HUInan Ethology Bulletin

VOLUME 13, ISSUE 4 ISSN 0739-2036 DECEMBER 1998

© 1999 The International Society for Human Ethology

SOCIETY NEWS Peter, and the Current Literature editors, Bob Adams and Johan van der Dennen, we were able to lengthen the Bulletin from 12 pages to an Election Results average of 32. I also wish to acknowledge the indispensable contributions of all the book reviewers and of those who submitted articles Karl Grammer was re-elected and news briefs. Frans Roes's interviews have Secretary of ISHE, arid Astrid JiiUe was elected been a particularly nice feature, I think. Membership Chair, for the 1999-2001 term. Behind the scenes, Barb Fuller reorganized the Congratulations to both of you. Astrid (of the job of maintaining the mailing list, as well as Ludwig Boltzmann Institute) has already handling the job of Treasurer with efficiency. begun compiling a directory of members' e-mail With Karl Grammer's help, she began the addresses--giving her a start on the next practice of sending out renewal notices. membership directory. Many thanks to Nancy Segal, the outgoing Membership Chair, who So, thanks to all for your heJp with compiled the 1996 membership directoYy, for a this job, which I quit with true misgivings. It job well done. has been a pleasure to work with such idealistic and dedicated scholars, and for such New Editors a fine international orga.nization. --Glenn Weisfeld The next editor of the Bulletin will be Peter LaFreniere of the University of Maine. He was appointed by the Officers of the Society to a two-year term beginning with the ARTIC'LES March 1999 issue. Peter has been serving as Chief Book Review Editor for the past year Is Humaneness Canine? and one-half. Replacing Peter as Chief Book Review Editor will be Thomas R. Alley of By Wolfgang M. Schleidt Clemson University. Like Peter, Tom has Robert Hamerlingg. 1/22 written some exc;ellent reviews Jar the Vienna, Austria Bulletin. [email protected]

I am personally very pleased with In recent years, various fields of both of these appointments. I am confident science--neurobiology, sociobiology, behavioral that the Bulletin is in excellent hands and will ecology and game theory, to name but a few-- improve under Peter and Tom's leadership. have opened new vistas on human origins and on the question of what makes humans such I am also very grateful for the support special animals. Much attention has been and patience that the ISHE officers and focused on the importance of brain, kinship, members and the Bulletin staff and contributors competition, and evolutionarily stable have extended to me ever since I took over as strategies. Even Machiavellian intelligence editor in 1991. Because of the e.fforts of the ha.s been accepted as an old primate heritage1. chief book review editors, Linda Mealey and Given this new scientific wisdom, one may 2 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 wonder how traits of humaneness--true ...even after hundreds of years of altruism, idealism or human kindness--could selective breeding, it would be hard if have evolved and become a recurrent not impossible to produce a chimpanzee phenomenon in various human populations. who could live with humans and have anything like such a good relationship How could some clever but rather as we have with our dogs. 1t is not beastly Anatomically Modern Humans (AMHs) related to .intelligence, but the desire to have turned toward humaneness? How could help, to be obedient, to gain our AMHs have invented forms of cooperation, approvaJ.3 communication, society culminating in individual sacrifice unrivaled by any other Dogs have indeed been domesticated mammal? AMH is the only primate that has for a very long time. There is general evolved the capacity for "true friendship": agreement that dogs were the first loyalty beyond kinship. Konrad Lorenz once domesticated animal, coming under human stated very bluntly: "of all creatures the one control several tho1-l.sand years before any of the nearest to man in fineness of its perceptions hooved animals. The fossil record of dogs 4 and in its capacity to render true friendship is a reaches back as far as 14/000 years , long before bitch."2 . the agricultural revolution. This evidence supports the hypotheses of "man the hunter" There is something in the bonds and of the dog as early hunting companion. exhibited by wolves and dogs and humans that Compare this date with the results of the Can reach beyond what even our closest primate analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of relatives, chimpanzees, do. I am not talking dogs, wolves and jackalss. These recent findings about brain power now, but about what we indicate that the split between the. ancestors of poetically associate. with "kindness of heart." wolves and jackals reaches back one million Jane Goodalt commenting on Konrad Lorenz's years before present (MyBP).6 The analysis of statement, writes: mtDNA of 67 breeds of dogs shows a high degree of similarity to wolves (as represented Dogs have been domesticated for a by 27 populations hom Europe, Asia and North very long time. They have descended America), clearly supporting the hypothesis from wolves who were pack animals. that wolves were the ancestors of domestic They survive as a result of teainwork. dogs. But most unexpectedly, this study shows They hunt together, den together, raise that the first split between the ancestors of pups together. This ancient social wolves and dogs dates back more than order has been helpful in the IOO,OOOyBr, ten times further back than domestication of the dog. indicated by the osteological evidence; also, dogs aTe most closely related to wolves from Chimpanzees are individualists. They Europes. Thus, dogs came into being apparently are boistrous and volatile in the wild. just around the time and the place when and They are always on the look-out for where AMHs started to spread into Eurasia7. opportunities to get the better of each other. They are not pack animals. We now face an amazing temporal and geographical coincidence between the If you watch wolves wifhin a pack, emergence of mankind and dogkind, between nuzzling each other, wagging their hominizat ion and c a'n inization. tails in greeting, licking and protecting Reconsideration of past and current concepts of the pups/ you s.ee all the characteristics domestication has become inescapable. Even we love in dogs, including loyalty. If the term "domestication" now sounds absurd, you watch wild chimps, you see the since the- meeting of wolves and AMHs predates love between mother and child, and the by far anything that could be considered a bonds between siblings. Other human habitation in the form of a domus. relationships tend to be opportunistic. Canids' use of dens dates back much further; we And even between family members may instead want to talk about "cubilication"8 disputes often arise that may even lead and wonder who cubilicated whom. to fights. Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 3 From a biologist's vantage point, we can to discuss these features of wolves and dogs, and view the intertwining process of hominization to suggest the wolves act like "pastoralists. "10 and caninization as one of coevolution. Thus, among mammals, the wolf can be viewed However, while the evolution of man and our as the first true pastoralist, ahead of AMH by primate heritage have attracted much millions of years (though predated by social attention ever since the publication of Darwin's insects, e.g., by ants as "pastoralists" of The Descent of Man, the evolution of wolves aphids). Wolves' ability to hunt as packs, to and dogs has remained a topic for specialists share risk fairly among members, and to and, to the best of my knowledge, not integrated cooperate, unrivaled by any of the big cats, into the descendants of AMH. moved wolves to the top of the food pyramid of the Eurasian plains. In brief, canids originated on the North American continent as fox-like creatures How did early AMHs enter into this hunting small prey (rodents, insects) but with a specialized Eurasian ecosystem alld ultimately tendency toward opportunistic omnivory. They supplant the wolves at the top? With superior probably first developed social skills in the cognitive capacity and foresight (reflected sense of pack formation in the context of especially in their scouting and scavenging putsuing larger prey, possibly small horses. skill), ability to manually hit a distant target, Roughly 10 MyBP, jackal/wolf-sized canids and an eye level double that of wolves, a moved into Asia and exploded into several family of AMH could ease its way into a species of wolf-sized predators in a process of thriving business of pastoralist wolves as junior "adaptive radiation" that reached into partners .and share the bounty without raising Europe9 and even Africa (sale survivors: the the level of intrapack social friction. African wild dog and some wolf-sized jackals). A comparison of the different hunting methods Today, AMH sits atop the food of mammalian predators leaves little doubt pyramid of the world, reindeer are nearly gone, that the decisive advantage of these big canids and of all the mammalian species roaming lies in pack formation, i.e., specific forms of Eurasia one MyBP, wolves were the most cooperation and risk-sharing among successful in increasing their numbers (as dogs), individuals not closely related, in the form of most likely followed by the aurochs (now long-lasting pair bonds as well as friendships represented by our cattle). In fact, wolves have among individuals of the same gender. conquered Africa (e.g., as the basenji), and "used" AMH as a vector to get into Australia Reindeer, traveling seasonally in vast (dingo), Polynesia, and even AnJarctica. herds in the realm between Spain and Eastern Siberia, could well have coeyolved with I do not mean to suggest that an early wolves in the sense that prey and predator encounter of humans with wolf pastoralism was became interdependent, symbiotic, as in the an obligatory stage for all AMHs. Once a few example of aphids and ants. In sOme Siberian of our ancestors had learned to live with dogs reindeer herds now interdependent with AMH, and adopt their pack algorithm ("go beyond wolves follOWing tbese herds are not only the close ties of kinship, learn to practice dose tolerated by the human "owners" of these cooperation and fine-tune risk sharing"), many herds, but also considered to contribute to the alternative ways to make a living became breeding of better reindeer. Wolves take only available. Within this process of coevolution, the surplus unused by the herd owners technology transfer and diversification began (placentas on the. calving grounds, weaklings, to thrive. AMH could become better gatherers, and the aged), because humans select the best better hunters, more successful fishers, for their slaughter! The behaviors used by mammoth hunters, gardeners, astronauts, you wolves to get their share of the herd are name it. Wolves could become hunting basically the same as those still observed companions, food, guards, hot water bottles, etc. today in the grey wolf, and behavioral And, let us not forget the symmetry of subprograms have been retained in today'-s coevolution. Remember the pioneering spirit herding dogs. F. E. Zeuner Was among the first and self sacrifice of wolves: the first Russian astronauts were martyr dogl'. 4 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 astronauts were martyr dogs. History of Domesticated Animals. Harper & Row, New York/ Evanston, 1963, p. 124). Tim Wolves meeting humans in a phase of Ingold dismissed such ideas because of three humans' apprenticeship to wolf pastoralism critical differences between exploitation of and, in a subsequent process of coevolution, herds by human pastoralists and by wolves: (a) wolves turning into dogs and apes into AMH, is humans protect their herds from wolves, a good alternative hypothesis to the current wolves do not protect from humans; (b) humans theories of domestication--man conquering select intentionally, wolves unintentionally; (c) beasts, including wolves, through cognitive the impact of human selection on different age superiority--and to the bootstrapping theory of and sex classes in the herd is quite different hominization--man domesticating himself. from that of wolves (Ingold, T., Hun ters, Pastoralists and Ranchers: Reindeer economics Homo homini lupus? Or, closer to the and their transformations. Cam b rid ge biological evidence: Homo hominipithecus-- University Press, Cambridge, 1980). This lupus homini homo? critique may fit Ingold's view of pastoralism at that time, but does not touch on my hypothesis 1 e.g., Dunbar, R, Grooming, Gossip and the of coevolution of wolves, reindeer, and humans. Evolution of Language (Faber & Faber, London, In reference to the common claim "humans 1996). select intentionally," we should recall from applied animal husbandry not only that in old 2 Lorenz, K Z., Man Meets Dog (Methuen, Greek and Roman culture the most beautiful and London, 1954). best individuals were selected for sacrificial offerings but that even during this century most 3 Goodall, J. (Personal communication: Fax valuable breeding stock was sold into the cities dated 25 September 1997). for milking or straight to the slaughterhouse (e.g., Sambraus, H. H., 1994 Gefahrdete 4 Clutton-Brook, J., in The Domestic Dog. Nutztierrassen. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer, (Serpel, J., ed., Cambridge University Press, pp. 225, 233, 234). Cambridge, 1995), pp.7-20. 11 Special thanks for discussing these ideas to J. 5 Vila, c., Savolainen, P., & Wayne, R K, Goodall, D.W. Gracey, J. Eisenberg, J. Fentress, Science 276, 1687-1689 (1997). T. Ingold, M. Itzkowitz, H. Kummer, L.D. Meeh, E. Oeser, W. Poduschka, H.H. Sambraus, M. 6 Notwithstanding the fact that the North Shalter, L. Rook, C. Vila, P. Weber & Ch. American red wolf, now on the endangered Wemmer. species list, was found to be a stable hybrid of the grey wolf and the coyote: Wayne, R K, & Jenks, S. M., Nature, 35 1, 565-568 (1991). The Feminist Paradox: Short-Run

7 Foley, R, in Hunters and Gatherers 1- Gains, Long-Term Stasis History, evolution and social change (Ingold, T., Riches, D., & Woodburn, J., eds., Berg, By Wade Mackey Oxford, 1988, pp. 207-221). Tomball College Tomball, TX 77375-4036 USA 8 Latin cubilicus, helper at the wolf's den, akin [email protected] to cubile, den, lair, bed (the same Latin root as in concllbine), and construced according to Since the 1960s, it has been widely domesticus, servant around the house (domus). reported that women in many cultures of the world have experienced increased options in 9 Rook, L., & Torre, D.N., Jb. Geol. Palaont. Mh. the domains of education, occupation, and H5, 495-501 (1996). political power. What is less obvious, or at least less publicized, is the dynamic wherein 10 "the wolf and the pastoralists might be seen the more that short-term options become to have much in common" (Zeuner, F. E., A available to women as a class, the more Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 5 restrictive become the long-term opportunities. percentage of students in tertiary education Demographic data strongly suggest that a self· who were female was 39.5% (s..d. = 15.5%). regulating mechanism exists that creates a The rate of natural increase was then stasis on the part of gender roles. This correlated with the percentage of students who mechanism, as outlined below, might be were: enrolled in institutiOhS who were referred to as the "feminist paradox." female. The relation between the two was negative and fairly strong (r = -.41, P < .01, 2- (1) Although there are variations on the tailed, n = 130). That is, the higher the theme, the general theme of the feminist proportion of tertiary students that were agenda advocates expanded role options for women, the lower the rate of natural increase. women. 2 For discussion and examples of such tracking, (2) Expanded roles for women are robustly See Barkow (1980, 1989), Barkow, Cosmides & associated with reduced birth rates by the Tooby (1992), Boyd & Richerson (1985), and women of that groupl. This reduction Durham (1979, 1990); d. Harris (1979). asymptotes at a point below replacement level (less than 2100 lifetime births per 1000 References women). For example, virtually all of the couhtries in Europe are currently below Barkow, J (1980). Biological evolution of replacement value. culturally patterned behavior. In J. Lockard (Ed.), The Evolution of Human Social (3) A woman who dies childless will not be an Behavior (pp. 277-290). New York: Elsevier. ancestor to anyohe. Nearly 50% of women in Who's Who are childless (Coney & Mackey, --- (1989). Darwin, Sex and Status. Toronto: 1997). University of Toronto Press.

(4) Groups with restricted women's roles--i.e., Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). those emphasizing motherhood--have greater The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary psychology birth rates than groups whose women have and the generation of culture. New York: expanded role options. Oxford University Press.

(5) Hence wheh groups with birth rates above Boyd, R., & Richerson, P. J. (1985). Culture and replacement level are in direct competition the Evolutionary Prpcess. Chicago: University with groups whose birth rates are below of Chicago Press. replacement .level, the former will always win. The only variable is the length of time Coney, N. S., & Mackey, W. C. (1997). A re- needed for displacement to occur. examination of Gilligan's analysis of the female moral system: Distaff altruism will not Accordingly, to the extent that cultural succeed. Human Nature, 8, 247-273. evolution and biological evolution track each 2 other , the genetic material plus the Durham, W. H. (1979). Toward a socialization traditions that do emphasize the coevolutionary theory of human biology and mother role will systematically displace or cultures. In N. Chagnon & W. Irons (Eds.), replace any other biocultural formula. Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behav·ior (pp. 39-58). North Scituate, MA: Notes Duxbury Press.

