Tigray Region As of 23 March 2021

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ETHIOPIA Access Map - Tigray Region As of 23 March 2021 Badime ERITREA Ethiopia ERITREA Adi Hageray Seyemti Egela Zala Ambesa Dawuhan Adi Hageray Adyabo Gerhu Sernay Gulo Mekeda Erob Adi Nebried Rama Sheraro Ahsea Fatsi Eastern Tahtay Adiyabo Tahtay Chila Rama Debre Damo Adi Daero Koraro Aheferom Saesie Humera Chila Yeha Bzet Adigrat Laelay Adiabo Inticho Adigoshu Tahtay Laelay Ganta SUDAN Adabay Selekleka Maychew Adwa Feresmay Edaga Hamus Koraro Selekleka Afeshum North Western Hahayle Kafta Humera Adwa Wukro Akxum Tsaeda Emba Maycadra Shire Nebelat Frewoyni Asgede Tahtay Edaga Arbi Baeker Mayechew Central Endabaguna Mayknetal Hawzen Atsbi May Kadra Zana Semema Korarit Naeder Hawzen Kelete TIGRAY Endafelasi Western Zana Awelallo Atsibi Tsimbla Adet Edaga Selus Keyhe tekli Geraleta Adi Remets Welkait Hayka May Gaba Dima Degua Wukro Mesahil Tsegede Temben Dima Kola Temben Agulae Awra Tselemti Abi Adi Hagere May Tsebri Selam Division Dansha Tanqua Dansha Melashe Mekele Tsegede AFAR Ketema Nigus Abergele Saharti Enderta Gijet AMHARA Mearay South Eastern Adi Gudom Hintalo Samre Hiwane Samre Wajirat Selewa Town Accessible areas Emba Alaje Regional Capital Partially accessible areas Bora Maychew Zonal Capital Mokoni Neqsege Hard to reach areas Endamehoni Raya Azebo Towns Adigoshu Boundary Accessible roads Southern Chercher International Zata Oa Partially accessible roads Korem Chercher Region N Alamata Zone Hard to reach roads Raya Alamata 1000 Km Waja Woreda Displacement trends The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Creation date: 23 March 2021 Sources: OCHA, Tigray Statistical Agency, humanitarian partners Feedback: [email protected] http://www.humanitarianresponse.info/operations/ethiopia www.reliefweb.int.

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“I DON’T KNOW IF THEY REALIZED I WAS A PERSON” RAPE AND OTHER SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE CONFLICT IN TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA Amnesty International is a movement of 10 million people which mobilizes the humanity in everyone and campaigns for change so we can all enjoy our human rights. Our vision is of a world where those in power keep their promises, respect international law and are held to account. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and individual donations. We believe that acting in solidarity and compassion with people everywhere can change our societies for the better. © Amnesty International 2021 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Cover photo: © Amnesty International (Illustrator: Nala Haileselassie) (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2021 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK Index: AFR 25/4569/2021 Original language: English amnesty.org CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 2. METHODOLOGY 8 3. BACKGROUND 9 4. SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS IN TIGRAY 12 GANG RAPE, INCLUDING OF PREGNANT WOMEN 12 SEXUAL SLAVERY 14 SADISTIC BRUTALITY ACCOMPANYING RAPE 16 BEATINGS, INSULTS, THREATS, HUMILIATION 17 WOMEN SEXUALLY ASSAULTED WHILE TRYING TO FLEE THE COUNTRY 18 5.
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20210714 Access Snapshot- Tigray Region June 2021 V2
ETHIOPIA Tigray: Humanitarian Access Snapshot (July 2021) As of 31 July 2021 The conflict in Tigray continues despite the unilateral ceasefire announced by the Ethiopian Federal Government on 28 June, which resulted in the withdrawal of the Ethiopian National Overview of reported incidents July Since Nov July Since Nov Defense Forces (ENDF) and Eritrea’s Defense Forces (ErDF) from Tigray. In July, Tigray forces (TF) engaged in a military offensive in boundary areas of Amhara and Afar ERITREA 13 153 2 14 regions, displacing thousands of people and impacting access into the area. #Incidents impacting Aid workers killed Federal authorities announced the mobilization of armed forces from other regions. The Amhara region the security of aid Tahtay North workers Special Forces (ASF), backed by ENDF, maintain control of Western zone, with reports of a military Adiyabo Setit Humera Western build-up on both sides of the Tekezi river. ErDF are reportedly positioned in border areas of Eritrea and in SUDAN Kafta Humera Indasilassie % of incidents by type some kebeles in North-Western and Eastern zones. Thousands of people have been displaced from town Central Eastern these areas into Shire city, North-Western zone. In line with the Access Monitoring and Western Korarit https://bit.ly/3vcab7e May Reporting Framework: Electricity, telecommunications, and banking services continue to be disconnected throughout Tigray, Gaba Wukro Welkait TIGRAY 2% while commercial cargo and flights into the region remain suspended. This is having a major impact on Tselemti Abi Adi town May Tsebri relief operations. Partners are having to scale down operations and reduce movements due to the lack Dansha town town Mekelle AFAR 4% of fuel.
