of the big factors in re toration of the or in other States. Other were eligible for to and from larger units. submarginal range areas has been the forma­ old-age pensions. Some found work in the tion of local cooperative grazing associations, towns and Yillages and abandoned farming as 1'ivo Classes of Farm Clients operating under the grazing service of United an occupation and still others drifted into the States Department or the Interior. Eleven farm-labor class. During the transition There are two classes of farm clients, lease such organizations control practically every period tbey were able to support their families clients, and lease and purchase clients. The acre of range land in the three co untie . by tl1e work programs of the two Government former lease developed farm units from the Range is allotted to ranchers nnd stockmen agencies. GoYernment on a crop share basis, paying the on a commensurate basis, no man being Subdivision of the purcha. eel irrigable lands expenses of planting, cultiYating, and harvest­ allowed to summer stock on the range unless into 132 farm units and 31 family subsistence ing, wbile tbe GO\·ernment pays to the coun­ he has the farm or ranch set-up to raise units was possible. ties the equivalent of taxes a· well as the ir­ winter feed. These associations administer Selection of families was painstaking. rigation charges. Lease :rncl purchase clients public-domain and soil-conservation lands and Primarily a family, to come uncl er class A re­ are buying their deYeloped units at the ap­ lease State, county, corporate, and nonco r­ quirement for resettlement, must bave sold praised possible productive value on a 40--year porate lands for the use of members. Such dry land or been a tenant on purchased co ntract bearing 3 percent interest. The cli­ ndministration of the range will prevent over­ irrigable lnnd. Character, reputation, age, ent pays 41,{i percent of the appraised price grazing, neighborhood "range wars," and en­ and adaptability were all taken into con­ as interest and annual p:iyment, as well as able the stockmen and farmers to plan graz­ sideration. tbe tnxes, water charges, insurance, and up­ ing programs so as to contribute to their owu keep. At this rate a farm valued at $7,000 and the country's good. It also definitely l'roject D evelopment will require an annual payment to the Gov­ gives preferred use of public lands to estab­ ernment of about $300. lished taxpayers. As most of the purchased irrigable Janel The Farm Security project office at Malta The purchase of almost a million acres of was in an undeveloped state, except for main has applications on fil e from hundreds of dry­ submarginal land in Phillips, Blaine, and irrigation ditches, the intensive development land farmers now living witbin the area who Valley Counties displaced 901 farm familie of this land for maximum efficiency was per­ desire resettlement on irrigable farm units, who bad been clinging precn riously to the haps the most important job in connection but because there is no money for the pur­ borderline between making a living and being with the resettlement of the former dry-land chase of irrigable land, its development, and dependent upon Government loans of various farmers. Approximately 814 acres out of a the construction of houses and other build­ kinds. Statistics on relief indicate that the 15,000-acre maximum were in production in ings, the Farm Security Administration is majority of the displaced farmers hacl ceased 1936, while 11,757 acres will be cropped in without power to assist them. to cling to the borderline but had definitely 1940. This figure represents the well-devel­ On the otber hand, it is estimated there slipped off on the relief side. oped irrigable acreage and does 110t take into are between 50,000 and 60,000 acres of un­ The Farm Security Administration, whose consideration the timber and pasture lands. developed land under gravity irrigation or project coincided with that of tbe Soil Con­ Development of the land has consisted of with less than a 20-foot lift for pumping servation Service project, a ttemptecl to re­ leveling and draining the 11,757 acres, agri­ from Milk River that could be purchased for settle as many as possible of these families cultural development of nn additional 561 less than $20 per acre. Recent surveys show

( 232} The Reclamation Era, Aug11st 1940 also that approximately 300,000 acres of good lands can be deYeloped for irrigation from the F ort P eck Resen ·oir. The problem is to get the la nds under the control of some F ed­ eral agency where legislation would permit their deYelopment and ·n le to destitute fami­ lies who should be cl ernting their time and energy toward making themselves self-sup­ porting ra ther than in trying to get more r elief and assistance from a benevolent gov­ ernment to enable them to remain on sub­ marginal dry land in the hopes of a better crop next year. The irrigable land in northern Montana should be purchased and developed by the GoYernment for resettlement by worthy fami­ lies now living on submarginal dry land. The deYelopment of the South Wagner co m­ munity, where 24 familie. are now residing 011 Janel once owned by three individuals. proves conclusively that resettlement has not Family subsistence units on Milk River project farms. only benefited the farmers themseh e bu t the community a nd the county. Farmers in the South Wagner community have consist­ pass by such organizations a cooperative In these latter yaJleys the farming popula­ ently raised larger beet tonnages per acre grazing associations. In the wheat farming tion of the counties will be concentrated and than farmers in older communities and have districts, where mecha nization of farming here, by the Yery fact of this concentration, made as good a showing with other crops. methods has been successful, the farmers ·tandards of living will rise. Better schools This in spite of the fa ct that a few yea rs must be assured sufficient acreage for eco­ will be possible, electrification of farms will ago most of the Janel they now farm was nomic farming. In the irrigable valleys and result, and not only the farm population but covered with rose brush and buck brush and wherever flood irrigation i possible every the urban population will benefit from an used only for seasonaI pa -ture, and despite acre must be put into winter feed production. economically adjusted agriculture. the fact that the majority of the farmers were unfamiliar with irrigation farming methods, which diffet· greatly from dry-land methods. It would appear from a casual glance that Visitors to All-American Canal purchase of approximately a million acres of submarginal dry land aud tb,e reseeding of some 60,000 acres of it to crested wheat grass and Gila Projects would provide grazing for a lot of cows and great flocks of sheep. But thi is not ex­ actly so. In the first place, ra nge experts ON Saturday, April 20, 1040. the Ali-Americ'.l n On the return journey to El Centro, the Pn­ agree it takes 640 acres to provide grass for Canal and Gila projects were visited by a gineers in the party were particularly 16 head of cattle or 80 head of sheep for group of 17 engineers aud citizens represent­ interested in the provisions being made to de­ the 8-montb's grazing peri od. At this rate. ing the Water and Power Committee of the velop potential hydroelectric power along lhe then, additional new range has been provided Los Angeles Chambet· of Co mmerce. They route of the All-American Canal. Stops were for 1,500 head of cattle or 7,500 head of were met and greeted at the Barbara Worth accordingly made at three of the fiv e drops so sheep. Hotel in El Centro by the construction engi­ that this phase could be viewed at first band. Considering that there are still some neer and three of his assi tants and the no­ A stop at the spectacular New River siphon 302,000 acres of submarginal fand which table visitors were then persona lly conducted near Calexico completed an ab orbing and in­ should, according to soil consenation studies, on an all-day tour of inspection of tbe irriga­ formative trip for the visitors from the Cali­ be purchased and that there are 72,420 acres tion works in this vicinity. fornia city. of abandoned crop land, which should be re­ Starting from the hotel, the party proceeded The members of the party as shown in

The Reclamation Et·a, August 1940 ( 233} I Commission, City of Los Angeles ; D. H . Fry, vice president, Union I ce Co.; A. R. Arledge, assistant civil engineer and vice preside!Ilt, R e­ tirement Board of Bureau of P ower and LigM, City of Los Angeles; N. B. Hinson, chief engi­ neer, Southern Califomia Edison Co. ; l\frs. H inson ; J oseph J ensen, cha irman, Water and Power Committee and chief petroleum engi­ neer, Tidewater Associated Oil Co.; Mrs. ·w. L. Chadwick ; W. L. Chadwick, civil enginPe r, Southern Californi a Edison Co. ; A. R. J aquith, owner Leighton Hotel ; Fra nk Simpson, owner Savoy H otel, Los Angeles, and grape grower, Coachella Valley, aged 85, "youngest" mem­ ber of party; Ira Dye, assistant to general sales manage r, Pacific Portland Cement Co., San Francisco; L. C. Mott, secretary, Mini11g Committee ; L. J . Foster, construction engi ­ neer, Bureau of Reclamation, Yuma; Jim A. Maltby, Bnreau of Recla mation, Yuma; J. K . R ohrer, Bureau of Reclamation, Yuma. Visitors to All-American Canal. Great Plains Program Includes Construction ofBuford-Trenton Project