1 For example, the United Nations surveyed Harris, M. (1979). Cultural Materialism. New e.nrollment figures in tertiary educational York: Random House. institutions by nation and by gender (UNESCO, 1994). Across the 130 nations that had data UNESCO (1994). Stati.stical Yearbook. New appropriate for UNESCO, the mean York: United Nations. 6 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 urgent than they reafIy are. The more I was reluctant to give things away at sometimes outrageous demands that they made, the more An Interview of urgent they tried to represent their needs. If I Napoleon Chagnon did not give my things, disasters would befall them, and possibly me. It was a way of coercing me. By Frans Roes Lauriergracht 127-11 Was there a happier side? 1016 RK Amsterdam The Netherlands .The happier side, the more pleasant and the tel. (31 20) 6259399 truly enjoyable side, was the consequence of a [email protected] long period of getting to know them, and their getting to know me. A qualitative change in our Generations of social science students were relationship occurred when I went home the electrified by reading Napoleon Chagnon's first time and then returned. During that Yanomamo, the Fierce People (1968), a period of time they apparently discussed me, monograph 01) it South-American Indian tribal discussed the things that I did, and basically people. The film (now in interactive CD-ROM) concluded that I wasn't such a bad guy after all. The Ax Fight, which shows an escalating More and more of them began to regard me as conflict within a village, is an anthropological less of a foreigner or a sub-human person, and I classic. Since the first time he went there in became more and more like a real person to 1964, Chagnon has revisited the Yanomamo them, part of their society. Eventually they almost every year. The following interview began telling me, almost as though it were an took place in Tucson, Arizona, USA 5 June 1997. admission on their part: "You are almost a human being, you are almost a Yanomamo." You write that anthropologists often discover Yanomamo means 'human'. that the people they are living with have a lower opinion of you than they have of them. You write about a sense of urgency to study them. When I went down there I had a Noble Savage view of what tribesmen were like. I had gone It became very clear to me after years of there to learn about their way of life, and I university training, reading lots and lots of expected them to be fascinated and interested monographs about tribal peoples, that I had and even grateful for my gOLng there. I was stumbled accidentally upon an extraordinarily assuming that they were interested in having unusual and short-lived opportunity, because other people know about them. They were not; very few people were as remote and isolated as they didn't know there were other people! the Yanomamo were·. And I realized, from knowing how quickly acculturation can happen, Did the Yanomamo give you a hard time? that if I did not decide on an intense and long term commitment to learning about these people I have spent a lot of time withthe Yanomamo, while they were still the way they were, that in total now close to six years. But initially valuable opportunities to learn many important when I went to live with them for the first things about them would disappear. time, I was co:mpletely unprepared emotionally to live in a society as primitive and as savage Is it a primitive people? as the Yanomamo. They were pushy, they regarded me as sub-human or inhuman, they Yes, but keep in mind that primitive is a treated me very badly. technical word in anthropology to refer to those societies that are organized basically around In their culture they expect people to be kinship institutions. In other words, primitive generous. They emphasize how important it is societie.s are those whose entire social for you to be generous, and give your things to organization is built on, and a function of, them, by making their needs seem to be more kinship institutions, like lineages, clans, Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 7 marriage alliance systems, and they do not If there is no state, no law, no police, then how have other kinds of social systems like the are the bad guys controlled? state, police, courts. What makes a guy bad is what his enemies in Is each village autonomous? other villages think of him. In his own village he would not be considered a bad guy, he would Each village is a politically independent unit, be considered a hero. Now within the village it is almost like a nation all by itself. they have certain rules about what is appropriate behavior with your kin and your Please describe some aspects of their culture. neighbors. You should not steal the food of members of your village, but it is perfectly all The technological component and other aspects right to steal food from other villages. You of their culture are more similar to hunting and should not kill people in your own village, but gathering peoples than to agricultural peoples. it is appropriate to kill people in other They are agriculturists, but it is almost as if villages, if they are your enemies. We have they want to keep one foot in the huriting and the same rules. gathering stage, and the other foot in agriculture. So their entire cultural So "bad" is a relative term, but there are paraphernalia is very limited. They have nevertheless people whose range of behavior hammocks, baskets, a few very crude poorly within the village can get excessive. I know a fired clay pots which have DOW disappeared in particular headman that 1 wrote quite a bit the last twenty years, bows and arrows, and not about who had become so brutal and so much else. A whole village of Yanomamo can homicidal that even people in his own village pack up in five minutes and go off into the did not like him. A bad guy can become a forest, and carry everything they own. So their tyrant, and very few people in that village technology and the number of material items were willing to challenge the tyrant. There are they have is very, very limited, almost as no social mechanisms to deal with somebody in though they are nomadic hunters and the village who has gotten out of hand. In our gatherers, but they are not. culture we can call the police and have him arrested. In their culture, if they want to Linguistically, and this is not unusual, their challenge that guy, they have to do it as an ways of evaluating and enumerating things iI} individual. And if this guy is a brute and quick the external world are more based on the to pick up his club or his weapons, you better be specific properties of things, like the arrow equally good. that has a slight bend in it, or the arrow that has a scorch mark on it. If you show a They live in communal dwellings? Yanomamo ten arrows, and you decide to steal one from him, he will notice immediately that Even though to us it looks like a communal it has gone because he recognizes the arrow by dwelling, each part of it is constructed by an its individual properties. But they have no individual family, and they just link them way of saying, "I have ten arrows." They will together. They cooperate when they build it to say, "More that two arrows." In their language make it circular and enclosed for defense the words they have for enumerating objects are purposes. "one," "two," and then "bruka," and bruka can mean anything from three to three million. Defense against whom?

As for their clothing, from our point of view Defense against enemies, other Yanomamo. they are naked. In an uncontacted Yanomamo They try to make a completely enclosed, village the men and women wear basically a circular village. To us it looks like it is a few cotton strings around their waists and their communal village, but each section of that forearms. The men tie their penis to a cotton village is a private household. Even though it string around their waist. But if their penis is wide open and you cannot tell. They all live becomes untied, they are extraordinarily together under one roof, they can see, smell and embarrassed. hear each other, and life is extremely public. 1I 8 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 1j i Are extramarital affairs possible? Young men are always a constant problem in Yanomamo villages. Once they are post- They are possible, and many young guys adolescent, they begin to have sexual interests; attempt to have them; in fact, many old guys they are called huya, young men. Huyas are a attempt to have them. Sometimes the women big pain in the ass. Huyas in all cultures are a are quite willing and cooperative in this. They big pain in the ass--gangs, juvenile delinquents. may decide that they like the flirtatious approaches of a young guy, and they will But I guess they canbe used by someone? quickly and discretely say, "Meet me in the garden by my...banana plant." And they may Well, they are useful because they can shoot have a clandestine affair, but they will keep it bows and arrows and they get impressed into secret, of course. Men are always looking where military service just as we do with our huyas in their women are, and if their wife is away for Western industrial civilizations. more than a few minutes without the husband knowing where she is, he begins to get Are the Yanomamo patrilocal or matrilocal? suspicious. And even the suspicion of infidelity will cause brutal fights. So the men are Adult brothers try to remain together for constantly tracking where their women are, cooperation and defense; you can trust your what they are doing, and if the men happen to kinsmen more than you can trust strangers. be on a hunt, for example, they have informers Brothers tend to be very cooperative and quick in the village who will tell them, "Your wife to defend each other. And without police or was out with some other guy," and that is state or laws and courts, your only source of sufficient to cause a fight. defense is your kinsmen. And the more closely you are related to your relatives, the greater is The informer may be lying.... the probability that they will defend you, whether you are right or wrong. But they Not if the man picks his informer intelligently. expect you to defend them, and kinsmen in The informer is usually a close relative, like a general to defend each other, whether they are brother of the man. right or wrong.

It is basically a male-dominated society? What if you don't have any kinsmen?

Well, a lot of societies are male-dominated, Then you are in bad luck. Now, regarding and the Yanomamo are not unusual in that patrilocality and where people live after regard. marriage, if you look at primates like chimpanzees, they are doing basically the If you grow up either as a boy or a girl in same thing as humans are doing. One sex Yanomamo society, will you get a different migrates into the other group, and that same view on life? sex of the other group migrates back into the original group. What humans have done is say: Little girls learn quickly that they have less Let's get the two groups together and live in the freedom than little boys. They become same community. So villages tend to be economically useful assets to the household constructed by two or more lineages or clans, compared to little boys. They have to start groups of people who are related through the collecting water when they are very young, male line, just like we inherit names in Western help mum carrying food from the garden, baby- civilization. All of the people who have your sit, and they tend to become adults much last name would be a member of a patrilineage. younger in their life than little boys do. Boys So you end up with villages that tend to have a can extend their childhood as little boys can in dual organization: two families that exchange Holland or Germany or the United States until women back and forth. they are thirty-five of forty years old, before they start doing anything serious and But women sometimes do live invillages where responsible. they were not born. Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 9 Let's say two villages that have been enemies they have to do a lot of social maneuvering and decide to become allies, because both realize manipulation in order to find a wife of their that they have many other enemies out own. A man's career may start out with not there.... One way to make friends with people having a wife, but maybe his brother will in other villages who are potentially enemies share his wife with him. So early in a man's is to give a woman to them in marriage. But you career, he might be polyandrous, two or three don't do this without great concern for the brothers sharing one woman, and then as he safety of the girl. She does not want to live becomes more prominent, he might acquire his there; her relatives compel her, they have own wife. authority over whom she marries. Marriage is something too politically important to groups Women are also abducted in raids, which like the Yanomamo, and presumably reminded me of what chimpanzees are doing. throughout our history, to allow the whims of young people to have charge of it. The recent work among chimpanzees indicates very clearly that once the chimps were no So for political reasons two villages who want longer provisioned to the level they were to become friends may decide that the best way before, and returned to a more natural kind if to do that is to start exchanging women. We'll existence, researchers began to make give you one of our young women, for one of realizations and discoveries that they had yours. It is usually the prominent men in the never made before. Chimpanzees send out village that do this. And if the first village patrols to their borders; they are constantly gives a girl to the other one, they expect the guarding borders and looking for opportunities man who is going to marry her to come and live to invade and kill members of another group, in their village for several years. So the young snatch female chimps, and bring them back to man will do bride service in the village where their own group. his wife lives, and her family can get to know him; they sort of sniff him over. After a two or But Yanomamo don't get their women raiding. three year period, during which he has to do a Even though occasionally women are captured lot of tasks and favors and hunt for the father- in raids, that is not the purpose or the function in- law, he'll be allowed to bring his wife back of a raid. The raid is usually to get revenge for to his village. But the women never like that a previous death. If a woman happens to be arrangement, because once she is in a different away from the village, and the raiders can village, she doesn't have her brothers to safely take her back with them without her protect her. And since she is a stranger in the screaming and giving away their location, they other village, she is more likely to be will do it. But abduction is not necessarily or approached by a lot of other men for sexual very frequently done on raids. Most of the activities. This means that her husband, who abductions are done right at- home. A group of will resent this, will not only get into a lot of Yanomamo from another village will come and club fights with these other men in his own visit. If the visitors have women with them village, but he will punish her too. So the life and their neighbors are mercenary, they may of a woman who has to live in a different just take the women away from the men and village where she doesn't have brothers can be send the men packing. That's how most very, very tragic in many cases. abductions are taking place.

You write that most fights result from disputes Why did the visiting group pay a visit in the over women. Why are women so scarce? first place?

The primary reason is that successful men often Every Yanomamo village--the leaders in them- have two, three, up to five or six women. And if -knows that eventually it is going to be a guy has five wives, about five guys are going harassed by a coalition of other Yanomamo to have no wife. So polygyny creates a villages. So each village has allies, but allies shortage of women. From the point of view of tend to exploit each other. Say we have two the male, women are a scarce commodity. And villages of 200 Yanomamb, and they are allied. if men want to be reproductively successful, Since they are the same size, they can inflict 10 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 equal harm on each other. But what happens if Anthropologists often call peoples like the one of these villages splits in two and part of Yanomamo 'egalitarian' societies. them goes away? Now you have a village of 200 Yanomamo that has an alliance with a One of the common misunderstandings in village of 100 Yanomamo... .so, even though for scientific anthropology is that the status of years they may have been visiting in a friendly people in society is basically determined by the way, the guys who have 200 people in their access that they have to material possessions. village will decide, maybe, one day, when this We tend to think of status being intimately friendly visit happens, "Hell, we outnumber associated with the control and ownership of them, lets just take their women." And then material things. Thus in anthropology, groups this last village will do everything they can to like the Yanomamo or the !Kung Bushmen are recover their women, and that often will lead called 'egalitarian societies'; everybody is to war. 50 balance of power is very important; equal because everybody has the same number Western civilizations have always been very of resources. I think that is an absolutely silly alert to changes in balance of power, and it is and prejudicial if not Eurocentric idea....[I]n a the same for the Yanomamo . Yanomamo village...a guy who has a lot of close kinsmen, especially brothers, is going to If the size of a village is so important, why do have a lot more social influence than a guy who villages split? has no brothers. And if your father is polygynous, you are going to have a lot of Because there is a limit as to how big human brothers. Folygyny is the fount of power. communities can get if they are organized only Power and status are almost entirely a function by kinship. They fission into smaller villages of how many kinsmen you have, and what kind because you cannot control the violence and of kinsmen. squabbling and fighting that begins to take place once a village gets large. You made a distinction between lowland villages and villages in more mountainous Judging from your de'scriptions, the Yanomamo regions. are a very violent people. The work you are referring to is very recent One of the reasons that I felt it was urgent to work that I have done since 1990, when I study the Yanomamo was that I was one of the acquired access to helicopters and airplanes to few anthropologists who had an opportunity to fly over Yanomamo territory and began to study a tribal society while warfare was still realize from an aerial perspective variation in going on, and not being interdicted by the ecology and geography. I also began using at political state. Even though anthropology has that time GP5 instruments, which enabled me a lot of literature about warfare and violence, to precisely locate where every village was. the number of anthropologists who studied This is probably the most poorly mapped part tribesmen while still at war you can count on of the world. the fingers of one hand. The villages that I have been studying from Now you just told me that the Yanomamo are a the very beginning all are in the lowland areas. really violent people. My reaction to that is: It is not necessarily that these areas are richer, The Yanomamo stand out because they are one though you have no tapir or fish in the of the few societies that have been studied by mountains, [and] it is also easier to make a an anthropologist at a time that they had living on a flat surface. If you make a garden warfare. Had anthropologists been around on a mountain side with a thirty degree slope, before Columbus in North America, I am sure the amount of effort and calories you have to that levels of violence among Native expend is enormously greater than making a Americans would be strictly comparable to garden the same size on a flat surface. It is those found among the Yanomamo. And the easier to do all kinds of work: collecting probability is very high that in our own tribal firewood, fetching water, chopping down trees, background violence was very common as well. going hunting. Large gardens are easier to make Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 11 in the lowlands, but the lowlands are also easy And he thought it was just marvelous that law to traverse and cross if you are going on a raid. existed, and he thought Yanomamo should have law and policemen... So villages tend to become bigger for defensive purposes in the lowlands, because it is easier for We have OUI private homes, hide our bodies enemies to reach you on a fairly flat surface. with clothes, and have other kinds of Since the population is growing, over a time possibilities for privacy. Is this because we no this lowland area gets filled up with longer live primarily among kinsmen? Yanomamo.... [V]illages claim and guard for military reasons a much larger area than they Anthropological textbooks do not always need for their own immediate subsistence communicate to you the oppressiveness of purposes. Because each village tends to prey on having to live among kinsmen. Because they the weaknesses of its neighbors, villages that can demand and compel you to make get small get preyed upon, and they have to extraordinary sacrifices simply because they leave this more desirable area and move into are your kinsmen. And it is extremely difficult less desirable terrain, which would be the and tedious to have to live in a society where foothills or the mountains where living is more you are compelled and obligated to give things difficult. So big villages with larger to your kinsmen simply because they are your territories dominate the lowlands.... kinsmen. And you can have lazy kinsmen. You might want to be a little more ambitious, If this is true, it may explain a lot of the acquire a few more things and have a slightly criticism of my work by some of my colleagues better life than somebody else, but if your who have studied Yanomamo in other areas. brother who is a lazy lout comes along and Most of my critics who are experts on the demands half of what your garden produces, Yanomamo have lived in very tiny Yanomamo you have got to give it to him. You have no villages, many of which are in the highlands. privacy. You are the creature of your relatives. Once a village gets smaller, there is less Probably one of the greatest achievements of violence, less fighting, less warfare, fewer Western civilization is to become independent abductions. Anthropologists who study these of that. If you wish, you can be isolated and groups are quick to criticize my work where survive, because society has institutions that everything is conducted on a much more intense provide you with everything that kinsmen used scale. to provide people. And you can turn it off and turn it on when you want to--functions Do the Yanomamo understand how Western like.. .legal help, protection. But if you live in societies are organized? a kinship-dominated society, it is always on. The Yanomamo frequently responded to my I once had a fascinating discussion with a question "Why did you fission into two groups Yanomamo who had a little bit of training from at that site?" by saying something like: the missionaries. He had learned some "Because there were too many others and we Spanish, and the missionaries sent him to the were sick and tired of fighting all the time. territorial capital to acquire some skills in Everybody was begging everything I had, I got practical nursing, so he could treat snake bites tired of it." and malaria in his own village. And he told me that when he was in the territorial capitat You are pessimistic about the future of the he discovered law. He met policemen, and he Yanomamo: They are likely to become beggars found out what these people did. They and bums, alcoholics and prostitutes. guarantee the safely of other people in the town, and would protect them from abuse or I am making that statement on the basis of my .against them from other people. He knowledge of what has happened to other was rntngued and £ascinated with that. He tribal peoples who have been acculturated and thought it was such a marvelous thing, because missionized in the lofty and admirable in his culture his brothers had killed other sentiment and objective of making more Yanomamo, and he was worried that their opportunities open to them. The opportunities kinsmen would seek revenge and kill him... that will be available to the Yanomamo in 1

