Volume 2 Nomor 2 E-ISSN: 2527-807X Juli-Desember 2017 P-ISSN: 2527-8088

EDUCATIONAL VALUES IN HIKAYAT MALAY FOLKTALE

Agik Nur Efendi [email protected] Universitas Negeri Malang M. Zainal Muttaqien [email protected] IAIN Surakarta

Abstract: Globalization era has affected in the changes of Indonesian people‟s values. The changes has gradually transformed norms in society. Therefore, it is urgent to educate character values to the new generations. It can—among others—be conducted by learning from , a classic Malay literary work which contains values relevant to both daily lives and character education. This article is aimed at describing some values included in Hikayat Hang Tuah. The character education contained by the story is considered having relevance to the program established by Ministry of Education and Culture nowadays. The findings show that Hikayat Hang Tuah loads different educational values ranging from the aspects of religion, nationalism, integrity, autonomy, to cooperation. Hopefully, this article can give contributions to the development of students‟ character education from Hikayat Hang Tuah story. Keywords: education, values, character, Malay

INTRODUCTION before Islam entering Nusantara mostly Indonesian people has numerous came from (Hindi and Buddhist cultural heritages distributed over the stories). Some great works resulted local cultures across Nusantara from this influence are among others (Indonesian archipelago). Some of the Hikayat Sri Rama and Hikayat Sang heritages are local literary works which Boma. describe the wisdom of past time lives. Most of Nusantara literary works, A group of people who is considered to including classic Malay, contain have a treasure in the form of literary national identities representing their works is Malay society who inhabits a eras. Acccording to Sudjiman (1984, 14) lot of Indonesian regions. They have a the old literary works inform the popular folktale entitled Hikayat Hang readers about traditions, beliefs, social Tuah. state, individual personalities, The creation of some Indonesian individual relationships, and the national literary works, including applicable value systems in related Hikayat Hang Tuah cannot be society. The Indonesian national culture separated from religious influences. The products in the past which are arrival of Islamic faith at that time, expressed in old literature can be read particularly in Malay, and all regions of as a heritage in the forms of texts or Nusantara in general, could give many manuscripts (Sudjiman 1984, 46). contributions to the development of A number of manuscripts on Hang local cultures. Nearly all aspects of Tuah have long been stored in different Nusantara culture have been mixed countries. According to Sutrisno (1983, with Islamic elements in different 56-60), besides in , most of the nuances. Classic Malay literature works manuscripts can be found in Europe

131

Agik Nur Efendi & M. Zainal Muttaqien and . Aside from the ones in and death. Classic literature teachings , there are still twenty can support in development of students‟ other manuscripts collected in different personal qualities, including emotional, libraries in Leiden, , intellectual, social, and moral values. Trengganu, London, Cambridge, and The advancement of era which Manchester. moves to globalization has triggered a The story of Hang Tuah which was number of changes. Globalization has originally a manuscript in Malay made information exchanges and shares language was then transformed into flow rapidly causing the same fast various works in different languages. cultural changes. According to Sayuti The one who has successfully (in Sunaryadi 2013), one effect that transformed Hang Tuah manuscript arises from globalization process is the was Muhammad Haji Salleh. He has presence of different values coming reconstructed Hikayat Hang Tuah into from foreign countries (Western) which modern . For this influences the life and culture of a achievement, he was then awarded nation. These values are not always State Author title in 1991. He also won suitable to the local wisdom. They may South East Asian Author‟s Award in even contrast with the existing values 1997. In 2008, he was granted State in the society. Another crucial effect, Academic Figure. the characters and values of national Hikayat Hang Tuah which is identity might disappear and even be written by Muhammad Haji Salleh tells forgotten. It also applies to Indonesian a struggle of a figure named Hang Tuah nation. who was born in Lingga island of Riau Regarding those matters, character archipelago. In the story, Hang Tuah is building and development need to be described as a figure who has a fighting taken as a priority in various ways. One spirit and loyalty as well as masters thing that we can do is by digging up twelve different languages at a young noble values of national culture, either age. The courage and loyalty of Hang from literary works or performance arts Tuah have made him a figure loved by and other things which contain moral Sultan. It makes him to be an teachings as the character builders. ambassador to represent his country for Literature subject is one of various affairs. At the end of the story, appropriate media for developing a provocation and betrayal occurs which students‟ characters. In literature, there resulted in an exile and even death are elements of culture, history, and penalty to Hang Tuah. In the even ideology in addition to emotional, meantime, he even comes into rivalry intellectual, social, and moral aspects. with his fellow . So far, these elements are parts of Hikayat Hang Tuah contains classic personal development studies. values that can be considered as Literature can help build students‟ guidelines for human lives in general. character through the touching plots, There have been positive responses appropriate dictions, and powerful toward the wisdom inserted in the conflicts which blow up the amazing story. Appreciating stories from and heroic themes. By classic literature, Nusantara literature may potentially students can get awareness without bring students to recognize their having been strictly forced or taught. national identity. Aside from that, Indonesian government, by Ministry according to Kosasih (2013), of Education and Culture, has appreciating classic literature can give formulated the course of literature various possibilities to human lives, teaching policy. It has been clearly from happiness, freedom, loyalty, pride stated in Permendiknas No. 22 Th. up to weakness, defeat, despair, hatred, 2006 with the title Content Standard 132 Leksema Vol 2 No 2 Juli-Desember 2017