CONSTRUCTION under the Great Plains souri River about 1 1h miles west of the r ngin ec ring probl ems expected except possibl y Program was started l\lay 6. 1940, by the confluence of the Yell owstone and l\li ssouri the location of a suitable foundation for the calling of 4G WPA laborers and carpenters to River s, 15 miles of main canal line, 20 pumpin g pla nt. the Buford-Tren ton project, North Dakota, to miles of laterals, 20 miles of dra in s, 4 miles 'l'he totnl cost of the project is estimated build shop , a warehouse, and a camp. The of power transmission supply line and ya rions as $1,500,000, of which $870,000 is to be al­ project, locnted in ,vmiams County, N. Dak., related structures. 'l'here are no difficult lotted from WPA funds to pay for the WPA north of the Missouri River at the con­ l:ibor used OD the job. The remaining fluence of the Yellowstone and Missouri Riv­ Parley Neeley (right) and James A. $630,000 will be drawn from the $5,000,000 e1·s, is the first of a number of irrigation Callan, field engineer, discuss first day's item under the 1939-40 Interior Department projects in the Great Plains dust bowl to be work on project. Act for Water Co n.-en-ation and Utility Proj­ used f or resettlement of the clrouth stricken ect~, :rnd is the amount chargeable against dry-land farmer. the Janel as r eimhnrsn bl e co ustrnction costs. 'l'he project is made feasible by the com­ The period req uired for construction is bination of the activities of three Goyern­ dependent upon the arnilability of ,vPA ment agencies. 'Ihe Bureau of Recla mation, labor, but it is anticipated that water will Department of the Interior, will function as he delil·er ecl t9 part of the a rea in the sum­ rhe constrnction agency a nd sponsor of the mer of 1942 ancl tha t all constrnction will project, cons trncting the pumping plants, be completed by the ummer of 1943. cl a ms, canal :md drainage systems, and all E mploy ment fo r the project will be made related strnctures. The Farm Security Ad­ through the Work Projects Administration ministration, Department of Agriculture, will in accordance with existing regulations. purcha ·e and clea r and level the land, furnish };~our hundred men are to be assigned to the clients fo r resettlement, and operate the vroject. This will necessitate establishing a project after the construction is completed. 100-man camp and transportation will be The ·w ork Projects Administration will fur­ furnishecl the rema ining 300 men to and nish the labor for construction under the di­ from Williston, N. Dak. rection of the Bureau of R eclamation en­ Projects of the Bnforcl-Trenton type require gineering fo1·ce. The National Resources a la rge percen t of skilled a nd intermediate Planning Board assisted in the planning, :rnd cla~si tications. Clas~ ifi cations such as tractor the project was approved by the Northern a nd c:i rryall operators, dragline operators Great PlaiDs Committee. a nd oil ers, co ncrete steel workers, carpenters, There are about 21,000 acres of land 1111der nnd other skills are made from the men as­ the p rojcct of which npproximately 18,400 &igned, proYi diuo- a n opportunity to learn acres are classed ns il'l'i ga bl e. To supply trades they otherwise ,vould not ha, e. water to this n rea will require a 2-!0 second­ The a rea in which the project is located foot, electri c-powered pumping plant with nhound in ea rly American exploration his­ a 30-foot pumping lift, loca ted on the l\I is- tory. Lewi s and Cla rk ca. mped in 1805 at a ( 234} The R eclamation Era, A ugust 1940 Upper: First men assigned to Buford­ Trenton project at warehouse site near Trenton, N. Dak. L owe1:: Parley R. Neeley, Resident En­ gineer (extreme left), instructs workers.

point now kDown as Fort Union, which was one of the early trading posts on the Missouri River from 1828 to 1867. The site of the olcl Port Union is about a half mile west of the proposed pumping plant site for the project. Fort Buford which was established in 1867 and abandoned in 1895, is located at the mouth of the Yellowstone River ancl served as a trading center for the Yellow tone Valley. This fort was an important military post

Schedule ofIrrigation Conventions

THE Nationcil Reclamiation A.sso cial ion will J1old its niDth annual con,ent ion iD Great Falls, Mont., September 24-26. The program will include addresses by a number of na­ tionnlly known men. Proceedings of the meeting will appear in the October issue of t he ERA. The F ederal Irrigation Congr es will meet at Boise, Ida ho, September 16-17 and it is A. S. A. E. Holds Annual Meeting expected that the meeting will be attended by Bureau of Reclamation officials. THE American Society of Agricultural gngi­ in the Advancement of Rural Housing a nd The Ore.qon R eclamation Gon grnss is sched­ neer s held its thirty-fourth annual meeting Farm Building- Dr. M. L. ·wuson, director uled to meet in Oregon, October 28- 29. Ses­ a t Pennsylvania State College June 17- 20. of extension, United States Depar tment of sions are planned coYerin" operation and Among other addresses deliYered at the con­ Agricul t ure. maintenance, economic use of water on the vention, the foll owing a re of special interest: Soil and \Vater Con~e rvation Problems in the farm, a nd perma nent irrigation agriculture. Xortheastern Stales-Dr. J ohn P. J o11 e , re­ .A field trip is to be included. Development · in Runoff Im·estigntions in the giona l conservator (Region 1) , nited On December 5- 6 the Washing/on Jrriga,­ Northea t Region-H a rolcl W . H obbs, proj­ States Soil Conservation Service. tion Institute will h olcl its 1940 meeting in ect superl"i ·or, United States Soil Co nser­ The Relation of Raindrop Size to Erosion and Pasco, Wash. , the institute having accepted vation Sen-ice. Infiltration- J. Otis Laws, assistant oil the joint invitation extended some time ago Principles of Tile Drainage-J . H. H aswell, ex­ consen-ntion ist, United States Soil Conser­ by the Kennewick and Pasco communities. tension agricultural engineer, Pennsylvania Yation Service. At the contemplated meeting, dernlopment State Co ll ege. The Pince of Farm Buildings in the Land Use of the Columbia Basin project and the find­ A Graphical Method for Direct Determin::ition Program- Gladwin Young, r egional r epre­ ings and investigations at tile Prosser branch of Channel Dimensions R equired for Se­ sentative, United States Bureau of Agricul­ irrigation experiment station, as well as the lected Velocity and Discharge Capacity, with tural Economi cs. problems of ·o il consen a tion, will be giY en Variou.- Gradients ancl R ough nes Co ndi­ A New Method fo r determining an Index of especinl attention. tions- R B. Hickok, project superYi or, Supplemental Irrigation Based on Rain­ J ohn S. Moore, superintendent of the United State· Soil Conservation Sen-ice. fall- F. E. Staebner, drainage engineer, Yakima project, is president of the institute. The Cooperation of Industry and GoY ernment United States Bureau of Plant Industry.

The R eclamation Era, August 1940 ( 235} Home on a reclamation project

Arizona Desert An irrigated farm

Farm and Home Opportunities

[See NOTE at close of listings]

Tucumcari Project, New Mexico Belle Fottrche Project, Sottth D akota- Continued

D escription Price and owner Remarks Description Price and owner Remarks

640 acres, secs. 28 and 33, $9,28 1.60; 0 . W. Wells, Tu­ Divided up in 16 40-acre N½NW¼ sec. 32, T . 8 N., $4,000; $1,000 cash, balance 4-room house, barn, granary, T . 11 N., R. 32 E . cumcari, N. Mex. tracts ranging in price from R . 7 E., BHM, 80 acres, 72.8 5 years at 5 percent. W. IT. ben bouse, 20 acres in aHaHa, $233.50 to $2,943.80. acres irrigable, 4½ miles east Thrall, 749 Wisconsin Ave., l mile from bee t dump, 1 mi le or Vale, S. Dak., on main SW., Huron, S. Dak. from church, H• mile from co un­ 330.1 acres, 11 miles south­ $3,550; ¼ down. Balance Divided up in 8 40-acre tracts country road, sandy loam try sc hool. east of T ucumcari, 2 miles on terms at 6 percent. Mrs. and 1 IO-acre tract. Adjacent soil, level to ge ntly sloping. from oiled highway. Sandy C. C. Berger, 223 South 3d St., to proposed canal line. Can Lots 3 and 4, sec. 5, T. 7 N., $10,000; ¼ cash, balance 5 7-room house, horse and co w loam soil. T ucumcari, N. Mex. give warranty deed . R . 7 E ., M eade County. annual install ments at 5 per­ barn, sbee p sbed , machine N ½SE¼ sec. 31, T. 8 N., cent. Union Bond and Mort­ shed, 40 acres in alfalfa, 3 miles 300 acres, 1 mile north of $9, 11 7.40; ¼ down. Bal­ Divided up in 7 40-acre tracts R. 7 E., S½NW¼ sec. 32, 1'. gage Co. , Davenport, Iowa. woven wire fence. Land in Tucumcari, T. 11 ., R . 30 ance on terms at 6 percent. and 1 20-acre tract. Well 8 N., R . 7 E ., BHM, Butte sec. 5 in grass not developed for E. Sandy loam soil. Mrs. C. C. Berger, 223 South adap ted to diversified fa rming. County. irrigation. Small area will 3d St., Tucumcari, N. Mex. Stone house; fenced; well. 240 acres, 203 acres irri­ need drainage correction . 2 gable, 4½ miles east or Vale, SO-acre tracts in good produc­ SW ¾NW ¾sec.8,T.11 N., $2,500. Cash preferred, but S. Dak., on main co unty tion. R . 30E. would accept J4 down; bal­ road , sandy loam soil, level SE ¾NWJ4 sec.8,T. 11 N ., ance equal payments h each to sloping. R. 30 E . year at 7 percen t. W. M. Coulter, 'Tucumcari, N. 1-Iex. E½SW¼ W ½SE¼ sec. 25, $3,800; ¼ cash, balance on 4-room house, well, cistern , 'l'. 8 N., R . 5 E., BRM, less suitable terms. C. E. M atte­ granary, sheds, windbreak of rai lroad ri ght-o r-way, total sen, Penney Farms, Fla. native trees, suga r beet dump 320 acres, 10 miles east of $8 per acre. T erms if de­ D ivided up in 8 40-acre 153.59 ac res, 14 3 ac res irri­ on the farm . rr ucumcari, l ½ miles from sired. M . M . D ale, Box 1091, tracts. gable, 2½ miles west of com- oiled highway, about ~:i irri­ Borger, T ex. munity of Vale, S. Dak., gable. T. 11 N ., R . 32 E. adjoining State graveled higbway. All level land, sand y loam soi l. N½NE¼, SW¼NE¼,scc. $500 cash. August Welper, 7-room house, I½ stories, 17, 'l'. 8 N., R. 6 E., BHM, Amhurst . Colo. stable and sheds. All build­ Belle Fourche P roject, South Dakota 120 acres, 50.3 acres now un- ings need reconditioning. 140· der irrigation, 14.6 acres sns- acre tract lies above irrigation pended as class 5 la nd. Will canals a nd used for dry land need additional drainage cor- pasture. Description Price and owner Remarks rection. Clay soil, ge ntly sloping. Adjoins graveled •:ounty road. SE¼SE¼sec.21, E ½NE¼ $2,000; ¼ down, balance on 5•room house, cistern, stable, sec. 28, T. 9 N., R. 6 E., terms to be arranged. Pur­ beet tender's house, place BHM. 120 acres, 100 .9 acres chaser must assume $1,000 large ly fenced with woven NOTE.-'l'his feature was inaugurated in t he M arch issue, and, as therein stated, th e facts pre­ irrigable, 1 mile from Newell, State loan, 10 years, at 5 per­ wire, about ½ the farm in n a­ sented are subject to verification, as the Bureau of Reclamation cannot undertake this task, and cannot S. Dak., on a Federal high­ cent in addition to price of tive pasture, other hair devel­ be responsible for the accuracy of representations made. Interested persons should co mmunicate way, clay soil, topog raphy $2,000. J . C. Counter. 809 oped and producing crops. direct in accordance with the information given. Listings should be cleared through project level to steep. Bridge St., Brighton, Colo. offices shown on the inside or the back cover page_