12 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 Latin America are going to be extraordinarily limited. The best that they can hope for is getting employment as low-class laborers, or Science News Stories domestic servants in the households of middle- of 1998 and upper-class people, which is very common in Latin-America. "When you go to the jungle, bring me back an Indian"--that is the attitude The following are some of the stories covered in Latin America about Indians: they are by the weekly digest Science News in the past servants. year, with their volume number and page number. They lose their culture, they acquire very expensive appetites for outboard motors, Clear evidence emerged that women produce shotguns and television sets, but where are they pheromones that can alter the menstrual cycles going to get the money to buy these? They of other women (153, 164). cannot get it at their local village and their local mission, and the missionaries encourage Preventing normal growth of butterfly wings them to think about moving to the city. But and beetle horns increases the size of other when they get to the city, nobody is going to developing body parts (153, 231). hire them. So they enter the national culture at the lowest economic rW1g; they get depressed Fire ants will kill their queen if she carries a and dejected and what do they do? They end up certain form of gene--possibly the first long- as beggars and prostitutes and bums. sought example of a so-called green beard gene, one that marks its bearer for special treatment Look at the Indian reservations of the United from other members of its species (154, 86). States: the highest alcohol rates in the world, the highest suicide rates. And I cannot see this If female fruit flies have a choice of mates for being any different for the Yanomam6. They 10 generations, offspring live longer than flies have been persuaded in some villages to give up from lineages of females with only one possible their own culture on promises of social and mate (154, 168). material opportW1ities that are very unlikely to occur. BOOK REVIEWS But they cannot go on living like they used to. can't tL'1ey? Great Ape Societies

Edited by W. C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant, & T. Nishida. Cambridge University Press, 40 W. Membership Renewals for 1999 20th St., New York, NY 10011, USA, 1996, $64.95 (hdbk.), $25.95 (ppr.). It is time to renew your membership for 1999 if you have not already done so. Membership Reviewed by Mark A. Krause, Dept. of is by calendar year, so dues are to be paid by Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville the first of the year. If the date on your TN 37996, USA and Warren P. Roberts, Dept. of mailing label is earlier than the current year, Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, it is time to renew your membership. For GA 30602, USA. financial reasons, renewal notices are not usually sent. Please report any errors, change The Wenner-Gren FOW1dation has long of address, etc. to the Treasurer. Current dues provided primatologists around the globe with and directions for payment are given on the opportunities to share information gathered in last page. Allow four weeks for recording both laboratory and field settings. With the changes of address or payment of dues. support of the Foundation, an impressive I

I Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 13 contingent of primatologists gathered in 1974 to provide a clearer picture of the social ecology share their discoveries of great ape social of this somewhat elusive species. Following ecology and cognition, many of them reporting this are overview chapters on the comparative truly novel findings that were foundational to socio-ecology of gorillas and bonobos. the development of ideas within their fields of expertise. The ensuing volume, The Great Apes, The second section expands on issues encapsulated the proceedings of this meeting. addressed in the first, with individual chapters on the social ecology of chimpanzees Twenty-two years later, Great Ape and gorillas. The inclusion of information on Societies appeared, again with the support of Western lowland gorillas should help to dispel Wenner-Gren, and included some contributors popular notions of gorilla behavior drawn who had participated in the first gathering. exclusively from studies of mountain gorillas. Contrasts between the two volumes are of Far from being mere folivorous,mountain- historical relevance to the field of dwelling giants, gorillas are here revealed as primatology. For example, Tokayoshi Kano having seasonally variable diets composed reported a pilot study of pygmy chimpanzee largely of fruit and occasionally insects, with ecology in the first volume. Great Ape the capacity to exploit the offerings of varied Societies includes vital information on pygmy environments (including foraging in swamps and chimpanzee ecology that expands on Kano's nesting in trees). original findings, and also testifies to the ever- expanding fascination with the "forgotten ape" The comparisons with chimpanzees are (deWaal & Lanting, 1997). of interest not only for refining socioecological theory for large-bodied primates, but also for However, various strengths of the first understanding great ape evolution. For millions volume appear atrophied in Great Ape of years numerous species of apes lived Societies. Each ape species received roughly sympatrically. Since we have lost most of this equal attention in The Great Apes (although ape diversity, studies of these smaller living common and pygmy chimpanzees were lumped systems are critical to understanding the together), whereas Great Ape Societies socioecological milieu in which great apes provides a meager account of orangutans, (including our own ancestors) evolved. making The Neglected Ape an apropos title for a recent volume (Nadler et aI., 1995). Also The third section covers social relations neglected in Great Ape Societies are among chimpanzees and bonobos in various theoretical perspectives that serve to unite habitats, as well as comparisons between the individual contributions. Perhaps in light of mating systems of the two species (Takahata, knowledge obtained by primatologists since et a1.). The latter topic delves into the 1974, a comprehensive volume on the topic of similarities and differences between primate socio-ecology is a very tall order. chimpanzee and bonobo sexual behavior. Given this, these criticisms are not intended to Takahata et a1. place their findings within a dissuade professionals from reading Great Ape more ecologically informed framework than Societies, as its strengths are many. some previous investigators have done. For example, the simplistic notion that en face The book is organized into five parts copulation in bonobos is comparable with that are preceded by an exemplary foreword by human copulation patterns appears to be Jane Goodall, who emphasizes the need to abandoned. The socio-ecological data reported always remain focused on the conservation of by Takahata et a1. grounds both similarities great apes. It is in part I, an overview section, and differences within a less speculative where sole mention of "the neglected ape" is framework. made. Here, Carel Van Schaik and Jan Van empirical findings on orangutan The fourth part of Great Ape Societies distnbution, dispersal, ranging and social covers issues of cognition in chimpanzees. The behaviOr, followed by theoretical perspectives only bit of new data reported here is by on competing models that, with testing, should Savage-Rumbaugh et aI., who, following a &Q

14 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 review of their ubiquitously known work on ape why common chimpanzees derived so many language, describe equivocal evidence of unique characters become more crucial to bonobos using some rudimentary form of develop. In light of molecular evidence oj symbolic behavior to track movements. While common and pygmy chimpanzee divergence highly speculative, this is a welcome attempt times, this becomes even more evident. to synthesize field studies with laboratory findings by workers in the area of ape language. Great Ape Societies provides a worthy If followed by other investigators in the field, synopsis of empirical discoveries and, to a this endeavor could serve to resolve some lesser degree, theoretical advances in primate controversies in this field that have persisted socio-ecology. The book could serve as a text for since its inception. Indeed, the chapter by upper-division undergraduate courses and Matsuzawa demonstrates the value of graduate courses in field primatology. Also, complementing field and laboratory studies of this book is highly recommended for chimpanzee cognition. professionals interested in primate evolution. Since it is mostly a compendium of previously Part five includes comparisons of published data, Great Ape Societies may be various aspects of great ape behavior. best suited to those not familiar with recent However, some of the material does not have advances in chimpanzee, bonobo, and gorilla much apparent relation to great ape societies. socio-ecology. Again, the book fails to The "neglected ape" receives welcome coverage incorporate recent advances in our in Fruth and Hohmann's chapter on nest understanding of the diversity and complexity building and its relation to social behavior. of orangutan behavior. The editors claim that Otherwise, these comparative chapters are section 5 is about universals of "apehood", but limited to studies of inter- and intra-specific they really mean African apehood. variation in African apes. McGrew and Marchant report findings on hand laterality in Those working in the field of gorillas and chimpanzees, but no attempt is evolutionary psychology may find this book to made to inform the reader how this is relevant be a valuable reference for use in creating to great ape social life. informed adaptive scenarios for human evolution, provided that they do not assume an The final section deals with topics that African origin for traits shared with Asian may be of primary interest to human apes. The concept of an "environment of ethologists, and, hopefully, to evolutionary evolutionary adaptedness" (Buss, 1995) could be psychologists. Jim Moore explores the topic of further improved by incorporating comparative using apes as referential models for human data with an understanding of the evolution. From an historical viewpoint, paleoecological setting of any given time Adrienne Zihlman discusses several ideas period or ancestral condition being scrutinized. pertaining to the use of modeling extinct hominids with extant ape species. One such References idea, the popularity of which seems to have waned over the years, is that the pygmy Buss, D. M. (1995). Evolutionary psychology: A chimpanzee most resembles the last common new paradigm for psychological science. ancestor of humans and African apes in various Psychological Inquiry, 6, 1-30. behavioral and morphological traits. However, in light of what is known about each Nadler, R.D., Galdikas, RF.M., Sheeran, L.K., ape species, prospects for finding a truly & Rosen, N. (1995). The Neglected Ape. New satisfactory model seem somewhat bleak. York: Plenum Press. Australopithecus ramidus may share some anatomical characteristics with pygmy de Waal, F., & Lanting, F. (1997). Bonobo: The chimpanzees; behavioral characteristics could forgotten ape. Berkeley: University of be logically inferred from this evidence. California Press. However, as hypotheses regarding the conservatively retained features of pygmy Hamburg, D.A., & McCown, E.R. (1979). The chimpanzees mount, hypotheses pertaining to Great Apes. Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings. Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 15 same worldwide if cultural modifications are Nonverbal Communication: subtracted. Smiling is a good example, since it Where Nature Meets Culture can be both spontaneous and voluntary. The true, or bl,ichenne, smile is universal and Edited by U. Segerstrale & p. Molnar. associated with pleasant emotions. There exist Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 10 Industrial several feigned smiles that are Avenue, Mahwah, NJ, 07430, USA, 1997, $29.95 physiologically different from the Duchenne (hdbk.). smile and are voluntarily or semi-voluntarily switched on to deceive the parther, mask Reviewed by Marina Butovskaya, Institute of embarrassment or grief, etc. Cultural Anthropology, Russian State University for the Humanities, Miusskaya Due to face-brain feedback, it is not P1.6, 125267, Moscow, Russia and Alexander clear what is emotion: does our face mirror our Kozintsev, Museum of Anthropology and mood, as the title of Darwin's Expression of the Ethnography, Universitetskaya nab.3, 199034, Emotions book implies, or is our emotional state St. Petersburg, Russia. a reflectioD of the facial changes, as William James thought? Strangely, James' theory is Ever since Darwin's 1872 classIc, never mentioned in the book, although it is studies of human nonverbal communication highly relevant to modem ethological views of (NVC) have traditionally incorporated the social signals. biological perspective. Until recently, however, exchange of information between Due to the same feedback, it is not representatives of social and natural always easy to differentiate voluntary from disciplines working in this area was anything involuntary expressions. We can illustrate this but satisfactory, much to the disadvantage of with an ethnographic example. The Yakuts both. used to laugh in the presence of women in childbirth, as they believed this made labor A crucial issue in human NYC research easier. Although at first their laughter was is the distinction between its symbolic and feigned and thus "cultural", it gradually presymbolic parts. The former is in no way just became spontaneous and culminated in a a derivative oJ the latter. Segerstr,Ue and "universal" guffaw. Molnar were faced with two competing challenges.: to avoid confusion between these Dimberg addresses two parts and, at the same time, to present physiological reactions to facial expressions. NYC as a single phenomenon. As his electromyographic, skin conductance, and other experiments seem to demonstrate, The contributors to the book, who humans are predjsposed to certain emotional specialists in diverse areas ranging from reactions (which are mo.re dear-cut in women). primatology to philosophy, had participated While a picture of a happy face evokes facial in the 1992 Bielefeld conference on biological change.s suggestive of pleasure, the reaction to foundations of culture. an angry face is fear. Moreover, people react to angry faces much more strongly than to happy The first section of the book, in which ones; this is understandable given the selective universals in human NVC are addressed, advantage of rapidly responding to danger. contains numerous facts relevant to the discussion between those who argue that NYC Concerning the oft-cited and allegedly is mostly learned and advocates ofthe opposite "hard-wired" fear of snakes which Dimberg view who insist that NVC includes a large uses to support hjs case, caution must be "hard-wired" component that is universal in applied,as infant macaques display no such Homo sapiens. fear: their mothers teach them to be afraid of snakes (Mineka). Are humans supposed to be Ekman and Keltner summarize the more "hard-wired" in this respect? cross-cultural studies of facial expression of emotions, and cond.ude that it is basically the Schiefenhoevel describes some 16 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 universal facial expressions such as nose words" and "proto-languages" than are our wrinkling and the grimace of disgust. Also, he closest relatives, the apes. discusses various aspects of grooming. Because this form of NVC has survived (in the form of Maryanski uses oblique ecological delousing) in traditional societies, it may be reasoning to support the same untenable idea of yet another universal. a slow and gradual evolution oj language on the basis of primate calls. Whether or not her In the second section, "Development of views regarding progressive corticalization of Emotions in a Social Context", information on these calls are correct, the basic problems both human and nonhuman primates is remain. The language areas of the brain are presented. H. Papousek and M. Papousek show absent in apes. Unlike vervets, chickens, or that infants are not just recipients of parental bees, wild apes do not use any "proto-words". stimulation. They actively stimulate their Neither can they control their vocalization or mothers who, in tum, unconsciously adapt their their facial expression. Clearly, the gradual strategies to their infants' needs. In terms of increase of cognitive abilities is not the whole communication, human infants are precocious, story. not altricial. Evolutionary continUity, however, is Schneider believes that the smile is beyond doubt when nonsyrnbolic elements of both a social signal and a biological sign of the NYC are considered. Preuschoft and van Hooff child's internal state. He argues that the think laughter and smiling have separate Duchenne smile is not necessarily spontaneous evolutionary roots. Laughter derives from the and may signal excuse, appeasement, search for relaxed-open-mouth display, a play signal of contact, etc. nonhuman primates. The smile is a derivative of the silent-bared-teeth display used by Suomi demonstrates that subQrdinate monkeys and apes to appease the communication in nonhuman primates is mostly dominants. emotional, in sharp contrast to humans. Basic emotions (at least their expressions), however, While in species with a despotic social are the same in monkeys and humans. Another structure both signals are functionally quite similarity is that inborn personal distinct, in egalitarian species they can be used predispositions may be modified by interchangeably. Because laughter and smiling socialization (does this apply to primates can merge in humans too, one might infer that only?). early hominid society was flexibly egalitarian rather than despotic. Turner also thinks that T.he third section is titled "The Social Role hominid social structure was flexible, so the of Nonverbal Communication and Emotions: control of emotions was an evolutionary Evolutionary Inferences". The chapter by necessity. Emotions have not been simply Marler and Evans is the most challenging and, suppressed, though. Rather, the subcortical in our view, the least acceptable one in terms of (precultural) component of emotions has become theory. The authors discuss the famous relatively less important, and the cortical predator-specific danger signals of vervets (cultural and social) component has described by Cheney and Seyfarth, and claim tremendously increased. that these calls are "proto-words". One might bring forward quite a number of objections The final section is "Nonverbal against this idea, had Marler and Evans not Communication as Mediator Between Nature discovered virtually the same phenomenon in and Culture". Goldschmidt discusses chickens! This alone makes any further ethnographic evidence on the importance of discussion of the relevance of "input- early experience in human life. The Sebai, specificity" of animal signals for the evolution much like the Balinese studied by Bateson and of human language redundant. One might as Mead, are said to suffer from the deficit of well recall brainless creatures such as bees that maternal attention they had experienced in are so much more promising in terms of "proto- infancy. 17 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 Heller investigates the role of posture in NYc. Specifically, he found that female undergraduates and nurses use the chair in Officers of the Society profoundly different ways. President Nitschke examines the gestural Charles B. Crawford languages of medieval European monks bound Department of Psychology by the vow of silence. Although most of their Simon Fraser University signs were "transparent" (iconic), entirely Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada different, although no less iconic, signs were tel. 1-604-291-3660 used in other cultures to denote the same fax 1-604-291-3427 concepts. Iconicity, then, does not imply e-mail: [email protected] universality. Vice-President! President-Elect Finally, Frank offers some fresh ideas Linda Mealey concerning the evolution of altruism. Their Psychology Department essence is that a society consisting of people College of St. Benedict with "cooperative predispositions" is more St. Joseph, MN 56374 USA efficient than one consisting of egoists. This tel. 10612-363-3135 does deserve some comment, given the fate of fax 1-612-363-3202 Marxist regimes... e-mail: [email protected]

