STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21
UNIT CONTENT PAGE Nr
I NATURE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION 02
II THE UNION GOVERNMENT 18
III THE STATE GOVERNMENT 36
IV CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS 75
V ELECTION COMMISSION 98
Page 1 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21
UNIT - I NATURE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
(,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ,ay;G) Longest Written Constitution: The Indian Constitution is considered to be the longest written constitution in the world. It contains different provisions for states and Centre and their interrelationship. The framers of the Constitution have borrowed provisions from several sources and several other constitutions of the world. The Indian Constitution contains the detailed list of individual rights as fundamental rights, directive principles of state policy and details of administrative procedures.
kpf ePz;l vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G ,e;jpa murpayikg;G cyfpd; kpf ePz;l vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;ghf fUjg;GLfpwJ. ,J khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; ikaj;jpw;fhd ntt;NtW Vw;ghLfisAk; mtw;wpd; njhlh;GfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. murpayikg;gpd; tbtikg;ghsh;fs; gy Mjhuq;fspypUe;Jk; cyfpd; gy murpayikg;GfspypUe;Jk; fld; thq;fpAs;sdh;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; jdpegh; chpikfspd; mbg;gil chpikfs;> khepyf; nfhs;ifapd; topelj;Jk; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; eph;thf eilKiwfspd ; tptuq;fs; vd tphpthd gl;bay; cs;sJ.
A unique blend of rigidity and flexibility: Indian Constitution may be called rigid as well as flexible based on its amending procedure. tpiwg;G kw;Wk; nefpo;Tj;jd;ikapd; jdpj;Jtkhd fyit: ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig mjd; jpUj;j eilKiwapd; mbg;gilapy; fLikahd kw;Wk; nefpo;thdjhf miof;fyhk;.
Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic: Its people govern India through their representatives elected by the universal adult franchise. India as a sovereign country means it manages its internal and external affairs freely without the interference of any external factors. The term socialist was added to the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment in 1976. Socialism in Indian context means achievement of socialist goals through democratic, evolutionary and non-violent means. In India, we follow the mixed model of the socialist and capitalist economy. Secularism in Indian context means that it recognizes all religions equally without having any state religion. Republic in Indian context means the head of the state in India is elected and not the monarch.
,iwahz;ik> Nrhrypr> kjr;rhh;gw;w> [dehaf kw;Wk; FbauR: mjd; kf;fs; cyfshtpa taJte;Njhh; chpikahy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gll; jq;fs; gpujpepjpfs; %yk; ,e;jpahit MSfpwhh;fs;. xU ,iwahz;ik nfhzl; ehlhf ,e;jpah mjd; ntspg;Gw kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw tptfhuq;fis ve;jnthU ntspg;Gw fhuzpfspd; FWf;fPL ,y;yhky; Rje;jpukhf eph;tfpf;fpwJ. 1976 y; 42 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; Nrhryp]l; ; vd;w nrhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa #oypy; Nrhryprk; vd;gJ [dehaf> ghpzhk kw;Wk; tdK; iwaw;w topKiwfs; %yk; Nrhrypr ,yf;Ffis miltjhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy;> Nrhrypr kw;Wk; Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhuj;jpd; fyitahd khjphpia ehq;fs; gpd;gw;WfpNwhk;. ,e;jpa #oypy; kjr;rhh;gpd;ik vd;gJ ve;j khepy kjKk; ,y;yhky; midj;J kjq;fisAk; rkkhf mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ vd;gjhFk;. ,e;jpa #oypy; FbauR vd;why; ,e;jpahtpy; khepyj; jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gll; hh;> kd;dh; my;y.
Parliamentary System of Government: Parliament controls the functioning of the Council of Ministers, and hence it is called the Parliamentary system. In a parliamentary system of government, (i.e.) the executive is responsible to the legislature and remains in power only when it enjoys the confidence of the majority legislators. The President of India, remaining in office for five-year duration, is the nominal, titular or constitutional head, and the executive head. However, the Prime Minister in India is the real
Page 2 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 executive and head of the Council of Ministers who are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. murhq;fj;jpd; ghuhSkd;w mikg;G mikr;rhf; s; nray;gLtij ehlhSkd;wk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt ,J ghuhSkd;w mikg;G vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xU ghuhSkd;w murhq;f mikg;gpy;> eph;thfk; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;ghFk;. mJ ngUk;ghd;ik rl;lkdw; cWg;gpdh;fspd; ek;gpf;ifiag; ngWk;NghJ kl;LNk mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp> Ie;jhz;L fhyj;jpw;F gjtpapy; ,Uff; pwhh;. Ngaustpyhd> ngahplg;gl;l my;yJ murpayikg;Gj; jiytuhfTk;> eph;thfj; jiytuhfTk; cs;shh;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;jpahtpy; gpujkh ; kf;fsitapy; $l;lhfg; nghWg;Ngw;Fk; cz;ikahd eph;thfp kw;Wk; mikr;rh;fs; FOtpd; jiytuhf cs;shh;.
Single Citizenship: Indian Constitution has the provision for single citizenship provided by the union and recognized by all the states across India.
xw;iw FbAhpik ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; njhopw;rq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l xw;iw FbAhpikf;fhd Vw;ghL cs;sJ kw;Wk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; cs;s midj;J khepyq;fshy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Universal Adult Franchise: The Constitution of India establishes political equality in India through the method of the universal adult franchise which operates with the principle of ‘one person one vote.’ All Indians who are eighteen years of age or above is entitled to vote in the elections. There is no discrimination in voting rights for the citizens of India based on caste, religion, gender, race or status.
Adpthr; y; taJte;Njhh; chpkk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,e;jpahtpy; murpay; rkj;Jtj;ij epWTfpwJ. ,J cyfshtpa taJ te;NjhUf;fhd chpikapd; Kiwapd; %yk; xU egUf;F xU thf;F vd;w nfhs;ifAld; nray;gLfpwJ. gjpndl;L taJ my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l taJila midj;J ,e;jpah;fSk; Njhj; ypy; thf;fspf;f chpik cz;L. rhjp> kjk;> ghypdk;> ,dk; my;yJ me;j];jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa Fbkf;fSf;F thf;fspfF; k; chpikapy; ghFghL ,y;iy.
Independent and Integrated Judicial System: In India, the judicial system is an autonomous organ kept free from the influence and intervention of the executive and the legislature in exercising its functions. The integrated Indian judicial system has the Supreme Court at the apex, the high courts and lower courts are subordinate to it.
RahjPdkhd kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G: ,e;jpahtpy;> ePjp mikg;G vd;gJ xU jd;dhl;rp cWg;G MFk;. mjd; nray;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; eph;thfp kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wj;jpd; nry;thf;F kw;Wk; jiyaPl;bypUe;J tpLgLfpwJ. xUq;fpize;j ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw cr;rePjpkd;wj;ij cr;rj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;sJ. cah; ePjpkd;wq;fSk; fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fSk; mjw;F mbgzpe;Js;sd.
Fundamental Rights: Fundamental Rights are significant provisions of the Indian Constitution and are inviolable and normal times. Fundamental Rights in India can be suspended during emergencies; and can be amended by extra ordinary means. The provisions of Fundamental Rights are enforceable in the court of law when it is violated. mbg;gil chpikfs;: mbg;gil chpikfs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd ; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpjpfs; kw;Wk; mit kPw Kbahj kw;Wk; rhjhuz Neuq;fs;. ,e;jpahtpy; mbg;gil chpikfs; mtru fhyq;fspy;
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,ilepWj;jg;glyhk;. $Ljy; rhjhuz topKiwfshy; jpUj;jg;glyhk;. mbg;gil chpikfspd; tpjpfs; kPwg;gLk;NghJ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;.
“Right to Education -The Indian Constitution (Eighty - Sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 inserted Article 21-A in the Constitution of India to provide free and compulsory education to all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right in such a manner as the State may, by law, determine. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, which represents the consequential legislation envisaged under Article 21-A, means that every child has a right to full-time elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school which satisfies certain essential norms and standards.” fy;tp chpik: (,e;jpa murpayikg;G vz;gj;jp MwhtJ jpUj;jk;) rl;lk;> 2002 Kjy; MW Kjy; gjpdhdF; taJ tiuapyhd midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tpia toq;Ftjw;fhf ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 21V gphpT Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. rl;lg;gb> jPh;khdpf;fyhk;. gphpT 21V ,d; fPo; jpl;lkplg;gl;l gpd;tpisT rl;lj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tpff; hd Foe;ijfspd; chpik Mh;.b., rl;lk;> 2009> ,jd; nghUs>; rpy mj;jpahtrpa tpjpKiwfis g+h;j;jpnra;Ak; xU Kiwahd gs;spapy; jpUg;jpfukhd kw;Wk; rkkhd juj;jpd ; KONeu njhlf;ff; fy;tpf;F xt;nthU Foe;ijf;Fk; chpik cz;L.
Directive Principles of State Policy: Fourth part of the Indian Constitution titled the Directive Principles of State Policies provides the guidelines to be followed by the states regarding governance and is not enforceable in the court of law. khepyf; nfhs;ifapd; topelj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs;: ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ehdf; htJ gFjp> khepyf; nfhs;iffspd; topelj;Jjy; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;w jiyg;gpy;> MSif njhlh;ghf khepyq;fs; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba topfhlL; jy;fis toq;FfpwJ. NkYk; mit ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nray;gLj;jg;glhJ.
Fundamental Duties: The Fundamental Duties were added to the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment. Fundamental duties provided in part IVA Article 51A are moral conscience which ought to be followed by the Indian Citizens. mbg;gil flikfs;: 42tJ jpUj;jj;jpd ; %yk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; mbg;gil flikfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld. gFjp IVA gphpT 51A ,y; toq;fg;gl;l mbg;gilf; flikfs; jhh;kPf kdrhl;rp MFk;. mit ,;e;jpa Fbkf;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gl NtzL; k;.
Federal or Unitary: India is an indestructible Union with destructible states which means it acquires a unitary character during the time of emergency. The Union is not strictly a federal polity but a quasi- federal polity with some vital elements of Unitarians. Though federal in form, the Indian Constitution, unlike other federal Constitutions, is both unitary as well as federal according to the requirements of the times and the circumstances.
$l;lhl;rp: ,e;jpah vd;gJ mopf;f Kbahj khepyq;fisf; nfhz;l xU mopf;f Kbahj xd;wpak;> mjhtJ mtru fhyq;fspy; mJ xU xw;iwahl;rpiag; ngWfpwJ. A+dpad; fz;bgg; hf xU $l;lhl;rp murpay; my;y> Mdhy; a+dpNlhpad;fspd; rpy Kf;fpa $Wfisf; nfhz;l xU miu $l;lhl;rp murpay;. $l;lhl;rp tbtj;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk;> ,e;jpa murpayikg;G> kw;w $l;lhl;rp mikg;Gfisg; Nghyyy; hky;> fhyq;fs; kw;Wk; #o;epiyfspd; NjitfSf;F Vw;g xw;iwahl;rp kw;Wk; $l;lhlr; p MFk;.
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Balancing Parliamentary Supremacy with Judicial Review: The Constitution recognizes the need to provide for the review of the judgment or the order of the Supreme Court by itself. Subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament or any rules made by the Supreme Court under Artical.145, the Supreme Court has the power to review any judgment pronounced or made by it. The independent judiciary in India with the power of judicial review is a prominent feature of our constitution. The harmonization which our Constitution has effected between Parliamentary Sovereignty and a written Constitution with a provision for Judicial Review is a remarkable achievement of the framers of our Constitution. ghuhSkd;w Nkyhjpf;fj;ij ePjpj;Jiw kW Ma;Tld; rkepiyg;gLj;Jjy;: jPh;g;ig my;yJ cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; cj;juit kWMa;T nra;tjw;fhd Njitia murpayikg;G mq;fPfhpf;fpwJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ve;jnthU rl;lj;jpd; tpjpfSf;Fk; my;yJ gphpT 144 ,d ; fPo; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l ve;jnthU tpjpfSf;Fk; cl;gl;L> cr;rePjpkd;wj;jhy; cr;rhpf;fg;gLk; my;yJ jPh;g;gspf;Fk; ve;jnthU jPh;g;igAk; kWMa;Tf;fhd Vw;ghLfSld; vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;gpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ekJ murpayikg;G Vw;gLj;jpa ,zf;fk; ekJ murpayikg;gpd; tbtikg;ghsh;fspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjidahFk;.
Indian Citizenship/,e;jpa FbAhpik Citizenship identifies those who are the lawful members of a country. The Citizenship Act, 1955 regulates the determination and acquisition of citizenship after the adoption of the Indian Constitution. The Indian Constitution provides for citizenship by birth, descent, registration, naturalization and by incorporation of territory. The Constitution also provides for renunciation and termination of citizenship under certain circumstances. The Constitution contains provisions regarding registration of Overseas Citizens of India and their rights.
FbAhpik vd;gJ xU ehl;bd; rl;lg+h;tkhd cWg;gpdh;fis milahsk; fhl;LfpwJ. FbAhpikr; rl;lk;> 1955 ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig Vw;Wfn; fhz;l gpdd; h; FbAhpikia ephz; apg;gijAk; ifafg;gLj;JtijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G gpwg;G> tk;rhtsp> gjpT> ,aw;ifkakhf;fy; kw;Wk; gpuNjrj;ij ,izg;gjd; %yk; FbAhpik ngWfpwJ. rpy #o;epiyfspy; FbAhpikia iftpLtjw;Fk; epWj;Jtjw;Fk; murpayikg;G toq;FfpwJ. ,;e;jpa ntspehl;L Fbkf;fis gjpT nra;tJ kw;Wk; mthf; spd; chpikfs; njhlh;ghd tpjpfs; murpyikg;gpy; cs;sd.
The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2015 was introduced in Lok Sabha by the Minister of State, Ministry of Home Affairs, on February 27, 2015 that amends the Citizenship Act, 1955.