( 236} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 Transmission Lines on the Parker Dam Power Project

By ALLEN MATTISON, Division Engineer

THE Parker Dam power project, now well About a year ago, it began to be apparent from Boulder Dam. The missing link was 140 under way by the Bureau of Reclamation, will that the Salt River Valley was facing an un­ miles of 161,000-volt transmission line between be of benefit, directly or indirectly, to every precedented water shortage unless more elec­ Parker Dam and Phoenix which was being de­ person living on the Salt River and Gila Rec­ tric power could be had for pumping. The ;;igned by the Denver office of the Bureau in lamation projects in Arizona. Therefore, lack of run-off to replenish the seriously de­ anticipation of the completed power house. progress of the deYeloprnent is being followed pleted reservoirs of the project not only This combination of circumstances made it with active interest by Arizonians in all walks caused a water shortage for irrigation, but be­ ndYisable to rush the construction of the of life. Perhaps most keenly interested of all cause a large part of the electricity for the transmission line and complete it ahead of are the farmers, because water pumped by the valley is manufactured by water power, other units of the project in order to bring electricity generated at the Parker Dam caused a power shortage as well. In effect a Boulder Dam power to the Salt River project power plant will make possible the develop­ Yicious circle-no water, no electricity-no under the terms of an interim contract be­ ment of the Gila project and furnish addi­ electricity, no w-ater. tween the United States and the Salt River tional power for pumping irrigation water on It so happened that two of the la l'gest cus­ Vn lley Wa ter Users' Association. In fact, the Salt River project. In fact, the Salt tomers for Parker Dam power were the Salt locntion of the transmission line was begun Hiyer project has already begun to derive RiYer Valley Water Users' Association nnd early in 1989 by survey parties from the Salt benefits from the completion of the first unit the Central Arizona Light and Power Co. Rfrer project even before the creation of the to be constrncted-the Parker Dam-Phoenix Also, by fortunate circumstance, there was Parker Darn power project. transmission line which, together with the available at the Gene substation of the Metro­ The transmission line is commonly known Parker Dam-Blaisdell transmission line, is the politan Water District of Southern California, a:,; wood pole H-frame construction. That is, subject of this article. near Parker Dam, a supply of electric power e:1ch structure consists of two western red

The Blaisdell line crossing the Colorado.

The Reclamation Era, August 1940 ( 237} ceda r poles set 17 f eet apa rt and supporting coming quite common for use on transmission from this cause. To proYide lightning pro­ a cross arm 34 feet 8 inches long from lines of high voltage a nd large capacity. tection there are two overhead ground wires which is suspended the copper conductors. of %-inch high-strength steel the entire length Although the poles vary from 45 to 75 feet in P arke,· Dain-Phoenix Line of the line strung from pole top to pole top and length, the majority of them a re 60 f eet long attached to a wire which runs clown ea ch pole and a re set 8 feet in the ground. The aver­ T he line from Parker Dam to Phoeni x wilt into the ground. These in turn are attached to age span is 635 feet and the longest span deliY er 80,000 horsepower at 161,000 Yolts. It two ¼ -inch copper wires buried underground 1,900 feet. The cross a rms consist of two is being opera ted in the present emergency at pa rallel to the transmission line. A complete ·1-inch by 12-foot surfaced Douglas Fir planks 69,000 volts a nd the capacity is about 20,000 series of tests shows tha t this construction bolted together, one on each side of the horsepower a t that voltage. Transformers provides sufficient "ground capacity" to dissi­ poles. From these cross arms the conductor for the designed voltage will not be installed pa te severe lightning strokes without serious is suspended by strings of disk insulato rs until the Parker Dam power pla nt is ready interruptions to sen ·ice. with 11 units per string. for operation. H oweYer, 20,000 horsepower As a further aicl to effi cient operation a Nearly 4 million pounds of copper went into during the next 2 years will be a welcome re­ disconnect switch has been installed a pproxi­ the manufacture of conductor for the 2 lines lief for the a lreacl y overloa ~ed generating ma tely in the middle of each line. In case of and it weighs approximately 1 pound per foot. plants of the Salt Ri,er Valley. trouble on the line the switch can be opened In order to r educe line losses and permit more The Phoenix line traverses a part of Arizona efficient operation, the conductors a re hollow. where lightning storms, at times, a re ver y ancl tests made to determine on which half of The construction is accomplished by wrapping severe and where the dry desert soil offers a the line the outage has occurred a nd thereby 12 strands of wire around a small twisted ver y high resistance to dissipation of lightning reduce the time necessary for locating and I-beam of copper. The fini shed product is strokes. Because of the importa nce of this reporting the break. A telephone line to be three-fourths of an inch in dia meter. Hollow line it was believed desirable to have maxi­ constructed during 1940 will be a further aicl conductor of this and simila r types is be- mum protection from interruptions to service in patrolling as well as loa d dispa tching.

The Phoenix line north from Cunningham Pass, Harcuvar Mountains.

( 238} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 Stringing the wires; crossarms, insul­ ators, conductor, ground wires, etc., were placed in one operation, pole heights 50 to 65 feet.

roads. Long hauls for men, materials, and equipment were the order rather than the ex­ ception and required 30 to 40 trucks and trac­ tors. Poles, conductor, and other materials were delivered to the site of the work with very little confusion and error which speaks well for tbe efficiency of the contractor's or­ ganization. Hole digging was done with power ma­ chinery wherever possible. A 28-incb earth boring bit was mounted on a 1½-ton truck equipped with power drive to utilize the truck motor. A power winch and derrick frame mounted on the same truck raised

Placing the poles.

Parlcer Dam-Blaisdell Line

The Blaisdell line from Parker Dam to pumping plant No. 1 of the Gila project, near Yuma, is the same design as the Phoenix line with the exception of overhead and under­ ground ground wires. However, the ground wires on each pole were installed which will make it easy to construct a complete ground­ ing system at some future time if it is found advisable. Although built under a schedule of the present contract, the Blaisdell line will not be used until completion of the Parker power plant and the Gila pumping plant. One of the most interesting features of the job was the amount and variety of equipment used by Dwigh t Chapin, Jr., the contractor. Primarily, construction of transmission lines is a hauling job. This was especially true of the Parker Dam to Phoenix and Blaisdell lines because of the few points of contact with rail-

The Reclamation Era, A ugust 1940 { 239} the pole as soon as the hole was completed. and the entire assembly raised above the poles of 2 feet with a heavy duty subsoiler on which Wire was strung from moving reels. Each and lowered into pln ce. As many as 5 miles of the blade had been reinforced. The reel of reel was mounted on a specially constructed line were erected in one dny. On the Blaisdell counterpoise wire was mounted on a trailer two·wheeled trailer and hauled along the line line where there were no oYerhead ground ancl attached ahead of the subsoiler. This with a tractor paying out the conductor be­ wires the record day was 7 miles of conductor. outfit was hauled by a 75•horsepower diesel hind. For most of the distance the center A smaller wire•sagging crew followed be­ tractor. wire was strung from a reel mounted on a hind the stringing and operated generally as The Phoenix line was completed and tested four-wheel·drive truck on which was also an independent unit. After some experiment­ on the last day of January 1940 and delivery mounted the two reels of overhead ground ing, it was founcl that approximately 2 miles of electricity to the Salt River Valley was wire and a high derrick for raising the cross of line made the most economical length to begun immediately. The Blaisdell line was arms. The operation of this particular piece sag. As many as three sags were made on 1 completed about the middle of March but will of equipment was one of the most interesting day when no difficulties were encounterecl. not be placed in service until the completion on the job. The underground ground wires o,i· counter­ of the Gila pumping plant and the Parker The conductors were placed in the blocks poise, as it is called. was plowed in to a depth power plant.

