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Universidad De La República Facultad De Agronomía

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Universidad De La República Facultad De Agronomía UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPÚBLICA FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA CONTRIBUCIÓN AL MEJORAMIENTO GENÉTICO PARTICIPATIVO DE GUAYABO DEL PAIS (Acca sellowiana (BERG. BURRET)) EN EL PAISAJE PROTEGIDO QUEBRADA DE LOS CUERVOS por Alejandra CALVETE TESIS presentada como uno de los requisitos para obtener el título de Ingeniero Agrónomo MONTEVIDEO URUGUAY 2013 Tesis aprobada por: Director: ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ing. Agr. Mercedes Rivas ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ing. Agr. Beatriz Vignale ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ing. Agr. Roberto Zoppolo Fecha: 27 de mayo de 2013 Autor: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alejandra Calvete II AGRADECIMIENTOS A Mercedes Rivas mi tutora, quien me enseñó con su trabajo, dedicación y amistad la importancia y posibilidades que ofrecen los recursos fitogenéticos de nuestro país. A María Puppo, amiga, compañera de campo y laboratorio, por su estímulo, compromiso y cariño en todas las circunstancias compartidas. A Beatriz Vignale y a Cecilia Fornero por ser quienes despertaron mi interés en los frutales nativos. A Margarita García, Beatriz Bellenda, Soledad Delgado y Camila Gianotti por el apoyo, compromiso y cariño en todas las actividades en el PPQC. A Fernanda Záccari, Ana Cecilia Silvera, Roberto Zoppolo y Danilo Cabrera así como también a todos los compañeros del proyecto Valorización de los recursos genéticos del Guayabo del país (Acca sellowiana Berg. Burret) como alternativa para el desarrollo local sostenible en la Quebrada de los Cuervos (Treinta y Tres) por la confianza y dedicación en el mismo, lo que potenció mi trabajo. A toda la gente de la Quebrada, especialmente a Ana María Álvarez Silvera, Verónica Guerra, Mirtha Sequeira, Melina Pintos, Angélica Pintos, Selva Rodríguez, Mirtha Antoría, Zulima Olivera, Iris Olivera, Leticia Ramírez Maiquelli Olivera y Mirella Pareci, maravillosas mujeres de las Sierras del Yerbal que nos abrieron las puertas de sus hogares. También a José Puigdevall, Cesar Álvarez, Arnoldo Cabrera, Alberto y Daniel Demichelli, por el interés y colaboración en las actividades desarrolladas en el PPQC. A Santiago Dogliotti, Mariana Calvete, Marina Barrientos y Cecilia Alzogaray por el apoyo afectivo e intelectual que me ayudó a seguir adelante durante todo este proceso. Finalmente a mi familia por inculcarme admiración y respeto hacia la naturaleza, por su estímulo, sostén y amor incondicional. “Ahí empecé a intimar con el otro Uruguay, el que tan pocos conocen…” (Rúben Lena, sobre su estadía en la Escuela No. 44 de Sierras del Yerbal) III TABLA DE CONTENIDO Página PÁGINA DE APROBACIÓN........................................................................... II AGRADECIMIENTOS.................................................................................... III LISTA DE CUADROS E ILUSTRACIONES...................................................VI 1 INTRODUCCIÓN.................................................................................... 1 2 REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA .................................................................. 2 2.1 Acca sellowiana (BERG.) BURRET................................................. 2 2.1.1 Taxonomía y descripción botánica ........................................... 2 2.1.2 Distribución geográfica y adaptabilidad.................................... 3 2.1.3 Biología reproductiva y fenología ............................................. 4 2.1.4 Propiedades y usos .................................................................. 5 2.2 LOS RECURSOS GENÉTICOS Y EL MEJORAMIENTO DE Acca sellowiana (BERG.) BURRET................................................ 6 2.2.1 Diversidad genética y fenotípica de las poblaciones naturales.................................................................................. 6 2.2.2 Proceso de domesticación de la especie en el centro de origen........................................................................................ 8 2.2.3 Programas de mejoramiento y cultivares modernos................. 9 2.2.3.1 Programas de mejoramiento y cultivares generados en el centro de origen…………….………………………..……....9 2.2.3.2 Programas de mejoramiento fuera del centro de origen y cultivares modernos desarrollados……………...………11 2.3 EL GUAYABO DEL PAIS (Acca sellowiana (BERG.) BURRET) y EL PAISAJE PROTEGIDO QUEBRADA DE LOS CUERVOS...................................................................... 12 2.4 EL MEJORAMIENTO PARTICIPATIVO ........................................ 19 2.4.1 La Investigación participativa.................................................. 