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D.Fig 9.8-1 TRANSMISSION NETWORK STRUCTURE Area-01
D.Fig 9.8-1 TRANSMISSION NETWORK STRUCTURE 1 Area-01 (1/2, 2/2) 2 Area-02 3 Area-03 4 Area-04 5 Area-05 6 Area-06 (1/2, 2/2) 7 Area-07 Jimma 8 Area-07 Nekemte 9 Area-08 (1/2, 2/2) Legend; Link between A station and B station Frequency Band: Transmission Capacity; Expansion Capacity (At the 8th D.P. completion) in the Master Plan AB 7G 2M 7GHz 2M none AB ? 7x2M Not decided 7 x 2M none AB (2M) Not decided none 2M AB 7G 4x2M (+3) 7GHz 4 x 2M 3 x 2M Links among A, B C and D stations A BCD 5G STM-1 (+1) (+1) Frequency Band: Transmission Capacity; Expansion Capacity (At the 8th D.P. completion) in the Master Plan <Link between A and B> 5GHz STM-1 STM-1 <Link between B and C> 5GHz STM-1 none <Link between C and D> 5GHz STM-1 STM-1 1/11 D.Fig9.8-1 NW Structure.xls Sendafa Mt.Furi Mukaturi Chancho Entoto ? 2x2M (2M) ? 4x2M Addis Ababa Sheno South Ankober North Ambalay South Tik Giorgis Gara Guda 2G 8M 5G 3xSTM-1 5G STM-1 (+2) (+2) (+1) (+1) to Dessie to Bahir Dar Fetra Debre Tsige 900M 8M 11G 140M Sheno Town Ankober(Gorebela) (2M) 7G 4x2M (+1) Sululta 2G 2x34M OFC (2M) Gunde Meskel Muger ? 3x2M 2G 4x2M (2x2M) 900M 8M Aleltu Debre Sina Armania Lemi Robit (2M) 900M 2M (2M) (2M) Fitche Alidoro Chacha (+8) Mezezo Debre Tabor Rep Gunde Wein Abafelase (2M) (2M) (2M) 7G 4x2M Meragna Mendida Molale Inchini Kemet Gebrel Gohatsion Gebre Guracha 900M 8M (2x2M) (2M) (2M) ? 2x2M
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Starving Tigray
Starving Tigray How Armed Conflict and Mass Atrocities Have Destroyed an Ethiopian Region’s Economy and Food System and Are Threatening Famine Foreword by Helen Clark April 6, 2021 ABOUT The World Peace Foundation, an operating foundation affiliated solely with the Fletcher School at Tufts University, aims to provide intellectual leadership on issues of peace, justice and security. We believe that innovative research and teaching are critical to the challenges of making peace around the world, and should go hand-in- hand with advocacy and practical engagement with the toughest issues. To respond to organized violence today, we not only need new instruments and tools—we need a new vision of peace. Our challenge is to reinvent peace. This report has benefited from the research, analysis and review of a number of individuals, most of whom preferred to remain anonymous. For that reason, we are attributing authorship solely to the World Peace Foundation. World Peace Foundation at the Fletcher School Tufts University 169 Holland Street, Suite 209 Somerville, MA 02144 ph: (617) 627-2255 worldpeacefoundation.org © 2021 by the World Peace Foundation. All rights reserved. Cover photo: A Tigrayan child at the refugee registration center near Kassala, Sudan Starving Tigray | I FOREWORD The calamitous humanitarian dimensions of the conflict in Tigray are becoming painfully clear. The international community must respond quickly and effectively now to save many hundreds of thou- sands of lives. The human tragedy which has unfolded in Tigray is a man-made disaster. Reports of mass atrocities there are heart breaking, as are those of starvation crimes.