NOTES FOR CONTRACTORS

Low bidder Specification Bids Bid Terms Contract No. Project opened Work or material awarded Name Address ------1------1--- --1------l------l------·I------I------900 Boulder Canyon, Ariz.· Apr. 29 Power transformers and current Moloney Electric Co St. Louis, Mo 1 $91,600 F. o. b. Boulder City, Nev June 28 Nev. limiting reactor for unit A-9, Railway & Industrial En• Greensburg, Pa ' 47, 825 Do. Boulder power plant. { gineering Co. 910 Columbia Basin, Wash . Jnne 14 Disconnecting switches and Bowie Switch Co San Francisco, Calif. 321,550 F . o. b . Odair, Wash June 27 lightning arresters for the Westinghouse E lectric & Denver, Colo 19,890 F. o. b. Odair, Wash., ship- Do. Grand Coulee power plant. { Manufacturing Co. ping point E. Pittsburgh . 1362-D Central Valley, CaliL May 16 Pier plates and pier•plate erec· The Stearns•Roger Mann- do 1 12,365 F. o. b . Denver June 21 !ion trusses for drum gates at facturing Co. Friant Dam. {International Derrick and Torrance, Calif__ '1,473 F . o. b. Torrance, discount May 27 Equipment Co. of Calif. H percent. 1370-D Columbia Basin, Wash . Jnne 18 11 24·inch internal differential Commercial Iron Works Portland, Oreg 11,794 F. o. b. Portland, Oreg June 26 regulating valves for Grand Coulee Dam. 1371-D Central Valley, Calif.. June 17 4 discharge cones for temporary Southwest W elding & Man• Alhambra, CaliL 4,868 F . o. b. Alhambra, discount J une 21 discharge nozzles on ll0•inch ufacturing Co. H percent. diameter outlet pipes at Friant Dam. 1372- D Colorado River, Tex Jnne 19 Air•inlet piping for 102•inch gates Crane·O'Fallon Co Denver, Colo 27,000 F . o. b . Chicago, discount 2 July 1 for outlet works at Marshall percent. Ford Dam. 36,524-A Altus, Okla May 7 1 n{c ubic yard dragline excava­ Northwest Engineering Co Chicago, Ill 15,840 F. o. b. Green Bay, Wis. ... June 20 tor, B-38,318-B Columbia Basin, Wash . Jnne 14 Steel reinforcement bars (1,980,· Bethlehem Steel Co San Francisco, Calif. 44,454 F. o. b. Odair, discount (1 June 26 000 pounds). percent on $0.47 less than bid prices. E-23,001-A Boulder Canyon, Ariz.. June 4 5,000 barrels of oil•well cement California Portland Cement Los Angeles, CaliL. 11,800 F. o. b. Colton, CaliL...... June 21 Nev. in paper sacks. Co. 909 Colorado River, Tex June 14 Completion of construction of Cage Bros. & W. W. Vann Bishop, T ex ' 903,102 July 2 Marshall Ford Dam. & Co. 911- Gila, Ariz June 13 Pumping plant No. 1, Gravity Charles J . Dorfman Los Angeles, CaliL . 265, 743 July 8 Main Canal. 1369- D Yakima-Roza, Wash Tune 17 Radial gates and radial-gate Valley Iron Works Yakima, Wash 1 I, 753 F. o. b. T errace Heights and July 2 hoists for Yakima Ridge Canal Zillah, discount 5 percent. and Wastcway No. 2. '830 do Do. '5,395 do Do. 52 Parker Dam Power, June 27 Hauling concrete aggregates Cozens and Hammond...... Encinitas, Calif. . 21, 500. on July 12 Calif.•Ariz. 1376-D Kendrick, Wyo July 1 Transformers, oil circuit break· Westinghouse Electric & Denver, Colo 321, 140.00 July 15 ers, lightning arresters and Manufacturll'ng Corpora­ disconnecting switches for tion. 'l'hermopolis and Casper sub­ Allis Chalmers Manufac- Milwaukee, Wis '2,490.00 July 12 stations, and Casper•Ther· turing Co. mopolis transmission line. Pacific Electric Manufac. San Francisco, Calif. 12,351.00 July 15 turing Corporation. Electric Power Equipment Philadelphia, P a 73,291.00 July 16 Corporation. Westinghouse Electric & Denver, Colo '1, 000. 92 J uly 15 Manufacturing Corpora­ tion. 912 Colorado• Big Thomp- June 20 Continental Divide Tunnel. Platt Rogers Inc Pueblo, Colo 389,370.00 Completion 370 days July 13 son, Colo. stations 6 to 72. 914 Columbia Basin, Wash . July 1 Superstructure for Kettle Falls American Brictge Co ...... Pittsburgh, Pa 499,319.00 Completion 260days July bridge on Great Northern R.R. relocation. 915 do Jnne 26 Earthwork, structures and track J. A. Terteling & Sons Boise , Idaho 645,461.60 Completion 275 days July 15 for Great Northern R. R. re­ 398, 875.25 Do. location, Kettle Falls to Wil­ liams and K ettle Falls to Boyds; and adjacent highway relocation. 33, 493- A Central Valley, CaliL June 24 2 75 horsepower Diesel•en­ Caterpillar Tractor Co Peoria, IIL 13, 764.60 Discount $100 July 23 gine-powered crawler tractors. 1377- D Ogden River, U tah Jnne 13 Steel pipe and fittings Southern Pipe & Casing Co. Azusa, CaliL 36,290.17 F. o. b. Ogden July 24 1373-D Columbia Basin, Wash . June 26 Aluminum windows, louvers Art.istic Iron Products Co... Cleveland, Ohio ' 27,910.00 Discount 2 Do. and doors and glass block framing members. B-42, 483- A. All - American Canal, July 8 4 Automobile dump trucks Y ellow Truck & Coach Pontiac, Mich II, 546. 04 Discount 5 percent Do. Ariz Calif. Manufacturing Co. 1374-D Yakima•Roza, Wash June 25 Structural steel for Northern American Bridge Co Denver, Colo 3,417.00 F. o. b . Gary, Ind July 22 Pacific R . R . bridge, for 2 Milwaunee Bridge Co Milwaukee, W is 2 448. 00 Discount ~2 percent July 23 highway bridges and for a metal flume over Wasteway No. 2.

1 Item 1. 'Item 2. , Schedule 1. • Schedule 2. , Items 3 and 4. , Schedule 3. ; Schedule 4. ' Schedule 5. • Items 1 and 2.

{ 240} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 Origin of Names ofProjects and Project Features in Reclamation Territory