Overall, we believe this book to be Vice-President for Information extremely valuable despite being strikingly Peter LaFreniere uneven. Its principal value lies in contributions (see Editorial Staff box) that address precisely what should be addressed in a monograph bearing this title: Secretary NVC, especially nonsymbolic and emotional Karl Grammer patterns. The editors' goal, namely to Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute demonstrate the continuity between the forUrban Ethology/Human Biology behavior of nonhuman and human primates, Althanstrasse 14 has been brilliantly achieved. A-1090 Vienna, Austria tel. 49-815237355 Wherever the contributors transcend the boundaries of presymbolic NVC and touch Treasurer upon uniquely human properties related to the Barbara F. Fuller use of symbols, all attempts to employ the same School of Nursing slow-and-gradual model result in overt University of Colorado reductionism which occasionally evokes a true 4200 E. Ninth Ave. Duchenne smile. Hiatus and continuity are not Denver, CO 80220 USA mutually exclusive, since they refer to different tel. 1-303-315-8929 components of behavior. The qualitative fax 1-303-315-5666 distinction between man and animals is as e-mail: [email protected] "hard-wired" as are features linking us with our ancestors. Membership Chair Astrid Jutte But if a book of such scope is Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Urban controversial, is this a drawback? At the point Ethology, Institute for Human Biology where nature meets culture, hundreds of Althanstrasse 14 researchers concerned with either or both will A-1090 Vienna, Austria greatly benefit from the exchange of views. In e-mail [email protected] this respect, the monograph is a major achievement. 18 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4),1998

Uniting Psychology and Biology: many novel areas of investigation: the genetics of dog behavior (Freedman, 1958), genetically Integrative Perspectives on based behavioral dispositions and motor Human Development patterns in human infants (Freedman, 1964), the interaction of genetic and environmental Edited by Nancy L. Segal, Glenn E. Wei#eld & factors in the ontogeny of human behavior Carol C. Weisfeld. Washington DC: American (Freedman, 1974), observational studies of Psychological Association, 1997, $39.95 (hdbk.) dominance hierarchies, MZ and DZ twin for members. studies, and observations of human cultures. Only four years after Edward Wilson's Reviewed by Jahan M. G. van der Dennen, synthesis, Dan Freedman produced one of the Center for Peace and Conflict Studies, first books on human sociobiology (Freedman, University of Groningen, Oude Kijk in 't 1979), in which his propensity toward Jatstraat 5/9, 9712 EA Groningen, The integration was already prominent. Netherlands. He worked with the finest minds of his "Even as smaller and smaller niches in generation: Abraham Maslow, Kurt Goldstein, psychology are carved out, the discipline Gregory Bateson, and John Paul Scott, and he moves toward a more holistic approach to was usually ahead of his time. I had the honor behavioral science. Pursuing the 'big picture' to meet Dan Freedman a few years ago at the has been the life's work of Daniel G. Freedman, Ringberg Castle Conference OD 'Indoctrinability PhD, a distinguished psychologist whose wide and Warfare', organized by Eibl-Eibesfeldt range of interests has provided remarkable and his assistants, in Andechs, Germany. It variations on a single theme: an interactionist, turned out to be a memorable meeting, and I can holistic view of human behavior. His now understand the impression he must have pioneering ethological analyses encouraged made on his students who wrote this naturalistic studies of the evolved bases of Festschrift for him. behavior; his comparative view of human behavior helped set the stage for current cross- The bulky volume contains almost 40 cultural research. Scholars interested in the contributions (including section introductions twists and bedrocks of human development will and conclusions) by some 25 accomplished find in this volume a stimulating sampler of scholars, most of them former students and cutting-edge research on the topics that define colleagues. The contributions are grouped into 8 Freedman's career: behavior genetics, human sections: Introduction; Genetic Basis of ethology, evolutionary psychology, and Behavior; Biological Approaches to culture. An expansive ripple effect of Developmental Issues; Naturalistic Studies of scholarship has resulted from Freedman's Behavior; Evolutionary Analyses; Film broad-based research and teachings, and Retrospective; Behavior Genetics, Human Uniting Psychology and Biology presents this Ethology, Evolutionary Psychology, and intellectual ancestry." Culture; and Final Overview. It is hard to think of a relevant subject which is not This is the text on the wrapper, and represented in this book. though for some scholars 'holism' may evoke uneasy associations with 'New Age' The quality of these contributions is obscurantism, Daniel Freedman indeed comes as extremely heterogeneous in both readability close to the Renaissance ideal of Hom 0 and content. It is hardly possible, within the universalis, pursuing the big picture, as a framework of a book review, to do justice to contemporary scientist can possible get. every contribution. Therefore I shall limit myself to presenting some impressions,' The volume is, first and foremost, an necessarily biased by my own preferences and unabashed homage to, and a Festschrift taste, and finally summarize some of the: dedicated to, Dan Freedman's unique conclusions as formulated by the editors. I: scholarship. Freedman is a brilliant and apologize beforehand to those authors who are inquisitive mind who pioneered and explored left out. ' I :I Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 19 Freedman's own contributi,on ("Is sociobiology,. Robert Trivers, discusses 'genomic nonduality possible in the social and biological imprinting', or parent-specific gene expression, sciences?: small essays on holism arid related and its implications for internal conflicts issues") tries to transcend the classic between different sets of cells, for example the dichotomies which have haunted our maternally imprinted neocorte;x arid the disciplines: mind versus body, innate versus paternally active hypothalamus. acquired, culture versus biology, nature versus nurture, reductionism versus holism, etc. One of the founders of evolutionary psychology, Jerome Barkow ("Happiness in Michael Bailey's chapter ("Are evolutionary perspective"), notes that, oddly genetically based individual differences enough, evolution joins with Medieval Roman compatible with species-wide adaptations?") Catholicism in a discussion of how the 'seven is highly informative on a number of issues at deadly sins' may have yielded adaptive the behavior genetics-evolutionary psychology advantages in older hominid environments interface, such as heritabilities of behavioral even though they do not lead to happiness. traits and sex differences as frequency- Unfortunately, evolution is not about dependent reproductive strategies. maximizing the happiness of organisms, but about relative gene frequencies and Genetics as a risk factor throughout the reproductive success. Fortunately, unhappiness life span is highlighted by Irving Gottesman, is predicted by evolutionary psychology to be Hill Goldsmith & Gregory Carey ("A just as episodic and situational as happiness. developmental and a genetic perspective on aggression"). They present a sophisticated Glenn Weisfeld ("Discrete emotions 'reaction surJace' model of behavioral traits theory with specific reference to pr-ide gnd and conclude that "It is likely that insofar as shame") presents ten pI:in.ciples for constructing genetic ris.15 factors may be important, they are a list of the basic emotions, and he offers most relevant to a subset of individuals convincing evidence of homologies between manifesting chronic antisocial behavior with pride-shame in humans and dominance- nonacute onsets. That such a subgroup exists submission in other animals. Principle 10 has been repeatedly shown in the literature... " provides the rationale for this finding: "If all Cpo 120). This small group of hard-core, chronic human emotions possess at least rudiments in recidivists is responsible for the majority of other species (Principle 3), then we can expect violent crimes, induding rape. to find homologies between each basic human emotion and some motive in other species. John Paul Scott, grand old man of These homologies support the notion that the aggression research, describes in "Genetic human emotion in question evolved from the analysis of social behavior" two major lines of animal emotion and therefore is basic" (p. 429; research, which span a period: the italics in original). This is an excellent discovery of the critical period of social theoretical exercise in a time-honored attachment, and gender and breed differences tradition starting with Darwin's Expression of in agonistic behavior. the Emotions (1872).

Nicholas Blurton Jones, Kirsten In their final overview ("Uniting Hawkes & James O'Connell ("Why do Hadza Psychology and Biology"), Glenn Weisfeld, children forage?") demonstrate the power of Carol Weisfeld & Nancy Segal wonder what the adaptationist approach by simply asking such an integration - the application of how foraging might enhance the fitness of evolutionary theory to our own species' Hadza children. This is a refreshing exercise behavior - would look like. They identify in evolutionary anthropology. three requirements: "First, there would be emphasis on species-wide behaviors, not on In a short, but extremely fascinating, variability. No natural science dwells on contribution ("Genetic basis of intrapsychic diversity; all try to generalize, to establish conflict"), one of the founding fathers of laws that de.scribe the main phenomena of 20 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 interest. Psychology skipped over this (1979). Human Sociobiology: A holistic descriptive stage in its history....Once these apprQach. New York: Free Press. uni versals, these building blocks of human Editor's Note: This review was arranged by behavior, were recognized, the causes of their Peter LaFreniere. variability could be addressed. Much individual variation is a of genetic differences...Moreover, the influence of genes on Separation and Its Discontents: most behaviors does not subside as children get older...Perhaps most important, functional Toward an Evolutionary Theory analyses of universal human behaviors and ofAnti-Semitism developmental events are needed. The great, unique contribution of biology to psychology is By Kevin MacDonald. Praeger, 88 Post Rd. the Darwinian perspective, Tinbergen's 'why' West, Westport, cr, 06881-5007, USA, 1998, question of function... " (pp. 528f). .. $65 (hdbk.)

I would add that proximate By Stephen K. Sanderson, Dept. of Sociology, explanations of behavior would benefit Indiana University of Pennsylvania,Indiana, considerably if they were put squarely within PA, USA an ultimate, evolutionary context, and that it helps in understanding a behavioral Kevin MacDonald's Separation and Its phenomenon, including its neural andlor Discontents is a direct successor to his earlier A endocrinological substratum, to recognize why People that Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism as a it evolved in the first place. Group Evolutionary Strategy, published in 1994. In the earlier book MacDonald attempted Evolutionary psychologists, to show that the Jews have been among the ethologists, sociobiologists, and even most exclusivist and endogamous ethnic groups evolutionarily informed sociologists like Pierre in all of human history. These are traits that van den Berghe have often pondered the appear to have been more common among Near question why the social sciences resist Eastern populations than among other Darwinism. Trivers suggested that widespread populations, and MacDonald speculates that ignorance of biology is a factor. Certainly that they may have a biological basis. must play a prominent role, but it cannot account for the intense hatred and hostility The Jews have often shown fierce with which otherwise reasonable scholars loyalty to Judaism, even when they have been have greeted attempts to unite psychology and broken up into many diaspora communities. biology. For examples, see the recent reviews They have exhibited extremely high levels of of Frank Salter's excellent book Emotions in within-group altruism and a marked tendency Command in Ethology, and of my edited to have negative stereotypes of Gentile groups volume The Nature of the Sexes in Archives of among whom they dwelt. Historically they Sexual Behavior. have actually followed a kind of eugenics policy by placing high value on marrying their References daughters and sisters to the leaders of Judaism, the Jewish rabbinical scholars. Because of the Freedman, D. G. (1958). Constitutional and social reinforcement given these practices over environmental interactions in rearing of four 3000 years, Jews have evolved asa biologically breeds of dogs. Science, 127, 585f. distinct population with the world's highest intelligence level. MacDonald then shows how --- (1964). Smiling in blind infants and the high IQs, combined with an orientation toward issue of innate versus acquired. Journal of Child high-investment parenting, have given Jews a Psychology & Psychiatry, 5, 171-189. significant advantage in resource competition with Gentiles and have made them one of the --- (1974). Human Infancy: An evolutionary most economically and socially successful perspective. Hillsdale, Erlbaum. NJ: groups the world has ever seen. Wherever Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 21 Jewish communities have been found they have throughout history and that the Jews have almost always been more successful, on average, evoked these attitudes virtually wherever than their neighbors. they have gone. As MacDonald notes, "the remarkable thing about anti-Semitism is that It is within this framework that there is an overwhelming similarity in the MacDonald's new book must be understood, In complaints made about Jews in different places this book he attempts to develop a theory of and over very long stretches oj historical time" anti-Semitism based on his understanding of (p. 32). Jews have typically been perceived by the distinctive features of Judaism and the rival groups as extremely clannish and intent nature of the interactions between Jewish and on a separate existence; as extremely adept at non-Jewish groups. economic competition with nort-Jews and intent upon economic exploitation and domination; as MacDonald's argument is rooted in dominating non-Jews; of having overbearing evolutionary biology and social identity personalities; and as being disloyal to the theory. Social identity theory assumes societie's in which they have lived. All of basically the following (and MacDonald is these perceptions have been most intense the clearly assuming that the processes depicted by more numerous Jews have been and the greater social identity theory are evolved the extent to which they have had real characteristics of the human species): conflicts of interest with non-Jews. Where Individuals tend to distinguish between resource competition between Jews and non-Jews ingroups and outgroups and to exaggerate the has been at its peak, anti-Semitism has also similarities among individuals within each tended to be at its peak. group; the stereotypic attitudes and behaviors of the ingroup are positively valued at the MacDonald devotes three chapters to same time that the attitudes and behaviors of documenting the ebb and flow of anti-Semitism the outgroup are negatively valued. These throughout human history. As he notes, in the categorization processes lead to discriminatory Roman empire Jews were greatly behavior directed by the ingroup toward the overrepresented in such sectors of the economy outgroup; beliefs in the superiority of the banking, international trade, and the slave ingroup; and a clear preference for the ingroup. trade, and they virtually monopolized various Conflicts of interest exacerbate all of these industries, such as silk, clothing, and tendencies; people tend to manipulate their glassware. As Jewish control over these social identity in order to provide themselves economic sectors increased, anti-Semitism grew. with positive self-images; and people will readily adopt a group mentality that leads to After the Roman empire collapsed behavior that is often intensely emotional and anti-Semitism ebbed, but it began to flow again "irrational." in the 12th and 13th centuries:

Throughout history the Jews have There is evidence resource exhibited these collectivist traits at a very competition exacerbated the anti- high level, typically higher than that of the Semitism of the period. Jews were groups among whom they have lived. They expanding demographically in Western have held themselves apart and fiercely Europe during the 11th-13th centuries, resisted assimilation into'surrou'nding non- with the rate of increase being Jewish communities, behaviors that have particularly high during the 12th almost always been associated with the century.... This was also the period tendency to look askance at these non-Jewish when Jewish economic and cultural communities. These traits, in and of prosperity in medieval Europe was at themselves, have fostered a great deal of anti- its peak (pp. 116-17). Semitism, which in turned strengthened them over time. Anji-Semitism was at its most virulent in Germany in the 19th and 20th centuries. MacDonald shows that anti-Semitic After 1870, Jews increased in numbers and the attitudes have been remarkably uniform .resource competition between them and Gentiles 22 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 increased considerably. MacDonald makes and Near East. The thought that this much of the fact that Gentile groups often intransigence could actually be rooted in their became mirror images of Jewish groups in order biological as well as cultural evolution is to successfully compete with them. Zionism extremely provocative and might go far toward and anti-Semitism were inextricably explaining an ethnic confrontation that has, to intertwined. All of this, of course, is just what this point, been extremely difficult to MacDonald's evolutionary version of social understand. identity theory predicts. The only matter on which I MacDonald also devotes a chapter to significantly disagree with MacDonald examining the extent to which Jews have concerns his claim that Judaism as an ethnic attempted to defend themselves against the strategy is some sort of group selection process. I charges that have been flung against them. As have not been convinced by its proponents that MacDonald points out, "rationalization, group selection is a significant biological deception, and self-deception are expected among those who create and maintain ideologies," for "ideologies serve the Bulletin Submissions and Duplication evolutionary interests of those who adopt them" (p. 207). Jews have been particularly Anything that might be of interest to ISHl adept at self-deception, MacDonald members is welcome: Society Matters; articles; evolutionary perspective, self-deceptIOn IS replies to articles; suggestions; announcements extremely useful to successful individuals and of meetings, journals or professional societies; groups because it prevents them fron: etc. These sorts of submission should be sent their own deceptions of others. ThIS, ill turn, to the editor. Book review inquiries should go allows them to continue to give full force to to the appropriate book review editor. their strategies of ethnic competition. Submission should be in English, on paper and, if possible, also on diskette (MS Word 5.0 I am certainly no expert on anti- preferred). Shorter reviews are desirable (less Semitism, but my knowledge of the than 1000 words). Please include complete evolutionary biology of ethnicity and of the references for all publications cited. For evidence presented by MacDonald suggests to book reviews, please include publisher's me that a great deal of what he says rings true. mailing address and the price of hardback Perhaps the most crucial things that have to be and paperback editions. explained are that Jews have evoked anti- Submissions are usually reviewe.d only b Semitic reactions almost everywhere they the editorial staff. However, some have gone, and that the nature of these submissions are rejected. Political censorship reactions has been remarkably similar in is avoided, so as to foster free and creative diverse times and places. exchange of (even outrageous) ideas among scholars. The fact that material appears in the Theoretically, what intrigues me most newsletter never implies the truth of those about MacDonald's work on Judaism is his ideas, ISHE's endorsement of them, or support suggestion that not only the Jews, but Near for any policy implications that might be Eastern peoples in general, have been inferred from them. biologically predisposed to be higher than Bulletin content may be reproduced withou average on collectivist and ethnocentric limit for scholarly (but not commercial) personality traits. Near Eastern purposes. That is, no one may be charged for under conditions, he has suggested, ill WhICh receiving the content, unless permission is these traits would have been particularly obtained from the Editor or the ISHE adaptive. It is a pity that this remains mostly President. Sample copies of the Bulletin are a speculation and that the idea is not pursued. available from the Editor. Send number of One of the most noteworthy features of the copies desired and date require.d. modern political scene is the extreme intransigence of Jews and Arabs in the Middle Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 23 reality. I have no space to delve into this issue introduction and eleven chapters written singly in this short review, so suffice it to say that I or in collaboration by thirty participants from think it is far easier and much more a variety of disciplines, including theoretically acceptable to interpret Jewish anthropology, archaeology, psychology, ethnic strivings in purely individual history and philosophy of science, genetics, selectionist terms. These strong ethnic strivings sociology, literature and media studies, emerged because of their advantages to economics, prirnatology, and environmental individuals, and group benefit was simply the biology. aggregate of individual benefit. However, this criticism of MacDonald should not be allowed According to the preface, contributors to detract too much from what really is a remarkable, and remarkably courageous, effort. explicitly avoided biological and MacDonald's books on Judaism have been an sociological reductionisms. Instead, a exceptional intellectual experience for me, and pluralistic was considered a I eagerly look forward to reading his third prerequisite of the project by all book on Judaism. participants. We adopted the model of 'integrative pluralism' as a Book Review Editor's Note: The forthcoming methodological strategy (p. viii). third volume is titled The Culture of Critique: An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Although it sometimes fails to measure up to Involvement in 20th-Century Intellectual and the promise in the preface, this book's very Political movements, and MacDonald is existence remains a landmark event. It should already researching a fourth volume exploring be required reading-all of it-for every the generalizability and importance of group scholar whose research focuses on uhuman selection strategies in human evolution by nature.u examining other groups that have displayed similar tendencies. The contents of the various essays in the volume are dense and deserve a detailed exposition impossible to offer in a review this Human by Nature: Between short. I must therefore limit myself to offering Biology and the Social Sciences potential readers an overall idea of what they will find. Roughly speaking, the contributors Edited by Peter Weingart, Sandra D. Mitchell, fall into three groups: defenders of sociobiology Peter J. Richerson, & Sabine Maasen. Lawrence (led by evolutionary psychologists John Tooby Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 10 Industrial Avenue, and Lcda Cosmides), critics of sociobiology (led Mahwah, NJ 07430, 1997, $89.95 (hdbk.) by cultural inheritance theorists Robert Boyd, Peter Richerson, and William Durham), and a Reviewed by Emily A. Schultz, Dept. of third group that might be called referees (e.g., Sociology & Anthropology, St. Cloud State Sandra D. Mitchell, Lorraine Daston, and Peter University, St. Cloud, MN 56301, USA. Weingart, the last of whom bravely coauthored position papers both with This 600-page volume is the outcome of sociobiologists (chapter 2) and with their a residential seminar entitled critics (chapter 8). For reasons that will UBiological Foundations of Human Culture,U become clear, my sympathies lie with the held in 1991-92 at the University of Bielefeld second and third groups. in Germany. The sociologist Peter Weingert, who played a key role in organizing the The volume is divided into three seminar, describes it as an opportunity "to sections. Part I, Contexts, contains three delineate a theme that among social scientists chapters that explore various ways that links is fraught with historical and political taboos" between biology and the social sciences have (p. vii), whether the issue be UNazi biology" or been conceived across disciplines and through sociobiology. The volume includes an time. 24 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 Part II, Homologies, explores "the Boyd, Richerson and Durham) who cannot value and limitations of homologies from easily be described as "antiempiricist/" biology in the study of culture." By "deconstructionist," or /f antiscience/" (pp. 34- "homology"/ the authors mean "structures in 38). As it happens, standard objections to different popuJations...that are similar as a sociobiology in anthropology (including my result of .inheritance from a common ancestor" own) are identical to those reported for (p. 10). Papers in this section explore the extent sociology: sociobiology is "radically to which "human culture" may in fact be reduetioriist...ignoring those 'emergent' explained by concepts and theories used to sociocultural phenomena that reveal their own explain the behavior of non-human animals. dynamics"; it is "simplistic, trying to explain complex, emergent phenomena in terms of ideas Part lIT/ Analogies, "explores the about genic fitness"; and it offers "glib, ad hoc, potential of analogical reasoning ("humans are and easily constructed stories about how a like animals")....the relation between the two phenomenon promoted genic fitness in the domains is one of similarity, not identity, so evolutionary past" (p. 29). that such an investigabon illuminates the differences between biological and cultural If this passage of tendentious processes, as well as the similarities" (pp. 9/ disciplinary history was disappointing, the 12). essay in chapter 2 by Peter Weingart and. Ullica Segerstrale (pp. 68-80 ft.) was a further The volu"me/s organization appears to letdown. They begin with an interesting reflect the following editorial strategy: The discussion of the biological views of human sociobiologists will go first and, apart from a nature adopted by the Nazis, and they end brief intermission (chapters 2 and 3)/ they may with useful observations about the lack of throw everything they/ve got at the opposition simple correlations between a scientist's (chapters .t 2/ 5/ 6/ and 7). In return, however, politics and his or her scientific commitments. their critics will be allowed the last word Unfortunately, the middle of their e.ssay (chapters 8-11). degenerates into an ad hominem attack on Richard Lewontin that consists entirely of The rhetoric of integrative pluralism is charges with no evidence offered to back them liberally sprinkled throughout Parts I and II, up (pp. 80ff). But the least enthusiastic and aU attempts at vulgar "reductionism" are commitment to integrative pluralism is surely foresworn. Nevertheless, many readers found the essay in chapter 5 by Segerstrale and (especially critics of sociobiology) are likely to Peter Molnar (pp. 183-193)/ who write: be disappointed initially by what they find. Chapter 1/ for example, offers brief histories of In the 1990s, it is nb longer pQssibk several disciplines, ostensibly discussing the to postulate a simple either-or extent to which they do (or do not) take biology situation when it comes to culture and into consideration. As described by Monique biology. Additional evidence has Borgerhoff-Mulder, Alexandra M. Maryanski, accumulated to tip the balance in favbr and Jonathan H. Turner (pp. 31ff), however, my of the biological foundations of own discipline of anthropology is virtually nOI}verbal behavior - or, more correctly, unrecognizable. In particular, these authors an answer which inseparably involves assert that anthropological critics of both culture and biology (p. 185). sociobiology have "misunderstood" its implications and suffer from "confusion'; (p. 34). Are they really suggesting that linking culture to biology tan only mean favoring I beg to differ. Most of us who object to biology over culture? Wouldn't integrative sociobiology understand its claims very well pluralism assign culture some causal role? a.nd disagree with them. The position of Appa.rently not, for Segerstrale and Molnar sociobiology within anthropology may be equate cultural causation with linguistic "legitimate" (p. 35)/ but it is also contested, and determinism (p. 185) and with "the militant it is contested by anthropologists (including cultural perspective" which "appears quite Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 25 similar to the previous linguistic relativistic That Darwin can be understood in thesis of the cultural determination of our multiple ways is acknowledged on p. 3, but Qnly categories of thought" (p. .192). Readers may be the cultural inheritance theorists in Part III forgiven for drawing the conclusion that, from explore the options. Boyd and Richerson, for the point of view of these sociobiologists, example, are inspired by the "Lamarckian" "integrative pluralism" will only be achieved Darwin, who proposed when social scientists admit defeat and agree that human genes hold culture on a tight leash. that intergroup competition aided by "inherited habit" led to the rise of the The preceding examples illustrate some special "moral and intellectual of the rhetorical moves that repeatedly surface faculties" of humans_ Through a long in the essays written by sociobiologists. Ad history of coevolution, humans are hominem attacks are limited to the case of plausibly genetically adapted to live Lewontin and a brief swipe at Stephen Jay in an environment of culturally defined Gould (p. 84). Far more common is vituperation groups that have been subject to group directed at unnamed critics whose alleged selection. We claim that competing claims are always presented in extremist arguments have a much more difficult language, such as the reference to the "militant time accounting for the apparent cultural perspective" cited above, or the absence of the human pattern of reference (p. 63) to "radical eqipotentialists"- cooperation among other animals, and sociologists and anthropologists who not only the great variety of apparently criticize sociobiology, but who are said to culturally shaped forms of cooperation, endorse the same theories that "were used to notwithstanding virtual ubiquity of justify repression and genocide by Marxist some elements of cooperation in human regimes" in Cambodia, China and the USSR! adaptive complexes (p. 351). To study human cultural diversity instead of human universals is equated with advocating Concluding "that Lamarckian evolution "purely sociocultural theories" (p. 182) and may prove to be more adequate and promising with setting humans apart as essentially for modeling cultural evolution than models of different from other animals (pp. 4, lSI, 189, conventional neo-Darwinian evolution" (p. 192). The authors of chapter 6, moreover, 292), these scholars take a classic display a gross misunderstanding (and sociobiological metaphor and turn-i{ around on misspelling) of pidgin languages (p. 204). Are its creators: "Lumsden and Wilson's.. .idea of a these examples of what Mitchell identifies in 'leash' between genetics and culture is an chapter 3 as "crude caricature" (p. 103)? excellent metaphor if we consider its full implications. We have all seen large, poorly By contrast, Sabine Maasen's essay in trained dogs on a tight leash dragging their chapter 2 stands out as an even-handed owners through the streets. Many of us have discussion of competing developmental and seen unleashed dogs working in sophisticated sociobiological explanations for female orgasm. harmony with human hunters and herders. Is The overt purpose of her essay is to show that the leash loose or tight? If it is tight, who is there is "no one-to-one correlation between dragging whom about? Or is it mainly a matter political convictions and scientific of mutualistic teamwork?" (p. 353) assumptions" (p. 88), but she ends up showing as well that sociobiology does not encompass all of Chapters 3 and 4 offer a moment of evolutionary biology. This is significant, for respite between the two bodies of the sociobiologists who contribute to this sociobiological exposition in Parts I and II. volume regularly equate all of "evolutionary" Chapter 3, "The Whys and Haws of or "Darwinian" biology with sociobiology (see, Interdisciplinarity/' delivers what it for example, pp. 1, 2, 33, 34, 38, 64, 152, 213). promises. Sandra Mitchell shows that she Such rhetorical arrogance can only put off many knows her way around the "disunity of science" readers who might otherwise be inclined to literature, in terms of which any form of make an effort to understand a substantive "integrative pluralism" needs to be assessed. sociobiological argument. The same sophistication is evident in Peter B. ------.

