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Copyright © 2019 Ryan Cole Hanley All Rights Reserved. the Southern Copyright © 2019 Ryan Cole Hanley All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. THE USE OF NAKEDNESS IMAGERY AS THEOLOGICAL LANGUAGE IN THE OLD TESTAMENT __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________ by Ryan Cole Hanley May 2019 APPROVAL SHEET THE USE OF NAKEDNESS IMAGERY AS THEOLOGICAL LANGUAGE IN THE OLD TESTAMENT Ryan Cole Hanley Read and Approved by: _____________________________________ T. J. Betts (Chair) _____________________________________ Gregg R. Allison _____________________________________ Adam J. Howell Date______________________________ To Kathleen, my greatest friend and love in this life. To Reas, Justin, Ethan, Evelyn, and Benjamin, my blessings from the Lord. It is done. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xi PREFACE ............................................................................................................. xii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 Thesis ...................................................................................................... 4 Background ............................................................................................. 5 Methodology ......................................................................................... 21 2. THE LANGUAGE OF NAKEDNESS IN THE OLD TESTAMENT ............. 27 Terms Used for Nakedness in the Old Testament ................................... 30 Miscellaneous Words Indicating Nakedness ........................................... 48 Conclusion: The Language of Nakedness in the OT ................................ 50 3. NAKEDNESS IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST ......................................... 51 Modesty in Everyday Life: ANE Clothing ............................................... 51 Naked and Not Ashamed: Functional and Aesthetic Nakedness in Work, Ritual, Art, and Sport ..................................... 58 And They Knew They Were Naked: Stripping as Punishment, Humiliation, and Deterrent ........................................ 70 Conclusion: Nakedness in the Ancient Near East .................................... 76 iv Chapter Page 4. NAKEDNESS IMAGERY IN THE PENTATEUCH .................................... 79 Genesis 2-3: Purity, Corruption, and Restoration ................................... 80 Genesis 9: The Persistent Problem of Human Sin ................................. 101 Exodus and Deuteronomy: Nakedness Before YHWH ........................... 112 Leviticus and Deuteronomy: The Nakedness of Others ......................... 118 Deuteronomy 28:48: Stripping as a Threat ........................................... 127 Conclusion: Nakedness Imagery in the Pentateuch ............................... 130 5. NAKEDNESS IMAGERY IN THE PROPHETS ........................................ 133 Samuel: The King’s Honor and Shame ................................................. 133 David’s Men and Isaiah: Stripping as Humiliation ................................ 151 Hosea and Ezekiel: Dishonored God and Humiliated Wife ................... 163 Other Uses of Nakedness Imagery in the Prophets ................................ 176 Conclusion: Nakedness Imagery in the Prophets .................................. 178 6. NAKEDNESS IMAGERY IN THE WRITINGS ........................................ 181 Job and Ecclesiastes: Contingency ........................................................ 181 Nakedness Imagery as Intimacy: Proverbs and Song of Songs ............... 190 Other Texts Using Nakedness Imagery ................................................. 202 Conclusion: Nakedness Imagery in the Writings ................................... 209 7. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND FUTURE WORK ............................ 210 Summary and Conclusions ................................................................... 210 Proposed Future Study and a Survey of the New Testament Trajectory of Nakedness Imagery ................................. 216 v Appendix Page 1. LIST OF OT TERMS FOR NAKEDNESS AND THEIR REFERENCES .... 224 2. OT PASSAGES WITH NAKEDNESS IMAGERY ..................................... 230 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 235 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ANE Ancient Near East ANEP James B. Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near East in Pictures Relating to the Old Testament, 2nd ed. ANET James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. ANF Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325, 10 vols. AOTC Apollos Old Testament Commentary BAR Biblical Archaeology Review BDB Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, Charles Briggs, Edward Robinson, and Wilhelm Gesenius, eds, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, With an Appendix Containing Biblical Aramaic BCOTWP Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Wisdom and Psalms ConC Concordia Commentary CC Continental Commentaries DCH David J. A. Clines, The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, 8 vols. GKC E. Kautzsch, ed. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar, 2nd ed. HALOT Ludwig Köhler and Walter Baumgartner, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, 5 vols. HCOT Historical Commentary on the Old Testament HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual vii IBHS Bruce K. Waltke and M. O’Connor, An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax ICC International Critical Commentary JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JBQ Jewish Bible Quarterly JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JNSL Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages Joüon Paul Joüon and T. Muraoka, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, 2nd ed. JPSTC JPS Torah Commentary JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series JTS Journal of Theological Studies LHBOTS The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies NAC New American Commentary NICOT New International Commentary on the Old Testament NIDOTTE William A. VanGemeren, ed., New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Ethics, 5 vols. NIVAC NIV Application Commentary NPNF1 Philip Schaff, The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 1, 14 vols. NPNF2 Philip Schaff, The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 2, 14 vols. OTE Old Testament Essays OTL Old Testament Library OTS Old Testament Studies SBL Society of Biblical Literature viii SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series SHBC Smyth and Helwys Bible Commentary TDOT G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry, eds., Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, 16 vols. TOTC Tyndale Old Testament Commentary TWOT R. Laird Harris, Gleason L Archer, and Bruce K. Waltke, Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament VT Vetus Testamentum WBC Word Biblical Commentary ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 31 .................................................................................. ערה Distribution of .1 32 ...................................................................... ערר and עור Distribution of .2 33 ................................................................................. ﬠֵירֹם Distribution of .3 34 ................................................................................. ﬠָרוֺם Distribution of .4 5. Words used by translators in Genesis 2-3 ................................................. 36 as “naked” or “inadequately clothed” .................................. 38 עירם and ערום .6 43 ................................................................................. ﬠֶרְוָה Distribution of .7 43 ................................................................................. ﬠֶרְיָה Distribution of .8 9. Distribution of less common derivatives ................................................... 44 46 ................................................................................... גלה Distribution of .10 47 .................................................................................. פשׁט Distribution of .11 48 .................................................................................. חשׂף Distribution of .12 13. Texts referring to the primary and secondary sexual organs ...................... 49 14. Covenant curses in Hosea 2 and Deuteronomy ....................................... 166 A1. List of OT terms for nakedness and their references ............................... 224 A2. OT passages with nakedness imagery .................................................... 230 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Captive males walking nude during Shalmaneser III’s reign ...................... 160 2. Victims impaled nude during Shalmaneser III’s reign ............................... 160 3. Victims impaled nude outside Lachish during Sennacherib’s Lachish campaign .............................................................
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