FbAhpik (jpUj;jk;) kNrhjh> 2015 kf;fs;njhif rl;lj;jpy; jpUj;jk; nra;Sk; khepy mikr;rh;> cs;Jiw mikr;rfj;jhy;> 2015 gpg;uthp 27 md;W kf;fsitapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
The Act allows a person to apply for citizenship by registration or naturalization if they fulfill specific qualifications. A person may apply for a certificate of naturalization if they have resided in India or have served the Government in India for twelve months immediately preceding the date of application. The Bill allows the Central Government to relax the requirement of twelve months stay or service if extraordinary circumstances exist.
xU egh; Fwpg;gpl;l jFjpfis g+hj; ;jp nra;jhy; gjpT my;yJ ,aw;ifkakhf;fy; %yk; FbAhpikf;F tpz;zg;gpf;f ,e;j rl;lk; mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. xU egh; ,e;jpahtpy; trpj;jpUe;jhy; my;yJ tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; Njjpf;F Kd;djhf gdd; puz;L khjq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; murhq;fj;jpy; gzpahw;wpapUe;jhy; ,aw;ifkakhf;fy; rhd;wpjo; ngw tpzz; g;gpff; yhk;. mrhjhuz #o;epiyfs ; ,Ue;jhy; gd;dpuz;L khjq;fs; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ Nrit nra;a NtzL; k; vd;w Njitia kj;jpa muR jsh;j;j mDkjpf;fpwJ.
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SOURCES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION/ ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Mjhuq;fs; The Government of India Act, 1935/ ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;> 1935 Federal provisions, office of Governor, judiciary, public service commissions, emergency provisions, and administrative details were adopted from the Government of India Act, 1935. $ll; hl;rp tpjpfs;> MSeh; mYtyfk;> ePjpj;Jiw> nghJ Nrit Mizaq;fs;> mtrufhy Vw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; eph;thf tptuq;fs; Mfpait ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;> 1935 ,ypUe;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Britain/ gphpl;ld;
Parliamentary government/ ehlhSkd;w muR Single citizenship/ xw;iw FbAhpik Rule of law/ rl;lj;jpd; tpjp Cabinet system / mikr;ruit mikg;G Legislative procedure / rl;lkd;w eilKiw Prerogative writs were adopted from the Britain/ gphpl;ldpy; ,Ue;J jdpr;rpwg;G tha;e;j vOj;Jf;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
US Constitution/ mnkhpf;f murpayikg;G
Fundamental Rights/ mbg;gil chpikfs;
Judicial Review/ ePjpj;Jiw tpkh;rdk;
Independence of Judiciary/ ePjpj;Jiwapd ; Rje;jpuk;
Impeachment of the President/ [dhjpgjpapd; Fw;wr;rhl;L Removal of Supreme Court Judges, High Court Judges and Vice-President were adopted from the US Constitution. / cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs;> cahe; Pjpkdw; ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; Jiz [dhjpgjp MfpNahiu ePf;FtJ mnkhpf;f murpayikg;gpypUe;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Irish Constitution/ [hp~; murpayikg;G: The Directive Principles of State Policy, were adopted from the Irish Constitution. / மா ல ெகா ைக வ நட ேகா பா க ஐ அர யலைம ஏ ெகா ள ப டன.
Canadian Constitution/ fNdba murpayikg;G Federation with a strong Centre/ tYthd ikaj;Jld; $l;likg;G> Residuary powers with the Centre/ ikaj;Jld; kPjKs;s mjpfhuq;fs;> Concurrent list/ xNu Neuj;jpy; gl;bay; The appointment of state governors by the Centre and advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court were adopted from the Canadian constitution / ikaj;jhy; khepy MSehf; is epakpg;gJ kw;Wk; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd ; MNyhrid mjpfhu tuk;G Mfpait fNdba murpayikg;gpypUe;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
Australian Constitution/ M];jpNuypa murpayikg;G
Freedom of trade / th;j;jf Rje;jpuk; Commerce/ th;j;jfk;
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The joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament were inspired by the Australian Constitution. ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfspd; $l;L mkh;T M];jpNuypa murpayikg;ghy; Weimar Constitution (Germany)/ nta;kh; murpayikg;G (n[h;kdp) The Weimar constitution influenced the constitutional provision for the suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency. /nta;kh; murpayikg;G mtrufhyj;jpd ; NghJ mbg;gil chpikfis ,ilepWj;Jtjw;fhd murpayikg;G Vw;ghl;il ghjpj;jJ. Soviet Constitution/ Nrhtpaj; murpayikg;G Fundamental duties/mbg;gil flikfs; The ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble, were on the model of the constitution of the USSR. (Fundamental duties were asserted through 42nd amendment in 1976) / Kd;Diuapy; r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; ePjpf;fhd ,yl;rpakhdJ Nrhtpaj; xdw; paj;jpd; murpayikg;gpd ; khjphpapy; ,Ue;jJ. 1976 ,y; 42tJ jpUj;jj;jpd ; %yk; mbg;gilf; flikfs; typAWj;jg;gl;ld. French Constitution / gpnuQ;R murpayikg;G Republic and the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity in the Preamble, were adopted from the French constitution. / FbauR kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd; nfhs;iffs;> Kd;Diu> gpnuQ;R murpayikg;gpypUe;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. South African Constitution/ njd;dhg;gphpf;f murpayikg;G Procedure for amendment to the Constitution/ murpayikg;gpy; jpUj;jk; nra;;tjw;fhd eilKiw Election of the members of Rajya Sabha, were on South African model. / khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdh;fspd; Njhj; y;> njdd; hg;gphpf;f khjphpapy; ,Ue;jJ. The final and amended draft was adopted on 20th November 1949. /,Wjp kw;Wk; jpUj;jg;gl;l tiuT 20 etk;gh; 1949 ,y; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. THE PREAMBLE/ Kd;Diu Text of the Preamble/ Kd;Diuapd; ciu The Preamble in its present form reads: / Kd;Diu mjd; jw;Nghija tbtj;jpy; $WfpwJ. “We, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: ,e;jpahtpd ; kf;fs;> ,e;jpahit xU Nrhtpah; Nrh~yp];l; nrf;a+yh; nlNkhf;uhbf; Fbaurhf khw;Wtjw;Fk; mjd; midj;J Fbkf;fSfF; k; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; ehq;fs; cWjpahf csN; shk;. JUSTICE, Social, Economic and Political; / ePjp> r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; / rpe;jid> ntspg;ghL> ek;gpf;if> ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; topghlb; d; Rje;jpuk; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all; / me;j];jpd; jFjp kw;Wk; tha;g;G kw;Wk; mth;fs; midtUf;Fk; Cf;Ftpf;f FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; /jdpkdpjdpd ; fz;zpaj;ijAk;> Njrj;jpd ; xw;WikiaAk; xUikg;ghl;ilAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, does HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION”. Page 7 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 1949 etk;ghpd; ,e;j ,Ugjhk; ehs;> vq;fs; epiyg;ghl;by;> ,e;j Nghl;bia vq;fSf;Ff; nfhLg;gjw;F> jj;njLg;G> nrayhf;fk; kw;Wk; nfhLf;fpwJ. Ingredients of the Preamble/ Kd;Diuapd; Njitahd nghUl;fs; The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components: KdD; iu ehdF; nghUlf; s; my;yJ $Wfis ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ 1. Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India. 1. murpayikg;gpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; Mjhuk; murpayikg;G mjd; mjpfhuj;ij ,e;jpa kf;fsplkpUe;J ngWfpwJ vd;W KdD; iu $WfpwJ. 2. Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and republican polity. 2. ,e;jpa murpd; jd;ik ,e;jpah xU ,iwahzi; k> Nrhrypr> kjr;rhh;gw;w [dehaf kw;Wk; FbauRf; fl;rp vd;W mwptpf;fpwJ. 3. Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives. 3. murpayikg;gpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij Fwpf;Nfhs;fshf ,J Fwpg;gLfpwJ. 4. Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates November 26, 1949 as the date. 4. murpayikg;ig Vw;Wfn; fhz;l Njjp: ,J etk;gh; 26> 1949 Njjpahf ephz; apf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Key Words in the Preamble/ Kd;Diuapy; Kf;fpa nrhw;fs; Certain key words—Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic, Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity—are explained as follows: ,iwahz;ik> Nrhryp];l;> kjr;rhhg; w;w> [dehaf> FbauR> ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpa rpy Kf;fpa nrhw;fs; gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fg;glL; s;sd. SOVEREIGN/ People have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters. No external power can dictate the government of India. cs; kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw tp~aq;fspy; KbTfis vLf;f kf;fSf;F cr;r chpik cz;L. ve;jnthU ntsp rf;jpAk; ,e;jpa murhq;fj;ij Mizapl KbahJ. SOCIALIST/ r%fk; Wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally by society. Government should regulate the ownership of land and industry to reduce socio-economic inequalities. ெச வ ச க யாக உ வா க ப ற ம ச க தா சமமாக ப ர பட ேவ . ச க ெபா ளாதார ஏ ற தா கைள ைற க ல ம ெதா ைற உ ைமைய அரசா க க ப த ேவ . SECULAR/ kjr;rhh;gw;w Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion. But there is no official religion. Government treats all religious beliefs and practices with equal respect. ve;jnthU kjj;ijAk; gpd;gw;w Fbkf;fSf;F KO Rje;jpuk; cz;L. Mdhy; cj;jpNahfg+h;t kjk; ,y;iy. murhq;fk; midj;J kj ek;gpf;iffisAk; eilKiwfisAk; rk khpahijAld; elj;JfpwJ. DEMOCRATIC/ [dehaf A form of government where people enjoy equal political rights, elect their rulers and hold them accountable. The government is run according to some basic rules. kf;fs; rkkhd murpay; chpikfis mDgtpj;J> jq;fs; Ml;rpahsh;fisj; Njh;e;njLj;J> mth;fisg; nghWg;Ngw;f ம க சமமான அர ய உ ைமகைள அ ப , த க Page 8 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 ஆ யாள கைள ேத ெத , அவ கைள ெபா ேப க ைவ ஒ அரசா க வ வ . ல அ பைட க ப அரசா க நட த ப ற . REPUBLIC/ FbauR The head of the state is an elected person and not a hereditary position. mur jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l egh;> guk;giu gjtp my;y. JUSTICE/ ePjp Citizens cannot be discriminated on the grounds of caste, religion and gender. Social inequalities have to be reduced. Government should work for the welfare of all, especially of the disadvantaged groups. rhjp> kjk; kw;Wk; ghypd mbg;gilapy; Fbkf;fis ghFghL fhll; KbahJ. r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfisf; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;. midthpd ; eyDf;fhfTk;> Fwpg;ghf gpd;jq;fpa FOf;fspd; eyDf;fhfTk; muR nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. LIBERTY/ Rje;jpuk; There are no unreasonable restrictions on the citizens in what they think; how they wish to express their thoughts and the way they wish to follow up their thoughts in action. Fbkff; s; jq;fs ; vzzq;fis vt;thW ntspg;gLj;j tpUk;Gfpwhh;fs; vd;gijAk;> mth;fspd; vz;zq;fis nraypy; gpd;njhlu tpUk;GtijAk; mth;fs; epidg;gjpy; epahakw;w fl;Lg;ghLfs; vJTk; ,y;iy. EQUALITY/ rkj;Jtk ; All are equal before the law. The traditional social inequalities have to be ended. The government should ensure equal opportunity for all. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;. ghuk;ghpa r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfis KbTfF; nfhz;Ltu Ntz;Lk;. midtUf;Fk; rkkhd tha;g;ig murhq;fk; cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. FRATERNITY/ rNfhjuj;Jtk; All of us should behave as if we are members of the same family. No one should treat a fellow citizen as interior. ehk; midtUk; xNu FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; Nghy ele;J nfhss; Ntz;Lk;. rf Fbkfid ahUk; cs;Jiw vd;W fUjf;$lhJ. WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA/ ehq;fs;> ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; The constitution has been drawn up and enacted by the people through their representatives, and not handed down to them by a king or any outside powers. murpayikg;G kf;fshy; jq;fs; gpujpepjpfs; %ykhf tiuag;gl;L ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; xU kd;dh; my;yJ ntsp rfj; pfshy; mth;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS/ mbg;gil chpikfs; There are certain basic rights, which are fundamental and essential for the living of man. These rights promote the freedom of the individual and his well- being. kdpjdpd; tho;f;iff;F mbgg; il kw;Wk; mtrpakhd rpy mbg;gil chpikfs; cs;sd. ,e;j chpikfs ; jdpeghpd; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; mtuJ ey;tho;itAk; Cf;Ftpf;fpdw; d. These are incorporated in the fundamental law of the country. In all modern democracies like India, United States etc. These basic rights are guaranteed to the citizens. These fundamental rights are included in part III of the constitution of India. But they are not absolute and some reasonable restrictions are imposed on the enjoyment of the rights by the constitution itself. The fundamental rights in India are justice able in a court of law. They are contained from article 19 to 32. Page 9 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 ,it ehl;bd; mbg;gil rll; j;jpy; ,izf;fg;glL; s;sd. ,e;jpah> mnkhpf;fh Nghd;w midj;J etPd [dehaf ehLfspYk; ,e;j mbg;gil chpikfs ; Fbkf;fSf;F cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j mbg;gil chpikfs; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; %dw; hk; gFjpapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; mit KOikahdit my;y> murpayikg;ghy; chpikfis mDgtpg;gjw;F rpy epahakhd flL; g;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;Lfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy; mbg;gil chpikfs; xU ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ePjp. mit gphpT 19 Kjy; 32 tiu cs;sd. The Supreme Court and High Courts are given the power to issue writs for enforcement of the rights. The right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of the rights is itself guaranteed as a right. However, the right to property as enshrined in the constitution removed by the 44th amendment of 1978. The following are the important fundamental rights guaranteed in the constitution. cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F chpikfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;fhd vOj;Jf;fis ntspapLtjw;fhd mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. chpikfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cr;rePjpkd;wj;ij efh;j;Jtjw;fhd chpik xU chpikahf cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. vt;thwhapDk;> 1978 Mk; Mz;bd; 44 MtJ jpUj;jj;jhy; mfw;wg;gl;l murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;glL; s;s nrhj;Jhpik. Murpayikg;gpy; cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpakhd mbg;gil chpikfs; gpdt; UkhW. Right to equality/ rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd chpik The constitution prohibits discrimination against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste or place of birth. It ensures public employment and equality of opportunities for all citizens. To this, there are certain exceptions. The state can reserve certain percentage of the jobs for the scheduled castes and tribes and backward classes in recruitment to public services and also in making promotions. Also, the state can prescribe in certain cases residential qualifications. kjk;> ,dk;> rhjp my;yJ gpwe;j ,lk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ve;jnthU FbkfDf;Fk; ghFghL fhz;gij murpayikg;G jil nra;fpwJ. ,J nghJ Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; tha;g;Gfspd ; rkj;Jtj;ij cWjp nraf; pwJ. ,jw;F> rpy tpjptpyf;Ffs; css; d. nghJr; NritfSf;F Ml;Nrh;g;G nra;tjpYk;> gjtp cah;T nra;tjpYk;> jpl;lkplg;gll; rhjpfs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; gpd;jq;fpa tFg;gpdUf;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l rjtPj Ntiyfis muR xJf;f KbAk;. NkYk; rpy re;jh;gg; q;fspy; FbapUg;G jFjpfis muR ghpe;Jiuf;f KbAk;. Right to freedom/Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd chpik Article 19 of the constitution guarantees seven freedoms: a. Freedom of speech and expression b. Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms. c. Freedom to form associations or unions. d. Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India. e. Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory on India. f. Freedom to acquire, hold and dispose of property. g. Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. Article 19 itself imposes certain reasonable restrictions on the exercise and enjoyment of the seven freedoms. Page 10 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 murpayikg;gpd; 19tJ gphpT VO Rje;jpuq;fSf;F cj;juthjk; mspf;fpwJ a. Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;J Rje;jpuk; b. MAjq;fs; ,y;yhky; mikjpahf xd;W$Ltjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;. c. rq;fq;fs; my;yJ njhopw;rq;fq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;. d. ,e;jpahtpd ; vy;iy KOtJk; Rje;jpukhf nry;y Rje;jpuk;. e. ,e;jpahtpd ; ve;jnthU gFjpapYk; trpg;gjw;Fk; FbNaWtjw;Fk; Rje;jpuk;. f. nrhj;Jf;fisg; ngWtjw;Fk;>itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk;, mfw;Wtjw;Fk; Rje;jpuk;. g. ve;jnthU njhopiyAk; nra;a my;yJ ve;jnthU njhopy;> thj; ;jfk; my;yJ tzpfj;ijAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Rje;jpuk;. gphpT 19 jhNd VO Rje;jpuq;fis filg;gpbg;gjw;Fk; mDgtpg;gjw;Fk; rpy epahakhd fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;fpwJ. Protection of Life and Personal Liberty/ tho;f;if kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;jpd; ghJfhg;G Personal liberty and the rule of law find a place in the India constitution. Article 21 guarantees that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuKk; rl;lj;jpd ; Ml;rpAk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; xU ,lj;ijf; fhz;fpd;wd. rl;lj;jhy; epWtg;gl;l eilKiwapdg; b jtpu ve;jnthU egUk; mtuJ tho;f;if my;yJ jdpg;gll; Rje;jpuj;ij ,of;f khl;lhh;fs; vd;W gphpT 21 cj;juthjk; mspf;fpwJ. No person can be convicted of any offence except for the violation of a law. No person can be given a penalty greater than what might have been inflicted under the law. No person will be prosecuted and punished twice for the same offence. No person accused of any offence will be compelled to be a witness against himself. xU rl;lj;ij kPWtijj; jtpu ve;jnthU egUf;Fk; ve;jnthU Fw;wj;jpw;Fk; jz;lid toq;f KbahJ. ve;jnthU egUf;Fk; rl;lj;jpd ; fPo; tpjpf;fg;gl;lij tpl mjpfkhd jz;lidia toq;f KbahJ. xNu Fw;wj;jpw;fhf ve;jnthU egUf;Fk; vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhlug;glhJ> ,uz;L Kiw jz;bf;fg;glhJ. ve;jnthU Fw;wj;jpYk; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gll; ve;jnthU egUk; jdfF; vjpuhf rhl;rpahf ,Uf;f eph;ge;jpf;fg;gl khl;lhh;. Right against Exploitation/Ruz;lYfF; vjpuhd chpik Article 23 prohibits traffic in human beings, enforced labour, and employment of children below fourteen years, in factories, mines and other dangerous employment. gphpT 23 kdpjh;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;J> mky;gLj;jg;gl;l ciog;G kw;Wk; gjpdhd;F taJf;Ff; Fiwthd Foe;ijfspd; Ntiytha;g;G> njhopw;rhiyfs;> 23 ம த க ேபா வர , அம ப த ப ட உைழ ம ப னா வய ைறவான ழ ைதக ேவைலவா , ெதா சாைலக , ர க க ம ற ஆப தான ேவைலவா க தைடெச ற . Right to Freedom of Religion/ kj Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd chpik India’s constitution guarantees religious freedom to all. Subject to certain reasonable restrictions like public order, morality, health etc, all persons are entitled to freedom of conscience and the Page 11 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 right to profess, practice and propagate religion. The constitution debars religious instruction in all educational institutions wholly maintained by the state. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G midtUf;Fk; kj Rje;jpuj;ij cWjp nra;fpwJ. nghJ xOq;F> mwnewp> Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w rpy epahakhd fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;L> midj;J egh;fSfF; k; kdrhl;rpapd; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; kjj;ij mwptpf;f> eilKiwg;gLj;j kw;Wk; gpur;rhuk; nra;tjw;fhd chpik cz;L. murhy; KOikahf guhkhpf;fg;gLk; midj;J fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk; kj mwpTWj;jiy murpayikg;G kWf;fpwJ. Cultural and educational Rights/ fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tp chpikfs; The constitution safeguards the freedom of every minority community to practice its own religion and conserve its own culture, language and script. murpayikg;G xt;nthU rpWghd;ik r%fj;jpw;Fk; jdJ nrhe;j kjj;ij filg;gpbg;gjw;Fk; mjd; nrhe;j fyhrr; huk;> nkhop kw;Wk; ];fphpg;ilg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; cs;s Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhf;fpwJ. All minorities, religious or linguistic have been given the right to establish and administer educational institutions and no discrimination can be shown in granting aid to them. midj;J rpWghd;ikapdh;> kj my;yJ nkhopapay; fy;tp epWtdq;fis epWTtjw;Fk; epht; fpg;gjw;Fk; chpik toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mth;fSf;F cjtp toq;Ftjpy; ve;j ghFghLk; fhl;l KbahJ. Right to Constitutional Remedies/ murpayikg;G jPh;TfSf;fhd chpik According to Article 32, every citizen has the right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights. The Supreme Court has the power to issue writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quowaranto and certiorari for the enforcement of the rights. Rights have no meaning unless they are safeguarded and enforced by the courts. According to Dr. Ambedkar, Article 32 is “the heart and soul of the whole constitution.” gphpT 32d;gb> mbg;gil chpikfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cr;rePjpkd;wj;ij efh;j;j xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk; chpik cz;L. chpikfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;fhf N`gpah]; fhhg; ];> khz;lk];> jil> Fthud;Nlh kw;Wk; rhdw; pjo; Mfpatw;wpd ; jd;ikapy; vOj;Jf;fis ntspapLtjw;F cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. ePjpkd;wq;fshy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhy; chpikfSf;F ve;j mh;j;jKk; ,y;iy. lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhpd; $w;Wg;gb> gphpT 32 vd;gJ “KO murpayikg;gpd; ,jaKk; Mdk; hTk; MFk;”. Rights and Parliament/ chpikfs; kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;wk; According to 24th Amendment the Parliament is competent to alter, abridge or take away any of the fundamental rights by passing an amendment according to the procedure laid down in Article 368. 24tJ jpUj;jj;jpd;gb> 368 tJ gphptpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s eilKiwf;F Vw;g xU jpUj;jj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; ve;jnthU mbg;gil chpikfisAk; khw;wNth> RUf;fNth my;yJ gwpf;fNth ghuhSkd;wk; jpwikahdJ. Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles/ mbg;gil chpikfs; kw;Wk; topelj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs; 25th Amendment inserted a new Article 31 (c) in the constitution. According to this Article the Parliament can pass laws to implement the directive principles. Such laws are placed outside the scope of judiciary and would not be affected by Article 14, 19 and 31. Page 12 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 25 tJ jpUj;jk; murpayikg;gpy; xU Gjpa gphpT 31 (rp) Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j fl;Liuapd ; gb> ghuhSkd;wk; topelj;Jk; nfhs;iffis nray;gLj;j rl;lq;fis ,aw;w KbAk;. ,j;jifa rll; q;fs; ePjpj;Jiwapd; vy;iyf;F ntspNa itf;fg;gl;Ls;d. mit gphpT 14> 19 kw;Wk; 31 Mfpatw;why; ghjpf;fg;glhJ. 42nd Amendment has made fundamental rights subordinate to the directive principles. Thus directive principles are given precedence over the fundamental rights. 42tJ jpUj;jk; mbg;gil chpikfis topelj;Jk; nfhs;iffSf;F mbgzpar; nra;Jss; J. ,t;thW topelj;Jk; nfhs;iffSf;F mbg;gil chpikfSf;F Kd;Dhpik mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES/ mbg;gilf; flikfs ; Part IVA of Indian Constitution defines as Fundamental duties. (51A) – It shall be the duty of every citizen of India – ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gFjp IVA mbg;gilf; flikfs; vd tiuaWf;fpwJ. 51A ,J ,e;jpahtpd ; xt;nthU Fbkfdpd; flikahf ,Uf;Fk;. a. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; b. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; c. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India; d. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; e. To promote harmony and the spirit of universal brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; f. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; g. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures; h. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; i. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence; j. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement; k. Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years. 1. murpayikg;igf; filgpbg;gJ kw;Wk; mjd; nfhs;iffisAk; epWtdq;fisAk; kjpf;f> Njrpaf; nfhb kw;Wk; Njrpa fPjk;. 2. ekJ Njrpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhll; j;jpw;F cj;Ntfk; mspj;j cd;djkhd nfhs;iffis kjpf;fTk; gpdg; w;wTk; 3. ,e;jpahtpd ; ,iwahz;ik> xw;Wik kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;il epiyepWj;Jjy; kw;Wk; ghJfhj;jy; 4. ehl;ilg; ghJfhf;fTk;> mt;thW nra;a miof;fg;gLk;NghJ Njrpa Nritia toq;fTk; 5. ngz;fspd; fz;zpaj;jpw;F ,opthd eilKiwfis iftpLtjw;fhf kj> nkhopapay; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa my;yJ gphpT NtWghLfis kPwp ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J Page 13 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 kf;fspilNaAk; ey;ypzf;fj;ijAk; cyfshtpa rNfhjuj;Jt czh;itAk; Cf;Ftpj;jy;. 6. ekJ $l;L fyhr;rhuj;jpd ; tskhd ghuk;ghpaj;ij kjpg;gpLtJk; ghJfhg;gJk; 7. fhLfs;> Vhpfs;> MWfs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffs; css; pl;l ,aw;if #oiyg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; caphpdq;fSf;F ,uf;fk; fhl;Ljy; 8. tpQ;Qhd kdepiy> kdpjNeak; kw;Wk; tprhuiz kw;Wk; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; czh;it tsh;g;gJ 9. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; td;Kiwiaj; jtph;g;gJ. 10. jdpegh; kw;Wk; $l;L eltbf;iffspd ; midj;J JiwfspYk; rpwe;J tpsq;f Kaw;rpg;gjd; %yk; Njrk; njhlhe; ;J cah;e;j Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; rhjidfSfF; cah;fpwJ. 11. த நப ம நடவ ைகக அைன ைறக ற ள க ய பத ல ேதச ெதாட உய த ய க ம சாதைனக உய ற jdJ Foe;ijf;F fy;tpf;fhd tha;g;Gfis toq;f ngw;Nwhh; my;yJ ghJfhtyh; ahh; my;yJ> MW Kjy; gjpdhd;F taJf;F ,ilg;gll; thh;L. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY/ khepynfhs;ifapd; Neub nfhs;iffs; Part IV of the Indian constitution consists of Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36 to 51). They are fundamental in the governance of the country. Directive Principles of State Policy act as a guide to the State and it is the duty of the State to apply these Principles in making laws. They aim at the establishment of a welfare state in our country. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ehdf; hk; gFjp gphpT 36 Kjy; 51 tiu khepy nfhs;ifapd; topelj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs; khepyj;jpw;F topfhl;bahf nray;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; rl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; ,e;j Nfhl;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ murpd; flikahFk;. mit ek; ehl;by; xU eyd;Ghp muir ];jhgpg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sd. Principles/Nfhl;ghLfs; Directive Principles of State Policy may be grouped into following categories: khepyf; nfhs;ifapd; topelj;Jk; Nfhl;ghLfs; gpdt; Uk; tiffshf njhFf;fg;glyhk; I. Socialist Principles/ Nrhrypr Nfhl;ghLfs; II. Gandhian Principles/ fhe;jpa Nfhl;ghLfs; III. International Principles/ rh;tNjr Nfhl;ghLfs; IV. Miscellaneous Principles/ ,ju Nfhl;ghLfs; I. Socialist Principles/ Nrhrypr Nfhl;ghLfs; 1. Adequate means of livelihood for citizens, men and women equally 2. Equal pay for equal work. 1. Fbkff; s;> Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;F rkkhf tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhd NghJkhd topKiwfs; 2. rk Ntiyf;F rk Cjpak;. II. Gandhian Ideologies/ fhe;jpa rpj;jhe;jq;fs; a. Organisation of village panchayats to enable them to functions as units of self-government. b. Promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas. Page 14 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 c. Promotion of educational and economic interest of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections. d. Raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. e. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry f. Preserving and improving the breeds and prohibiting the slaughter of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle. a. Ra murhq;fj;jpd; myFfshf nray;gl fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jfis Vw;ghL nra;jy;. b. Fbirj; njhopy;fis fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; xU jdpegh; my;yJ $l;LwT mbg;gilapy; Cf;Ftpj;jy;. c. gl;bay; rhjpfs>; gl;bay; goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; gpw gytPdkhd gphpTfspd ; fy;tp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Mh;tj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;. d. Cl;lr;rj;J epiy kw;Wk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij cah;j;JtJ kw;Wk; nghJ Rfhjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;. e. tptrhak; kw;Wk; fhy;eil tsh;g;G mikg;G f. ,dq;fis ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; gRf;fs; kw;Wk; fd;Wfs; kw;Wk; gpw ghy; kw;Wk; tiuT fhy;eilfis mWg;gij jil nra;jy;. III. International Principles/ rh;tNjr Nfhl;ghLfs; a. Promote international peace and security. b. Maintain just and honourable relations between nations. a. rht; Njr mikjp kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ig CfF; tpj;jy;. b. ehLfSf;F ,ilNa epahakhd> nfsutkhd cwitg; NgZq;fs; IV. Miscellaneous Principles/ ,ju Nfhl;ghLfs; a. Equal justice and free legal aid b. Uniform civil code for the citizens a. rk ePjp kw;Wk; ,ytr rl;l cjtp b. Fbkf;fSf;fhd rPuhd rptpy; FwpaPL Economic Principles/ nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghLfs; The State is expected to formulate its policy with the following objectives: gpd;tUk; Nehf;fq;fSld ; muR jdJ nfhs;ifia tFfF; k; vd;W vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. To minimize the inequalities of income of the people. To secure adequate means of livelihood to all citizens. To provide equal pay for equal work. To protect strength and health of workers and avoiding circumstances which force citizens to enter avocations to their age or strength. To provide opportunities to the needy poor to get free legal aid. To secure the right to work to all. To provide public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age and sick. To provide a living wage and a decent standard of life. To prevent concentration of wealth in the hands of a few. To provide within ten years from the commencement of the constitution, free compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 years of age. kf;fspd ; tUkhdj;jpd; Vw;wj;jho;Tfisf; Fiwf;f Page 15 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; NghJkhd tho;thjhu topfisg; ngWjy;. rk Ntiyf;F rk Cjpak; toq;f. njhopyhsh;fspd ; typik kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpaj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Fbkf;fs; jq;fs; taJ my;yJ typikf;F mtfhrq;fSf;Fs; Eioa fl;lhag;gLj;Jk; #o;epiyfisj; jtph;g;gJ. ViofSf;F ,ytr rl;l cjtp ngw tha;g;Gfis toq;Fjy;. midtUf;Fk; Ntiy nra;Ak; chpikiag; ghJfhf;f. Ntiyapd;ik> KJik kw;Wk; Nehat; ha;g;gl;l epfo;Tfspy; nghJ cjtpfis toq;Fjy;. xU tho;fi; f Cjpaj;ijAk; xOq;fkhd tho;f;ifj; juj;ijAk; toq;f. xU rpyhpd; iffspy; nry;tk; Ftpg;gijj; jLf;f. murpayikg;G njhlq;fpajpy; ,Ue;J gj;J Mz;LfSf;Fs;> 14 taJ tiuapyhd midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr fl;lhaf; fy;tp toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Table of Contents/ nghUslf;fk; Article 36: Definition Article 37: Application of the principles contained in this Part Article 38: State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid Article 40: Organization of Village Panchayats Article 41: Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases Article 42: Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief Article 43: Living wage, etc., for workers Article 43A: Participation of workers in management of industries Article 44: Uniform civil code for the citizen Article 45: Provision for free and compulsory education for children Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections Article 47: Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health Article 48: Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry Article 48A: Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife Article 49: Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance Article 50: Separation of judiciary from the executive Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security gphpT 36 : tiuaiw gphpT 37 : kf;fs; eyed Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf xU r%f xOq;ifg; ghJfhf;f khepyk; gphpT 39 : nfhsi; fapd; rpy nfhs;iffs; muR gpdg; w;w Ntz;Lk;. gphpT 39A: rk ePjp kw;Wk; ,ytr rl;l cjtp gphpT 40 : fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jfspd ; mikg;G gphpT 41: rpy re;jhg; ;gq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd chpik> fy;tp kw;Wk; nghJ cjtp gphpT 42: Ntiy kw;Wk; kfg;NgW epthuzj;jpd; epahakhd kw;Wk; kdpjhgpkhd epiyikfSf;fhd Vw;ghL gphpT 43: njhopyhsh;fSf;fhd tho;f;if Cjpak; Nghd;wit gphpT 43A: njhopy;fspd; eph;thfj;jpy; njhopyhsh;fspd; gq;Nfw;G gphpT 44: FbkfDf;fhd rPuhd rptpy; FwpaPL gphpT 45: Foe;ijfSf;F ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lha fy;tpf;fhd Vw;ghL gphpT 46: Cl;lr;rj;J msitAk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijAk; cah;j;Jtjw;Fk; nghJ Rfhjhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; khepyj;jpd ; flik gphpT 48: tptrhak; kw;Wk; fhy;eil tsh;g;G mikg;G gphpT 48A: Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; fhLfs; kw;Wk; Page 16 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 tdtpyq;Ffisg; ghJfhj;jy;; gphpT 49: epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; kw;Wk; ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j nghUlf; spd ; ghJfhg;G gphpT 50: ePjpj;Jiwia eph;thfpaplkpUe;J gphpj;jy; gphpT 51: rht; Njr mikjp kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Page 17 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 UNIT - II THE UNION GOVERNMENT THE EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT (NOMINAL EXECUTIVE) FbauRj;jiyth ; The President is the first citizen of India. He is the Head of the State.Shri. Ram Nath Kovind is the present President of lndia. Qualifications for election as President 1. He should be a citizen of India. 2. He must have completed the age of 35 years. 3. He should be qualified to become the member of the Lok Sabha. 4. He should not hold any office of profit under the government. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth; ,e;jpahtpd ; Kjy; Fbkfd; Mthh;. ,e;jpaf ; FbauRj;jiyth; murpd; jiytuhthh;. jpU. uhk; ehj; Nfhtpe; mthf; s; jw;Nghija ,e;jpaf; FbuRj; jiytuhfg; gjtp tfpj;J tUfpwhh.; jFjpfs;: 1. mth; ,e;jpahtpd; Fbkfdhf ,Uj;jy; NtzL; k;. 2. mth; 35 taJ Kbe;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 3. mth; kf;fs; mit cWg;gpdUf;Fhpa jFjp ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. 4. mth; murhq;fj;jpy; Cjpak; ngWk; gjtpapy; ,Uj;jyhfhJ. Election of President/ FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; The President is elected by members of an electoral college consisting of:- 1. The elected members of both Houses of Parliament 2. The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States. The election of the President of India is in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. The system of secret ballot is adopted for the election of the President. The President of lndia is elected for a period of five years. He is eligible for reelection for a second term. FbauRj; jiyth; gpd;tUk; cWg;gpdh;fs; mlq;fpa thf;fhsh; Fohk; %ykhfj; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;. 1. ehlhSkd;w Procedure for Impeachment of the President/gjtp ePf;fk; The President of India can be removed from office by impeachment for violation of the constitution. Impeachment has to be approved by both the House of Parliament. One fourth of the total members of a House can give notice at least fourteen days in advance of their intention to impeach the President. The charges if approved by two thirds majority will be referred to the other House for investigation. If the investigating House also approves the charges with two-thirds majority, the President shall stand impeached and will vacate his office, on the date on which such a resolution is passed. murpayikg;ig kPwpajw;fhf Fw;wr;rhl;L %yk; ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpia gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;f KbAk;. Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F ghuhSkd;w rig ,uzL; Nk xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU Page 18 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; ehdf; py; xU gFjpapdh; [dhjpgjpia Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F cl;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpw;F Fiwe;jJ gjpdhd;F ehl;fSf;F Kd;Ng mwptpg;G toq;fyhk;. %dw; py; ,uz;L gq;F ngUk;ghd;ikahy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lhy; Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; kw;w rigfSf;F tprhuizf;F mDg;gg;gLk;. tprhuiz rigAk; %dw; py; ,uzL; gq;F ngUk;ghd;ikAld; Fw;wr;rhl;LfSf;F xg;Gjy; mspj;jhy;> [dhjpgjp Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F Mshfp jdJ gjtpia fhyp nra;thh;> mj;jifa jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Njjpapy;. Powers of the President of India/ ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fs; 1. Executive Powers/ epUthf mjpfhuq;fs; The executive power of the Union is vested in the President and is exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinates to him in accordance with the constitution. There is a Council of Ministers to aid and advice the President in the exercise of his functions. All executive powers of the Union government are exercised in the name of President. murpayikg;gpd;gb FbauRj; jiytUfF; toq;fg;gll; mjpfhuq;fis mth; NehpilahfNth my;yJ jdf;Ff; foP ;g;gll; mjpfhhpfs; %ykhfNth nray;gLj;Jthh;. kj;jpa murpd; eph;thf mjpfhuk; FbauRj; jiythplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtuJ gzpapy; mtUf;F JizGhpaTk;> MNyhrid $wTk; mikr;ruit cz;L. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; midj;J epUthf mjpfhuq;fSk; mth ; ngahpNyNa nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and on the advice of the Prime Minister other Ministers of the Union are appointed by the President. The President appoints the Attorney - General of India, Comptroller and Auditor - General of India, Ambassadors, and High Commissioners and other diplomatic representatives to foreign countries, the Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, Governors of States, Lt. Governors, Chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission, Election Commission. The President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed forces. He appoints the Chief of Staff of Army, Navy and the Air Force. gpujkh>; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. Gpujkhpd ; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; kj;jpa murpd; kw;w mikr;rhf; isAk; FbauRj; jiyth; epakpf;fpdw; hh;. FbauRj; jiyth; ,e;jpaj;jiyik tof;fwpQh;> ,e;jpa fzf;fhath;-jiyikj; jzpf;ifah;> ,e;jpahtpd; J}Jth;fs;> gpujpepjpfs;> cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd ; jiyik ePjpgjp> kw;w ePjpgjpfs; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jiyik ePjpgjpfs;> gpw ePjpgjpfs;> khepy MSeh;fs;> Jiz epiy MSeh;fs>; kj;jpa muRg;gzp Mizaj;jpd ; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;> jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah;fs; MfpNahhf; is epakpf;fpd;whh;. FbauRj;jiyth ; ghJfhg;Gg; gilapd; jiyikj; jsgjpahf tpsq;Fthh;. jiug;gil> flw;gil> tpkhdg;gil Mfpa Kg;gilapd; jiyth;fisAk; FbauRj; jiyth ; epakpff; pd;whh;. The President has the power to remove the Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. He can remove the Chairman or a member of the Union Public Service Commission only on the basis of the report of the Supreme Court. He can remove a Judge of the Supreme Court or the Election Commissioner only on the basis of decisions taken by the Parliament by a special majority in both the Houses. gpujkhpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; mikrr; h;fisg; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;tjw;Ff; FbauRj; jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L. crr; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mwpf;iff;fpzq;f> kj;jpa Njh;thizf;FOtpd ; jiytiuNah> mq;fj;jpdiuNah gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fyhk;. ehlhSkd;w ,UrigapYk;> rpwg;G mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik %yk; KbntLj;jhy; mjd ; mbg;gilapy;> cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpiaNah> Njhj; y; MizaiuNah gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fyhk;. It may be observed that though formally all the executive powers are vested in the President, he exercises them on the advice of the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers. Earlier it was not obligatory for the President to accept this advice but the Forty-Second Amendment Act, 1976 made it obligatory for the President to exercise his functions in accordance with the advice of the Page 19 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Council of Ministers. However, under the Forty-Fourth Amendment Act, 1978 the President has been authorized to refer back the matter to the Council of Ministers for reconsideration. But if the Council of Ministers after such reconsideration tenders any advice to the President, the President has to abide by the same. midj;J epUthfmjpfhuq;fSk; Kiwahf FbauRj; jiythplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> mth; mtw;iw gpujkiuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l mikrr; uitapd ; MNyhridapd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLj;Jthh;. Muk;g fhyj;jpy;> mikr;ruit mwpTiuf;Ff; FbauRj; jiyth; fl;Lgg; l Ntz;Lnkd;w fl;lhak; ,Ue;jjpy;iy. Mdhy;> 1976y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rl;ljpUj;jk; FbauRj; jiyth; mikr;ruitapy; MNyhridfF; f; fl;Lg;gl;lth; vd;gij typAWj;JfpwJ. 44tJ rl;ljpUj;jk; xU kNrhjhit mikr;ruitf;F kPz;Lk; kWghprPyidf;Fj; jpUg;gp mDg;g FbauRj; jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fpaJ. mikr;ruit mij kWghprPyid nra;J FbauRj; jiytUf;F mDg;g Neh;e;jhy; mth; mij Vw;Wf; nfhz;L xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2. Legislative Powers/ rl;lkd;w mjpfhuq;fs; The President of India summons the Parliament at least twice a year. President prorogues or terminates the sessions of both or any of the Houses of Parliament. He is empowered to dissolve the Lok Sabha. FbauRj; jiyth; Fiwe;jJ> Mz;bw;F ,UKiwahtJ ehlhSkd;wj;ijf ; $l;l NtzL; k;. FbauRj; jiyth; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd;> ,U mitfisNah> my;yJ VjhtJ xU mitiaNah xj;jpg;NghlNth my;yJ $l;lq;fis KbTf;F nfhz;LtuNth mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;. kf;fs mitia fiyg;gjw;Fk; FbauRj; jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L. The President nominates twelve members to the Rajya Sabha, from among the distinguished persons in the field of art, science, literature and social service. He can also nominate not more than two members to the Lok Sabha from among the Anglo- Indian Community if in his opinion that community is not adequately represented there in. FbauRj; jiyth; khepyq;fs; mitf;Fg; gd;dpuz;L (12) cWg;gpdh;fis epakdk; nra;thh;. ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> fiy kw;Wk; r%f Nrit Mfpa JiwfspypUe;J ,thf; s; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L epakpf;fg;gLthh;fs;. Mq;fpNyh - ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;Fg; NghJkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kf;fsitapy; fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy vdW; FbauRj; jiyth; fUjpdhy;> mr;r%fj;jpypUe;J ,uz;L mq;fj;jpdh;fis kf;fs; mitf;F epakdk; nra;thh;. President addresses the Parliament. He may address the joint-sitting of both the Houses and any of its Houses separately. He can convene a joint sitting of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to resolve the dispute if any No bill passed by the Parliament can become a law, without the assent or approval of the President. FbauRj; jiyth; ehlhSkdw; j;jpy; ciu epjo;j;Jthh.; mth; ,uzL; mitfisAk; xd;whff; $l;bNah my;yJ jdpahf xU mitapNyh ciu epfo;j;Jthh;. ,U mitfspilNa fUj;J NtWghL NjhdW; khapd; ,U mitfisAk; xd;whff ; $l;b rhr; i; riaj; jPh;j;J itff; Kay;thh;. FbauRj; jiythpd; mq;fPfhuKk;> ifnahg;gKk; ,y;yhky; ve;j kNrhjhTk; rl;lkhfhJ. The President is empowered to issue an ordinance when the Parliament is not in session. ehlhSkd;wk; $lhj fhyq;fspy; mtrur; rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;ff; FbauRj; jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; czL; . 3. Financial Powers/ epjpj;njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; No money bill can be introduced in the Parliament without the recommendation of the President. The constitution of India places the Contingency Fund of India at the disposal of the President who Page 20 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 is authorized to make advances out of it to meet the unforeseen expenditure pending its final authorization by the Parliament. Every five year, the President appoints a Finance Commission. FbauRj; jiythpd; Kd; mDkjp ,d;wp epjp kNrhjhit ehlhSkd;wj;jpy ; jhf;fy; nra;a KbahJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G vjph;ghuhr; nryT epjpia FbauRj; jiyth; nghWg;gpy; xg;gilj;Js;sJ. mth; ehlhSkd;w ,Wjp xg;Gjiy vjph;Nehf;fp mtrukhf Vw;gLk; nrytpdq;fSf;F ,j;njhFg;gpypUe;J Kd; gzk; toq;Fthh;. FbauRj; jiyth; epjp Mizaj;ij epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;Wss; hh;. 4. Judicial Powers/ ePjp njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; The President has the power to grant pardon, reprieve or remission of punishment. He has the right to seek advice of the Supreme Court on a matter involving constitution and law. Fw;wthspfis kd;dpf;fNth> jz;lidia epWj;jpitf;fNth> Fiwf;fNth FbauRj; jiytUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L. murpayikg;G Fwpj;Jk;> rl;lq;fs; Fwpj;Jk;> re;NjfNkh> rpf;fNyh Vw;gl;lhy; FbauRj; jiyth ; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; MNyhridiaf; Nfl;fyhk;. 5. Emergency Powers/ neUf;fb epiy njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; The President of India is vested with emergency powers. They are as follows:- (a) Emergency due to war or external aggression or armed rebellion (Article: 352) (b) Emergency due to failure of constitutional machinery in States (Article: 356) (c) Financial emergency. (Article: 360) neUf;fb epiy njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; FbauRj; jiythplk; xg;gilf;fg;l;Ls;sd. mth; fPo;fhZk; Neuq;fspy; neUf;fb epiyia mwptpf;fyhk;. m. Nghh; my;yJ may;ehl;L Mff; pukpg;G my;yJ MAjk; jhq;fpNahhpd; fpshr; r; p Mfpa Neuq;fspy; neUf;fb epiyia mwptpff; yhk;. (mq;fk;: 352) M. khepyq;fspy; murpayikg;G ,aq;FKiw nrayw;Wg; NghFk; epiyapy; neUf;fb epiyia mwptpf;fyhk;. (mq;fk;: 356) ,. epjpepiy neUf;fb Vw;gLk; NghJk; neUf;fb epiy mwptpf;fyhk;. (mq;fk;: 360) VICE PRESIDENT OF INDIA/ ,e;jpaj; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. In the event of the occurrence of any vacancy in the office of the President by reason of his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise, the Vice-President acts as the President until the date on which a new President takes charge. When the President is unable to discharge his functions owing to absence, illness or any other cause, the Vice-President shall discharge his functions until the date on which the President resumes his duties. ,e;jpaj; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; jkJ gjtpapd; topahf khepyq;fs; mitapd; jiytuhg; nghWg;Ngw;ghh;. FbauRj; jiyth; gjtp> mtuJ kuzj;jhNyh> gjtp tpyfyhNyh> gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;ljhNyh fhypaplkhFkhdhy; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; FbauRj; jiytuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;W Gjpa FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; tiu gjtp tfpg;ghh.; kw;Wk;> FbauRj; jiyth; Neha; my;yJ gpw fhuzj;jhNyh jk;Kila gzpia Mw;w ,ayhj NghJ Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; nghWg;Ngw;W> FbauRj; jiyth; kPz;Lk; flikfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tiu mg;nghWg;Gfis Vw;ghh;. Qualifications of the Vice-President/ ,e;jpaj; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; jFjpfs; 1. He should be a citizen of India 2. He must have completed the age of 35 years 3. He should possess the qualifications to become the member of the Rajya Sabha. 4. He should not hold any office of profit under the government. a. mth; ,e;jpahtpd; Fbkfdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Page 21 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 b. mth; 35 taJ Kbe;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. c. khepyq;fs; mitapd; cWg;gpdUf;Fhpa jFjpfisg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. d. murhq;fj;jpy; Cjpak; ngWk; gjtpapy; ,Uj;jyhfhJ. Election of the Vice – President/ ,e;jpaj; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;jy; The Vice - President of India is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament. Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; ehlhSkd;w ,U mitfspy; mq;fj;jpdh;fisf; nfhz;l thf;fhsh; Fohk; %ykhf> tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt mbg;gilapy; xw;iw khw;W thf;fpd; %ykhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;. Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth; Njh;e;njLf;f ,ufrpa thf;fspg;GKiw gpdg; w;wg;gLfpwJ. Term of Office of Vice-President/ ,e;jpaj; Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth; gjtpf;fhyk; The Vice - President of India is elected for a period of five years. He is eligible for re-election. The Vice-President may resign before the expiry of his term. Parliament can remove him from office. At least fourteen days’ notice is necessary for this purpose. If Rajya Sabha passes a resolution for removal of Vice-President by a majority of its total membership and if Lok Sabha also agrees to it, the Vice-President shall be removed from office. As the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, the Vice-President presides over the meetings of the House. As the Presiding Officer, the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha is the unchallenged guardian of the prestige and dignity of the House. He is also the principle spokesman of the House and represents the collective voice to the outside world. He ensures that the proceedings of the House are conducted in accordance with the relevant constitutional provisions, roles, practices and conventions and that decorum is maintained in the House. The Office of the Vice-President is one of the unique features of the constitution of India. It has no exact parallel in the countries of other democratic constitutions of the world. Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth ; Ie;jhz;L fhyj;jpw;Fg; gjtp tfpg;ghh;. kPz;Lk; me;jg; gjtpfF; Njh;e;njLf;fg;ngWtjw;F jFjpAilath; Mthh;. Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth; Ie;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpw;Fs; jk; gjtpia tpl;L tpyfpf; nfhs;syhk;. Jizf; FbauRj; jiyth;> khepyq;fs; mitapd; midj;J cWg;gpdh;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; jPh;khdk;> kf;fs ; mitahYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sgLNkahdhy; gjtpapypUe;J mth; mfw;wg;gLthh;. Mdhy; gjpdhdF; ehlf; Sf;Ff; Fiwahky; Kdd; wptpg;Gf; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. PRIME MINISTER/ gpujk mikr;rh; The Prime Minister is the Head of the Government. He is the real executive. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President. The President invites the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha to become the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister of India is 1. Leader of the majority party 2. Leader of the Cabinet 3. Leader of the Parliament 4. Link between the President and Council of Ministers 5. Link between the President and Parliament 6. The Chief Spokesman of the Nation 7. Responsible for running the administration of the country 8. Responsible for conduct of international relations. Page 22 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 The Prime Minister is described as the ‘Keystone of the Cabinet Arch’ and ‘first among equals’. Professor Harold J. Laski called him ‘The pivot of the whole system of Government’. Sir Ivor Jennings described him as ‘The Sun around which the planets revolve’. gpujk mikr;rh;jhd; murhq;f;jpd; jiyth;. mth;jhd; epUthfj; Jiwapd; jiytUkhthh;. mth; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;whh.; FbauRj; jiyth; kf;fs; mitapy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd fl;rpapd; jiytiu mioj;J gpujkuhf epakpj;J mikr;ruitia mikf;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;thh.; gpujk mikr;rh; 1. ngUk;ghd;ikf; fl;rpapd ; jiyth; 2. fhgpndl;bd; jiyth; 3. ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; jiyth; 4. FbauRj; jiytUf;Fk;> mikr;ruitf;Fk; ,izg;G ghykhfj; jpfo;gth;. 5. FbauRj; jiytUf;Fk;> ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; ,izg;Gg; ghykhfj; jpfo;gth;. 6. ehl;bd; Kjd;ikahd gpujpepjpahf jpfo;gth;. 7. ehl;bd; eph;thfj;ij elj;jp nfhLf;Fk; nghWg;Gilath.; 8. gdd; hl;L cwit elj;Jtjpy; nghWg;G cilath;. gpujk mikr;rh; “mikr;rf tistpy; mbg;gilf;fy;” vd;Wk; “rkkhdth;fspy; Kjyhdth;” vd;Wk; tpthpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. “murhq;f KOik mikg;gpw;Fk; gpujk mikr;rh; Xh; mr;rhzp” vd;W Nguhrphpah; n`uhy;l; yh];fp Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. “gpujkh ; xU QhapW Nghd;wth; vd;Wk; mQ;Qhapiw kw;w fpufq;fs; vq;qdk; Rw;wp tUfpd;wdNth mq;qdNk Vida mikr;rh;fs; midtUk; gpujkiur; Rw;wp Roy;fpd;wdh;” vd;W rh; Ith ; n[d;dpq;]; vd;w murpay; mwpQh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. Features of Cabinet/ fhgpndl;bd; mk;rq;fs; In the parliamentary government, the cabinet is described as the committee of parliament. The cabinet brings together the executive and legislative branches. Bagehot defines cabinet as a hyphen that joins, the buckle that binds the executive and legislative departments together. The features of cabinet are as follows:- 1. Cabinet real executive 2. Real executive drawn from parliament 3. Link between the real executive and the legislature 4. Leadership of the Prime Minister 5. Political homogeneity 6. Cabinet responsible to the legislature 7. Executive subordinate to the legislature 8. Party government 9. Ministerial individual and collective responsibility 10. Opposition party 11. Cabinet secrecy. ehlhSkd;w murhq;f Kiwapy; fhgpndl; vd;gJ ehlhSkd;wf; FO vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fhgpndl; nrayhl;rpf; FOitAk;> rl;lkd;wj;ijAk; Nrh;j;J itf;fpwJ. fhgpndl; nrayhl;rpf; FOitAk;> rl;lkd;wj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; xU rq;fpyp Nghdw; J vd;W thy;lh ; Ng[hl; vd;gth; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. Fhtpndl;bd; mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW: 1. fhgpndl;jhd ; cz;ikahd nrayhl;rpf;FO 2. cz;ikahd nrayhl;rpf;FO ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ. 3. cz;ikahd nrayhl;rpf; FOitAk; rl;lkd;wj;ijAk; ,izf;fpd;wJ. 4. gpujk mikr;rh; fhgpndl;bw;F jiyik jhq;Ffpwhh;. 5. murpaypy; xj;j jd;ik ngw;wJ. 6. fhgpndl; rl;lkd;wj;Jf;F nghWg;GilaJ. Page 23 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 7. nrayhl;rpfF; O rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F fPo;g;gl;lJ. 8. flr; p murhq;fk; nray;gLfpdw; J. 9. mikrr; h;fs ; jdpj;jdpahfTk; kw;Wk; $l;Lg; nghWg;Gilathf; s;. 10. vjph;ff; l;rp nray;gLfpd;wJ. 11. fhgpndl; ,ufrpak; fhf;fg;gLfpdw; J. Functions of Cabinet/ fhgpndl;bd; gzpfs;: 1. Policy Determining Function/ nfhs;if KbntLf;Fk; gzpfs; The Cabinet is a deliberative and policy formulating body. It discusses and decides all sorts of national and international problems confronting the country. fhgpndl; tpthjq;fspy; 2. Supreme Control of the National Executive/ kpf cah;e;j Njrpa nrayhl;rpf;FO The Cabinet is the supreme national executive. It superintends, supervises and directs the work of the civil servants of all over the Union. fhgpndl; kpf cah;;e;j Njrpa nrayhl;rpf;FO> ehL KOtJk; gzpahw;Wk; muR Copah;fspd; gzpia fz;fhzpj;J> Nkw;ghh;itapl;L top elj;Jk;. 3. The Cabinet as a Co-ordinate/xUq;fpizf;Fk; epWtdkhf fhgpndl; The function of the Cabinet is to co-ordinate and guides the functions of the several ministers or Departments of Government. fhgpndl; gy mikrr; h;fisAk; my;yJ murhq;f ,yhfhff; isAk;> mtw;wpd ; gzpfisAk; xUKfg;gLj;jp topelj;jpr; nry;Yk;. 4. Control over Finance/epjpapd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghL The Cabinet is responsible for the whole expenditure of the State and for raising necessary revenues to meet it. ehl;bd; vy;yh tifahd nrytpdq;fSf;Fk; tUtha; 5. Control over Appointments/ gjtpfspy; mkh;j;Jjy; nghWg;G Appointments do not normally come before the Cabinet for discussion. But all major appointments as those of Governors, Ambassadors and other appointments to key positions must be mentioned in the Cabinet before they are made public. nghJthf gjtpapy; mkh;j;Jk; gzp fhgpndl; tpthjj;jpw;Fs; tuhJ. Mdhy; rpy cah;gjtpfshd MSeh;fs>; J}jh;fs; Nghd;w Kff; paj;Jtk; tha;e;j gjtpfis epug;Gk; NghJ fhgpndl;by; mJ Fwpj;J tpthjpj;J KbT vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. COUNCIL OF MINISTERS/ mikr;ruit There are two categories of members in the Council of Ministers. They are Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State. The Cabinet is comparatively a smaller body and the most powerful organ of the government. The Cabinet Ministers are in charge of important portfolios and form the inner circle of the Council of Ministers. They attend the meetings of the Cabinet and take the major policy decisions. Ministers of State come next to the Cabinet Ministers. There are some ministers of State who hold independent charge of the department and others assist the Cabinet Ministers. Ministers of State cannot attend the Cabinet meetings except when invited are items of business pertaining to their departments are discussed in the meetings. Page 24 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 gpujk mikr;ruJ jiyikapyhd xU mikr;ruitf;F ,e;jpa murpayikg;G tif nra;fpwJ. mJ FbauRj; jiytUf;F mtUila gzpia Mw;Wtjpy ; Jiz Ghpe;J MNyhridiaf; $Wk;. mikr;rh;fs>; kf;fs; mitf;F jdpj;jdpahfTk;> $l;lhfTk; nghWg;Gilathf; s;. rhjhuzkhf> mikr;rh;fs; ,uzL; tifahfg; gphpff; g;gLfpwhhf; s;. 