26 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 Sloep's essay about the metaphorical transfer adaptedness alone is not likely to shed much of models, in Lorraine Daston's superb light on the origins of our all-around discussion of anthropomorphism, and in Gerd adaptibility, especially if the human capacity Gigerenzer's cautionary tale about the dangers for culture plays a central role in that of borrowing statistical tools. Chapter 4, "The adaptibility. Social Intelligence Hypothesis," coauthored by Daston, Gigerenzer, Hans Kummer and Joan Writers in Part III point out that Silk, it also is extremely interesting and contemporary anthropological theory views helpful. culture as symbolic practices that individuals learn socially (d. p. 308), and cultural Finally, in the four chapters of Part III, traditions are understood as emergent direct, critical responses to various phenomena that can, for good or ill, buffer the sociobiological arguments are offered. The effect of natural selection on individuals. culture inheritance theorists Boyd, Richerson, Moreover, as demonstrated by the case study on and Durham have their say, along with other patterns of lactose malabsorption in various anthropologists, sociologists, geneticists, human populations, a group's commitment to a ecologists and media scholars. To their credit particular set of cultural practices (e.g., (and, I must add, to my own personal dairying) may create "culture-driven genetic satisfaction), the individual articles in part III change" (p. 344). Since evolutionary come closest to exemplifying my view of psychologists apparently can only conceive of integrative pluralism. Ad hominem attacks, natural selection (a) driven by non-cultural for example, are absent: compare, for example, factors and (b) operating on individuals, they the courtesy accorded Richard Dawkins in interpret talk about symbolic culture and chapter 8 (pp. 301, 309) and in chapter 11 (p. culture-driven genetic change as tantamount to 398) with the treatment meted out to Lewontin asserting that human beings are not subject to and Gould in Chapter 2. natural selection at all; hence the accusations of "radical environmentalism" directed at It is toward evolutionary psychologists those who make this argument. that the contributors to Part III direct most of their critique, which actually begins on p. 276, Charges like this one puzzled me at at the very end of Part II, when behavioral first. I was stunned, for example to see ecological anthropologists challenge Cosmides sociobiologists lump religious creationists, and Tooby's conclusion that general mental Cartesian dualists and all social scientists mechanisms are "an impossibility." This together, accusing them of "dichotomous defense paves the way, a few pages later, for thinking" in which "the thesis of human the writers in Part III to explore how the uniqueness" has been used "as an argument for human capacity for symbolic culture might ignoring biology" (p. 3; d. p. 53). But constitute such a general mechanism. These motivation for this hyperbolic accusation moves all call into question the exclusive focus became clearer when I realized that of evolutionary psychologists upon evolutionary psychologists are still fighting a adaptedness. Evolutionary psychologists call battle with the ghost of behaviorism. themselves "adaptationists" because they Behaviorism is anathema to them because of highlight the way natural selection can its commitment to a few generalized mental produce organs (such as the eye) that appear mechanisms which allow organisms (including precisely "designed" for a highly specific humans) to be freely ("equipotentially") adaptive function (p. 215). But adaptationist conditioned by "the environment" into all the arguments are less helpful to those interested in complex behaviors for whi ch their species is explaining how natural selection can produce a: known (pp. 56 ft.). Having rejected body part (such as the human hand) (p. 276) behaviorism, however, evolutionary that is characterized by a general, all-around psychologists proceed to lump with the adaptib{Iity. If human beings are weedy behaviorists all scholars who refuse to reduce generalists rather than specialists (more like the "mental content" of (human) minds to the rats, say, than like koalas), paying attentiOn to complex, evolved architecture tl1at they Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 27 believe they have discovered (pp. 233-34); all And so they define culture as "contingently are equally guilty of "environmentalism" (p. variable," "contentful," "organized," "socially 77). learned" and social1y variable "information" (p. 231). First, by excluding any references to For example, they criticize behavioral symbolism, and by making no reference to ecological anthropologists because, although cultural practices that cannot be reduced to these scholars accord a key role to the "fitness- "mental content" (see p. 308), nothing maximizing human mind", they nonetheless differentiates "cultural learning" from the promote a "generalized" mechanism rather "learning" of non-human animals that do not than the content-full "domain-specific rely on symbols. Second, by equating the mechanisms" that evolutionary psychology anthropological account of "cultural learning" argues for (pp. 275-76). They object to the with outmoded accounts of behaviorist UNESCO statement on human rights because, conditioning, anthropological defenders of they say, it "marke'd the explicit declaration culture can be portrayed as doubly misguided. of environmentalism as the politically and intellectually sanctioned approach in Next, the anthropological interest in opposition to biological determinism" (p. 77). cultural variation: "Geertz" is blasted for his "naive realism" because he claims "that None of this sounds like "integrative humans do not have general cultures, only pluralism," but it connects worries about particular ones, and so evolved to realize behaviorism to the "meaning problem," which themselves only through cultural is the key issue dividing sociobiologists from particularity" (p. 222). "Anthropological their critics (p. 312). Sociobiologists do not orthodoxy to the contrary," they retort, like to talk about symbolism, and some of them "human life is full of structure that recurs from go to great lengths to avoid having to do So. culture to culture" (p. 223). But the "human This is particularly obvious in chapter 6, universals" they offer (p. 223) resemble nothing "Evolutionary Theory and Human Social so much as a cladist's list of plesiomorphies Institutions: Psychological Foundations," that humans share with one another, with jointly written by Nancy W. Thornhill, Leda other primates, and even with some otber Cosmides, Alexandra M. Maryanski, Peter mammals. Like Malinowski's famous "they Meyer, John Tooby, and Jonathan H.Tumer (pp. lived, they loved, they died," such human 210-252). In chapter 2, Weingart et al. write universals are not false, but they tell us nothing that what critics of sociobiology attack is "not about why these "recurring structures" mean sociobiology, but 'sociobiology' as stereotyped different things in different cultural traditions. by the critics and feeding on earlier biological conceptions" (p. 79). Anthropologists might Do sociobiologists carryon at such respond that what the sociobiologists attack is length about human universals because they not anthropology, or the traditional concept of fear that drawing attention to what makes culture, or even the ideas of Clifford Geertz, but humans different from other species (i.. e., 'anthropology,' 'culture,' and 'Geertz' as symbolic culture) can only give aid and comfort stereotyped by the critics and feeding on earlier to creationists and others who associate human behaviorist conceptions. dependence on symbolic culture with "freeing" human beings from "nature?" Sociobiologists First, the concept of culture: Thornhill seem unable or unwilling to imagine an et aI. would like to claim that the "evolved approach to human nature that both accepts architecture of the human brain" contains evolutionary continuity and is more interested virtually everything that cultural in human diversity than in human universals. anthropologists have traditionally attributed Variation cannot be explained by a constant, to "cultural learning." Sociobiologists seem to yet the authors of chapter 6 harangue social believe that if they can reduce cultural scientists interested in variation for not being learning to old-fashioned, non-symbolic, interested in universals! behaviorist conditioning, their arguments about brain architecture will appear more plausible. Thornhill et al. would apparently like 28 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 to explain cultural variation by reducing it to (Tooby and Cosmides 1992, p. 117). By the triggering of different "domain-specific this definition, something can be mechanisms" whenever a human group moves construed as fully "cultural" withou t into a new environment. But this explanation any history of social transmission; it is runs into problems in the face of novel then said to be "evoked culture." To environments, for which existing mental reduce confusion, we stick with "history mechanisms are unprepared (pp. 277-78). of social transmission" as a requisite Regardless, Thornhill et al. charge that "the feature of cultural units (p. 301). 'do what your parents did' concept of culture is not a principle that can easily explain why Durham and Weingart also respond to cultural elements where new ones come the distorted interpretation of Geertz offered from, why they spread, or why certain complex by Thornhill et al., supplying the key attribute patterns (e.g., pastoralist commonalities) recur of human culture which they ignore: in widely separated cultures" (p 232). To many culture theorists, the essential But anthropological views of culture defining feature of culture is the have never claimed that people can only learn meaning of UX" to its the culture of their parents! 100 years ago, practitioners....This means that the Boas and his students were studying unit oj culture should incorporate widespread patterns of cross-cultural borrowing culture's important symbolic dimension as well as within-culture inheritance! (p. 302). Moreover, reducing cultural variation to mechanical environmental adaptation (d. p They remind readers that Leslie 233) has long been criticized within White, the anthropologist praised by anthropology as simplistic. The point is made sociobiologists for seeking "a return to stage- in chapter 10, where Boyd, Borgerhoff-Mulder, model evolution in a much more sophisticated Durham and Richerson discuss the challenges form" (p. 33), is equally famous in anthropology faced in attempts to reconstruct the culture for his emphasis on the symbolic dimension of history of neighboring East African groups: human culture (p. 302). "Comparative ethnographic data with age sets scored as present/absent, or as a quantitative Finally, they make clear that, far from variable on political importance, would not denying that the human brain has a complex contain enough detail to reconstruct much architecture, history in East Africa. A richer data set offers more possiblities, as we have seen" (p. 383). To account for the emergence of Anthropologists are not likely to take seriously "meaning," it seems helpful to assume a sociobiological "critique" of our key concept that the communication of mental that is built on so many distortions and images through language and related omissions.. imitative capacities builds up structures and memory, both in In Part III, chapter 8, Durham and individual brains and between Weingart begin their defense of the concept of individuals that continuously select symbolic human culture: new experience. By this, the essence of "culture" is created by the continuous a bona fide unit of culture must have a flow of communication of mental images history of social transmission...The among members of communicating point is not academic-because in the populations of different generations: a newly emerging subfield of "social memory" is created (p. 302). "evolutionary psychology" culhlre has been defined instead as "any mental, Indeed, they emphasize, part of this evolved behavioral, or material commonalities architecture may include mechanisms that shared across individuals...regardless facilitate cultural learning, perhaps "because of why these commonalities exist" attentional processes make it impossible not to Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 29 learn what one notices" (p. 321). Conversationalists with our Settings. The optional evening sessions: Diagnostics, At the end of chapter 9, Boyd and Complexity Theory, and Genetics. For a copy Richerson echo Marshall Sahli.ns's of the catalogue, contact Dr. Gilbert Levin, dissatisfaction with the "cyclical and 1308-B Belfer Bldg., Albert Einstein College of repetitive opposition" engaged in by scholars Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY committed to different theoretical perspectives 10461, USA, tel. 1-718-430-2307, fax 1-718-430- on 'human nature' (e.g., Marxists, 8782, e-mail [email protected]. The functionalists, methQdologicalindividualists, catalogue is also available at various species of Darwinists)" (p. 342). Their http://www/cape.org. call to "operationalize" concepts like "meaning" and "units of culture" (p. 312) will HBES Conference surely be denounced as a positivist trap by some and aSah environmentalist snare by others. The 11th annual meeting of the Human Those who fear that all biology is Behavior and Evolution Society will take reductionist, however,might be reassured if place at the University of Utah in Salt Lake they knew more about cultural inheritance City 2-6 June 1999. Abstracts for papers are due theory, which "tully recognizes, incorporates, 1 March; abstracts for symposia are due 1 and exploits culture's symbolic dimension" (p. February. The meeting web page is 312). Those who believe that all biology http://kimura.anthro.utah.edu/hbes99. should be reductionist need to (re-)examine the Steven Gangstad ([email protected]) chai.rs possibilities offered by integrative pluralism. the program committee, and the local After all, today there are sociobiological organizers are Alan Rogers sociologists who regard social institutions as ([email protected]) and Elizabeth emergent phenomena, even if they still harbor Cashdan (cash dan@anth[o.utah.edu). suspicions about culture. Perhaps if all Gangstad is in the Dept. of Psychology and the suspicious scholars gave up caricature and other two in Anthropology at the University of aimed to be maximally explicit in their Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. definition of "culture," obfuscation and bad feeling might actually dissipate, and genuine Evolutionary Psychology Session integrative pluralism might be possible. In any case, by agreeing to be published together in The biennial meeting of the Society for this volume, the contributors have taken a step Psychological Anthropology will take place in the right direction. 21-26 September 1999 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The organizer is Phil Bock at ANNOUNCEMENTS [email protected]. Jerry Barkow has been asked to organize a session on evolutionary psychology whose theme will be "Does Clinical Sociobiology Course evolutionary psychology lead to new questions for psychological anthropology?" For information, contact Jerome H. Barkow, Dept. The 20th annual Cape Cod (Massachusetts) of Sociology & Social Anthropology, Institute will consist of a summer-long series of Dalhousie University, Halifax, N. S., postgraduate courses for mental health Canada, B3H 3J5, tel. 1-902-494-6747, fax 1- professions and others. One course, on Clinical 902-494-2897, e-mail [email protected]. Sociobiology: Darwinian 'Feelings and Values, will run 19-23 July 1999 and be conducted by John Price, Russell Gardner, John Fentress, and Return of Linda Mealey James Brody. The scheduled morning sessions: Natural Selection and Human Psychological Linda Mealey, ISHE Vice- Adaptations, Social Behavior as an Expression President/President-Elect, has returned to of Our Adaptations, Hierarchy Regulation, Minnesota from the University of Queensland. Marriage and Child-Rearing, and Genes as To reach her, please see the Officers' Box. 28 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 to explain cultural variation by reducing it to (Tooby and Cosmides 1992, p. 117). By the triggering of different "domain-specific this definition, something can be mechanisms" whenever a human group moves construed as fully "cultural" without into a new environment. But this explanation any history of social transmission; it is runs into problems in the face of novel then said to be "evoked culture." To environments, for which existing mental reduce confusion, we stick with "history mechanisms are unprepared (pp. 277-78). of social transmission" as a requisite Regardless, Thornhill et al. charge that "the feature of cultural units (p. 301). 'do what your parents did' concept of culture is not a principle that can easily explain why Durham and Weingart also respond to cultural elements change, where new ones come the distorted interpretation of Geertz offered frOID, why they spread, or why certain complex by Thornhill et al., supplying the key attribute patterns (e.g., pastoralist commonalities) recur of human culture which they ignore: in widely separated cultures" (p 232). To many culture theorists, the essential But anthropological views of culture defining feature of culture is the have never claimed that people can only learn meaning of "X" to its the culture of their parents! 100 years ago, practitioners....This means that the Boas and his students were studying unit of culture should incorporate widespread patterns of cross-cultural borrowing culture's important symbolic dimension as well as within-culture inheritance! (p. 302). Moreover, reducing cultural variation to mechanical environmental adaptation (d. p They remind readers that Leslie 233) has long been criticized within White, the anthropologist praised by anthropology as simplistic. The point is made sociobiologists for seeking "a return to stage- in chapter 10, where Boyd, Borgerhoff-Mulder, model evolution in a much more sophisticated Durham and Richerson discuss the challenges form" (p. 33), is equally famous in anthropology faced in attempts to reconstruct the culture for his emphasis on the symbolic dimension of history of neighboring East African groups: human culture (p. 302). "Comparative ethnographic data with age sets scored as present/absent, or as a quantitative Finally, they make clear that, far from variable on political importance, would not denying that the human brain has a complex contain enough detail to reconstruct much architecture, history in East Africa. A richer data set offers more possiblities, as we have seen" (p. 383). To account for the emergence of Anthropologists are not likely to take seriously "meaning/' it seems helpful to assume a sociobiological "critique" of our key concept that the communication of mental that is built on so many distortions and images through language and related omissions. imitative capacities builds up structures and memory, both in In Part III, chapter 8, Durham and individual brains and between Weingart begin their defense of the concept of individuals that continuously select symbolic human culture: new experience. By this, the essence of "culture" is created by the continuous a bona fide unit of culture must have a flow of communication of mental images history of social transmission...The among members of communicating point is not academic-because in the populations of different generations: a newly emerging subfield of "social memory" is created (p. 302). "evolutionary psychology" culture has been defined instead as "any mental, Indeed, they emphasize, part of this evolved behavioral, or material commonalities architecture may include mechanisms that shared across individuals...regardless facilitate cultural learning, perhaps "because of why these commonalities exist" attentional processes make it impossible not to 30 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 Editorial Staff McGrew Wins Delwart Award Editor The $10,000 award 6f the Jean-Marie Delwart Peter LaFreniere 'Fow1d.ation in Human Ethology and Cultural Little Hall Anthropology was given to Professor William Department of Psychology C. McGrew, Miami University, USA for his University of Maine original contributions to the ethology of the Orono, ME 04469 USA primates and their material culture. The tel. 1-207-581-2044 award was presented at the annual session of fax 1-207-581-6128 the Academie Royale des Sciences de Belgique, e-mail: [email protected] Brussels, 19 December 1998. Bill is a long- standing ISHE member and book reviewer for Current Literature Editor the Bulletin. Great Ape Socjeties, which he Johan van der Dennen edited with L. F. Marchant and T. Nishida, is Center for Peace and Conflict Studies reviewed in this issue. He also published University of Groningen Chimpanzee Material Culture in 1992. We Oude Kijk in 't Jatstraat 5/9 extend to him our heartiest congr,atulations and 9712 EA Groningen, The Netherlands express our thanks to the Foundation for tel. 31-50-3635649 supporting our field. fax 31-50-3635635; email: [email protected]