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AXUM – Welcoming and Engaging Visitors – Design Report
Pedro Guedes (2010) AXUM – Welcoming and engaging visitors – Design report CONTENTS: Design report 1 Appendix – A 25 Further thoughts on Interpretation Centres Appendix – B 27 Axum signage and paving Presented to Tigray Government and tourism commission officials and stakeholders in Axum in November 2009. NATURE OF SUBMISSION: Design Research This Design report records a creative design approach together with the development of original ideas resulting in an integrated proposal for presenting Axum’s rich tangible and intangible heritage to visitors to this important World Heritage Town. This innovative proposal seeks to use local resources and skills to create a distinct and memorable experience for visitors to Axum. It relies on engaging members of the local community to manage and ‘own’ the various ‘attractions’ for visitors, hopefully keeping a substantial proportion of earnings from tourism in the local community. The proposal combines attitudes to Design with fresh approaches to curatorship that can be applied to other sites. In this study, propositions are tested in several schemes relating to the design of ‘Interpretation centres’ and ideas for exhibits that would bring them to life and engage visitors. ABSTRACT: Axum, in the highlands of Ethiopia was the centre of an important trading empire, controlling the Red Sea and channeling exotic African merchandise into markets of the East and West. In the fourth century (AD), it became one of the first states to adopt Christianity as a state religion. Axum became the major religious centre for the Ethiopian Coptic Church. Axum’s most spectacular archaeological remains are the large carved monoliths – stelae that are concentrated in the Stelae Park opposite the Cathedral precinct.
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Risk Factors and Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Human Rabies Exposure in Northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia
Gebru G, et al. Risk Factors and Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Human Rabies Exposure in Northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia. Annals of Global Health. 2019; 85(1): 119, 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2518 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Risk Factors and Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Human Rabies Exposure in Northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia Gebreyohans Gebru*, Gebremedhin Romha†, Abrha Asefa‡, Haftom Hadush§ and Muluberhan Biedemariam‖ Background: Rabies is a neglected tropical disease, which is economically important with great public health concerns in developing countries including Ethiopia. Epidemiological information can play an important role in the control and prevention of rabies, though little is known about the status of the disease in many settings of Ethiopia. The present study aimed to investigate the risk factors and spatio-temporal patterns of human rabies exposure in Northwestern Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: A prospective study was conducted from 01 January 2016 to 31 December 2016 (lapsed for one year) at Suhul general hospital, Northern Ethiopia. Data of human rabies exposure cases were collected using a pretested questionnaire that was prepared for individuals dog bite victims. Moreover, GPS coordinate of each exposure site was collected for spatio-temporal analysis using hand-held Garmin 64 GPS apparatus. Later, cluster of human rabies exposures were identified using Getis-Ord *Gi statistics. Results: In total, 368 human rabies exposure cases were collected during the study year. Age group of 5 to 14 years old were highly exposed (43.2%; 95% CI, 38.2–48.3). Greater number of human rabies exposures was registered in males (63%; 95% CI, 58.0–67.8) than females (37%; 95% CI, 32.1–42.0).
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Amhara Claim of Western and Southern Parts of Tigray
AMHARA CLAIM OF WESTERN AND SOUTHERN PARTS OF TIGRAY By Mathza 11-26-20 We have been hearing and reading about the Amhara Regional State claim of ownership of the Welqayit, Tsegede, Qafta-Humera and Tselemti weredas (hereafter refereed to Welqayit Group) and Raya, and Amhara Regional State threats of war against TPLF/Tigray. One of the threats states “some of the Amhara elite politicians continue to beat drums, as summons to war” (watch/listen) DW TV (Amharic) - July 30, 2020. THE WELQAYIT GROUP Welkayit Amhara Identity Committee (WAIC) was formed in Gonder to return the Welqayit Group from Tigray Regional State to Amhara Regional State. The Welqayit Group was transferred to Tigray during the 1984 reconfiguration of the administrative structure of the country based on ethno-linguistical regional states (kililoch) after the Derg was defeated. It seems that the government of Eritrea has contributed to the Welqayit Group problem. According to ህግደፍንኣሸበርቲ ጉጅለታትን ብአንደበት…ቀዳማይ ክፋል (watch) the Eritrean government had trained Ethiopian oppositions and inculcated opposing views between ethnic groups in Ethiopia, particularly between Amhara and Tigray Regional States, wherever it viewed appropriate for its devilish objective of dismantling Ethiopia. The Committee recruited Tigrayans from Tigray Regional State to do its dirty work. An example is presented in a video, Tigrai Tv:መድረኽተሃድሶ ወረዳ ቃፍታ- ሑመራህዝቢ ጣብያ ዓዲ-ሕርዲ - YouTube (watch) aired on Feb 01, 2017. It shows confessions by a number of Tigrayans from Qafta-Humera who were lured and bribed by the Committee to serve its objectives. Each of them gave details of activities they participated in and carried out against their own people.