1. fhgpndl; mikr;rh;fs; 2. khepy mikrr; h;fs; fhgpndl; vd;gJ rpwpa FOthapDk; mJ murhq;fj;jpy; mjpfhuk; kpf;f cWg;ghFk;. kpf Kff; pakhd Jiwfs; fhgpndl; mikr;rh;fs; nghWg;gpy; xg;gilf;fg;gLk;. mikr;ruitapy; xU “clF; O” thfr; nray;gLfpd;wJ. fhgpndl; mikrr; h;fs; fhgpndl ; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhz;L Kf;fpa nfhs;if KbTfis vLg;ghhf; s;. khepy mikr;rhf; s; mLj;j epiy tfpg;ghh;fs;. khepy mikr;rh;fspy; rpyh; rpy Jiwfspy; jdpj;Jg; nghWg;G tfpf;fpwhh;fs;. nghJthf> mth;fs;> fhgpndl; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;s KbahJ. ,Ug;gpDk; mth;fs; nghWg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; Jiw gw;wpa tpthjk;> ghprPyid eilngWk; NghJ $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;s miof;fg;gLthh;fs.; The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO)/gpujk mikr;rhpd; mYtyfk; mYtyf« The PMO provides secretarial assistance to the Prime Minister. It is headed by the Principal Secretary to Prime Minister. The PMO includes the anti-corruption unit and the public wing dealing with grievances. gpujk mikr;rhpd; mYtyfk; xU jiyik nrayhshpd; fPo; ,aq;FfpwJ. ,t;tYtyfk; gpujk mikr;rUfF; mYtyf njhlhG; ila gzpfs; rk;ge;jkhd gzpfis ,aq;FfpwJ. ,t;tYtyfk; gpujk mikr;rUf;F mYtyf njhlh;Gila gzpfs; rk;ge;jkhd gzpfis Nkw;nfhzL; gpujkUf;F cjtpahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tYtyfj;jpy; Coy; xopg;G gphpT kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; Fiwfs; jPh;f;Fk; gphpT MfpaitAk; nray;gLfpd;wd. The subject-matter of files required to be submitted to the Prime Minister depends on whether he is holding direct charge of the Ministry or whether there is a Cabinet Minister or Minister of State (Independent Charge) in charge of the Ministry. gpujk mikr;rhpd; ghh;itf;F mDg;gg;gLk; gjpNtLfs; vit vit vd;gJ gpujk mikr;rhpd; Neh; ghh;itapYs;s my;yJ fhgpndl; mikrr; h; xUthpd; Nkw;ghh;itapYs;s my;yJ mikr;rfj;NjhL (fhgpndl;) ,izf;fg;glhj jdp mikr;rh ; xUthpd; Nkw;ghh;itapYs;s nghUs ; gw;wpajh vd;gij nghUj;jpUf;fpwJ. In the case of the latter, most matters are dealt with by the Cabinet Minister / Minister of State- in-charge.only important policy issues, which the Minister concerned feels should be submitted to the Prime Minister for orders or information, are received in the PMO. mjhtJ gpujk mikr;rhpd; ghh;itf;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl Ntz;ba nghUs;fs; gw;wpa gjpNtLfs; ahh; Nkw;ghhi; tapd; fPo; ,Ue;jhYk; mtw;iw gpujk mikr;rhpd ; ghh;itf;F itf;fg;gLfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd mYty;fs; mikr;rf me;j];J cila mikr;ruhNyh jdp mikr;ruhf cs;stuhNyh igry; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. In cases where the Prime Minister is the Minister-in-charge, matters requiring Ministerial approval not delegated to the Minister of State / Deputy Minister, if any, are submitted for orders. The Prime Minister has traditionally been the Minister-in-charge of the Departments of Space, Atomic Energy, and Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pension. kpfKf;fpakhd Fwpg;ghf nfhs;iffs; rk;ke;jg;gll; my;yJ jPh;f;fKbahj gpur;ridfs; ,Ug;gpd ; mit klL; Nk gpujk mikr;rhpd; ftdj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;L mij gw;wp mth; KbT vLg;gjw;F Njitahd eltbf;iffis gpujkh; mYtyfk; Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. ,ju mikr;rh;fSfF; xJf;fg;glhj Jiwrhh;e;j nghUs;fs; gw;wpa KbTfSf;F gjpNtLfs; gpujk mikrr; Uf;F mDg;gg;gLfpdw; d. cjhuzkhf gpujk mikr;rh; tof;fhW Page 25 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 mbg;gilapy; thd; ntsp> mZrf;jp> muR mYtyh;> nghJ kf;fs; Fiw jPhj; ;jy; kw;Wk; Xa;T Cjpak; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Jiwfis jd ; Nkw;ghh;itapd; fPo; itj;J nfhs;tJ eilKiwapypUf;fpwJ. Since the Prime Minister is Chairman of the planning Commission, relevant files are forwarded to the PMO for his comments and clearance. gpujk mikr;rh; jpl;lfF; O jiytuhfTk; ,Uf;fpwhh;. vdNt ,j;Jiwfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gjpNtLfs; mtUila KbTf;F mDg;ggLfpdw; d. Some of the important matters that require the Prime Minister’s personal attention include the following: Nkw;$wg;gl;lit my;yhky; ,ju gy mYty;fisAk; gpujkh; ftdpff; Ntz;b ,Uf;fpwJ. mit gpd;tUkhW> (a) Important defence-related issues; (b) All important policy issues; (c) All important decisions relating to the Cabinet Secretariat; (d) Appointments to State Administrative Tribunals and the Central Administrative Tribunal, UPSC, Election Commission, Appointment of members of statutory/ constitutional Committees, commissions attached to various Ministries; (e) All policy matters relating to the administration of the Civil Services and administrative reforms; m. ghJfhg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk; epfo;Tfs;. M. Kff; pakhd tp~aq;fspy; vLff; g;gl Ntz;ba nfhs;if KbTfs;. ,. mikr;rf nrayhpd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l KbTfs;. <. Ml;rpj;Jiw gpur;ridfs; jPhj; ;J itf;Fk; jPh;g;ghak;> kj;jpa gzpahsh; Njh;thizak;> Njh;jy; Mizak;> rl;lg;gb mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdh; epakdk;> kw;Wk; ,ju mikr;rfq;fNshL njhlhG; ila FOf;fSf;F cWg;gpdh;fs; epakdk;. c. eph;thf rPh;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; rPhpay; gzpfs; njhlh;Gila nfhs;iffis KbT nra;jy;. SPEAKER/ kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyq;fsit – jiyth;> Jizj;jiyth; The constitution provides for a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker for the Lok Sabha and a Chairman and a Deputy Chairman for the Rajya Sabha. The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are chosen by the Lok Sabha from among its members. In the absence of the Speaker in the House, the Deputy Speaker discharges the functions of the Speaker. Generally speaking, the position of the Speaker in India more or less corresponds to that of the Speaker of the House of Commons. His office is one of prestige and authority. He is the head of Lok Sabha. The smooth and orderly conduct of the business of the House is primarily his responsibility. Within the House and in all matters connected with the House, his word is final. He does not vote in the House except when there is an equality of votes. Whenever, in the event of final disagreement between the Houses on a legislative measure a joint sitting is called, he presides over such a joint sitting and all the rules of procedure in such a sitting operate under his directions and orders. The Speaker or Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha vacates his office if he ceases to be a member of the House, he can resign by writing to the Deputy Speaker/Speaker and he can be removed by a resolution of the House, with 14 days’ notice, passed by a majority of alI the then members of the House. Irrespective of the dissolution of the House, the Speaker, however, continues in office until immediately before the first sitting of the new House. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpdg; b> kf;fsitf;F me;j mitapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Utiu KiwNa mjd; jiytuhfTk;> Jizj;jiytuhfTk; Njh;e;njLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kf;fsitj; jiythpd; Page 26 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 gjtp fhypahf ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> mg;gjtpf;Fhpa flikfis mitj;Jizj; jiyth; Ghpe;J tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; Jizj; jiyth; jk; gjtp topapy; khepyq;fsitj; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh;. khepyq;fsit> me;j mitapd; cWg;gpdh; xUtiu mjd; Jizj;jiytuhf Njh;e;njLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpd ; kf;fsitj; jiyth; gjtp fpl;lj;jl;l fhkd;]; mit jiyth; Nghd;wJ. kf;fs; mitj;jiyth; gjtp mjpfhuKk; nfsutKk; cila xd;whFk;. kf;fsitapd; jiyth; thf;nfLg;gpd; Kbtpy; thf;Ffs; rkdhf mikAk; NghJ kl;Lk; thf;fspg;ghh;. ,jw;F KbT nra;Ak; thf;F vdW; ngah;. ,U mitfSf;fpilNa rl;lkpaw;Wtjw;fhd fUj;J NtWghL Njhd;Wk;NghJ ,U mitfs; $Lk;NghJ> kf;fsitj;jiyth ; jiyik jhq;Fthh;. kf;fsitj; jiyth;> Jizj;jiyth; MfpNahh; gjtptfpf;Fk; cWg;gpdh; kf;fsitapd ; cWg;gpduhf ,Ug;gJ mw;Wg;Ngha;tpbd>; mth; jk; gjtpia tpl;lfYjy; Ntz;Lk;. me;j cWg;gpdh; mitj; jiytuhf ,Ug;gpd>; Jizj;jiytUf;Fk;> me;j cWg;gpdh; Jizj;jiytuhf ,Ug;gpd; mitj;jiytUf;Fk;> jk; ifnahg;gkpl;L vOj;JtopNa njhptpj;J> jk; gjtpia tpl;L tpyfpf; nfhs;syhk;. kf;fsitapd; mg;Nghija midj;J cWg;gpdh;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdh>; me;j mitapy; epiwNtw;wpAk; mfw;wg;glyhk;. mj;jPh;khdj;ij Kd;nkhopatpUf;Fk; fUj;jpidj; njhptpj;Jg; gjpdhd;F ehl;fSf;Ff ; Fiwahky; Kd;dwptpg;Gf; nfhLj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kf;fsit fiyf;fg;gl;l gpdG; > mLj;j kf;fsitapd; Kjy; $l;lk; njhlq;Fk; tiuapy;> mitj;jiyth; jk; gjtpia tpl;L mfy Ntz;bajpy;iy. Parliament - Rajya Sabha/ ehlhSkd;wk; - khepyq;fs; mit It consists of not more than 250 members. Out of these, 12 are nominated by the President for their special knowledge or practical experience in the fields of literature, science, art and social service. The remaining 238 seats are allocated to various States and Union Territories. The number of seats allocated varies from State to State in proportion to their population. Elections to the Rajya Sabha are indirect. Members representing states are elected by elected members of legislative assemblies of the states in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote and those representing Union Territories are chosen in such a manner as Parliament may by law prescribe. The Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution. Its members are elected for a period of 6 years and one third of its members retire on expiry of every second year. ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk;> ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytiuAk; khepyq;fs; mit> kf;fs ; mit> kf;fs; mit vdg;gLk; ,uz;L mitfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. khepyq;fs; mit 250f;F kpfhj cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; gd;dUtiu (12)> ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay;> fiy kw;Wk; r%f Nrit ,tw;wpy; rpwe;j mwpTk; my;yJ mDgtKk; nfhz;lth;fis FbauRj; jiyth; cWg;gpdh;fshf epakpg;ghh;. kPjKs;s 238 cWg;gpdh;fs; ntt;NtW khepyq;fspypUe;Jk; a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; cs;gl me;je;j khepyq;fspd ; kf;fs ; njhiff;F Vw;g Njhe; ;njLf;fg;gLthh;fs;. khepyq;fs; mitf;fhd Njh;jy; kiwKfkhdJ. khepyq;fspd; rhh;ghf cWg;gpdh;fs; khepyq;fspy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l rl;lkd;w Nguit cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;fs;. ,th;fs; tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wp xw;iw khw;W thf;fspg;G %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthhf; s;. ,th;fs ; tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wp xw;iw khw;W thf;fspg;G %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;fs;. a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; rhh;ghf cWg;gpdh;fs; ehlhSkd;wk; mt;tg;NghJ tpjpf;Fk; tpjpfspd;gb Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;fs;. khepyq;fs; mit fiyg;gpw;F cs;shtjpy;iy. %dw; py; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; ,uz;lhz;LfSf;F xU Kiw tpyf> fhypahd ,lq;fSf;F kPz;Lk; Njh;jy; eilngWk;. Mf ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fs; MW Mz;L fhyk; gjtp tfpg;ghh;fs;. The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. In addition, the House elects a Deputy Chairman from among its members. The Deputy Chairman presides over the meeting of the House in the absence of the Vice- President. ,e;jpa Jizf;FbauRj; jiyth; jd;Dila gjtpapd; mbg;gilapy; khepyq;fs; mitapd; jiytuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;ghh;. NkYk; xU Jizj;jiyth; me;j mit cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;. Jizf;FbauR jiyth; ,y;yhj fhyq;fspy; Jizj;jiyth; khepyq;fs; mitf;F jiyik jhq;Fthh;. Page 27 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Parliament-Lok Sabha/ ehlhSk‹w«- k¡fŸ mit According to the constitution, the strength of Lok Sabha should not be more than 552 members - 530 members to represent States, 20 to represent Union Territories and not more than 2 members of Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the President, if in his opinion, that community is not adequately represented in the House. The number of members of each State to be elected is determined on the basis of the population. At present, the Lok Sabha consists of 545 members. kf;fs; mit 552f;F kpfhj cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;lJ. 530 cWg;gpdh;fs; khepyq;fspypUe;Jk;>20 cWg;gpdh;fs; a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspypUe;Jk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;fs; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa r%fj;jpdUf;F kf;fs; mitapy; NghJkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fpilf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W FbauRj; jiyth; fUJthuhapd; mth; mr;r%fj;jpdhpy; ,Utiu cWg;gpdh;fshf epakpg;ghh;. khepyq;fspd; kf;fs; njhiff;F ,zq;f cWg;gpdh;fs; fzf;fplg;glL; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;fs.; jw;NghJ kf;fs; mit 545 cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Term of the Lok Sabha, unless dissolved is five years. However while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at a time and not exceeding, in any case, beyond a period of six months after the Proclamation has ceased to operate. ,ilapy; fiyf;fg;gltpy;iynadpy;> kf;fs; mitapd ; gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J Mz;L fhyk; MFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> neUf;fb epiyik gpufldg;gLj;Jk; fhyq;fspy; kf;fs; mitapd; fhyj;ij Xh; Mz;Lf;F Nkw;glhkYk; neUf;fb epiyia KbTf;F nfhz;L te;j gpwF MW khjj;jpw;F Nkw;glhkYk; rl;lj;jpdhy; ePlb; f;fyhk;. The Presiding Officer of the Lok Sabha is the Speaker. He is elected by the House at its first meeting from among its own members. In addition, the House also elects a Deputy Speaker who discharges the duties of the Speaker during his absence or leave. kf;fs; mitapd; jiyth; ehlhSkd;w Kjy; $l;lj;jpy; mit cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthh;. kw;Wk; mit> xU Jizj;jiytiuAk; Njh;e;njLf;Fk;. jiyth ; ,y;yhj fhyq;fspy; mitj; jiytuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;Wj; Jizj;jiyth; mitia elj;jpf; nfhLg;ghh;. In order to be chosen as a Member of Parliament, a person must be a citizen of India and not less than 30 years of age in case of the Rajya Sabha and not less than 25 years of age in case of the Lok Sabha. Additional qualifications may be prescribed by Parliament by law. A person can become a member of the Lok Sabha from any of the constituencies in the country. For the membership of the Rajya Sabha. He should be a registered voter in the State he represents. ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpduhtjw;F xUth; ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. khepyq;fs; mitapd ; cWg;gpdh;fs; Kgg; J taJf;Ff; FiwahkYk;> kf;fs; mit cWg;gpdh;fs; ,Ugj;ije;J taJf;F FiwahkYk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. $Ljy; jFjpfs; mt;tg;NghJ ehlhSkd;wj;jpdhy; rl;lj;jpd ; %yk; mwptpf;fg;gLk;. kf;fs; mitf;Fhpa cWg;gpdh; ehl;bd ; ve;jj; njhFjpapypUe;Jk; Nghl;baplL; Njh;e;njLf;fg;glyhk;. khepyq;fs; mitapd; mq;fj;jpduhtjw;F xUth; ve;j khepyj;jpw;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhNuh me;j khepyj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsuhf ,Uj;jy; NtzL; k;. Sessions of Parliament/ ehlhSkd;wf; $l;lj;njhlh;fs; According to the constitution, the Parliament has at least two sessions every year. The President summons the Parliament in a manner that the time gap between Iwo sessions is not more than six months. In practice, the Parliament normally meets three times a year. These sessions are called: Page 28 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 (a) budget Session which is normally summoned in February (b) Monsoon Session which ordinarily meets in July and (c) Winter Session, which commences in November. In the First session of the year i.e. Budget Session, the President addresses both the Houses of Parliament assembled together. In this session besides other work, the Railway Budget and the General Budget are also discussed and adopted. murpayikg;gpd;gb ehlhSkd;wk; xU Mz;by; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L Kiw $l;lg;gl NtzL; k;. ,uz;L $l;lq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; MW khjq;fSf;F kpfhky; ,ilntsp ,Uf;Fk; tifapy; FbauRj; jiyth; ehlhSkd;w $l;lj;ijf; $l;l MizapLthh;. eilKiwapy; ehlhSkd;wk; Mz;bw;F %d;W Kiw $l;lg;gLfpwJ. 1. tuT – nryT mwpf;if $l;lj;njhlh ; - nghJthf gpg;uthp khjj;jpy; $Lk;. 2. gUtfhyf; $l;lj;njhlh ; - nghJthf [Piy khjj;jpy; $Lk;. 3. Fsphf; hyf; $l;lj;njhlh ; - nghJthf etk;gh; khjj;jpy; njhlq;fp eilngWk;. Kjy; $l;lj;njhlhpy; mjhtJ tuT – nryT mwpf;if (gl;n[l;) $l;lj;njhlhpy;> ehlhSkd;w ,U mitfisAk; $l;b> FbauRj; jiyth; ciu epfo;j;Jthh;. ,e;j $l;lj; njhlhpNyNa> ,uapy;Nt tuT – nryT kw;Wk; nghJ tuT – nryT kPJ tpthjk; elj;jp mit Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. Functions of Parliament/ ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; gzpfs; Parliament of India has the functions of /ehlhSkd;wk; gyjug;gl;l gzpfs; Ghpe;JtUfpwJ. 1. Legislation/ rl;lk; ,aw;Wjy; 2. Overseeing of administration/ epUthf Nkw;ghh;it. 3. Passing of budget/ tuT – nryT mwpf;if epiwNtw;Wjy;. 4. Ventilation of public grievances/ nghJkf;fspd; Fiwfis Nghf;Fjy;. 5. Discussion of various subjects like development plans. /Kd;Ndw;w jpl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;. 6. International relations and national policies. /gd;dhl;L cwTfisg; guhkhpj;jy; Nghd;w gzpfis Mw;wp tUfpwJ. Distribution of powers between the Union and States, followed in the constitution, emphasizes in many ways general predominance of Parliament in legislative field Apart from wide-range of subjects even in normal times Parliament can, under certain circumstances, assume legislative power, a subject falling within the sphere exclusively reserved for the States. Parliament is also vested with powers to impeach President and to remove judges of Supreme Court and High Court. Chief Election Commissioner and Comptroller and Auditor-General in accordance with the procedure laid down in the constitution. murpayikg;gpd;gb mjpfhug; gphptpid mbgg; ilapy; rl;lq;fs; ,aw;Wtjpy; ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;Nf mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy #o;epiyfspy; khepyq;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpYk; ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lk; ,aw;wf;$Lk;. FbauRj; jiyth; kPjhd Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis tprhuiz nra;tjw;Fk;> crr; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfisAk;> cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfisAk; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;aTk;> jiyik Njh;jy; MizaiuAk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpaf; fzff; ha;th ; - jiyikj; jzpf;ifah; MfpNahiu murpayikg;gpd; tiuaWf;fg;gll; topKiwg;gb gjtp ePf;fk; nra;aTk; ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. All legislations require consent of both Houses of Parliament In case of money bills; however the will of the Lok Sabha prevails. Money Bills can be delayed by the Rajya Sabha only for 14 days. Delegated legislation is also subject to review and control by Parliament. Besides power to legislate, the constitution vests in Parliament power to initiate amendment of the constitution. Article 368 deals with the power Of the Parliament amend the constitution and the procedure there of. Page 29 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 rl;lkpaw;w ehlhSkd;w ,U mitfspd ; xg;Gjiyg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> epjp kNrhjhitg; nghWj;jtiu kf;fs; mitapd ; xg;GjNy KbthdJ. epjp kNrhjhf;fs;> khepy mitapdhy; 14 ehl;fs; kl;LNk jhkjg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. jug;ngWk; rl;lk; nra;Ak; chpik ehlhSkd;w Gduha;Tf;Fk; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fk; cl;gl;lJ. rl;lq;fs; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fNshL ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; nfhzL; tUk; mjpfhuKk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. The Parliament exercises control over the executive through asking questions and supplementary questions, moving motions of adjournment, discussing and passing resolutions, discussing and passing censure motion or vote of no-confidence. ehlhSkd;wk; nrayhl;rpf;FOtpd; kPJ Nfs;tpfs;> Jizf;Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;gjd; %ykhfTk;> xj;jpitg;Gj; jPh;khdk; %ykhfTk;> jPh;khdq;fis tpthjpj;J mtw;iw epiwNtw;Wtjd; %ykhfTk;> fz;ldj; jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;Wtjd; %ykhfTk; my;yJ ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPh;khdk; nfhz;L tUtjd; %ykhfTk; fl;Lg;ghlb; id nrYj;jyhk;. Functions of Parliament are not only varied in nature, but considerable in volume. Time at its disposal is limited. It can therefore, give close consideration to all legislative and other matters that come up before it. A good deal of business is, therefore, transacted in Committees. ehlhSkd;wj;jpd ; gzpfs; gy jd;ik nfhz;lit kl;Lky;y> kpFjpahditAk; $l> mjdhy; xt;nthU rl;lj;jpw;Fk; mjpf Neuk; xJf;fNth> $h;ikahff; ftdk; nrYj;jNth Kbtjpy;iy. mt;thNw gpwgzpfSf;Fk; Nghjpa ftdk; nrYj;j Kbtjpy;iy. vdNt kNrhjhf;fs; ghprPyidf;fhf ehlhSkd;w FOf;fSf;F mDg;gg;gLfpd;wd. Difference between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha/ kf;fsit> khepyq;fs; mit – NtWghL: 1. Members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people (eligible voters). Members of Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of Slate Legislative Assemblies in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote. kf;fsit cWg;gpdh;fs; Neubahf kf;fs; %yk; (taJte;Njhh; thfF; hpik) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl khepyq;fs; mit cWg;gpdhf; s; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. (tpfpjhurgpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwiag;gpdg; w;wp xw;iw khw;W thf;fspg;G %yk;) 2. The normal life of every Lok Sabha is 5 years only while Rajya Sabha is a permanent body. kf;fs; mitapd ; gjtpf;fhyk; 5 Mz;LfshFk; khepyq;fs; mit fiyg;gpw;F cs;shtjpy;iy. 3. Lok Sabha is the House to which the Council of Ministers is responsible under the constitution. Money Bills can only be introduced in Lok Sabha. Also it is Lok Sabha which grants the money for running the administration of the country. mikr;ruit kf;fs; mitf;F nghWg;Gilajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. epjp kNrhjhf;fs; kf;fs; mitapy; jhd mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ehl;bd; epUthfj;ij elj;Jtjw;F Njitahd epjpia kf;fs; mit jhd; toq;FfpwJ. 4. Rajya Sabha has special powers to declare that it is necessary and expedient in the national interest that Parliament may make laws with respect to a matter in the State List or to create by law one or more all India services common to the Union and the States. A+dpad; murhq;fq;fSf;Fk; khepyq;fSf;Fk; nghJthd xdW; my;yJ mjw;F xNu midj;jpe;jpa gzpfis cUthfF; tJ ehl;bd ; eyDf;Fj; NjitahdJ my;yJ cfe;jJ cd khepyq;fs; mit fUJkhdhy; ehlhSkd;wk; rl;lj;jpdhy; mt;thNw nraa; yhk;. Page 30 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 SUPREME COURT/ cr;rePjpkd;wk; For the entire republic of India, there is one unified judicial system one hierarchy of courts with the Supreme Court as the highest or the Apex Court and as the only arbiter in nature of relations between the union and the states. xl;Lnkhj;j ,e;jpa Fbaurpw;Fk;> xU xUq;fpize;j ePjp mikg;G cs;sJ. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;Jld; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; my;yJ cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fj;jpw;Fk; khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwTfspd; ,ay;gpy; xNu eLth;. The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice and 25 Other Judges. The Chief Justice and the Judges are appointed by the President in consultation with such of the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts in the States. ,e;jpa crr; ePjpkd;wk; xU jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; kw;Wk; ,Ugj;ije;J ePjpgjpfisAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. jiyik ePjpgjpAk; kw;w ePjpgjpfSk; FbauRj; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLthhf; s;. ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk;NghJ FbauRj; jiyth; cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpd; jiyik ePjpgjpia fye;J MNyhrpj;J KbntLg;ghh;. According to the constitution a person is eligible for appointment as Judge of the Supreme Court only if / murpayikg;gpd;gb cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpf;F gpdt; Uk; jFjpfs; mtrpankd fUjg;gLfpwJ. 1. He is a citizen of India / mth; ,e;jpahtpd; Fbkfdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 2. He has been for at least five years a Judge of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession, or Xh; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpNyh ,uz;L my;yJ mtw;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l ePjpkd;wq;fspNyh njhlh;e;J Ie;jhzL; fSfF; Fiwahky; ePjpgjpahf ,Ue;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ He has been for at least ten years an advocate of a High Court or of two or more such Courts in succession or Xh; cahe; Pjpkd;wj;jpNyh> ,uz;L my;yJ mtw;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l ePjpkd;wq;fspNyh Fiwe;jJ gj;jhzL; fs; toff; wpQuhf ,Ue;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ. 4. He is, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist. The judges of the Supreme Court hold office until they attain the age of 65 years. FbauRj; jiyth; fUj;jpd;gb jdpr;rpwg;G tha;;e;j rl;ltpay; epGzuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfs; mWgj;ije;J taJ epiwT ngWk;tiu gjtp tfpg;ghhf; s;. The Supreme Court has its permanent seat in Delhi. However, the court can sit at such other place or places which may be decided by the Chief Justice of India with the approval of the President of India. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyik ,lk; by;ypapy; cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpgjp ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiythpd; xg;Gjy; ngw;W ePjpkd;wj;ij gpw ,lj;jpNyh my;yJ ,lq;fspNyh jw;fhypf ,Ug;gplkhff; nfhz;L nray;gLj;jyhk;. Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court/ cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;G 1. Original Jurisdiction/1. KjNyw;G mjpfhu tuk;G The constitution of India vests the Supreme Court with original and exclusive jurisdiction in any dispute: ,e;jpa murpayikg;G cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; KjNyw;G mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fl;gl;l tof;Ffis fPo;f;fz;lthW $WfpwJ. (a) Between the Government of India and one or more states, or b) Between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more other States on the other, or (c) Between two or more States. Page 31 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 m. ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;> xU khepyk; my;yJ gy khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa vOk; tof;F> my;yJ. M. xUGwk;> ,e;jpa murhq;fKk; VNjDk; khepyk; my;yJ khepyq;fSk; kWGwk; gpwpnjhU khepyk; my;yJ khepyq;fs; ,tw;wpw;fpilNa vOk; tof;F my;yJ ,. ,uz;L my;yJ mtw;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa vOk; tof;F mbg;gil chpikfs ; nrayhf;FtJ njhlhg; hd tof;Ffs; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; KjNyw;G mjpfhu tuk;Gf;F cl;gl;lit. 2. Appellate jurisdiction/Nky;KiwaPl;L mjpfhu tuk;G The Supreme Court is the final appellate Court in the country. The Supreme Court hears appeals against the judgments of the High Courts of States in both civil and criminal cases. Such a case can be brought before the Supreme Court only if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the constitution. cr;rePjpkd;wk; jhd; ,e;jpahtpNyNa ,Wjpahd Nky; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wkhFk;. khepyq;fspd; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; rptpy; (chpikapay;) kw;Wk; fphpkpdy; (Fw;wtpay;) tof;Ffspd; jPh;g;GfSf;F vjpuhf cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpw;F KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. Fwpg;gpl;l tof;Ffspy; murpayikg;gpd ; nghUs; Fwpj;J njspthd rl;lg; gpur;rpid cs;sJ vd cah;ePjpkd;wk; rhd;W tof;fpdhyd;wp cr;rePjpkd;wk; me;j tof;if Vw;Wf; nfhs;shJ. Even if the certificate is not granted by the High Court, the Supreme Court has the right to grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, decree, determination, sentence or order in any case or matter passed or made by any Court or tribunals in the territory of India. cah;ePjpkd;wk; ,j;jifa rhd;Wfs; toq;ftpy;iy vd;whYk; cr;rePjpkd;wk; ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l ve;j ePjpkd;wk; my;yJ jPh;g;ghaj;jpd; jz;lidf;nfjpuhfTk;> fl;lisf;nfjpuhfTk; jdp mDkjp toq;fyhk;. In the civil cases an appeal can be made to the Supreme Court against the judgment of the High Court. rptpy; tof;F njhlh;ghfTk; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;Gf;F vjpuhf cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Nky; KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. In the criminal cases an appeal against the judgment of final order or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court in the territory of India can be taken to the Supreme Court. Fw;wtay; tof;F njhlh;ghfTk;> ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l ve;j cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd ; ,Wjp cj;juTfn; fjpuhfTk; my;yJ Fw;wtpay; tof;fpy; toq;fg;gl;l jzl; idf;F vjpuhfTk; cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpw;F Nky; KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. 