Educational Values in Hikayat HangTuah Malay Folktale for Elementary and Secondary education perspective projected by Education Units. In the document, the Indonesian government. purposes of literature teachings are The data source of this research was described for giving the students‟ Hikayat Hang Tuah book which was competences in (1) enjoying and using written by Muhammad Haji Salleh and literary works for enhancing their published by PT Ufuk Publishing House views, (2) smoothing manners, and (3) in 2013. As qualitative research, the improving skills and knowledge in data in this case were in the forms of using language, and (4) appreciating as sentences and paragraphs which well as developing indicate the core of national character as a cultural and intellectual variety of education values. All data were Indonesian people. collected in two ways, that is by Literature studies provide a intensive reading toward two different potential opportunity for developing texts and note-taking. character education besides aesthetical The technique for analyzing the experiences which is classified as a sort data applied in this research was of calm thoughts by Wellek and Warren descriptive analysis. Ratna (2010, 53) (1989, 35). The importance of (classic) states that descriptive analysis method literature teachings is to bulid students‟ is carried out by describing facts honorable morality (Mustika, 2011, 57). resulting from the process of analysis. However, the teachings of classic The steps were taken by analyzing the literature will always face a problem of values existing within the story and outdated language. This can be a relating them with the research dominant factor of lacking interests purposes which have formerly been toward classic literature among determined. According to the category, students. Many of Indonesian classic the process of data analysis was done literary works are written in Old Malay inductively. language. In order to make them familiar to the students, the working VALUES IN HIKAYAT HANG TUAH languages of the classic literary works Hikayat Hang Tuah is a classic need to be adapted into the language literary work that emerged at the suitable to the level of students‟ glorious age of the traditional Malay comprehension (Kosasih, 2013, 227). society. The story of Hang Tuah has The literary activities at schools inspired the thought of anyone who has have to develop students‟ logic, read it. Within the story, there are lots affective, social, religious, and sense- of messages and ideas to consider, related competences. Out of the including nationalism aspects. It tells learning purposes, literary works the life of a person named Hang Tuah themselves have actually provided who was born in Riau archipelago. opportunities to develop above- It is told that Hang Tuah with his mentioned competences. Therefore, if it companions, namely Hang Jebat, Hang is carried out properly, literary teaching Kasturi, and Hang Lekir sail on a little can give opportunities to develop those boat going to the north of Singapore. On competences, evem more than other their journey, they are chased by subjects do. pirates. However, by using a brilliant strategy, they can defeat the pirates. RESEARCH METHOD Incidentally, the news of their bravery This research applied descriptive is heard by Sultan who is then appoints qualitative approach which aimed at them four palace guardians. Hang Tuah describing the values included in a is described as a man who masters Malay folktale entited Hikayat Hang twelve different languages. Therefore, Tuah from the core of character he becomes Sultan‟s favourite ambassador and is consequently sent to