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Regreening of the Northern Ethiopian Mountains: Effects on Flooding and on Water Balance
PATRICK VAN DAMME THE ROLE OF TREE DOMESTICATION IN GREEN MARKET PRODUCT VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA afrika focus — Volume 31, Nr. 2, 2018 — pp. 129-147 REGREENING OF THE NORTHERN ETHIOPIAN MOUNTAINS: EFFECTS ON FLOODING AND ON WATER BALANCE Tesfaalem G. Asfaha (1,2), Michiel De Meyere (2), Amaury Frankl (2), Mitiku Haile (3), Jan Nyssen (2) (1) Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Mekelle University, Ethiopia (2) Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium (3) Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, Ethiopia The hydro-geomorphology of mountain catchments is mainly determined by vegetation cover. This study was carried out to analyse the impact of vegetation cover dynamics on flooding and water balance in 11 steep (0.27-0.65 m m-1) catchments of the western Rift Valley escarpment of Northern Ethiopia, an area that experienced severe deforestation and degradation until the first half of the 1980s and considerable reforestation thereafter. Land cover change analysis was carried out using aerial photos (1936,1965 and 1986) and Google Earth imaging (2005 and 2014). Peak discharge heights of 332 events and the median diameter of the 10 coarsest bedload particles (Max10) moved in each event in three rainy seasons (2012-2014) were monitored. The result indicates a strong re- duction in flooding (R2 = 0.85, P<0.01) and bedload sediment supply (R2 = 0.58, P<0.05) with increas- ing vegetation cover. Overall, this study demonstrates that in reforesting steep tropical mountain catchments, magnitude of flooding, water balance and bedload movement is strongly determined by vegetation cover dynamics.
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Effect of Senna Obtusifolia (L.) Invasion on Herbaceous Vegetation and Soil Properties of Rangelands in the Western Tigray, Northern Ethiopia Maru G
Gebrekiros and Tessema Ecological Processes (2018) 7:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-018-0121-0 RESEARCH Open Access Effect of Senna obtusifolia (L.) invasion on herbaceous vegetation and soil properties of rangelands in the western Tigray, northern Ethiopia Maru G. Gebrekiros1 and Zewdu K. Tessema2* Abstract Introduction: Invasion of exotic plant species is a well-known threat to native ecosystems since it directly affects native plant communities by altering their composition and diversity. Moreover, exotic plant species displace native species through competition, changes in ecosystem processes, or allelopathic effects. Senna obtusifolia (L.) invasion has affected the growth and productivity of herbaceous vegetation in semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. Here, we investigated the species composition, species diversity, aboveground biomass, and basal cover of herbaceous vegetation, as well as soil properties of rangelands along three S. obtusifolia invasion levels. Methods: Herbaceous vegetation and soil properties were studied at two locations, Kafta Humera and Tsegede districts, in the western Tigray region of northern Ethiopia under three levels of S. obtusifolia invasion, i.e., non-invaded, lightly invaded, and heavily invaded. Herbaceous plant species composition and their abundance were assessed using a1-m2 quadrat during the flowering stage of most herbaceous species from mid-August to September 2015. Native species were classified into different functional groups and palatability classes, which can be useful in understanding mechanisms underlying the differential responses of native plants to invasion. The percentage of basal cover for S. obtusifolia and native species and that of bare ground were estimated in each quadrat. Similar to sampling of the herbaceous species, soil samples at a depth of 0–20 cm were taken for analyzing soil physical and chemical properties.
