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Indian Polity Semester – Iv, Academic Year 2020 - 21 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 UNIT CONTENT PAGE Nr I NATURE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION 02 II THE UNION GOVERNMENT 18 III THE STATE GOVERNMENT 36 IV CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS 75 V ELECTION COMMISSION 98 Page 1 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 UNIT - I NATURE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION (,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ,ay;G) Longest Written Constitution: The Indian Constitution is considered to be the longest written constitution in the world. It contains different provisions for states and Centre and their interrelationship. The framers of the Constitution have borrowed provisions from several sources and several other constitutions of the world. The Indian Constitution contains the detailed list of individual rights as fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy and details of administrative procedures. kpf ePz;l vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G ,e;jpa murpayikg;G cyfpd; kpf ePz;l vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;ghf fUjg;GLfpwJ. ,J khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; ikaj;jpw;fhd ntt;NtW Vw;ghLfisAk; mtw;wpd; njhlh;GfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. murpayikg;gpd; tbtikg;ghsh;fs; gy Mjhuq;fspypUe;Jk; cyfpd; gy murpayikg;GfspypUe;Jk; fld; thq;fpAs;sdh;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; jdpegh; chpikfspd; mbg;gil chpikfs;> khepyf; nfhs;ifapd; topelj;Jk; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; eph;thf eilKiwfspd ; tptuq;fs; vd tphpthd gl;bay; cs;sJ. A unique blend of rigidity and flexibility: Indian Constitution may be called rigid as well as flexible based on its amending procedure. tpiwg;G kw;Wk; nefpo;Tj;jd;ikapd; jdpj;Jtkhd fyit: ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig mjd; jpUj;j eilKiwapd; mbg;gilapy; fLikahd kw;Wk; nefpo;thdjhf miof;fyhk;. Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic: Its people govern India through their representatives elected by the universal adult franchise. India as a sovereign country means it manages its internal and external affairs freely without the interference of any external factors. The term socialist was added to the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment in 1976. Socialism in Indian context means achievement of socialist goals through democratic, evolutionary and non-violent means. In India, we follow the mixed model of the socialist and capitalist economy. Secularism in Indian context means that it recognizes all religions equally without having any state religion. Republic in Indian context means the head of the state in India is elected and not the monarch. ,iwahz;ik> Nrhrypr> kjr;rhh;gw;w> [dehaf kw;Wk; FbauR: mjd; kf;fs; cyfshtpa taJte;Njhh; chpikahy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gll; jq;fs; gpujpepjpfs; %yk; ,e;jpahit MSfpwhh;fs;. xU ,iwahz;ik nfhzl; ehlhf ,e;jpah mjd; ntspg;Gw kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw tptfhuq;fis ve;jnthU ntspg;Gw fhuzpfspd; FWf;fPL ,y;yhky; Rje;jpukhf eph;tfpf;fpwJ. 1976 y; 42 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; Nrhryp]l; ; vd;w nrhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa #oypy; Nrhryprk; vd;gJ [dehaf> ghpzhk kw;Wk; tdK; iwaw;w topKiwfs; %yk; Nrhrypr ,yf;Ffis miltjhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy;> Nrhrypr kw;Wk; Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhuj;jpd; fyitahd khjphpia ehq;fs; gpd;gw;WfpNwhk;. ,e;jpa #oypy; kjr;rhh;gpd;ik vd;gJ ve;j khepy kjKk; ,y;yhky; midj;J kjq;fisAk; rkkhf mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;. ,e;jpa #oypy; FbauR vd;why; ,e;jpahtpy; khepyj; jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gll; hh;> kd;dh; my;y. Parliamentary System of Government: Parliament controls the functioning of the Council of Ministers, and hence it is called the Parliamentary system. In a parliamentary system of government, (i.e.) the executive is responsible to the legislature and remains in power only when it enjoys the confidence of the majority legislators. The President of India, remaining in office for five-year duration, is the nominal, titular or constitutional head, and the executive head. However, the Prime Minister in India is the real Page 2 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 executive and head of the Council of Ministers who are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. murhq;fj;jpd; ghuhSkd;w mikg;G mikr;rhf; s; nray;gLtij ehlhSkd;wk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt ,J ghuhSkd;w mikg;G vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xU ghuhSkd;w murhq;f mikg;gpy;> eph;thfk; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;ghFk;. mJ ngUk;ghd;ik rl;lkdw; cWg;gpdh;fspd; ek;gpf;ifiag; ngWk;NghJ kl;LNk mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp> Ie;jhz;L fhyj;jpw;F gjtpapy; ,Uff; pwhh;. Ngaustpyhd> ngahplg;gl;l my;yJ murpayikg;Gj; jiytuhfTk;> eph;thfj; jiytuhfTk; cs;shh;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;jpahtpy; gpujkh ; kf;fsitapy; $l;lhfg; nghWg;Ngw;Fk; cz;ikahd eph;thfp kw;Wk; mikr;rh;fs; FOtpd; jiytuhf cs;shh;. Single Citizenship: Indian Constitution has the provision for single citizenship provided by the union and recognized by all the states across India. xw;iw FbAhpik ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; njhopw;rq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l xw;iw FbAhpikf;fhd Vw;ghL cs;sJ kw;Wk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; cs;s midj;J khepyq;fshy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Universal Adult Franchise: The Constitution of India establishes political equality in India through the method of the universal adult franchise which operates with the principle of ‘one person one vote.’ All Indians who are eighteen years of age or above is entitled to vote in the elections. There is no discrimination in voting rights for the citizens of India based on caste, religion, gender, race or status. Adpthr; y; taJte;Njhh; chpkk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,e;jpahtpy; murpay; rkj;Jtj;ij epWTfpwJ. ,J cyfshtpa taJ te;NjhUf;fhd chpikapd; Kiwapd; %yk; xU egUf;F xU thf;F vd;w nfhs;ifAld; nray;gLfpwJ. gjpndl;L taJ my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l taJila midj;J ,e;jpah;fSk; Njhj; ypy; thf;fspf;f chpik cz;L. rhjp> kjk;> ghypdk;> ,dk; my;yJ me;j];jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fSf;F thf;fspfF; k; chpikapy; ghFghL ,y;iy. Independent and Integrated Judicial System: In India, the judicial system is an autonomous organ kept free from the influence and intervention of the executive and the legislature in exercising its functions. The integrated Indian judicial system has the Supreme Court at the apex, the high courts and lower courts are subordinate to it. RahjPdkhd kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G: ,e;jpahtpy;> ePjp mikg;G vd;gJ xU jd;dhl;rp cWg;G MFk;. mjd; nray;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; eph;thfp kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wj;jpd; nry;thf;F kw;Wk; jiyaPl;bypUe;J tpLgLfpwJ. xUq;fpize;j ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw cr;rePjpkd;wj;ij cr;rj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;sJ. cah; ePjpkd;wq;fSk; fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fSk; mjw;F mbgzpe;Js;sd. Fundamental Rights: Fundamental Rights are significant provisions of the Indian Constitution and are inviolable and normal times. Fundamental Rights in India can be suspended during emergencies; and can be amended by extra ordinary means. The provisions of Fundamental Rights are enforceable in the court of law when it is violated. mbg;gil chpikfs;: mbg;gil chpikfs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd ; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpjpfs; kw;Wk; mit kPw Kbahj kw;Wk; rhjhuz Neuq;fs;. ,e;jpahtpy; mbg;gil chpikfs; mtru fhyq;fspy; Page 3 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 ,ilepWj;jg;glyhk;. $Ljy; rhjhuz topKiwfshy; jpUj;jg;glyhk;. mbg;gil chpikfspd; tpjpfs; kPwg;gLk;NghJ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;. “Right to Education -The Indian Constitution (Eighty - Sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 inserted Article 21-A in the Constitution of India to provide free and compulsory education to all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right in such a manner as the State may, by law, determine. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, which represents the consequential legislation envisaged under Article 21-A, means that every child has a right to full-time elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school which satisfies certain essential norms and standards.” fy;tp chpik: (,e;jpa murpayikg;G vz;gj;jp MwhtJ jpUj;jk;) rl;lk;> 2002 Kjy; MW Kjy; gjpdhdF; taJ tiuapyhd midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tpia toq;Ftjw;fhf ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 21V gphpT Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. rl;lg;gb> jPh;khdpf;fyhk;. gphpT 21V ,d; fPo; jpl;lkplg;gl;l gpd;tpisT rl;lj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tpff; hd Foe;ijfspd; chpik Mh;.b., rl;lk;> 2009> ,jd; nghUs>; rpy mj;jpahtrpa tpjpKiwfis g+h;j;jpnra;Ak; xU Kiwahd gs;spapy; jpUg;jpfukhd kw;Wk; rkkhd juj;jpd ; KONeu njhlf;ff; fy;tpf;F xt;nthU Foe;ijf;Fk; chpik cz;L. Directive Principles of State Policy: Fourth part of the Indian Constitution titled the Directive Principles of State Policies provides the guidelines to be followed by the states regarding governance and is not enforceable in the court of law. khepyf; nfhs;ifapd; topelj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs;: ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ehdf; htJ gFjp> khepyf; nfhs;iffspd; topelj;Jjy; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;w jiyg;gpy;> MSif njhlh;ghf khepyq;fs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba topfhlL; jy;fis toq;FfpwJ. NkYk; mit ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nray;gLj;jg;glhJ. Fundamental Duties: The Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment. Fundamental duties provided in part IVA Article 51A are moral conscience which ought to be followed by the Indian Citizens.
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