Leksema Vol 2 No 2 Juli-Desember 2017 133 Agik Nur Efendi & M. Zainal Muttaqien

Majapahit kingdom in order to guard Competence 3.7 is relevant to this Sultan‟s marriage to Galuh Candra study. Kirana, the daughter of Batara. Hang In order to understand the values Tuah is facing a very hard voyage as he and contents of Hikayat Hang Tuah, we is challenged by Mahapatih Gajah can relate it with the core of education Mada, the king of deputy. established by the government. Hikayat Hang Tuah story has been Character as the core of education can written and translated into different divided into (1) religious values, languages. Muhammad Haji Salleh is including beliefs, obedience, cleanliness, the one who transformed it into modern tolerance, and environmental care; (2) Malay. He is included into poets whose nationalism values, including love of works have been translated into country, spirit of nationalism, and English and Malay and was awarded respecting diversity; (3) integrity State Author in 1991. He also won SEA values, including honesty, exemplary, Author Award in 1997. In 2008, he was politeness, and loving the truth; (4) established as State Academic Figure. autonomous values, including work Through his classic work, Hikayat Hang hard, creativity, disciplinary, courage, Tuah, Saleh introduces different values and willingness to learn; (5) mutual whaich are relevant to human lives and cooperative values, including education development. cooperation, solidarity, helping each According to Kartodirdjo (1989, 1-7), other, and brotherhood . Those values historical awareness of people is very are illustrated in the Diagram. important for national culture Generally, classic literature education. In this context, historical teachings are beneficial toward awareness is not only an extension of students‟ characters. All student will knowledge but also a direction toward grow to be individuals who possess cultural values appreciation which is genuine and noble national identities relevant to the attempt of developing completed with self-esteem. By having the culture itself. Historical awareness broad viewpoints and pride on their in the context of national culture own genuine national values, students education can be achieved by will gradually have strong personalities generating awareness that a nation is a with high motivation and tough self- social unit established from a historical controls. They may also face and process which, at the end, integrates overcome their life problems wisely and smaller communities into a bigger properly. entity called „nation‟. Religious Values The materials on hikayat have been Religiousness tends to look at the included into Bahasa Indonesia aspects deep in the heart, vibrations of (Indonesian Language) subject of 2013 personal feelings, and personal Curriculum Revised Edition, for attitudes which remain misteries for students of class X of SMA/SMK/MA others. Thus, these religious attitudes (high school). There are four basic refer to the personality of an individual competences related to hikayat. Each is related to his/her Creator, to behave (3.7) identifying values and contents of like God‟s intention (Lathief 2008, 175). folktales (hikayat) either spoken or Pricipally, religious manner is a written; (3.8) comparing the values and devotion to God with a belief that language elements between folktales humans depend on God and cannot be and short stories; (4.7) retelling the safe by their own power. Therefore, contents of folktales which have been humans must devote themselves to God listened and read; and (4.8) developing (Mustopo 2000, 31). folktales into short stories by focusing on the contents and values. Thus, Basic 134 Leksema Vol 2 No 2 Juli-Desember 2017

Educational Values in Hikayat HangTuah Malay Folktale

From the explanation, it can be within human beings that God‟s permit concluded that religious values are is more important compared to others. religious views or feelings which focus Besides the concept, hygienity or more on human existence rather than cleanliness is also an essential value in religions which are limited to teachings religious aspect. It becomes a dimension and linkages. Religious aspects in to notice as the popular saying Hikayat Hang Tuah are all things „cleanliness is an element of faith‟. related to beliefs or faiths, religious Therefore, keeping our environments activities, and the principles of human from waste is something important. The interactions. The values of beliefs and lesson to keep clean can be found in the obedience in Hikayat Hang Tuah can following excerpt: be seen in the following excerpt:

Diagram: Characters as the core of education

Tun Tuah bowed, “If God permitted, In a good day, The Treasurer, and with the Prophet‟s blessing as well Tumenggung, and all the princes either as Your Majesty‟s command and the old or young worked together to clean authority of Datuk himself, we‟ll be the islands. They stayed there and were back safely after completing our duty.” busy to finish their jobs. Meanwhile, (Salleh 2013, 230-231) King and Queen of Malay sailed to The utterance shows that Hang Bintan. Tuah as a king‟s servant believes that In few days, the islands had already been clean from trees and brushes. The all human deeds depend on God‟s Treasurer had built a fort surrounding intention. For Hang Tuah, even though all the islands. (Salleh 2013,151) he has willingness if God does not In this case, the concept of permit, the goal will not be achieved. cleanliness is shown when the King The concept of believing and obeying is would like to build a new palace. All the not only delivered verbally but it must kingdom servants are ordered to clean also be deeply comprehended and there the islands. The cleaning activity is must be a belief toward God‟s power. focused on the disturbing parts such as Therefore, the concept of believing and bushes and weeds. The reason is when obeying can be seen as a representation bushes are growing around the new