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Democracy Under Threat in Ethiopia Hearing Committee
DEMOCRACY UNDER THREAT IN ETHIOPIA HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HEALTH, GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS, AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MARCH 9, 2017 Serial No. 115–9 Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Affairs ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/ or http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/ U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 24–585PDF WASHINGTON : 2017 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate 0ct 09 2002 11:13 Apr 20, 2017 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 F:\WORK\_AGH\030917\24585 SHIRL COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS EDWARD R. ROYCE, California, Chairman CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida BRAD SHERMAN, California DANA ROHRABACHER, California GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York STEVE CHABOT, Ohio ALBIO SIRES, New Jersey JOE WILSON, South Carolina GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas THEODORE E. DEUTCH, Florida TED POE, Texas KAREN BASS, California DARRELL E. ISSA, California WILLIAM R. KEATING, Massachusetts TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania DAVID N. CICILLINE, Rhode Island JEFF DUNCAN, South Carolina AMI BERA, California MO BROOKS, Alabama LOIS FRANKEL, Florida PAUL COOK, California TULSI GABBARD, Hawaii SCOTT PERRY, Pennsylvania JOAQUIN CASTRO, Texas RON DESANTIS, Florida ROBIN L. KELLY, Illinois MARK MEADOWS, North Carolina BRENDAN F. BOYLE, Pennsylvania TED S.
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Kafta-Sheraro National Park General Manage- Ment Plan (2019-2029)
Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority Kafta-Sheraro National Park General Management Plan KAFTA-SHERARO NATIONAL PARK GENERAL MANAGE- MENT PLAN (2019-2029) Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority Kafta-Sheraro National Park General Management Plan Compiled and edited by Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority. Financial support pro- vided by GEF6 (Enhanced Management Protected Area System Estate) and Sustainable De- velopment Protected Area System Estate (SDPASE) ii Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority Kafta-Sheraro National Park General Management Plan FOREWORD Foreword iii Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority Kafta-Sheraro National Park General Management Plan APPROVAL PAGE Approval page v Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority Kafta-Sheraro National Park General Management Plan EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Kafta-Sheraro National Park (KSNP) was established in 2007 mainly to conserve one of the relict populations of the African Elephant found in the area. This General Management Plan (GMP) for the KSNP lays out a vision for the development and management of the park over the next 10 years, and outlines specific actions required to fulfil this vision over the next 3 years. This GMP was developed using a participatory process, building on previously summarised background in- formation and newly gathered data by the planning team. This was followed by analysis of prob- lems and issues carried out through stakeholder workshops and consultations community and re- gional government authorities. Going through such process has helped to ensure that the park’s stakeholders were given an appropriate opportunity to contribute to the issues and problems ad- dressed in the GMP and to suggest solutions to these issues. In general, the planning process adopt- ed involved a variety of approaches to participation.
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ETHIOPIA - TIGRAY REGION HUMANITARIAN UPDATE Situation in Tigray (1 July 2021) Last Updated: 2 Jul 2021
ETHIOPIA - TIGRAY REGION HUMANITARIAN UPDATE Situation in Tigray (1 July 2021) Last updated: 2 Jul 2021 FLASH UPDATE (2 Jul 2021) Situation in Tigray (1 July 2021) The political dynamics have changed dramatically in Ethiopia's Tigray Region following the unilateral ceasefire declaration by the Ethiopian Government on 28 June 2021. Reportedly, the Tigray Defense Forces (TDF) have taken control over most parts of Tigray following the withdrawal of the Ethiopian and Eritrean defense forces from the capital, Mekelle, and other parts of the region, while Western Tigray remains under the control of the Amhara Region. The consequences of the unfolding situation on humanitarian operations in Tigray remain fluid. The breakdown of essential services such as the blackout of electricity, telecommunications, and internet throughout Tigray region will only exacerbate the already dire humanitarian situation. Reported shortages of cash and fuel in the region can compromise the duty of care of aid workers on the ground. Despite the dynamic and uncertain situation, partners report that the security situation in Tigray has been generally calm over the past few days, with limited humanitarian activities being implemented around Mekelle and Shire. Key developments On 28 June, the Federal Government agreed to the request from the Interim Regional Administration in Tigray for a "unilateral ceasefire, until the farming season ends." Subsequently, Ethiopia National Defense Forces (ENDF) withdrew from Mekelle and other main towns in the region, including Shire, Axum, Adwa, and Adigrat. Currently, former Tigray Defense Forces (TDF) are in control of the main cities and roads in Tigray. There were no reports of fighting in Mekelle and other towns.
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