Minidoka Project, Idaho Early Spanish explorers and adventurers who the way, with great sacrifice and hardships, crossed the Colorado j ust below its junction in tran~forming the desert into productive llfinidolca.-This name which has been ap­ with the Gila, noted the more or less perma­ farm lands. plfed to the project proper, the diversion dam nent camps of Indians inhabiting this part at the head of the project, and the county in of the country. Thereafter travelers, suffer­ which is located the Gravity division, is a ing the hardships usually incident to crossing Parker Dam Project, California Shoshone Indian word meaning broad this desert country, would, as soon as the Parker Dam.- 'l'he dam was named after expanse. Yalley of the Colorado was reached, look the town of P a rker, Ariz., a small town located Acequict.-A town in Minidoka County with a Spanish name meaning canal or water 16 miles clownstream on the Arizona side cf course. the Colorado RiYer, which took its name in This is No. 4 in the series of articles on 1905 from Frank Parker, civil engineer, sur­ American Falls.-A town, reservoir, and nat­ this subject, and includes the Minidoka, ural falls in Snake River named for a party Yeying for the Arizona & California Railroad Yuma, Parker Dam, and Upper Snake River Co. Parker, Ariz., has an interesting back­ of trappers of the American Fur Co., the mem­ projects. bers of which were carried over the falls in grouncl in that it is located near the center of canoes. the Colorado River Indian Reservation where Burley.- 'l'he largest town on the project a number of tribes of Indians have lived per­ and county seat of Cassia County, named for searchingly for signs of Indian campfire haps for centuries and where in 1867 was D. E. Burley, then general passenger agent of smoke rising skyward. H ere they knew were written the first chapter in the history of an the Oregon Short Line (Union Pacific) unfailing supplies of fresh water and a place irrigation project undertaken by the United Railroad. to cross 0Yer the river which marked an States Government, for on March 2, 1867, Con­ Oassia.- Tbe county lying south of Snake important mile post in their journey. The gress appropriated $50,000 for the construction Spanish word for smoke, "humo," wn s applied River in which the South Side Pumping divi­ of an irrigation system from the Colorado to this crossing place. Soon the name was sion and part of the Gravity division are situ­ River over the bottom lands of this reser­ corrupted to "huma" and finall~' to Yuma. ated. So named for the Cassia plant which Yation. grows along the creek bottoms. Oddly enough the town which grew up here George W. Dent, a relative of President D eclo.- A town in Cassia County named for was later called Arizona City, but by an act Grant, was appointed Superintendent of In­ two pioneer families- Dethles and Cloughly. of the Territorial Legisla ture this name in H eyburn.-A town in Minidoka County 1873, was changed to Yuma. The name Yuma clian Affairs, and on December 16, 1867, he named for former United States Senator 'vV. B. generally applied to the Indians W'ho live here employed native Inclians with picks and Heyburn of Idaho. is a misnomer for they really belong to the shovels and started the task of building a Jackson Lalce.-A reservoir in Wyoming Quechan tribe. main canal approximately 12 miles Jong. A named for William Jackson, the discoverer of ,vhen the Bureau of Reclamation conceived natural headgate was made by tunneling the original lake, and a famous explorer. nnd built the irrigation project in this vicinity through a large out-cropping of rock which Paul.-A town in Minidoka County named about 30 years ago, it was only na tural that is now referred to as Heaclgate Rocle for C. H . Paul, then project manager of the it should be named for the city of Yuma, then This work was accomplished with but very project and now consulting engineer. the only town of any importance within its little aicl of horsepower, slips, or graders, and Rttpert.-A town, county seat of Minidoka area. on June 16, 1874, the first Colorado River water Gaclsden.-The name of this town was given County, said to have been named for Rupert was delivered for irrigation purposes on a in honor of James Gadsden, United States Hughes, the writer, and also to ha,·e been Government project. named by its citizens. Minister to Mexico in President Pierce's ad­ Between 1867 and 1882 mail and supplies Walcott Lalce.- The reservoir created by ministration nnd author of the Gadsden Pur­ were delivered from Yuma 140 miles down­ Minidoka Dam whence water is diverted into chase. stream by steamboat, on which wood was project canals, and a source of power at the Soinerton.- This name came from the birth­ Minidoka power plant, was named for Charles place in Ohio of the town's principal founder. burned for fuel. Between 1882 and 1894 mail D. Walcott, Director of the United States Laguna.-The name given to the diversion and supplies arrived by boat and stagecoach Geological Survey when the original reclama­ dam across the Colorado is the Spanish word from Needles, Calif., 65 miles distance. tion act was passed. for "lake." Bal WW'iams River.- This river is believell Canals in the reserYation dhision of the to have been named after a pioneer settler in project situated on the California side of the Yuma Project, Arizona the early eighties, although this is by no means Colorado were named for various Indian authenticatecl. 'l.'he river flows into Lake Yuma.-Historical accounts of our great tribes such as the Mojave, Cocopah, Pima, Havasu. Hopi, etc. Southw'est contain an interesting explanation Colorado River Aqttediict.- The Colorado Canals in the Valley division of the project concerning the origin of the name Yuma. River Aqueduct was so named by a board of on the Arizona side of the river were named directors of the Metropolitan Water District 1 Most of the information on the origin of Mini­ individually in most instances for that settler doka project names was obtained from a recently who first used the newly constructed canal of Southern California in 1928. This aqueduct published book Idaho-A Guide in Word and Pic­ to irrigate the virgin soil of his improved consists of a main conduit 242 miles long, ex­ ture, prepared by Federal Writers Projects of tending from the banks of Lake Havasu at a W. P. A., although some data came from other homestead-a fitting way to perpetuate the f.ources. names of those courageous pioneers who led pofot 2 miles upstream from Parker Dam,

The Reclamation Era, August 1940 { 241} Rexburg.- The founder of this town was Thomas E. Ricks. We have been told that he was of German extraction and the family name of Ricks is a derivative of Rex (king)­ Rexburg- King or Chief City. However, Def­ enbach's history of Idaho states that the town was originally named Ricksburg, and that gradually through usage the name evolved into Rexburg. Fremont County.-Named for John 0. Fre­ mont, the pathfinder. Strange as it may be, Captain Fremont never set foot in any part of Fremont County. Cascade Creelc.-After flowing through a grassy dell, the last approximately 80 rods of its course in reaching Fall River (Falling Fork) is by a series of falls or cascades. North Fork, Snake River.-This is a recent designation-the correct name is Henry's Fork, after its discoverer, Capt. Andrew Henry, who erected a post on its south or left bank, near St. Anthony in 1811. Incidentally this post was the second white man's habita­ tion in Idaho, and the first American-owned trading post west of the Rocky Mountains.

New Power Transmission Map No longer available Mohave Indians overlooking lake created by Parker Dam. THE new map of the Main Power Transmis­ sion Lines in \Vestern United States num­ to Cajalco Reservoir near Riverside, Calif., Cross Citt Canal.-Crosses from one stream bered 40-7 ( 1940) , which was recently placed and a distribution system leading to various to another- a cutting across. on sale by the Bureau of Reclamation at a consumption centers, which is referred to as St. Anthony.- Named for or after the St. price of 25 cents each, as announced in the the Metropolitan area, or the "Thirteen Golden Anthony Falls of the Mississippi, near St. July number of the ERA, is no longer avail­ Cities." Paul and Minneapolis. able for general distribution. Lalce Havasu.- The 50-mile-long body of water created by Parker Dam on the Colorado River was officially named by the Bureau of Upstream face of Island Park Dam, Upper Snake River project. Reclamation and approved by the United States Board of Geographic Names on May 26, 19'39. The name "Havasu," meaning "lake of the blue waters," was first given the lake on January 5, 19'39, by a 102-year-old Mojave In­ dian, Haranai, and his 97-year-old wife, Ooach, whose interest was quickly captured when they first saw the new artificial man-made lake with its clear blue, sparkling waters.

Upper Snake River Project, Jdaho 2

I sland Parlc.- The name was given this sec­ tion of country because in the midst of a great area, thickly wooded, this portion was without timber- an area of open country completely surrounded by timber. Grassy Lalce.-A very coarse, rank grass grows in the lake, all over the bed of the lake and extending above the water level-a rather unusual thing.

2 One of the older project settlers has furnished a list of project names and their origin as here given.

( 242} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 HOLIDAY TIME AT LAKE MEAD

Parades, fishing, boating on blue water through painted scenery-visitors galore characterize America's vacation months at Lake Mead, the spectacular play- ground created by Boulder Dam.

• CONTENTS

THE RECLAMATION ERA • AUGUST 1940

Appropriations for construction, fiscal year 1941 . . Inside front cover Engineering profession offers broadened opportunities . John C. Page 213 New T.V.A. report ...... 214 Cause of decline in crop yields studied on Nevada projects . 214 Outlet works at Grand Coulee Dam ...... Lloyd V. Froage 21 5 Grand Coulee Dam construction progresses rapidly . 21 8 Joint investigations, Columbia Basin project . . . . 219 4- H Club work on the Shoshone Reclamation project. Francis A . Chisholm 220 Activities of the Shoshone Chapter of Future Farmers of America .Helen L. Windle 221 Machine methods of canal lining ...... 222 Floating-ring gate and glory-hole spillway at Owyhee Dam . Lewis G. Smith 226 Irrigation history and settlement of Milk River project . . . Gladys R. Costello 231 Visitors to All-American Canal and Gila projects...... 233 Great Plains program includes construction of Buford-Trenton project 234 Schedule of irrigation conventions 235 A. S. A. E. holds annual meeting . 235 Farm and home opportunities . . 236 Transmission lines on the Parker Dam power project Allen Mattison 237 Notes for contractors ...... 240 Orrin G . Smith dies ...... 240 Origin of names of projects and project features in Reclamation territory (Minidoka, Yuma, Parker Dam, Upper Snake River) ...... 241 New power transmission map no longer available . . . 242