Outgoing Book Review Editor 1998 Darwin Award Linda Mealey Psychology Department The Darwin award is an annual honor given to College of St. Benedict the person who provided the human gene pool St. Joseph, MN 56374 USA with its greatest service by getting killed in tel. 1-612-363-3135 the most extraordinarily stupid manner. This fax 1-612-363-3202 year's winner is Friedrich Riesfeldt of e-mail: [email protected] Paderl::>om, Germany. Friedrich fed his constipated elephant Stefan 22 doses of animal New Chief Book Review Editor laxative and more than a bushel of berries, figs Thomas R. Alley and prunes before the plugged-up pachyderm Dept. of Psychology finally let fly--and suffocated the keeper Clemson University under 200 pounds of excrement. Investigators Brackett Hall say Friedrich, 46, was attempting to give the Clemson, SC 29634-1511, USA ailing elephant an olive-oil enema when the tel. 1-803-656-4974 beast unloaded on him. "The sheer force of the fax 1-803-656-0358 elephant's unexpected defecation knocked Mr. e-mail: [email protected] Riesfeldt to the ground, where he struck his head on a rock and lay unconscious as the German Book Review Editor elephant continued to evacuate his bowels on Karl Grammer top of him," said Paderborn police detective Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Erik Dem. "With no one there to help him, he Urban Ethology/Htiman Biology lay under all that dung for at least an hour Althanstrasse 14 before a watchman came along, and during that A-I090 Vienna, Austria time he suffocated. "- Spanish and Portuguese Book Review Editor Eduardo Gudynas ISHE Web Page: c/o ASMER Regional Office http://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at Casilla Correo 13125 Montevideo, Uruguay Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 31

Family Relations, 47, 4, 369-376 (Univ. CURRENT Indianapolis, Dept. Psychol., 1400 E. Hanna LITERATURE Ave, Indianapolis, IN 46227, USA) Ben-Hamida, S., Mineka, S. & Bailey, J.M. December 1998 (1998) Sex differences in perceived controllability of mate value: An evolutionary Compiled by Johan van der Dennen perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 4, 953-966 (Northwestern Abed, R.T. (1998) The sexual competition Univ., Dept. Psychol., 2029 Sheridan Rd, hypothesis for eating disorders. British Joumal Evanston, IL 60208, USA) of Medical Psychology, 71, 4, 525-547 (Rotherham Dist. Gen. Hosp., Dept. Psychiat., Benenson, J.F., Morganstein, T. & Roy, R. (1998) Moorgate Rd, Rotherham S60 2UD, S Sex differences in children's investment in Yorkshire, England) peers. Human Nature: An Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective, 9, 4, 369-390 (McGill Almeida, D.M. & Kessler, R.e. (1998) Univ., Dept. Educ. and Counseling Psycho!., Everyday stressors and gender differences in 3700 McTavish St, Montreal, PQ H3A 1Y2, daily distress. Joumal of Personality and Social Canada) Psychology, 75, 3, 670-680 (Univ. Arizona, Sch.Family and Consumer Resources, Div. Birch, S.H. & Ladd, G.W. (1998) Children's Family Studies, POB 210033, Tucson, AZ 85721, interpersonal behaviors and the teacher-child USA) relationship. Developmental Psychology, 34, 5, 934-946 (Univ. Illinois, Children's Res. Or. Anderson, P. A., & Guerrero, L.K. (Eds.) (1998). 183, Dept. Educ. Psychol., 51 Gerty Dr, Handbook of Communication and Emotion: Champaign, IL 61820, USA) Research, theory and applications. Academic Press, 6277 Sea Harbor Dr., Orlando, FL 32887, Boesch, C. & Tomasello, M. (1998) Chimpanzee USA. and human cultures. Current Anthropology, 39, 5,591-614 (Max Planck Inst. Evolut. Anthropol., Antonucci, T.e., Akiyama, H. & Lansford, J.E. Inselstr. 22-26, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany) (1998). Negative effects of close social relations. Family Relations, 47, 4, 379-384 (Inst. Boone, R.T. & Cunningham, J.G. (1998) Social Res., 426 Thompson St, Ann Arbor, MI Children's decoding of emotion in expressive 48108, USA) body movement: The development of cue attunement. Developmental Psychology, 34, 5, Atzwanger, K., Schafer, K. & Schmitt, A. 1007-1016 (Assumption ColI., Dept. Psychol., (1998) Distrust of strangers: A theoretical 500 Salisbury, Worcester, MA 01605, USA) background for a multidisciplinary research programme. Social Science Informat-ion sur les Brantingham, P.J. (1998) Hominid-carnivore sciences sociales, 37, 3, 533-538 (Ludwig coevolution and invasion of the predatory Bolzmann Inst. Stadtethol., Althanstr. 14, A- guild. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 1090 Vienna, Austria) 17, 4, 327-353 (Univ. Arizona, Dept. Anthropol., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA) Backenstrass, M., Fiedler, P., Kronmuller, K.T. & Mundt, e. (1998) Are there specific marital Buss, D.M. (1999) Evolutionary Psychology: interaction patterns connected with depression? The new science of the mind. Allyn & Bacon, Using SASB to study marital relationships. 160 Gould St., Needham Hts., MA 02494 USA Zeitschrift fur klinische Psychologie Forschung (hdbk.). Needs reviewer (review copy und Praxis, 27, 4, 271-280 (Univ. Heidelberg, received). Psychiat. Klin., Vossstr 4, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany) Cairns, R.B., Cairns, B.D., Xie, H.L., Leung, M.e. & Hearne, S. (1998) Paths across Bedford, V.H. (1998) Sibling relationship generations: Academic competence and troubles and well-being in middle and old age. aggressive behaviors in young mothers and 32 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 their children. Developmental Psychology, 34, Coss, R.G. & Schowengerdt, B.T. (1998) 6, 1162-1174 (Univ. N. Carolina, Ctr. Dev. Sci.,. Evolution of the modem human face: Aesthetic 100e Franklin St, CB 8115, Chapel Hill, NC and attributive judgments of a female profile 27599, USA) warped along a continuum of paedomorphic to late archaic craniofacial structure. Ecological YM. & Sciaraffa, M.A. (1998) Parent- Psychology, 10, I, 1-24 (Univ. Calif. Davis, toddler play with feminine toys: Are all dolls Dept. Psychol., Davis, CA 95616, USA) the same? Sex Roles, 39, 9-10, 657-668 (Texas Tech. Univ., Dept. Human Dev. & Family deWaal, F.B.M., & Lanting, F. (1997). Bonobo: Studies, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA) The forgotten ape. University of California Press, 2120 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, Calkins, S.D., Smith, CL., Gill, K.L. & USA, $24.95 (1998 ppr. edition). Johnson, M.C (1998) Maternal interactive style across contexts: Relations to emotionaJ, Dehle, C & Weiss, R.L. (1998) Sex differences behavioral and physiological regulation in prospective associqtions between marital during toddlerhood. Social Development, 7, 3, quality and mood. Journal of 350-369 (Univ. N. Carolina, Dept. Psycho!., Rm Marriage and the Family, 60, 1002-1011 (Idaho 296 Eberhart Bldg., Greensboro, NC 27402, State Univ., Dept. Psychol., Pocatello, ID USA) 83209, USA)

Campbell, A., Muncer, S. & Bibel, D. (1998) Dijkstra, P. & Buunk, B.P. (1998) Jealousy as a Female-female criminal assault: An function of rival An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research evolutionary perspective. Personality and in Crime and Delinquency, 35, 4, 413-428 (Univ. Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 11, 1158-1166 Durham, Durham DHI 3H,; England) (Univ. Groningen, NL-9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands) Carbonell, E. & Vaquero, M. (1998) Behavioral complexity and biocultural change in Europe Dixon, A.K. (1998) Ethological strategies for around forty thousand years ago. Journal of defence in animals and humans: Their role in Anthropological Research, 54, 3, 373-397 (Univ. some psychiatric dis-orders. British Journal of Rovira and Virgili, Dept. Geog. and Hist., Medical Psychology, 71, 4, 417-445 (Novartis Area Prehist., PI. Imperial Tarraco I, Pharma Ltd, Nervous Syst. Res., CH-4002 Tarragona 43005, Spain) Basel, Switzerland)

Cartledge, B. (Ed.) (1998). Mind, Brain, and Donnelly, D. & Fraser, J. (1998) Gender the Environment. Oxford Dniv. Press, 200 difference.s in sado-masochistic arousal among Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA. college students. Sex Roles, 39, 5-6, 391-407 (Georgia State Univ., Dept. Social., Atlanta, Cashdan, E. (1998) Smiles, speech, and body GA 30303, USA) posture: How women and men display sociometric status and power. Journal of Durm, M.W. & Stowers, D.A. (1998) Just world Nonverbal Behavior, 22, 4, 209-228 (Univ. beliefs and irrational beliefs: A sex diffe.rence? Utah, Dept. Anthropol., Salt Lake City, UT Psychological Reports, 83, I, 328-330 (Athens 84112, USA) State ColI., Dept. Behav. Sci., Naylor Hall, 300 N. Betty St., Athens, AL 35611, USA) Coney, N.5. & Mackey, W.C (1998) TI:te woman as final arbiter: A case for the facultative Einon, D. (1998) How many children can one character of the human sex ratio. Journal of Sex man have? Evolution and Human Behavior, 19, Research, 35, 2, 169-175 (Coney, N.S.: Dept. of 6, 413-426 (Univ. London Univ. CoIl., Dept. 50ciol., Anthropol. & Social Work, Western Psychol., Gower St, London WCIE 6BT, Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA) England)

Coney, N.S. & Mackey, W.C (1998) Cultural Eisenberg, L. (1998) Nature, niche, and nurture - evolution and gender roles: Advantage... The role of social experience in transforming patriarchy. Mankind Quarterly, 39, I, 45-69 genotype into phenotype. A cad emi c (vide supra) Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 33 Psychiatry, 22, 4, 213-222 (Harvard Univ., Sch. 777 (Pacific Grad. Sch. Psycho!., 935 E. Meadow Med., 641 Huntington Ave, 2nd Floor, Boston, Dr., Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA) MA 02115, USA) Furnham, A, Dias, M. & McClelland, A (1998) Ekman, P. (Ed.) (1997). What the Face The role of body weight, waist-to-hip ratio, ReveaLs: Basic and applied studies of and breast size in judgments of female spontaneous expression using the facial action attractiveness. Sex Roles, 39, 3-4, 311-326 coding system (FACS). Oxford Univ. Press, 200 (Univ. Coli. London, Dept. Psycho!., 26 Bedford Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA Way, London WCl OAF, England)

Erdley, CA. & Asher, S.R (1998) Linkages Gazzaniga, M.s. (1998). The Mind's Past. between children's beliefs about the legitimacy University of California Press, 2120 Berkeley of aggression and their behavior. Social Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Needs Development, 7, 3, 321-339 (Univ. Maine, Dept. reviewer. Psycho!., 5742 Little Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA) Geary, D. C (1998). Male, Female: The evolution of human sex differences. American Feldman, S.S. & Gowen, L.K. (1998) Conflict Psychological Assn., P. O. Box 92984, negotiation tactics in romantic relationships in Washington, DC, 20090, USA $49.95, $39.95 for high school students. JournaL of Youth and APA members (hdbk.). Needs reviewer. Adolescerice, 27, 6, 691-717 (Stanford Univ., Program Human Bio!., Bldg 80, Stanford, CA Gershenfeld, H.K. & Paul, S.M. (1998) Towards 94305, USA) a genetics of anxious temperament: from mice to men. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 98, Finnegan, RA., Hodges, E.V.E. & Perry, D.G. Supp!. 393, 56-65 (Univ. Texas, Sw. Med. Or., (1998) Victimization by peers: Associations Dept. Psychiat., Dallas, TX 75235, USA) with children's reports of mother-child interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Gilbert, P. (1998) Evolu tionary PsychoLogy, 75, 4, 1076-1086 (Perry, D.G.: psychopathology: Why isn't the mind designed Florida Atlantic Univ., Dept. Psycho!., Boca better than it is? British Journal of Medical Raton, FL 33431, USA) Psychology, 71, 4, 353-373 (Kingsway Hosp., Mental Hlth. Res. Unit, Derby DE22 3LZ, Fisher-Thompson, D. & Burke, T.A (1998) England) Experimenter influences and children's cross- gender behavior. Sex Roles, 39, 9-10, 669-684 Gilbert, P. (1998) The evolved basis and (Niagara Univ., Dept. Psychol., Niagara adaptive functions of cognitive distortions. Univ., NY 14109, USA) British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71, 4, 447-463 (vide supra) Flack, W.F., ]r., & Laird, J.D. (Eds.) (1998). Emotions in Psychopathology: Theory and Gjerde, P.F. & Westenberg, P.M. (1998) research. Oxford Univ. Press, 200 Madison Dysphoric adolescents as young adults: A Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA prospective study of the psychological sequelae of depressed mood in adolescence. Journal of Free, M.L., Oei, T.P.S. & Appleton, C (1998) Research on Adolescence, 8, 3, 377-402 (Univ. Biological and psychological processes in Calif. Santa Cruz, Dept. Psycho!. Social Sci. 2; recovery from depression during cognitive Santa Cruz; CA 95064; USA) therapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 29, 3, 213-226 Gottlieb, G. (1998) Normally occurring (Griffith Univ., Sch. Appl. Psycho!., Nathan environmental and behavioral influences on Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia) gene activity: From central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis. Psychological Froming, W.J., Nasby, W. & McManus, J. (1998) Review, 105, 4, 792-802 (Univ. N. Carolina, Ctr. Prosocial self-schemas, self-awareness, and Dev. Sci., Campus Box 8115, Chapel Hill, NC children's prosocial behavior. Journal of 27599, USA) Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 3, '766- 34 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 Grych, J.H. (1998) Children's appraisals of Journal of Personality, 12, 5, 331-344 (Univ. interparental conflict: Situational and British Columbia, Dept. Psychiat., 2255 contextual influences. Journal of Family Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2Al, Psychology, 12, 3, 437-453 (Marquette Univ., Canada) Dept. Psycho!., Milwaukee, WI 53217, USA) Jefferson, T., Herbst, rH. & McCrae, R.R. (1998) Hale, W.W. (1998) Judgment of facial Associations between birth order and expressions and depression persistence. personality traits: Evidence from self-reports Psychiatry Research, 80, 3, 265-274 (Acad. and observer ratings. Journal of Research in Hosp. Groningen, Dept. Bio1. Psychiat., Personality, 32, 4, 498-509 (NIA, Geronto!. Res. Hanzeplein 1, NL-9713 GZ Groningen, Or., NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Dr., Box 3, Netherlands) Baltimore, MD 21224, USA)