Leksema Vol 2 No 2 Juli-Desember 2017 135 Agik Nur Efendi & M. Zainal Muttaqien palace, they will disturb the appreciation toward tolerance values. surrounding and the palace will not be Hang Tuah tries to convey his opinion interesting. Therefore, the concept of and ask the King to forgive his younger cleanliness will always be the principle brother who has been accused to be to make things beautiful and fault. However, by the King‟s authority, comfortable to see. Hang Tuah‟s brother is then completely Religious values are related with forgiven. The concept of mutual lives human beings as well. It is in the form and accepting each other is something of tolerance between individuals. important in this case. According to Anshori (2010, 152), Nationalism Values tolerance is an attitude and action of Nationalism can be defined as a appreciating the differences in religions, sentiment of loyalty or belonging from a tribes, ethnics, opinions, attitudes as person to his/her own country or nation well as actions of other people. (Smith, 2000). Nationalism has Tolerance can also be understood as a different meanings depending on the feeling and attitude of respecting and viewpoints and interests from one to honoring each other by keeping to others. The element of nationalism is uphold the spirit of unity and the one that has become a foundation of brotherhood in order to create peaceful, solidarity ties which unite citizens at secure, and happy life. The existence of the level of state or nation. tolerance will make people appreciate, Indonesian people need the spirit of protect, and respect others‟ faiths and nationalism with an expectation to cultures patiently and intentionally. bring this nation toward a better The values of tolerance can also be direction and not to be strongly found in Hikayat Hang Tuah. An influenced by foreign cultures which example of tolerance is shown by the may degrade the nation. The spirit of King who would listen to others‟ nationalism should therefore be able to opinions as well as forgive others‟ grow up the sense of loving country in faults. It can bee seen in the quote society whenever people belong to. below: Therefore, the arising problems do not Tun Tuah answered, “Allright, Your function as things that separate. Majesty, Your servant begs your Instead, they become the ones that generousity and kindness. Your Majesty unite the nation (Suprapto 2003, 86). sees Your servant has been suffering from the punishment. If he doesn‟t go According to Imarah (1998, 281), fishing, he‟ll be starved. In this loving country or nationalism is the situation, he‟d better go to Negeri nature of human beings and it is equal Keling because the merchant really to their lives. Similarly, losing respect wants to take him there” to country means death. The construct After listening to Hang Tuah of loving country values can be seen in information, the King agreed the Hikayat Hang Tuah. It is shown by the proposal. “If it is so, I have no objection. Merchant figure along with his But, please ask the Treasurer‟s opinion ministers when they fight against their first.” (Salleh 2013, 197) enemies who threaten the kingdom Tolerance has become something independence. The vision of loving essential in human interactions. The country is represented by the following concept of tolerance will be difficult to quote: implement if one of the parties has no The Merchant did not waste his time humbleness and acceptance. The any more. He commanded forty concept of tolerance also exist in ministers to prepare themselves for a Hikayat Hang Tuah. The quote above battle and load their weapons with gun indicates that the King has a high

136 Leksema Vol 2 No 2 Juli-Desember 2017

Educational Values in Hikayat HangTuah Malay Folktale

powder since on the ship there were or multiculturalism can also be found in only eight cannons. (Salleh 2013, 209) the following quote: The excerpt shows that the The Merchant gave respect and gifts Merchant with his ministers has a high to the King who has accepted them spirit of nationalism. Their bravery in friendly. The Merchant could see defending the independence has become the characteristics and charisma of the King when he was sitting down the essential element to go to war. The on his throne and welcoming the feelings of love to the country dwell visitors with all his ministers, within the personalities of the figures. commanders, and people, either rich The feelings come from togetherness in or poor and big or small. (Salleh life. It makes them look as one when 2013, 187) they are moving to defend their The various constructions of a territory from enemies‟ threats. In order territory, country, or kingdom appear in to keep the independence of and their the quote. A kingdom consists of love to the country, people must have different works and ranks from the the spirit of defending the integration of lowest to the highest. The existence of territory. An example of the spirit of castes in a kingdom does not reduce its nationalism is shown in the following prestige. Even, these differences show excerpt: the richness and plurality of a kingdom. They told their adventure in facing the The pluralism concept can be seen when enemies to the man and his ship crews. there is a welcoming ceremony to a After hearing Hang Tuah story, The visitor from another place. In the Singaporean leader felt very proud of ceremony, the highest kingdom officials them. Then he asked to them, “Now, to the poorest people will gather inside where will you go, young men?” If Your Majesty would be merciful to the palace. The gathering of these us, we want to go back to Bintan different social strata indicates that because three ships are still wandering. differences do not cause problems. They want to know what we have done Instead, they show the existence of to the ten pirates we have just plurality. arrested.” (Salleh 2013, 89) Integrity Values The spirit of nationalism is One of the main purposes of demonstrated by Hang Tuah figure and education is to build up honesty because his companions. When sailing on sea, honesty is a capital for living together they get attacks from pirates. However, and a key for success. From honesty, we Hang Tuah and his companions are can learn, understand, and comprehend able to defend themselves and even balance and harmony. According to defeat the pirates. The pirates are Suparmini and Nursa‟ban (2012), the actually the enemies who threat values of honesty is based on religious territorial independence and robbers of values and moral ethic values which are treasure. The spirit of Hang Tuah and generally applicable. In educational his companions has become a value full context, honesty values are taught to of bravery in fighting against the produce human resources which uphold enemies. the values. In order to keep brotherhood and The concept of honesty is shown by togetherness of a nation, there must be the Merchant character. Indeed, the a spirit of pluralism. In the process of Merchant‟s trip to is not weaving differences, it takes tolerance purposed for trading but to find out a between people. The concept of king descendant to be appointed as the antidiscrimination in society includes king for his territory. The exposition of ignoring the differences in ranks, honesty is conveyed directly to the positions, races, religions and so on Great King. It can be seen in the among people. The concept of plurality following conversation:

Leksema Vol 2 No 2 Juli-Desember 2017 137 Agik Nur Efendi & M. Zainal Muttaqien

The Merchant answered, “All right Then, he said, “I already know Great King. Your servant ask for your everything you want. So, I‟ll teach you mercy and kindness, Your Majesty. My all. (Salleh 2013, 312) goal to come here from Negeri Keling is The values that can be followed from actually not for trading or looking for the excerpt is keeping low profile and world treasure. My mission is to take always practising knowledge we have. Your Majesty‟s younger brother to be appointed as a king. Now, Your The modelling that contains the values Majesty‟s servant has got everything he appears in the character of Persatu wanted. (Salleh 2013, 206) Nala. With his high knowledge, power, The purpose of The Merchant visit magic, and other extraordinary skills, from Negeri Keling is not for trading Sang Persatu Nala remains having the but looking for a king‟s descendant to be responsibility to practise his knowledge. appointed as the King of Negeri Keling. Sang Persatu Nala‟s belief toward To accomplish the mission, he makes a Hang Tuah and his companions cannot trading strategy. By trading, the be separated from the characters of the essence of a trip can slightly be covered. figures. Hang Tuah‟s attitudes of being This is an example of the patience and diligent and enthusiastic in gaining tolerance of a merchant. Even though knowledge has made Sang Persatu Nala his main purpose to get a king has been decide to teach in case that the achieved, he maintains to tell his plan knowledge can give them benefits. in front of the Great King clearly. His Another consideration why Sang courage to confess his intention before Persatu Nala would share his the King and all kingdom officials is a knowledge is because of Hang Tuah good example to appreciate and follow. polite and ethical speech acts. Beside honesty concept, there are Politeness or etiquette is a manner, also modelling values. Things related to tradition, or habit which is practised modelling can be explored from the within a society. Politeness has become figure of Hang Tuah and Persatu Nala. the rule of behaviours established by Hang Tuah is described as a man who society so that it becomes a requirement would like to gain knowledge from agreed in social interactions. Therefore, Persatu Nala as the teacher who will politeness can be compared to a good guide Hang Tuah and his companions. interactive manner. The manifestation As a person who is expecting of Hang Tuah politeness is directed to knowledge, Hang Tuah has a good His Majesty King beside toward Sang character in his attitude. Meanwhile Persatu Nala like the one in the Sang Persatu Nala, his teacher who following excerpt. possesses a lot of knowledge, always Shortly afterwards, His Majesty King lives in humbleness. He is not arrogant asked Tun Tuah, “Tuah, how is the as well and willing to share his betrayer‟s condition?”. Tun Tuah answered, “All right, Your kowledge to Hang Tuah and his Majesty. Your servant beg for Your companions. It is proven in the quote Majesty‟s mercy and kind heart. Your below: Majesty has seen Your servant suffering He bowed seriously and answered, “I from the punishment. If he doesn‟t go come to study warriorship and warfare fishing, he will be starving. In this science to you. I really want to know situation, he‟d better go to Negeri about what must be known by knights Keling because the Merchant really and warriors. But more than that, I wants to bring him there. (Salleh, 2013, would like to have a better view and 197) strategy than they already have. The trace of politeness values can be Sang Persatu Nala was silent for a found in Hang Tuah figure. As a while. kingdom servant, Hang Tuah is not

