ZOOLOGY Biology of Parasitism Morphology, Life Cycle, Mode Of

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Paper No. : 08 Biology of Parasitism Module : 06 Morphology, Life cycle, Mode of infection of Trypanosoma

Development Team

Principal Investigator: Prof. Neeta Sehgal Head, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi

Co-Principal Investigator: Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi

Paper Coordinator: Dr. Pawan Malhotra ICGEB, New Delhi

Content Writer: Dr. Kapinder and Dr. Haren Ram Chiary Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi

Content Reviewer: Prof. Rajgopal Raman Department of Zoology, University of Delhi

Biology of Parasitism ZOOLOGY Morphology, Life cycle, Mode of infection of Trypanosoma

Description of Module

Subject Name ZOOLOGY

Paper Name Biology of Parasitism: Zool 008

Module Name/Title Protozoan

Module Id M6 Morphology, Life cycle, Mode of infection of Trypanosoma

Keywords Tsetse fly, Trypanosomiasis, T. gambience, African sleeping sickness

Glossary

Definitive host: Host in which a parasite becomes an adult and reaches maturity. Disease: It is defined as any deviation from a normal state of health.

Endemic: It describes a disease in a human population that is constantly present and is more or less stable. Epidemic: it is the occurrence of the disease in the human population where the number of cases exceeds the normal expected number of cases. An epidemic situation can be only temporary. Promastigote: It is also termed as flagellar form or Leptomonad form. It is long, spindle shaped slender form ranging in length from 15 to 20 micrometer and 1 to 2 micrometer in breadth. Reservoir: host animals in which population of disease organisms persists indefinitely and which pass the disease to other species of the hosts, often by vectors. Trypomastigotes: Morphological forms of a trypanosome with the flagellum arising near the posterior end, and running the length of the body where it is attached to the cell membranes. Vector: It is a definitive or intermediate host that transmits the parasitic forms from one host to other.

References

1. Chappuis, F. et al. (2005). Options for field diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 18: 133–146. 2. Fevre, E.M. et al. (2005). A burgeoning epidemic of sleeping sickness in Uganda. Lancet, 366: 745–747. 3. Hasker, E. et al. (2011). Health care-seeking behavior and diagnostic delays for human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 16: 869–874. 4. Holmes, P.H. (1997). New approaches to the integrated control of trypanosomosis. Veterinary Parasitology, 71: 121–135. 2

Biology of Parasitism ZOOLOGY Morphology, Life cycle, Mode of infection of Trypanosoma

5. Mitashi, P. et al. (2012). Human African trypanosomiasis diagnosis in first-line health services of endemic countries, a systematic review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 6: e1919. 6. Nantulya, V.M. et al (1990). Trypanosomiasis in domestic animals: the problems of diagnosis. Rev Sci Tech. 7. Njiokou, F. et al. (2010). Domestic animals as potential reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in sleeping sickness foci in Cameroon. Parasite, 17: 61–66. 8. Odiit, M. et al. (2004). Assessing the patterns of health-seeking behaviour and awareness among sleeping-sickness patients in eastern Uganda. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 98: 339–348. 9. Odiit, M., Kansiime, F. and Enyaru, J.C.K. (1997). Duration of symptoms and case fatality of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Tororo, Uganda. East African Medical Journal, 74: 792–795. 10. Paquet, C. et al. (1995). Trypanosomiasis from Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in the center of north-west Uganda. Evaluation of 5 years of control (1987– 1991). Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique, 88: 38–41. 11. Peacock, L., Cook, S., Ferris, V., Bailey, M. and Gibson, W. (2012). The life cycle of Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) Congolense in the tsetse fly. Parasites & Vectors, 5:109. 12. Report of a WHO meeting on elimination of African trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense) (2012). 13. Report of a WHO meeting on elimination of African trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense). Geneva, World Health Organization, 2013 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79689/1/WHO_HTM_NTD_IDM_2013.4_eng.pdf, accessed 18 April 2013). 14. Report on global surveillance of epidemic-prone infectious diseases. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2000 (http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ hq/2000/WHO_CDS_CSR_ISR_2000.1.pdf, accessed 1 April 2013). 15. Service, M.W. (2000). Medical entomology of students. Second edition. 16. Simarro, P. et al. (2012). Estimating and mapping the population at risk of sleeping sickness. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 6: e1859. 17. Simarro, P.P. et al. (2010). The Atlas of human African trypanosomiasis; a contribution to global mapping of neglected tropical diseases. International Journal of Health Geographics, 9: 57. 18. Truc, P. (2003). About Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the causative agent of the chronic form of Human African Trypanosomiasis: some findings and proposals. African Journal of Biotechnology, 2(12): 657-661. 19. Welburn, S.C. et al. (2001). Identification of human-infective trypanosomes in animal reservoir of sleeping sickness in Uganda by means of serum resistance associated (SRA) gene. Lancet, 358: 2017–2019. 20. Wembonyama, S., Mpaka, S. and Tshilolo, L. (2007). Medicine and health in the Democratic Republic of Congo: from independence to the third republic. Médécine Tropicale, 67: 447–457. 21. WHO report (2013). Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis.

Biology of Parasitism ZOOLOGY Morphology, Life cycle, Mode of infection of Trypanosoma