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{ 244} The Reclamation Era, August 1940 24648 1 U. S, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFF ICE: 1940 ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF RECLAMAT ION HAROLD L. ICKES, SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR John C. Page, Commissioner Harry \V. Bashore, Assistant Commissioner J. Kennard Cheadle, Chief Counsel and Assistant to Commissioner; Howard R . Stinson, Assistant Chief Counsel; Miss Mae A. Schnurr, Chief, Division of Public Relations; George 0. San• ford, General Supervisor of Operation and Maintenance; L. H. Mitchell, Irrigation Adviser, Wesley R. Nelson, Chief, Engineering Division; P. I. Taylor, Assistant Chief; A. R. Golz6, Supervising Engineer, C. C. C. Division; W. E. Warne, Director of Information; William F. Kubach, Chief Accountant; Charles N . McCulloch, Chief Clerk, Jesse W. Myer, Assistant Chief Clerk; James C. Beveridge, Chief, Mails and Files Section; Miss Mary E. Gallagher, Secretary to the Commissioner Denver, Colo., United States Customhouse S. 0. Harper, Chief Eng.; J. L. Savage, Chief Designing Eng.; W. H . Nalder, Asst. Chief Designing Eng.; L. N. McClellan, Chief Electrical Eng.; Kenneth B. Keener, Senior Engineer, Dams; H. R. McBirnev. Senior Engineer, Canals; E. B. Dehler, Hydraulic Eng.; I. E. Houk, Senior Engineer, Technical Studies; Spencer L. Baird, District Counsel; L. R. Smith, Chief Clerk; Vern H. Thompson, Purchasing Agent; C. A. Lyman and Henry W. Johnson, Examiners of Accounts Projects under construction or operated in whole or in part by the B11reau of Reclamation

Official in cbar"e District counsel Project Office Chief clerk Name Title Name A ddress

All-American Canal______Yuma, Ariz••••••••••.•••• Leo J . Foster.·-·· ······ Conatructi~n engineer•••••••• J. C. Thrailkill...... R. J . Coffey•••••••-·--· Loa Aneelee, CalH. Altus . ______• ------Ah.ua, Okla••••• • ••••• •••• Russell S. Lieunnce• •.•. Coruitru<'tion engineer--.•··-- Edgar A. Peek•••••••••• H.J. S. Devries.•---··-· El Pa90, Tex. Boise.Belle Fourche______••• _------______-- -_ Newell, S. Dak-•••••.••••. F . C. Youngblutt•••••••• Superintendent·-···-·---···· ------·------•• _• •• W . J. Durke••-·-···-·-· BiJling11 , M ont. Boise, Idaho·-·-·····•·· ·· R. J. NewelL•• - •••••••• Construction engineer·-··- · -· Robert. B. Smith •••••••. B. E. Sto u temyer··--·-·· Portla nd, Oreg. Boulder Canyon! ______Boulde r City, Nev•••.••••• Irving C . H a rris • •••••••. Director of power·-·······-- Cail H. Baird••••_. ___ _ _ R . J. Coffey •••••••••••_ Lo8 AnKeles, Cali£. Buffa lo Rapids______------G lendive, Mont•••...--··­ Paul A. J ones• • • •••••••. Construction engineer-·-····- E dwin M. Bean• . ·-·--·· W. J . Burke.- • • ---·-··­ Billings, Mont. Buford-Trenton. __ • --•• --- • ------Williston, N. Dak•••-•• - ·• Parlf'y R. Neeley••••.•• - Resident engineer-·····-·-·· Robert L . Newman---··· \V. J . Burke••• • •••••••• Billings, Mont Carlsbad______- • ------C!l.rlsbad, N. M ex. .•.••••• L. E. Foat. er._····•--- · · Superintendent••••••••••••• _ E . W. Shepard.·-·-·-- - · H. J. S. Devries••••••••• El Paso, Tex. Central Valley_ ·------··------­ Sacramento, CRlif••·-····· \V. R . Young·---··-·-·· U. J. Coffey •••••••••• _. Los AngelPS, Calif. S hasta Dam __ -······----·--·-·----· Redding, C'alif. .••• • •...• Ralph LowrY----·-····· ~~~:~;:;~~;~~~~~C:e·r:::::::: . ~~-~~.~~~~::::::::::::: R. J. Coffey••. - ··-·-··· Los Angeled, Calif. Friant division_.···--·-··-··-··--··­ Fri~nt, Calif. •••••.•••.••• R. B. Williams•• • • • -··-· R. J . Coffey••• • -·•···-· Los Angeles, Cali£. Del ta divi.r,i;i.on- •• -••·----·· · •··-·-··· Antioch, Calif.._••.••..••• Oscar G. Boden••••••••• g~:::~~~~. ~~~ :~:t~==~:::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::: R . J . Coffey . •••••••• - •• Lo9 AngP le11, Calif. Colorado•BilC Thompson.•----·----·-·-·-· Estes P ark, Colo••...•• • •• Porter J. Preston_·····-· Supervi!ling engineer• •••••••• C. M. Voyen..•••••••••• J . R. Alexander·-···· ··· Salt Lake City, Utah. Colora d o River------·---··-··--·---·---· Austin T ex _••.•...••••• • . Ernest A. Moritz• ••••••• Construction engineer...... \Villiam F. Sha. •• • --•--· H. J . S . Devries••••••••• El PfL8o. Tex. Columbia Baein.•---·----···--·------· Coul ee Dam, \Vash.·-···-­ F. A. Banks•••••••••- •• Suoervising engineer ••••••••• C. B . Funk.•······-··-­ B. E. stoutemyer•••••••• Portland, Oreg. Deechutee___ ---· ____ •• __ ._.- - - • -- ---• - . Bend, Oreg• ••.•.._••••••. D.S. Stuver••••••.••••. Construction engineer••••••-. Noble 0 . Anderson• ••••• B. E. Rtoutemyer••·--··· Portland, Oreg. Gila______·····------····-·----·-··-·· Yuma, Ariz•• •...•.·-····­ Leo J . li'oster•••••••••_. Construction enginen •••••••• J. C. Thrailkill. .•••••••• R. J. Coffey_··---·-···· Los Angeles, Calif. Gmnd Valley• ••----···-·· - ··----·--·· ·­ Grand Junction, Colo .••••. W . J . Chiesman•.·-·-··· Superintendent•.••••...•- ••• Emil T. Ficenec••••••••• J . R. A lexander• • •..••.. Salt Lake City, Utah. l:Tu1nboldt_-·--- • - - -··.-·.-··- •• - •••.- •• Reno. Nov·-·········-···· Floyd M. Svencer • • . ••• _ Construction en1dneer 2•••• • •• ·-···--···-·-··········· J . R. Alexander•••. __ •.• Salt Lake City, Utah. l{end ri.ck •••••••.• -·•••••••- • -·•.•• • - • · - Cmmer , W yo••• •.•..•••••• Irvin J . Matthowe.- • . --­ Construction engineer 2...... George \V. Lyle••·-·-··· W. J . Burke•••••••••- •• Billings, M ont. I< lamath._._-· ••••-··- ••••.••••••-··- - • Klamath Falls, Oreg. • · --·· B. E. llayden•• .