138 Leksema Vol 2 No 2 Juli-Desember 2017

Educational Values in Hikayat HangTuah Malay Folktale only recognized for his high being in the right way has made Hang intellectuality and strong physical Tuah very powerful in fighting against appearance but also his polite speech the criminals. acts. Hang Tuah‟s polite speech can be Autonomous Values seen when he is making a conversation One way to be creative is by with His Majesty King. In the thinking in various imaginative conversation, His Majesty King uses the shadows in a surprising, unpredictable, word „betrayer‟ which reflect roughness. and sometimes illogical situation that However, in responding to His Majesty leads to a new understanding on the question, Hang Tuah keeps showing phenomenon. politeness in speaking by firstly asked The description of a creative person for mercy. Hang Tuah‟s speech that is is reflected by Hang Tuah character as initiated by asking for forgiveness, well. It happens when he encounters mercy, and kind heart is the , a strong figure from implementation of the rule in respecting Majapahit kingdom. Hang Tuah cannot the higher person. It is a representation defeat Taming Sari, since the latter has of politeness values. magical power. Therefore, Hang Tuah Another good character possessed by thinks outside the box like what is told Hang Tuah is bravery to defend the in the following text. truth. The case is when there are criminals who are destructing goods in Taming Sari stands up to dance and attack Tun Tuah‟s breast several times. the market. Hang Tuah who sees this Tun Tuah jumps again left and right to situation stands for the sellers and avoid Taming Sari‟s weapon. fights against the criminals as can be Everybody was entertained to see the seen in the following excerpt. fight. Deep in his heart, Tun Tuah thou Next day, Hang Tuah did all his ght,”What kind of magical power is households, that was splitting wood possessed by this man so that my with his axe. By God‟s permission, in weapon can‟t tear his skin? As I know, the meantime, a man accidentally ran his keris (traditional Javanese sword) is amok in the market. A lot of people had the one that gives him power. If it is so, been killed and injured. The store I have to know his obsession and owners ran away from their stores to deceive him so that I can take that the village. Bintan was in a panic and keris.” (Salleh 2013, 300). uproar situation. There are a lot of creative problem- A lot of men and women ran away and solving techniques. Among others is by shouted, “Hey, Hang Tuah, run to the changing the viewpoint from an village if you don‟t want to be killed!” ordinary one into something amazing Hang Tuah continued to split the wood and beneficial. Hang Tuah figure has and answered, “Why must we be afraid worked out the concept. The creativity of a mad man like that?” (Salleh 2013, shown by Hang Tuah looks tricky but it 101-102) is considered into a solutive thinking Here, Hang Tuah is described as a concept. figure who dares to defend the truth. Hang Tuah‟s situation analysis on His bravery has been existed since he Taming Sari‟s magical power which is was a child. In the story, Hang Tuah caused by his keris is true. Therefore, who is splitting wood sees some Hang Tuah attempts to separate criminals who are running amok in the Taming Sari from his keris. This effort market and have killed and injured certainly needs a creative thinking people. Hang Tuah has no fear at all process. Trapping Talang Sari with a and does not try to run away from the dialogue to know his obsession first is criminals. Even, he has an initiative to proven to be accurate. Thus, it can be keep staying in the place and fight counted as a creative thinking process. against the criminals. The confidence of

Leksema Vol 2 No 2 Juli-Desember 2017 139 Agik Nur Efendi & M. Zainal Muttaqien

The next value is disciplinary. lots of crews. It won‟t be easy for us to „Discipline‟ is a common term for us, but defeat them. in reality, it is very difficult to practise. Hang Kasturi proposes his plan, “Let‟s According to Rusyandi (1997: 6), do the right thing.” (Salleh, 2013:85) „discipline‟ is an attitude or behaviour The courageous character of Hang that is in line with the applicable rules Tuah as a sailor has grown since he was or norms. a child. As seen in the quote, Hang A disciplinary which comes from self Tuah‟s courage is examined when he is awareness is the best one. At this level, sailing and attacked by pirates. He one‟s awareness to obey the applicable decides to fight on the land considering rules, norms, and regulations are not the limited number of weapons and due to fear of punishment but purely crews he has. This plan gives result as comes from the responsibility as a it has been expected. They succeed to member of society to establish catch some of the pirates. conduciveness. Self-discipline is not Cooperative Values something that grows by itself but it is Indonesian people has cooperative a result of learning or interaction with behaviour named gotong royong and it the surroundings. The concept of has been popular among societies as one disciplinary in Hikayat Hang Tuah can of national personalities. This be found in the following quote. behaviour has rooted from cultural He answered, “Your Majesty, Your values of Indonesian people. It is in line servant will go soon because the season with what Colleta (1987, 3) states that for returning will soon be ended. cooperation has been the flesh and His Majesty King agreed the proposal, blood of Indonesian people and become “You‟d better go immediately because I have to go sailing to Malacca as soon as one of the most important traditional possible.” institutions in social development. The Malay Queen answered, “All right, Indonesian people believe that both Yor Majesty. Soon after my duty is over, cooperative values and behaviours have I will meet Your Majesty in Malacca.” a social potential that can be used as an (Salleh 2013,157) instrument for solving various problems Disciplinary value can be seen from of living together within a society. the character of Malay Queen. This The concept of cooperation can also figure has a strong disciplinary be understood within the context of principle. It is proven when she gains a social empowerment (Pranadji 2009, mandate to sail to Malacca. She carries 62), since it can be a social capital to out this duty quickly. Disciplinary build institutional power at the level of factor has motivated her to meet His local community and national society to Majesty in hurry after she has reach welfare. In this case, Hikayat completed the mission. Hang Tuah offers certain values The last autonomous concept is relevant to the spirit of cooperation. bravery or courage. One of courageous This cooperative concept is values in Hikayat Hang Tuah are demonstrated when Hang Tuah and his reflected Hang Tuah status as the companions are building a ship as in leader of a sailing group when they are the following excerpt: being attacked by pirates. A minute later, all the carpenters and Hang Tuah smiled, and then said, “My shipmakers started to do their own friends, I think we have to fight on the work and accelerate their land because our boat is very small and workmanships, His Majesty‟s treasurer we can easily be beaten by those three divides them into several groups. big ships with complete weapons and Bentara Tun Tuah did the front parts whereas the shipmakers were appointed to complete the middle. The Treasurer 140 Leksema Vol 2 No 2 Juli-Desember 2017