Handal, P.J., Tschannen, T. & Searight, H.R. Karen, R. (1994). Becoming Attached: First (1998) The relationship of child adjustment to relationships and how they shape our capacity husbands' and wives' marital distress, to love. Oxford Univ. Press, 198 Madison Ave., perceived family conflict, and mothers' New York, NY 10016, USA, $17.95 (1998 ppr. occupational status. Child Psychiatry and edition). Human Development, 29, 2, 113-126 (St. Louis Univ., Dept. Psycho1., 221 N. Grand Blvd., Katainen, 5., Raikkonen, K & Keltikangas- Shannon Hall 212, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA) Jarvinen, L. (1998) Development of temperament: Childhood temperament and the Hatta, T. & Kogure, T. (1998) Sex difference in mother's childrearing attitudes as predictors of cognitive competitive tasks of verbal and adolescent temperament in a 9-year follow-up spatial information. Psychologia, 41, 3, 131-143 study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 8, 4, (Nagoya Univ., Sch. Informat. and Sci., Dept. 485-509 (Univ. Helsinki, POB 4, FIN-00014 Behav. and Informat. Proc., Chikusa Ku, Helsinki, Finland) Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan) Klopp, B. & Mealey, L. (1998) Experimental Hay, D.F., Vespo, J.E. & Zahn-Waxler, C. mood manipulation does not induce change in (1998) Young children's quarrels with their preference for natural landscapes. Human siblings and mothers: Links with maternal Nature: An Interdisciplinary Biosocial depression and bipolar illness. British Journal Perspective, 9, 391-399 (Mealey, L., ColI. St. of Developmental Psychology, 16, Part 4, 519- Benedict, Dept. Psycho!., St Joseph, MN 56374, 538 (Univ. Cambridge, Fac. Social & Polito Sci., USA) 8-9 Jesus Lane, Cambridge CB5 8BA, England) Krauss, R.M. (1998) Why do we gesture when Hecht, M.A. & LaFrance, M. (1998) License or we speak? Current Directions in Psychological obligation to smile: The effect of power and sex Science, 7, 2, 54-60 (Columbia Univ., Dept. on amount and type of smiling. Personality and Psycho!., 1190 Amsterdam Ave., Mail Code Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 12, 1332-1342 5501, New York, NY 10027, USA) (LaFrance, M.: Louisiana Col!., Dept. Psycho!., Pineville, LA 71359, USA) Kurdek, L.A. (1998) The nature and predictors of the trajectory of change in marital quality over the first 4 years of marriage for first- Howes, C. & Phillipsen, L. (198) Continuity in married husbands and wives. Journal of Family children's relations with peers. Social Psychology, 12, 4, 494-510 (Wright State Univ., Development, 7, 3, 340-349 (Univ. Calif. Los Dept. Psycho1., Dayton, OH 45435, USA) Angeles, Dept. Educ., 1029c Moore Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA) Ladd, G.W. & Ladd, B.K (1998) Parenting behaviors and parent-child relationships: Jang, KL., Livesley, W.J. & Vernon, P.A. (1998) CorreIates of peer victimization in A twin study of genetic and environmental kindergarten? Developmental Psychology, 34, contributions to gender differences in traits 6, 1450-1458 (Univ. Illinois, Childrens Res. Or. delineating personality disorder. European 183,51 Gerty Dr., Champaign, IL 61820, USA) Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 35 LaFontana, K.M. & Cillessen, A.H.N. (1998) British Columbia, Dept. Psychiat., 2250 The nature of children's stereotypes of WesPI;ook MaU, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, popuiarity. Social Develwment, 7, 3, 301-320 Canada) (Univ. Sacred Heart, Dept. Psycho1., 5151 Park Ave., Fairfield, CT 06432, USA) Loehlin, J.c., McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T. & John, O.P. (1998) Heritabilities of common and Langkamp, D.L., Kim, Y. &Pascoe, J.M. (1998) measure-specific cQmponents of the big five Temperament of preterm infants at 4 months of personality factors. journal of Research in age: Maternal ratings and perceptions. Personality, 32, 4, 431-453 (Univ. Texas, Dept. oj Developmental and Behavioral Psychol., Austin, TX 78712, USA) 19, 6, 391-396 (Sect. Ambulatory PedIat., 700 Children's Dr., Columbus, OH 4,3205, USA) Lohaus, A., Volker,S., Keller, H. Cappenberg, M. & Chasiotis, A. (1998) Perceived infant Larson, J.H., Hammond, CH. & Harper, J.M. problems and maternal interactional quality: (1998) Perceived equity and intimacy in An analysis of longitudinal relations. marriage. journal of Marital and Family Zeitschrift fiir Entwicklungspsychologie uj1d Therapy, 24,4,487-506 (Brigham Young Univ., piidagogische Psychologie, 30, 3, 111-117 (Univ. Marriage and Family Therapy Program, 274 Marburg, Fachbereich Psychol., Gutenbergstr. Tlrb, Provo, UT 84602, USA) 18, D-35032 Marburg, Germany)

Lavelli, M. & Poli, M. (1998) Early mother- M.W. & Skvoretz, J. (1998) The evolution infant interaction during breast- and bottle- of trust and cooperation between strangers: A feeding. Infant Behavior and Development, 21, computational model. American Sociological 4, 667-683 (Uniy. Milan, 1st. Psico1. Fac. Med., Review, 63, 5, 638-660 (Cornell Univ., Dept. Via Tommaso Pini 1, 1-20134 Milan, Italy) Socio1., Utis Hall, ithaca, NY 14853, USA)

Leckman, J.F. & Mayes, L.c. (1998) Marlowe, F. (1998) The nubility hypothesis - Understanding developmental The human breast as an honest signal of psychopathology: How useful are evolutionary residual reproductive value. Human Nature - accounts? Journal of the American Academy of An Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective, 9, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 10, 1011- 3, 263-271 (Harvard Univ., Dept. Anthroppl., 1021 (Yale Univ., Sch. Med., Ctr. Child Study, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA) 1-269 Sterling Hall Med., POB 207900, New Haven, CT 06520, USA) McGrew, W.C (1998) Culture in nonhuman primates? Annual Review of Anthropology, 27, Leve, L.D., Winebarger, A.A., Fagot, B.L, Reid, 301-328 (Miami Univ., Dept Sociol. Gerontol. J.B. & Goldsmith, H.H. (1998) Environmental and Anthropol., Oxford, OH 45056, USA) and genetic variance in children's observed and reported maladaptive behavior. Chi I d McGuire, M.T., Troisi, A. (1998). Darwinian Development, 69, 5, 1286-1298 (Oregon Social Psychiatry. Oxford Univ. Press, 200 Madison Learning Ctr., 160 E. 4th Ave., Eugene, OR Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA. Needs 97401, USA) reviewer.

Lim, S. & Howard, R. (1998) Antecedents of McGuire, M.T. & Troisi, A. (1998) Prevalence sexual -and non-sexual aggression in young differences in depression among males and Singaporean men. Personality and Individual females: Are 'there evolutionary explanations? Differences, 25, 6, 1163-1182 (Howard, R: Nat1. British journal of Medical Psychology, 71, 4, Univ. Singapore, Dept. Social Work and 479-491 (Univ. Calif. Los Angeles, Sch. Med., Psycho!., 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90024, 119260, Singapore) USA)

Livesley, W.J., Jang, K.L. & Vernon, P.A. (1998) Messinger, D.,S. & Fogel, A. (1998) Give and Phenotypic and genetic structure of traits take: The development of conventionaJ infant delineating pe:r;sonality disorder. Archives of gestures. Merrill Palmer Quarterly journal of General Psychiatry, 55, 10, 941-948 (Univ. Developmental Psychology, 44, 4, 566-590 36 Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 (Psycho!. Annex, POB 249229, Coral Gables, FL Social development and our connections to other 33124, USA) species. Westview Press, 5500 Central Ave., Boulder, CO 80301, USA. Moore, C. & Corkum, V. (1998) Infant gaze following based on eye direction. British 1. (1998) The history, status and teaching of Journal of Developmental Psychology, 16, Part Darwinian medicine in Norway. N ors k 4, 495-503 (Dalhousie Univ., Dept. Psycho!., Epidemiologi, 8: 101-6 (Division of Zoology, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada) Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1050 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Morgan, B.L. (1198) A three generational study Norway) of tomboy behavior. Sex Roles, 39, 9-10, 787-800 (Univ. Wisconsin, Dept. Psycho!., 335 Main Nesse, R. (1998) Emotional disorders in Hall, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA) evolutionary perspective. British Journal oj Medical Psychology, 71, 4, 397-415 (Univ. Morrongiello, B.A. & Rennie, H. (198) Why do Michigan., Room 5057 ISR, 426 Thompson St, boys engage in more risk taking than girls? The Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA) role of a ttributions, beliefs, and risk appraisals. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 23, Nettle, D. (1998) Explaining global patterns of 1, 33-43 (Univ. Guelph, Dept. Psycho!., Guelph, language diversity. Journal of Anthropological ON N1G 2W1, Canada) Archaeology, 17, 4, 354-374 (Univ. Oxford Merton ColI., Oxford OX1 4JD, England) Moss, E., Rousseau, D., Parent, S., St.Laurent, D. & Saintonge, J. (1998) Correlates oJ attachment O'Brien, M. & Bahadur, M.A. (1998) Marital at school age: Maternal reported stress, aggression, mother's problem-solving behavior mother-child interaction, and behavior with children, and children's emotional and problems. Child Development, 69, 5, 1390-1405 behavioral problems. Journal of Social and (Univ. Quebec, Dept. Psycho!., CP 8888, Succ. Clinical Psychology, 17, 3, 249-272 (901 Or. Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada) Nicholson Rd, Wynnewood, PA, USA)

Mountain, J.L. (1998) Molecular evolution and O'Connor, T.G., Deater-Deckard, K., Fulker, D., modern human origins. Evolutionary Rutter, M. & Plomin, R. (1998) Genotype- Anthropology, 7, 1, 21-37 (Stanford Univ., environment correlations in late childhood and Stanford, CA 94305, USA) early adolescence: Antisocial Behavioral Problems and Coercive Parenting, 5, 970-981 Muehlenhard, C.L & RodgerS, C.S. (1998) Token (Inst. Psychiat., Social Genet. and Dev. resistance to sex - New perspectives on an old Psychiat. Res. Ctr., 113 Denmark Hilt London stereotype. Psychology of Women Quarterly, SE5 8AF, England) 22, 3, 443-463 (Univ. Kansas, Dept. Psycho!., 426 Fraser Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA) O'Neill, P. & Petrinovich, 1. (1998) A preliminary cross-cultural study of moral Mueller, U. & Mazur, A. (1998) Reproductive intuitions. Evolution and Human Behavior, 19, constraints on dominance competition in male 6, 349-367 (Univ. Mississippi, Dept. Psycho!., Homo sapiens. Evolution and Human Behavior, University, MS 38677, USA) 19, 6, 387-396 (Univ. Marburg, Sch. Med., 0- 35033 Marburg, Germany) Olweus, D. & Endresen, I.M. (1998) The importance of sex-of-stimulus object: Age trends Muris, P. & Merckelbach, H. (1998) Perceived and sex differences in empathic responsiveness. parental rearing behaviour and anxiety Social Development, 7, 3, 370-388 (Univ. disorders symptoms in normal children. Bergen, Ctr. Hlth. Promot., Hemil, Christiegst Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 6, 13, N-5015 Bergen, Norway) 1199-1206 (Univ. Limburg, Dept. Psychol., POB 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands) Owens, E.B., Shaw, D.s. & Vondra, J.I. (1998) Relations between infant irritability and Myers, O.G. (1998). Children and Animals: maternal responsiveness in low-income Human Ethology Bulletin, 13(4), 1998 37 families. Infant Behavior and Development, Reese-Weber, M. & BartLe-Haring, S (1998) 21,4, 761-777 (Univ. Pittsburgh, CIin. Psychol. Conflict resolution styles in family subsystems Ctr., 604 OEH, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA) and adolescent romantic relationships. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 27, 6, 735-752 Parkes, CM., Laungani, P., & Young, B. (Eds.) (Illinois State Univ., Dept. Psychol., Campus (1997). Death and Bereavement across Cultures. Box 4620, Normal, IL 61790, USA) Routledge, 29 W. 35th St., New York, NY WOOl, USA. Regan, P.C (1998) What if you can't get what you want? Willingness to compromise ideal Pederson, D.R., Gleason, K.E., Moran, G. & mate selection standards as a function of sex, Bento, S. (1998) Mate.rnaJ attachment mate value, and relationship context. representations, maternal sensitivity, and the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, infant-mother a ttachmen t relationship. 12, 1294-1303 (Calif. State Univ. Los Angeles, Developmental Psychology, 34, 5, 92.5-933 Dept. Psychol., 5151 State Univ. Dr., Los (Gleason, K.E.: Univ. Western Ontario, Dept. Angeles, CA 90032, USA) PsychQl., London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada) Relethford, J.B. (1998) Genetics of modern Plomin, R. & Caspi, A. (1998) DNA and human origins and diversity. Annual Review of personality. European Journal of Personality, Anthropology, 27, 1-23 (SUNY Coll. Oneonta, 12, 5, 387-407 (Inst. Psychiat., Social Genet. and Dept. Anthropol., Oneonta, NY 13820, USA) Dev. Psychiat. Res. Ctr., De Crespigny Pk., London SE5 8AF, England) Robinson, D.L. (1998) Sex differences in brain activity, personality and intelligence: a test 01 Plomin, R. & Rutter, M. (1998) Child arousability theory. Personality & Individual deveJopment, molecular genetics, and what to Differences, 25, 6, 1133-1152 (Kuwait Univ., do with genes once they are found. Child Fac. Med., Dept. Community Med. and Behav. Development, 69, 4, 1223-1242 (vide supra) Sci., POB 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait)

Plotkin, H.C (1997). Evolution in Mind: An Robinson, M.D., Johnson, J.T. & Shields, S.A. introduction to evolutionary psychology. (1998) The gender heuristic and the database: Harvard Univ. Press, 79 Garden St., Factors affecting the perception of gender- Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Needs reviewer. related differences in the experience and display of emotions. Basic and Applied Social Price, J. (1998) The adaptive function of mood Psychology, 20, 3, 206-219 (Johnson, J.T.: Univ. change. British Journal of Medical PsycholoSY' Calif. Davis, Dept. Psychol., Davis, CA 95616, 71, 4, 465-477 (Odintune, Plurrtton, E Sussex, USA) England) Rokach, A. (1998) Loneliness in singlehood and Priel, B., Mitrany, D. & Shahar, G. (1998) marriage. Psychology, 35, 2, 2-17 (Inst. Study Closeness, support and reciprocity: a study of and Treatment Psychosocial Stress, 45 attachment styles in adolescence. Personality Inniswood Dr, Scarborough, ON, M1R lE8; and Individual Differences, 25, 6, 1183-1197 Canada) (Ben Gurion Univ. Negev, Dept. Behav. Sci., POB 653, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel) Ross, B.S. & den Bak-Lammers, LM. (1998) Consistency and change in children's tattling on Putallaz, M., Costanzo, P.R., Grimes, CL. & their siblings: Children's perspectives on the Sherman, D.M. (1998) Intergenerational moral rules and procedures of family life. continuities and their influences on children's Social Development, 7, 3, 275-30D (Univ. social development. Social Development, 7, 3, Waterloo, Dept. Psychol., Waterloo, ON, N2L 389-427 (Duke Univ., Dept. Psychol., Box 90085, 3Gl, Canada) nurham, NC 27708, USA) Rowatt, W.C, Curulingham, M.R. & Druen, P.B. Raine, A. et al. (Eds.) (1997). Biosocial Bases (1998) Deception to get a date. Personality and of Violence. Plenum Press, 233 Spring St., New Social PsychologyBulletil1, 24, 11, 1228-1242 York, NY 10013, USA. (Baylor Univ., Dept. Psychol. and Neurosd., Waco, TX 76798, USA) INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HUMAN ETHOLOGY

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The International Society for Human Ethology aims at promoting ethological perspectives in the scientific study of humans worldwide. It encourages empirical research in all fields of human behavior using the full range of methods developed in biology and the human behavioral sciences and operating within the conceptual framework provided by evolutionary theory. Founded in 1972, the Society fosters the exchange of knowledge and opinions concerning human ethology with all the other empirical sciences of human behavior. A not-far-profit scientific society, ISHE administers its funds to support this purpose.

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