•••••••• Super7ntendenL••• • -·-··-··· W. I. Tingley ••••••••••• B. E. Stoutemyer•••••••• P ortland, Oreg. Milk River•••••-·•··-······--··-·-···· · Malta, Mont · - ········--·· H a rold W . Genger .••••• Superintendent·--···-·-····· E. E. Chabot••.••••••_. W. J . Durke·-··-······· Billings. M ont. Minidoka .•••• -. - • • ••• -·.••- - • - ••••••••- Burley. Idaho -··-······- ­ Stanley H. . M arean•••••. Superintendent•••••·-····-·- G. C . Pa,terson·-·-···-· B. E. Stouteo1yer•••••••• Portland, Oreg. Minidoka P ower Plant.-----······-· · Rupert, Idaho. _. ·-······· S. A. M cWiHinma__ • ____ _ Resident engineer••• _••••••• ·-·--·-·-·-·- _····-••••• B. E . Rtoutemyer.·-····­ Portland , Oreg. Mirage Flat.8••••-·····•··- ·--········-·· Hemingford, Neb-r •••••••. Denton J. Paul.•••• - - -·· Con !ltruction engineer• •••..••••• _••••••••••• • ••• ••••• W. J. Burke•••••.•••••• Billings, M ont. Moon L n.ke • •••• •••••••••••••••••••.•••• Provo, Utab.•.•___ •• _•••. E. 0. Lareon•••••-·-·-·­ Construction en.e;ineer•••••••• Francis J. Farrell••.•.••. J. R . Alexander••••••..• Salt Lake City, Utah . North Platte·-··-··-·--········ -··· ·--·- G uernsey, WYO- ·--······· C. F . Gleason••• - ••••••• Superintendeutof power••••• A . T. S timpfig•••••..•.. W. J. Burke••.••••••••. Billings, M ont. Ogden River._•••··--·-·····-··•····-··· Provo, Utah.••·--·-······ E. 0 . J.arson- --·-······· Construction engineer.--•---· Francis J. Farrell••.• . ••- J. R. Alexander ...... Salt Lake City, Utah. Orland___·········-- ·-·-···•-···- -·-··· Orland, CaliL.·--·······-­ D. L. Csrmody•••·-··· · SuperintendenL. •••-• - ··-··- W. D. Funk •• ..•.•••••• R. J. Coffey ••••••••••.• Los Ang('lea, Calif. Owyhee•••• __ • - • ••••-. ••..•- • - ••• - • · -·- Roise. Ida ho• • •.••• _•._._ . R . J. Newell ••••••••.••. Con!'lt.ruction engineer•••••••• Robert B. Smith••••-·-· B. E Stoutemyer•.•••••• Portland. Oreg. Parker Dam P ower ••.·-···---····----·-- P arker D am, Calif..••••••• E. C . l{oppe n •.••. __ •••• Const.ruction engineer•••••••• George B . Snow••••••••• R. J . Coffe y •••••••.•••• Los Angelea, Calif. Pine River.·-·-···•-···-·········•··---· Vallecito, Colo•••••••••••. Charles A . Burns•••••••• Construrttou engineer••• - •• -- Frank E. Gawn•• • ..•••• J. R . Alexandn_ ••..•••• Salt Lake City, Utah. Rapid Vnlley___ • ·•-··-···-·········---- Rapid City. S. D ·--·····­ Horace V. 1-lubhelL ••••. C,;m~truction en1dneer.- - -···· Jo8. P. Sieheneicher• • ••• W. J . Burke ••••....•••. Dillina:!i. M o nt. Provo River• •••.•• ·-·--··-······-··-·-· Provo. Utah.··-···-····-· E . 0. Larson•••.- ••••••• Construction engineer--······ Fran~is J. Farrf'll••.•..•- J. R . Alexander _•••.•.•. Salt Lake City , Utah. Rio Grande._•...•••••••••.•...•---··· ·· El Pa!lo. Tex.••.••••••.••. L. R. l ;,.iock••••••• - ••••. Supedntendent.•- . ••••••••• • H . H. Berryhill•••. _•••• Fl . J . S. Devries.••••.... El Paso, Tex. F.levhant Butte P ower Plant•.·-····-· Eleohant Butte, N. M ex••• C. 0 . Dnlo•••.-·-······· Acting resident engineer••••• H . H . B erryhill•••.•••-. H.J. S. n evries•.••••... El Paso, Te•. Riverton•• __ --·-·-.-··•..··-- •••••••·-· Riverton. Wyo••••••••..•• H. D. Comstock••.••••-­ Suoerintendent••• • ••·-·-···· C . B. ,ventzeL·-········ W . J . Burke••••••••.•.. Billings, Mont. Shoshone•••..••••••••...- • • -·• •••••• - •• P owell. Wyo··-··········· L. J . Wind le •••• _._•. _•• Superintendent 2•••••••••••• L. J. Windle 2__ ••••••••• W. J . Burke·-···· ······ Billing", M ont. Heart Mountain divi~ion•••·-·····-·· Corly, , vyo• •••••.•-·--··· \Valter 1'"'. Kemp••• •.• -. Con"l truction ena-ineer••••••• • L . .J. Windle 2·-······-·· W . J. Durke_·······--·­ Billinp, M ont. Sun River.··--··-···•··-·--·-- ••••••••• Fairfitild, Mont •••• -•-···-· A . \V. ·walker•••••-----· Superintendent••• _•••••••••••••••••• _••••••••••• •• _. \V. J. Burke•••••••••••• Billings, Mont.. Reno, Nev••.••••••••••••• li'loyd M . Spencer·-····­ Construction enrdneer '-······ - - ····-· · • ······-···--·· · J. R. Alexand er •••••••.. Salt Lake City, Utah. ~: ~~~~~ o.~i~\~~~ ~-t~~~~~=:::::::::::::::::: Tucumcari, N. Mex•••.•••• Harold \V. Mutch•••••- ­ Resident Engineer •••••••• •• Cha rles L. Harris. ••••••• H.J. S. Dev ries.•. -····· F.l Pasn, Tex. Umatilla (McKay Dam>.---···-·--···--­ Pendleton, Oreg• ••••••.••. C. L. Tice ••••••••••• • •• Reservoir euoerintendent_••••.••.···-···-·••••••••••• B . E. Stoutemyer.••..... Portlanrl, Orell'. Uncompahgre: Repairs to canals••-·-··-·­ Montro~e. Colo_ .•••.•..•• Herman R. E lliott•.•••.. Construrtion engineer 2••••••• Ewalt P. Anderson •••••• J . R Alexander·-··-···· Salt Lake C ity, Utah. Upper Snake River Storage 3.•--·-··-·--·· Ashton, Idaho••••••••••.. I. Donald J erman_ • •••.. Construction eneineer 2•••• • -. Emmanuel V. Hillius •••• B. E. Stoutem:ver••••• - .. P o rtland, Oreg. Vale••• -······-·······--···-·-· · --····· Valf'J , Oreg••••••••••.•.••• C . C. Ketchum.••••••••• Superintendent•••••••·-··--••·-···--•••. ••••.•••••.. B. E. Stoutemyer-···-··­ Portland. Oreg. Ya kima, W ash• • •••••••••• J. S. Moore•• •••• ••••••• Superintendent•.•••••••••- •• Conrad J. Ralston••••• _. B. E. Stoutemyer•••••--. Portland, Oreg. Yakifi!z·a-di;~i~ri:::::::::::::::: :::::: : Yakima. Wash ...••••••••• Charles E. Crownover•••• Construction eneineer•••• •••• Alex S. Harker•.•••••• • • B. E. Stoutem)er-••••••• Portland, Ore1t, Yuma. •••••••••.••• • ••••••••- ...•.••. .. YumA., Ariz•••..•-···--··· C. B. El\jott•••••••--··· Superintendent.•••••.••.•• . . Jacob T. Davenport•••.. ll. J . CofTey·······-···- Lo8 Angele!'!, Calif.