19 2.4.2 El sistema de fitomejoramiento y los grados de participación de agricultores y científicos ............................... 19 2.4.3 El Fitomejoramiento Participativo: origen, beneficios y estrategias .............................................................................. 20 IV 2.4.4 Técnicas utilizadas en el Fitomejoramiento Participativo ....... 24 3 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS................................................................. 25 3.1 CARACTERIZACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE FRUTOS ................... 26 3.1.1 Descriptores de fruto: variables continuas.............................. 26 3.1.2 Descriptores de fruto: variables cualitativas ........................... 28 3.2 ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO.............................................................. 30 3.3 TALLERES DE SELECCIÓN PARTICIPATIVA............................. 30 3.4 SELECCIÓN DE ÁRBOLES POTENCIALMENTE SUPERIORES (COMPARACIÓN DE MÉTODOS)........................ 32 4 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ............................................................. 34 4.1 CARACTERIZACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DE FRUTOS ................... 34 4.1.1 Variables cuantitativas............................................................ 34 4.1.2 Variables cualitativas.............................................................. 46 4.2 TALLERES DE SELECCIÓN PARTICIPATIVA............................. 55 4.2.1 Taller de Selección Participativa I (TSPI) ............................... 55 4.2.2 Taller de Selección Participativa II (TSPII) ............................. 58 4.3 SELECCIÓN DE ÁRBOLES POTENCIALMENTE SUPERIORES (COMPARACIÓN DE MÉTODOS) ................................................ 61 4.3.1 Grupo de individuos que presentaron comportamiento superior (GS)......................................................................... 61 4.3.2 Grupo de plantas superiores que repitieron su valor superior (GS-R) según tipos de frutos propuesto por los actores locales en los TSP................................................ 66 5 CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................. 74 6 RESUMEN............................................................................................ 76 7 SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 77 8 BIBLIOGRAFÍA…..…………………………………………………………..78 V LISTA DE CUADROS E ILUSTRACIONES Cuadro No. Página 1. Grupos de edades según total de personas y sexo . ........................ 17 2. Variables cuantitativas, unidades y protocolo de medición. .............. 26 3. Variables cualitativas, estados y protocolo de medición. .................. 28 4. Correspondencia con los colores de piel utilizados por Puppo (2008).................................................................................... 30 5. Media (Media), desvío estándar (s), Coeficiente de Variación (CV), mínimo absoluto (Mín. abs.), máximo absoluto (Máx. abs.) para altura de fruto (AF), diámetro de fruto (DF), relación altura diámetro de fruto (ADF), peso de fruto (PF), peso de pulpa (PP), porcentaje de peso de pulpa (%PP) espesor de cáscara (ECAS), deformación de cáscara (DCAS), sólidos solubles totales (SST), acidez total titulable (ATT) y peso de cien semillas (P100). ............. 45 6. Frecuencias absolutas y relativas para las variables forma de fruto (FFRUT), posición de sépalos (PSEP), rugosidad (RUG), color de piel (COLP), color de pulpa (COLPU y velocidad de oxidación (VO) de la población de guayabos del PPQC y su zona adyacente en las cosechas 2005, 2010-2012............................................................................... 53 7. Listado de criterios de selección y preferencias obtenidas para cada individuo en el TSPI (2010, PPQC). ................................ 56 8. Individuos seleccionados en la segunda ronda de selección del TSPII por criterio de selección y de manera global (PPQC, 2011). .......................................................... 59 9. Cuantificación de la valoración global establecida por los participantes, para las plantas que integraron la segunda ronda de selección del TSPII (2011, PPQC).................. 59 10. Grupo de individuos que presentaron comportamiento superior repetido (GS-R) 2005, 2010-2012 (PPQC y su zona adyacente). .......................................................... 63 11. Peso de fruto promedio (2 años,) de los individuos del GS-R (PPQC, 2005, 2010-2012) ...................................................... 64 12. Grupo de individuos que presentaron comportamiento superior (GS) y fueron seleccionadas en los TSP (GS-TSP), (PPQC y su zona adyacente). .......................................................... 65 VI 13. Individuos pertenecientes al GS-R y GS-TSP que coinciden con el tipo de fruto 1 (T1) determinado por los actores locales (PPQC y su zona adyacente 2005, 2010-2012). ............................
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