Educational Values in Hikayat HangTuah Malay Folktale

himself worked out the shiptail. The The emergence of social solidarity ship wall was decorated beatifully with cannot be separated from the shared wood frames covered by yellow, red, and feeling among group members. In green velvet. (Salleh 2013, 226) addition, common interest also In conducting different events, contributes to increase of solidarity. The people all over Nusantara has applied concept of high solidarity is cooperative system. Cooperation can demonstrated by Hang Tuah, Hang make hard work become lighter. All Jebat, Hang Kasturi, Hang Lekir, and people work together so that the goal Hang Lekiu. Their brotherhood and can be quickly achieved. Cooperative friendship solidarity are examined concept can be seen in Hikayat Hang when they are facing the pirates. The Tuah during the process of making a coming of the pirates who want to catch ship. In the activity, the workers, either them as hostages does not make Hang from higher or lower social status work Tuah and his companions run away. By together diligently. This process is done a strong common feeling, they are by dividing the tasks to each worker. united to strike back. This existing This concept reflects that people solidarity does not appear suddenly but already know about cooperation, not it comes from the same feeling that only to finish the work earlier but also have long established among them. to strengthen collective spirit among The next concept is the spirit of them. helping each other. In Hikayat Hang Another value included into Tuah, it is reflected when Hang Tuah‟s cooperation is solidarity. The concept of boat is chased and attacked by the solidarity emphasizes on the pirates. In the meantime, the leader of relationship between individuals or a boat troupe which is sailing to groups that becomes the basis of Singapore knows that Hang Tuah and togetherness in life supported by moral his troupe need a help. The concept of and faith values which live within the helping each other is shown in the society. The manifestation of collective following excerpt; relationship will bear emotional The crew leader of all those boats saw a experiences that can strengthen the small boat with five passengers being relationship itself. According to chased by six enemy ships which had Durkheim (in Jones 2009, 123), social moved closer to their target. solidarity is a loyalty in friendship that The leader shouted to his crews, “Get points out a relationship status between closer to the boat. The boat are being individuals and/or groups based on chased by pirates. We don‟t know where moral and faith which is believed they come from. They may need our help.” (Salleh 2013, 88) together and streghthened by collective emotional experiences. The concept of It is common that the stronger help solidarity in Hikayat Hang Tuah can be the weaker one who needs help. The seen on Hang Tuah and his companion willingness for helping each other figures. The solidarity emerges when a makes this life balance. The act of group of pirates is attacking them. helping each other is shown by crew Hang Tuah soon arrived at the beach. A leader of the boats which is sailing to gang of pirates were very pleased and Singapore. In the meantime, the leader shouted, “This time we‟ll make those sees the boat of Hang Tuah which is guys our slaves!” being chased by six other ships. Seeing Then, they docked as well in order to the incident, the ship leader tries to catch those guys. approach the pursued boat. This At that time, Hang Jebat, Hang decision makes the pirates cancel their Kasturi, Hang Lekir, and Hang Lekiu intention to catch Hang Tuah and his had landed waiting for their enemies to companions. take the next action. (Salleh, 2013:86)

Leksema Vol 2 No 2 Juli-Desember 2017 141 Agik Nur Efendi & M. Zainal Muttaqien

Another value in Hikayat Hang education field and daily life. In more Tuah is familiarity. In living with specific, the values in the folktale are in others, there must be a spirit of line with the character education values familiarity to solve any problems. One projected by the Indonesian government element of familiarity is discussion. The in 2016, that is religious, nationalism, larger a community the higher the integrity, autonomous, and cooperative necessity for upholding discussions. values. Discussion is the backbone of a social Religious values, comprising belief life. It is commonly established as a and obedience, are found in Hang principle including the Islamic law. The Tuah‟s behaviour whereas the principle of familiarity can be found in cleanliness value is represented by the the following quote; activity of cleaning the islands. In His Majesty King felt tears dropping addition, tolerance value is from his eyes. He asked, “Then, how demonstrated by the King who gives should I give him punishment?” opportunity to his younger brother. The Treasurer and Tumenggung Nationalism values include loving answered, “Your Majesty King. In my country, spirit of nationalism, and humble opinion, if what is reported by respecting diversity. These values are the man is true that Your Majesty‟s reflected by the Merchant and Tun younger brother has made a sin Tuah. Meanwhile, integrity values prohibited by Allah Ta‟ala, the appropriate punishment is by sending cover honesty, modelling, politeness, him into an exile for a while and put off and loving truth. The first is his title as Young King. Return him into exemplified by the Merchant confession his former status. (Salleh, 2013:177) whereas the second appears when Sang In solving a problem, it takes a Persatu Nala would share his mutual agreement. This agreement is knowledge to Hang Tuah and his aimed at knowing each other‟s problems companions. Subsequently, a politeness and taking the action needed. Another value can be seen in Hang Tuah speech function of familiarity spirit is for acts similar to loving the truth which is overcoming subjective decision which shown by Hang Tuah who dares to can lead to a drawback towards others. defend the truth by fighting against In the story, the aspect of familiarity is criminals. shown when The Treasurer and Autonomous values in Hikayat Tumenggung hold a discussion with the Hang Tuah are reflected by the hard King to make a decision. Actually, any work done by the shipmakers, the decision lies on the King‟s hand. creativity from Hang Tuah‟s ideas in However, His Majesty King chooses to facing against the enemies, the discuss his brother future first with The disciplinary of Malay Queen in Treasurer and Tumenggung. The respecting time and the King, as well as existence of agreement in the kingdom the courage of Hang Tuah when he is shows that all problems and their striking back the pirates. consequences can be solved through In addition, cooperative values familial manner in order not to cause include working together to make the drawbacks toward others. ship for the kingdom, solidarity in Hang Tuah‟s friendship, helping each other CONCLUSION when some ship crews save Hang Based on the result of analysis Tuah‟s troupe from the pirates, and above, it can be concluded that Hikayat familiarity spirit in holding discussion Hang Tuah folktale written by among the King and his servants. Muhammad Haji Salleh contains a number of values that are relevant to