1 Boulder Dam and Power Plant. I Acting. I b land Park and Grassy LakA Dams. Projects or divisions ofprojects of Burea11 of Reclamation operated by water 11sers

Operating official Secretary Project Organization Office Name Title Name Address

Baker••• _••••••••...... • • - •••••.• Lower Powder River irrigation dist.rict-·····- B aker, Oreg••••....•..••• A. 01.iver•.•· -············ President .••••.••••.••.. M a rion H ewlett -·-- · ··· Kea.ting. Bitte r R oot f •••••••••••••••••••• . Bitter Root irriga tion dist.rict..-···-········· Hamilton, Mont•••...- .••• C.R. \Va lsb••••••••••. - .• Manager••....•••••••-­ Elsie \V. Oliva• • •••••••. H amilton. Boise l_ -····--····· · ·•····-··-··· B oard of Con t roL ••.••.·-········-········ B oise . Idaho •••.•.....•• •• Wm. H . Tuller.•-·····-··· Project mallager••••••••. L. P. J ensen...•.••••••. B oise. Boise'-···-··········-··-······-· Black Can yon irrigation district_····-·-····· Notus, Ida ho.---·······-· C has. W . H ol mes • • • _•.•... Supe rint.enden t••••••• • _. L. M. ,vat.son...•.••••_. Notus. Burnt l{.iver_• ••••.....•..••••.•.. Burnt River irrigation district...•.•••·-····· Huntington. Oreg__•.....•• Edward S ullivan •••••.•••• President•••••··- ••••• •. H a rold H. Hursh. . • ·-··· Huntington. Frenchtown. • •••• . _ •...•_.••_•.. • • Frencli town irrigation district ..--·---······- Frencbtown, Mont.•.••.•• Tom S heffer•••• •••• _••.•. S uperintendent •••••••••• Ralph P. Scheffer.. •••••• Huson. li'ruitgrowers D am•...... • •• --··••. Orchard City irrigation district ..•. ••• ·--···- Austin, Colo ••••.....••.•• S. F. Newman·--········· Suverintendent•••••••••. A . W . Lanning. •.·-·-··· Aust in. G rand Valley, Orchard Mesa 3· - ···· Orchard M esa irrigation district ..•.•••·-··-· Grand Junction, C olo. . -·-· J ack H . Na.eve•••••••.•.•. Superintendent•••••••..• C. J . McCormick..•••.•. Grand J ctn . liumboldt.•••••. ····-·--·••••.... Pershing County water conservation district.. Lovel ock, Nev.···-·•..•.• Roy F. MefHoy•••••••..... Superintendent••• · ···-·­ C.H. J ones••••..- · -··-· Lovelock. lfun lley t·---···-···-············· Huntley Project irrigation district••••• _•.•.• Bo.liontine , MonL . --·····­ E. E. J,ewia . . •••...••.• • •• Manager•••...•••.••••• H . S. E lliott•.••• _••.• . • Ba.J lantine. l-[yrum 3·-··········-·······-···· South Cache W. U . A ..•• .•·-· ··-··-······- Lognn, U tah.•.••...••.••• H . Smith Richards••• ·-··· Superintendent••• • •• _••• Harry C. P arker• • • -•-- · Logan. Kln.rnath, La.ngell Valley I·-···-···· Langell Va ll ey irrigation district--- ····-····- Bonanza, Oreg••••....•••• C has. A . Revell_ ····-···-· Manager• • ··-·- -··· • • __ Cho.s. A. Revell .•••...•• Bonn.nzu.. K ia.math , H orsefly 1••••...... •. •. - H orsefl y irrigation district. •••••..••• • • •• .•• B onanza, Oreg•••.....•••• Benson Dixon••••••.•.... Pre.~ident.•••••-·.•..••• Dorothy Eyers..•••...- ­ B onanza. Lower Yellowstone f···-··········· Board of ControL·-······-····-·····-·-··· Sidney, l\•lont••• ...... ••• Axel Persson••••••••••..•. Manager••.••••••••••.• Axel Persson ..•.••_ . . .. _ Sidney. Milk River: Chinook division•• . .•.. Alfalfa Valley irrigation district-· ········--· C hinook , M ont•.••.....••• A . L. Benton•••••..••_... President.••.••••••--··. R . H . Clarkson.-.•• • • •.• C hinook. Fort B elknap irrigation district.·-·······-··· C hinook, M ont..••...•.•.• H.B. Bonebrigbt.••••.•... President•.• ••••• ••••••• L . V. Bogy.•.....•• ...• C hinook. Zurich irrigation district· -····· -······-····· C hinook, M o n t ••••••..••.. C. A . \ Vatkins_ · ··--··· ···· Presiden t.- -·--··-·•••••• H. M . MontgomerY·-···· C hinook. H arlem irri~a tion district. ·--·-· ···-·-·-··· - Harlem, Mont·- - ···· - ··•· Thos. :M. Everett•••••.•••• President••••···- • ••••• _ R. L B arton••••••-···-· Harlem. P n.ro.d ise Vall ey irrigation district·--·· -······ Zurich, Mont ••••·-······· C. J . Wurth· - · ···-···-··· President.••.••.•·-····· J . F . Sharple5•..••.••.•• Zmich. Minidoka. irrigation district•• · - ········· ··-· Rupert. Ida ho•••-·-······ Fra nk A . Ballard•••••••••. 1\-fanager • • ·-·••··--•••• O. W . PauL....•••• •••. Rupert. Miuii~~~ii/_a~~=:.I:~ ======~===== Burley irrigation district • ..••....········-· Burley, Idaho.•...... •.••• Hugh L. C rawford••••..•.• M anager••••.•• •.•.•.• . Frnnk 0 . Redfield•.••..• Burley. Gooding 1••••••••..••..•.•.•• Amer..Fa lls R eaerv. Dist. No. 2.- •.....•.••• Gooding, Idaho.••...... • • S. 1.'. Baer .•·-···-···•-··- Manager ••••••••••••.•• Ida M. Johnson .••.••••• G ooding. M oon Lake••••• ·-·-········•····· M oon Lake \V. U. A•••.••...... •.·-·--·-- R oosevelt, Utah•...... • H . J . Allred.·- · -····· -···· President.••••••••••• ••• Lo uie Gall oway_ •••.•... Roosevelt. Newlands 3 . • ••••••....•...... •• Truckee-Carson irrigation district_ .••••• _.•. Fallon, Nev•••• • .._...... \V. TI . \Vallace•••.•••.•••. ~Ianager. _·-••••.•••... 1-1 . ,v. Emery .•••••••... F all on. North Platte: Interstate division f ••• Pathfintler irrigation district•.....••.•...••• Mitchell. Nebr...... •... T . \V. Parry •••••.•••.•.•. Manager._ . •••.•••••.•• Flora K . Schroeder• • .... Mitchell. 'Fort Laramie division f ••• ••••• G ering-Fort Laramie irrigation district...... Gering, Nebr•.. · ······-·· \V. 0. Fleenor .•••• •.••.... Superintendent••• • • ·-•·· C. G. Klingman•• ••..•.. Gering. F ort Laramie division•······-·· Goshen irrigation district....•..••....•••••. Torrington, \Vyo ••..• • ...• F loyd M. R oush ••••...... Superintendent•••• __ •.•. Mary E. H a rrach••••.... Torrington . Northport division•··········- Northport irriga tion district...... Northport. Nebr••••.•••.. Mark Iddings_ ••••••....• . Manager._ ••.••••••..•• M a bel J. Thompson • •••. Bridgeport. Ogden River•. • • •••.•...•••.•••••• Ogden River \V. U. A ...... ••.•.- •• Ogden, Utah.••.•.•••.••.. David A . Scott. •••••··-··· Superintendent•••••••• _. Wm. P . Stephens. ••• . ... Ogden. Okanogan'·······-·· -·-·--····-·· Okanogan irrigation district.---···-·-···--·· Okanogan, Wash•••••.•••• Nelson D. Thorp•••••.•••• Manager••..•• · · · ···--· Nelson D . Thorp..•••. _. Okanogan, Salt. River 2-·····-······-········· Salt River Valley \ V. U. A -·· ···-··· ··-·-·· · Phoenix, Ariz••·-·-·-····· H.J. Lawson•• -· - ····-··· Superintendent•••••_.-· - F. C. Henehaw•••..•.•• - Phoenix: . Sanpete: Ephraim division••••••• _. Ephraim Irrigation Co••••••••••••••••••••• Eohra.im, Utah• ••.•- •.•••• Andrew H a nsen••••- ..•••• President.-•...····-- ··· J ohn K. Olsen.•••.·-··· Evhraim. 8pring C it y division•. • .•••• ••. Horseshoe Irrigation Co• .. _..•••••••••.•••. Spring City, Utah·-··-···· Vivian Larson-··········-· President••.•• - -·-- ••••• James W. Blain..- ---··· Spring City. Shoshone: Garland division•······· Shoshone irrigation district••••••••••••••.•. Powell, \Vyo••--······-··· Paul Nelson ••••••••• ·-··· Irrigation superintendent. Harry Barrows•••••·--·· Powell. Frannie division 4--········-··· Deaver irrigation district.•-·---·-····-···•· Deaver, \Vyo••••••••••••• Floyd Lucas••••••·--·-·· · Manager.- -··-···---··- R. J . Schwendima n.•-·· ­ Deaver . Stanfield._ ...... _ Stanfield irrigation district.•.•.- •••••••••••• Stanfield, Oreg.. •••• ••••••• Leo F. Clark••••••·-··--·· Superintendent••• __ ••••• ]i'. A. Baker.••..•••••••• Sta nfield. Strawberry Valley...... •.. Strawherry Water Users' Assn•••••••••••••• P ayson , Utah _....•••••••• S. W. Grotegut•••••••·-··· President ••·-·· ··-··•••• E.G. Breeze•••••••••• __ Payson. Sun River: Fort Shaw division ' ·-··· Fort Shaw irrigation dir,i;trict_ •.. · · ···•·····- Fort Shaw, Mont._· -··-•• . C. L . Bailey••••••• - •• - ••• M anager ••·····--·····­ C. L . BaileY- -······· · ·· Fort Shaw. G reenfielda d ivision ·······-•·· Green.fields irrigation district•.••.••.•••.•••• Fairfield, Mont•••••••••••• A. W . W alker• • • •••••· -··· Manager• •• _••••••••••• TI . P. Wangen•• -·- -·-·· Fairfield. Umatilla, East division 1·-··-·--··· Hermiston irrigation district...... H ermiston. Oreg_._ ••••••• E. D . Martin· - ··· ····-··· Ma11ager•• • ••••••••••• • Enos D. Martin.•· -·-··­ H,,rmi~ton. West division I_ ••••••••••••••• West Extension irrigation district•••••••·-··· Irrigon , Oreg...•....•.•••. A. C . Houghton ...... _•.. Manager••····-·-···-•• A . C. Houghton••.••.•.• Irrigon . Uncompahgre 3·-················- · Uncompahgre Valley W. U . A ••••••·-······· Montrose, Colo ...•••..... J esse R . Thompson• •..•... l\.f.anager••..•...••••••• H. D . Galloway•.•._•••. Montrose. Upper Snake River Storage. __ ._._•• Fremont-Madison irrigation district.·-······· St. Anthony, Idaho.·-····· H . G. Full er____ ····-····· Pre:.ident.•.••.•••••.•_. John T . \Vhite••...•.•.• St. Anthony. W eber River•.• •••.• ••••..•••••• _. \Veber River W. U . A-·········· · ·········· Oitden, Utah .--···-····-·· D. D . Harris•.•••-·--·- -·· M'. anager. _--···-·----·. D . D . Harris..·-·--·-·-­ Ogden. Yakima, K ittitas division! •••.••••• Kittitas reclamation dist rict••••....•• ·-.... E ll enehuri;:. \Vash .•....•••• C. G. Hughes••••••..•. - . . ?,.fanae:er.•.••-·-••••••• G. L. Sterling•...••••..• Ellenttburg.

I B . E . St.outemyer, district cou nsel, Portland. O rer. aJ . R. Alexander, district eoun~I. Salt Lake City. Utah. 2 R . J . Coffey, district counsel, Los AD&"elea. Calif. 4 W. J. Burke, district counsel. Billina-s. Moot.

Issued monthly by the Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior, as approved by the Director of the Budget. SALLIE A. B. CoE, Editor. TERMINAL FLIGHTS OF MAIN AGGREGATE CONVEYOR SYSTEM AT LEFT.