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Principles of Group Treatment Other Works by Eric Beme Published by Grove Press Beyond Games and Scripts Games People Play The Happy Valley A Layman’s Guicle to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis The Structure and Dynamics of Organizations and Groups Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy What Do You Say After You Say H ella? PRINCIPLES OF GROUP TREATMENT ERIC BERNE, M. D. GROVE PRESS, INC., NEW YORK Copyright © 1966 by Eric Berne All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, for any reason, by any means, including any method of photographic reproduction, without the permission of the publisher. Twelfth Printing 1978 ISBN: 0-394-17603-0 Grove Press ISBN: O-8021-4142-0 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 77-090097 Manufactured in the United States of America Distributed by Random House, Inc., New York GROVE PRESS, INC., 196 West Houston Street, New York, N.Y. 10014 To the 202 members and all others who understand Martian Foreword There are three reasons for writing this book: 1. It deals with group “treatment” rather than with group “therapy.” These two approaches are sufficiently different to war­ rant a separate consideration for the former. 2. There is no other systematic treatise on the use of transac­ tional analysis in groups. 3. A large number of people who have observed the writer’s groups or have heard him discuss them want more information about why he does what he does, especially when he does what other therapists would not do, or does not do what other thera­ pists would. The book is based on more than twenty years of experience in practising group psychotherapy in a variety of settings, and in supervising, advising, training, and observing other group thera­ pists in hospitals and clinics, in private, public, and governmental agencies, and in private practice. Most of the ideas, as used by the writer and his colleagues, have been under continuous and fairly ruthless scrutiny at the San Francisco Transactional Analysis Seminars, and have been subjected to healthy destruc­ tive criticism when formally presented elsewhere in teaching courses or at society meetings. The organization of the book vii Viii F OREWCRD is based on experience in teaching transactional group treat­ ment primarily in the San Francisco Bay area: at the Veterans Administration Mental Hygiene Clinic, Langley Porter Neuro­ psychiatric Institute of the University of California Medical School, the Stanford-Palo Alto Psychiatric Clinic, Mount Zion Hospital, the McAuley Neuropsychiatric Institute of St. Mary’s Hospital, the Child Guidance Clinic at Children's Hospital, and the San Francisco Transactional Analysis Seminars. The author has kept in mind the questions most commonly asked by begin­ ners in this field. His formal experience in group treatment began in an army hospital during World War II. Liquor was forbidden on the premises and the soldiers were in the habit of buying large quan­ tities of shaving lotion and secreting it in various places, to be drunk when opportunity arose. Hence it was necessary to in­ stitute a mattress check every morning, during which two order­ lies lifted the mattress off each bed to see what was concealed on the springs. Large quantities of bottled toxic substances were thus uncovered. In desperation, the writer called a meeting of the patients in the day-room to discuss the pharmacological properties of shaving lotion. The patients liked the meeting so well that they requested a daily opportunity to continue these discussions. Shortly thereafter group therapy came into favor with the War Department, and the writer was thus enabled to continue his policy with official encouragement and has been meeting with patients in groups ever since. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS What is written here has been learned from the hundreds of students who have attended the writer’s seminars and the hun­ dreds of patients who have attended his treatment groups, and he is grateful to all of them. Perhaps the outstanding individuals in this respect have been the active members of the San Fran­ Fomswonn ix cisco Transactional Analysis Seminars (formerly the San Francisco Social Psychiatry Seminars), but everyone who has presented material for discussion has been in some measure stimulating. The “old-timers,” most of them now holding Clinical Member­ ship in the International Transactional Analysis Association, have been particularly helpful in testing the transactional approach in practice. For the manuscript itself, my thanks go to my secre­ tary, Mrs. Allen Williams. To Dr. Alfred C. Wood, ]r., of Phila­ delphia, I am indebted for his meticulous sentence-by-sentence criticism of the semi-final draft; and I am most grateful to Dr. Michael Khlentzos, Chief of the McAuley Neuropsychiatric In­ stitute, for an opportunity to set up and carry out a systematic training program in transactional group treatment for the resi­ dents and staff. SEMANTICS “He” is used as a common pronoun, and in an appropriate con­ text means an individual of either sex. Where something is more applicable to the female sex, “she” is used. “Is” refers to some­ thing that the writer is convinced of; “seems to be” or “appears to be” refer to propositions he is not yet completely sure of. “Group” is used in a specific sense which is discussed in the text. In accordance with transactional usage, Parent, Adult, and Child are capitalized when they refer to ego states; without capi­ tals, parent, adult, and child refer to actual people. For the sake of simplicity of discourse, in describing certain personal ex­ periences the writer will refer to himself as “Dr. Q.” “Thera­ pist” is used (since it is the only available term) to include both those who are engaged in “group treatment” as described in this book, and those who do “group therapy.” “Group therapy” is used in some contexts as a general term which includes “group treatment.” In other contexts where it is indicated, the two are sharply distinguished. X FOREWORD The term “transactional analysis” as used here refers to the sys­ tem described by the writer in his previous works cited in Chap­ ter 10, which is based on a specific theory of personality first reported in 1956 (Berne, E. “Ego States in Psychotherapy.” Am. Inl. Psychother. 11: 293-309, 1957). Despite certain important similarities in outlook, there are decisive differences between this and the “transactional social work,” “transactional research,” and “transactional psychotherapy” of Grinker, which followed the work of P. Spiegel and F. B. Kluckhohn, and which are ex­ plicitly “based on operations derived from field, role, and com­ munication theories rather than on a theory of personality." (Grinker, R. R. “A Transactional Model for Psychotherapy.” In Contemporary Psychotlwrapies, ed. M. I. Stein, pp. 190-227. Free Press of Glencoe, New York, 1961.) Although both use the word “transactional,” Grinker and his associates on the one hand, and this book and the International Transactional Analysis As­ sociation on the other, represent two distinct approaches in theory and application. But all, I think, would salute the relaxed or “cowboy” therapist who has permission to be happy himself and can transmit this license to his patients. Carmel, California E. B. July. 1965 Contents Introduction, xvii I Basic Principles General Considerations, 3 Meaning of “Group Treatment” - Selection of Patients - New Pa­ tients - Physical Arrangements - Therapeutic Goals - Method ­ Combined Therapy - Attendance - Informal Meetings -- Termina­ tion - References. Preparing the Scene, 15 The Contracts - The Therapist - The Assistant Therapist - Stalf Orientation - Selection of Patients - Testing and Research - Brief­ ing the Patient- Supervision - Setting Up the First Meeting ­ Summary - References. The First Three Minutes, 61 The Therapeutic Attitude - Therapeutic Slogans - The Therapeutic Relationship - Observing and Listening - Being Looked Over ­ Structuring the Group - The 'I’herapist’s Responsibility to Himself­ References. The Therapist’s Responsibility, 76 Group Therapy as a Social Institution - Contractual Group Treat­ ment- Personal Group Treatment - References. xi CONTENTS Methods of Treatment, 101 Résumé of Methods-The Type I Group-The Type II Group­ The Type IH Group-The Type IV Group-Summary of Group Types- “Real” versus “Authentic” Feelings -Terminating the First Meeting-Later Phases-Comparison of Methods-References. Group Dynamics, 138 Introduction - The Seating Diagram - The Group Authority - The Group Structure - The Group Dynamics - The Group Imago ­ Analysis of Transactions - Summary - References. Teaching, 159 Introduction - Didactic Lectures - The journal Club - The Clinical Seminar - The Continuous Case Seminar - Observation - Indi­ vidual Supervision - Personal Group Therapy - Workshops - Ref­ erences. Research and Writing, 185 Introduction - Research Design - Research versus Treatment­ Writing Papers - Writing Books - References. The Literature of Group Treatment, 198 Group Treatment - Group Dynamics - Special Topics - References. II Transactional Analysis General Principles, 209 The Therapeutic Program - General Characteristics of Transactional Analysis -The Formal Aspects of Transactional Analysis - Refer­ ences. Basic Techniques, 233 Types of Therapeutic Operations - General Precautions - Other Types of Intervention-Choosing and Timing Therapeutic Opera­ tions - References. 'I`he Transactional Theory of Personality, 259 Early Transactions - The Time of Decisions - Classification of Posi­ tions- Some Comments on Psychobiology-The Santa Claus Fan­ CONTENTS xiii tasy-The Basic
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