142 Leksema Vol 2 No 2 Juli-Desember 2017

Educational Values in Hikayat HangTuah Malay Folktale

REFERENCES Perspektif Sosio Budaya Bangsa”. Jurnal Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, Anshori. 2010. Transformasi Pendidikan 27 (1) Islam. Jakarta: GP Press Ratna, Nyoman Kutha. 2010. Teori, Metode, Colleta, Nat J. 1987. Kebudayaan dan dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Pembangunan, sebuah pendekatan Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Terhadap Antropologi Terapan Ilmu Rusyandi, T. 1997. Penerapan Gerakan Pengetahuan Sosial di Indonesia. Disiplin Nasional dalam Proses Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Pembelajaran. Cianjur: CV Kandaga Jones. 2009. Pengantar Teori-Teori Sosial. Cipta Karya Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia Salleh, Muhammad Haji. 2013. Hikayat Kartodirdjo, Sartono. 1989. “Fungsi Sejarah Hang Tuah. Jakarta: PT Ufuk dalam Pembangunan Nasional”. Historika 1 (1) Publishing House Kemdikbud. 2016. Mendikbud: Pendidikan Smith, Anthony D. 2000. The Nation in Karakter adalah Poros Perbaikan- History: Historiographical Debates Pendidikan Nasional. http://www. about Ethnicity and Nationalism. kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2016/12/men Oxford: Blackwell Publishing dikbud-pendidikan-karakter-adalah- poros-perbaikan-pendidikan-nasional. Sudjiman, Panuti. 1984. Kamus Istilah Accessed on March 2, 2017 Sastra. Jakarta: Gramedia Kosasih, E. 2013. “Sastra Klasik Sebagai Sunaryadi. 2013. “Serat Madu Tata Krami Wahana Efektif Dalam Pengembangan dan Relevansinya dengan Pendidikan Pendidikan Karakter”. Jurnal Karakter”. Jurnal Litera, 12 (1): 119- 128 Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra. 13 (2): 225-236 Suparmini dan M. Nursa‟ban. 2012. Lathief, Supaat I. 2008. Sastra: “Implementasi Nilai-nilai Kejujuran Eksistensialisme-Mistisisme Religius. dan Tanggung Jawab dalam Lamongan: Pustaka Ilalang Perkuliahan di Jurusan Pendidikan Geografi UNY”. Jurnal Socia, 11 (1): Muhammad Imarah. 1998. Perang 105-124 Terminologi Islam Versus Barat. Jakarta: Robbani Press Suprapto, Sri Ruspita Sari, Ngadiman Winata, Edison A Jamali, Suharyanto, Mustika, I. 2011. “Pembinaan Karakter and Vipti Retna Nugraheni. 2003. Melalui Pembelajaran Sastra Berbasis Kewarganegaraan. Jakarta: Bumi Strategi Metakognitif” in Pendidikan Aksara Sastra & Karakter Bangsa, : FPBS UPI Sutrisno, Sulastin. 1983. Hikayat Hang Tuah: Analisa Struktur dan Fungsi. Mustopo, 2000. Nilai Al Quran: Sebuah Yogyakarta: University Analisis. Yogyakarta: Sinar Pustaka. Press Permendiknas No. 22 Th. 2006 on Standar Wellek, R and A Warren. 1989. Teori Isi untuk Satuan Pendidikan Dasar dan Kesusastraan (Translator: Melani Menengah Budiarta). Jakarta: Gramedia Pranadji, Tri. 2009. “Penguatan Kelembagaan Gotong Royong dalam

Leksema Vol 2 No 2 Juli-Desember 2017 143