3. Advisory Jurisdiction/MNyhrid mjpfhu tuk;G The constitution confers on the President the power to refer to the Supreme Court any question of law or fact which in his opinion is of public importance. xU tof;F rl;ltpsf;fk; njhlh;ghd my;yJ NtW ve;j mk;rk; Fwpj;Jk; nghJ Kff; paj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ vd;W FbauRj; jiyth; fUjpdhy; mJ njhlh;ghd cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd ; fUj;Jiuiag; ngWtjw;fhf mDg;gyhk;. me;j mjpfhuj;ij murpayikg;G FbauRj; jiytUf;F toq;fpAs;sJ. 4. Writ Jurisdiction/4. ePjpg;Nguhiz mjpfhutuk;G Article 32 is the soul and heart of the constitution, because, it safeguards the rights, liberty and privileges of every citizen of India in terms of writs. As such, the Supreme Court has the writ Jurisdiction. There are five writs, namely. Page 32 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 32y; toq;fg;gLk; chpik kdpjdpd ; ,UjaKk; caph;rf;jpAk; MFk;. ,t;Thpik %yk; jdpkdpjdpd; chpikAk; Rje;jpuKk; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cr;rePjpkd;wk; fPo;f;fzl; ePjpg;Nguhizfs; gpwg;gpg;gjw;F mjpfhuk; cilaJ. 1) Habeas corpus/ Ml;nfhzh;tpg;G ePjpg;Nguhiz 2) Mandamus / nraYWj;J ePjpg;Nguhiz 3) Prohibition / jilAWj;J ePjpg;Nguhiz 4) Certiorari and / newpKiwf;Nfl;G ePjpg;Nguhiz 5) Quo-warranto /jFjptpdT ePjpg;Nguhiz 1. Habeas corpus/ Ml;nfhzh;tpg;G ePjpg;Nguhiz The words Habeas corpus literally means to have body’. A writ of habeas corpus is in the nature of an order calling upon the person who has been detained another to produce the latter before the court, in order to let court know on what ground he has been confined and set him free if there is no legal justification from the imprisonment. This is a very powerful safeguard to the subject against arbitrary acts not only of private individuals but also of the executive. jtwhf xUth ; fhtypy; itf;fg;gll; hy; mtUf;F ePjp toq;Fk; ePjpkd;wk; fhtypy; itj;j mjpfhhpf;Nfh my;yJ murhq;fj;jpw;Nfh Miz toq;fp fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;ltiu ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; nfhzL; tur ; nra;tjhFk;. fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;lJ rhp vd epahag;gLj;j Ntz;baJ fhty; Jiwapd; flik. ,y;iyNay; mtiu tpLjiy nra;a Ntz;Lk;. 2. Mandamus/ nraYWj;J ePjpg;Nguhiz Mandamus literally means a command. It demands some activity on the party of the body or person to whom it is addressed. In short, it commands the person to whom it is addressed. In short, it commands the person to whom it is addressed to perform some public or quasi-public legal duty which he has refused to perform and the performance of which cannot be enforced by any other adequate legal remedy. The writ is also available against the subordinate courts or other judicial bodies when they have refused to exercise their jurisdiction and thus to perform their duty. khzl; k] ; vd;why; xU fl;lis vd;W nghUs;. ,J clypd; fl;rp my;yJ mJ ciuahw;wg;gLk; eghpd; kPJ rpy nray;ghLfisf ; NfhUfpwJ. RUf;fkhf> mJ ahUfF; ciuahw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W fl;lisapLfpwJ. RUf;fkhf> mth; nra;a kWj;j rpy nghJ my;yJ miu-nghJ rl;lf; flikiar; nra;AkhW ciuahw;Wk; egUf;F ,J fl;lisapLfpwJ. NkYk; mjd; nray;jpwid NtW NghJkhd rl;l jPh;Tfshy; nray;gLj;j KbahJ. Jiz ePjpkd;wq;fs; my;yJ gpw ePjpj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; mjpfhu tuk;igg; gad;gLj;j kWj;jNghJ mth;fSf;F vjpuhf ,e;j hpl; fpilf;fpwJ. 3. Prohibition/jilAWj;J ePjpg;Nguhiz This writ is issued by the Supreme Court or High Court to a subordinate court forbidding the latter to continue proceedings therein in excess of its jurisdiction or to usurp a jurisdiction with which it is not legally vested. In other words, the object of the writ is to compel subordinate courts to keep themselves within the limits of their jurisdiction. The writ of prohibition differs from the writ of mandamus in the following ways. ,e;j hpl; cr;rePjpkd;wk; my;yJ cah;ePjpkd;wj;jhy; xU Jiz ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLfpwJ. gpe;ijaJ mjd; mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp mjd; eltbf;iffisj; njhluNth my;yJ rl;lg;g+ht; khf toq;fg;glhj xU mjpfhu tuk;igg ; gad;gLj;jNth jilnra;fpwJ. NtW thh;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> fPo;g;gbe;j ePjpkd;wq;fs; jq;fis jq;fs; mjpfhu tuk;gpw;Fs; itj;jpUf;Fk;gb fl;lhag;gLj;JtNj hpl;bd; Nehf;fk;. jilnra;ag;gl;l vOj;J gpd;tUk; topfspy; khzlk]pd ; vOj;jpypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ. (a) Mandamus commands activity while prohibition commands inactivity, and Page 33 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 (b) Mandamus is available not only against judicial authorities but also against administrative authorities while prohibition as well as certiorari is issued against judicial or quasi judicial authorities. (m) jil fll; isapd; nrayw;w jd;ik> kw;Wk; (M) ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhhpfSf;F vjpuhf klL; ky;yhky; eph;thf mjpfhhpfSf;F vjpuhfTk; khzl; k] ; fpilf;fpwJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhhpfSf;F vjpuhf jil kw;Wk; rhd;wpjo; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. 4. Certiorari/ newpKiwf;Nfl;G ePjpg;Nguhiz Strictly speaking, while prohibition is available at an earlier stage, certiorari is available at a later stage, on similar grounds. The object of both is to secure that the jurisdiction of a subordinate court or tribunal is properly exercised and that it does not usurp the jurisdiction which it does not possess. fz;bgg; hfr; nrhy;tjhdhy;> jil Ke;ija fl;lj;jpy; fpilj;jhYk;> rhd;wpjo; gpe;ija fl;lj;jpy; ,NjNghdw; mbg;gilapy; fpilf;fpwJ. xU Jiz ePjpkd;wk; my;yJ jPh;g;ghaj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;G Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtijAk;> mJ ,y;yhj mjpfhu tuk;ig mJ mgfhpf;fhJ vd;gijAk; ghJfhg;gNj ,Uthpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;. 5. Quo-warranto/ jFjptpdT ePjpg;Nguhiz Quo-warranto is a writ proceeding whereby the court enquires into the legality of the claim which a party asserts to a public office, and to oust him from its enjoyment it the claim be not well founded. The necessary conditions for the issue of a writ of quo-warranto are following. jFjptpdT ePjpg;Nguhiz vd;gJ xU fl;rp xU nghJ mYtyfj;jpw;F typAWj;Jfpd;w chpikNfhuypd ; rl;lg+h;tkhd jd;ikia ePjpkd;wk; tprhhpf;Fk;> NkYk; mjd; ,dg; j;jpypUe;J mtiu ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhd chpikNfhuy; ed;F epWtg;gltpy;iy. jFjp tpdT ePjpg;Nguhizapd; hpl; ntspapLtjw;F Njitahd epge;jidfs; gpdg; w;wg;gLfpd;wd. (a) The office must be public and it must be created by a statute or by the constitution itself. (b) The office must be a substantive one and not merely the function or employment of a servant at the will and during the pleasure of another, and (c) There has been a contravention of the constitution or a statute or statutory instrument, in appointing such person to that office. Thus, quo-warranto is not only an important writ but also a very powerful instrument for safeguarding against the usurpation of public offices. (m) mYtyfk; nghJtpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> mJ xU rl;lj;jhy; my;yJ murpayikg;ghy; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. (M) mYtyfk; xU Kf;fpakhd xdw; hf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> ntWkNd xU Copahpd; tpUg;gg;gb kw;Wk; ,d;ndhUthpd; ,dg; j;jpd; NghJ xU Ntiy my;yJ Ntiy my;y> kw;Wk; (,) me;j egiu me;j mYtyfj;jpw;F epakpg;gjpy; murpayikg;gpd; kPwy; my;yJ xU rl;l my;yJ rl;lg+h;tkhd fUtp cs;sJ. MfNt> jFjptpdT ePjpg;Nguhiz xU Kf;f; pakhd vOj;J kl;Lky;y> nghJ mYtyfq;fis mgfhpg;gijj; jLg;gjw;fhd kpf rf;jptha;e;j fUtpahFk;. 5. Miscellaneous Jurisdiction/,ju mjpfhu tuk;G (a) The Supreme Court is a court of record and enjoys all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself. (b) The law declared by Supreme Court is binding on all courts within the territory of India. Page 34 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 (c) The Supreme Court is authorized to make rules for regulating generally the practice and procedure of the Court with the approval of the President. (d) The Supreme Court has complete control over its own establishment. (m) cr;rePjpkd;wk; xU ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; jd;id mtkjpj;jw;fhf jz;bf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cl;gl mj;jifa ePjpkd;wj;jpd; midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; nfhz;Lss; J. (M) cr;rePjpkd;wj;jhy; mwptpff; g;gl;l rl;lk; ,e;jpahtpd; vy;iyf;Fs; cs;s midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fk; fl;Lg;gLfpwJ. (,) [dhjpgjpapd; xg;GjYld ; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; eilKiw kw;Wk; eilKiwfis nghJthf xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd tpjpfis cUthf;f cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; cz;L. (<) cr;r ePjpkd;wk; mjd; nrhe;j ];jhgdj;jpd; kPJ KOikahd fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Law Officers and the Central Law Agency/ rl;l mYtyh;fs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa rl;l nrayp Attorney General/ kj;jpa muR jiyik tof;FiuQh; Article 76 of the constitution makes provision for the appointment of a law officer the attorney general, by President of India. It is his duty to give advice to the Government of India upon legal matters and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may from time to time be referred or assigned to him by the President and to discharge the functions conferred on him by or under this constitution or any other law for the time being in force. murpaikg;gpd; 76tJ gphpT ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpahy; xU rl;l mjpfhhpia ml;lh;dp n[duyhf epakpf;f Vw;ghL nra;fpwJ. rl;l tptfhuq;fspy; ,e;jpa muRf;F MNyhrid toq;FtJk;> rl;lg+h;tkhd xU fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; gpw flikfisr; nra;tJk; mtuJ flikahFk;. mt;tg;NghJ [dhjpgjpahy; mtUf;F Fwpg;gplg;glyhk; my;yJ epakpf;fg;glyhk; kw;Wk; mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;l nray;ghLfis epiwNtw;WtJ my;yJ ,e;j murpayikg;gpd; fPo; my;yJ NtW ve;j rl;lj;jpd; fPOk; eilKiwapy; cs;sJ. The Attorney General is the highest law officer in the country and, in the performance of his duties; he has a right of audience in all courts in the territory of India. ml;lh;dp n[duy; ehlb; d; kpf cahe; ;j rl;l mjpfhhp kw;Wk; mtuJ flikfspd; nray;ghl;by; ,e;jpahtpd; vy;iyapy; cs;s midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fspYk; mtUf;F ghh;itahshf; spd; chpik cz;L. The Attorney General holds office during the pleasure of the President and receives such remuneration as the President determines from time to time. Apart from the Attorney General, the other law officers are the Solicitor General of India. nghJ tof;fwpQh; FbauRj; jiytUila tpUg;gk; cs;stiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;. mth; mDkjpf;Fk; Cjpaj;ij mt;tg;NghJ ngWthh;. nghJ toff; wpQiu mLj;J ,d;Dk; xU ,e;jpa muR tof;F Fwpg;Gfs; jahhpg;gth; cs;shh;. Page 35 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 UNIT - III THE STATE GOVERNMENT/ khepy murhq;fk; Introduction The Constitution of India provides for a federal government, having separate systems of administration for the union and the units, namely, the states. There are 29 states, 6 Union territories and one national capital territory known as New Delhi in India. The constitution contains provisions for the governance of both the union and the states. It lays down a uniform structure for the State Government, in part VI of the constitution from Article 152 to 237, which is applicable to all the states, save only the state of Jammu and Kashmir which has a separate constitution for its government under Article 370. Broadly speaking, the pattern of government in the states is the same as that for the union, namely, a parliamentary system. Here, let us know the Government of Tamil Nadu in terms of the office of the Governor, the Chief Minister, the Council of Ministers, state legislature and the judiciary, and the below. mwpKfk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G xU $l;lhl;rp murhq;fj;jpw;F toq;FfpwJ. njhopw;rq;fj;jpw;Fk; myFfSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf eph;thf Kiwfs; cs;sd. mjhtJ khepyq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; 29 khepyq;fs;> 6 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; xU Njrpa jiyefuk; GJby;yp vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. murpayikg;gpy; njhopw;rq;fk; kw;Wk; khepyq;fs; ,uz;ilAk; epht; fpg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; cs;sd. ,J khepy muRf;F xU rPuhd fl;likg;ig tFf;fpwJ> ,J murpayikg;gpd; Mwhk; ghfj;jpy; 152 Kjy; 237 tiuapyhd gphpT> ,J midj;J khepyq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;> 370 tJ gphptpd; fPo; jdJ murhq;fj;jpw;F jdp murpayikg;igf; nfhz;l [k;K-fh~kPh; khepyj;ij kl;LNk fhg;ghw;WfpwJ. gutyhfg; ghh;j;jhy;> khepyq;fspy; murhq;fj;jpd ; Kiw njhopw;rq;fj;jpw;F> mjhtJ ghuhSkd;w Kiwf;F rkk;. MSeh>; Kjyikr;rh;> mikr;rh;fs; rig> khepy rl;lkd;wk; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; fPo;f;fzl; tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jkpof muRf;F ,q;Nf njhpag;gLj;Jq;fs;. THE GOVERNOR/ MSeh; The executive power of the state is vested in the Governor and all executive actions of the state have to be taken in the name of the Governor. But, he has to act as the nominal head of the state due to parliamentary system. Normally, there shall be a Governor for each state according to Article 153, but an amendment of 1956 makes it possible to appoint the same person as the Governor for two or more states. The Governor is not elected but is appointed by the President and holds office at pleasure of the President. Any citizen of India over 35 years of age is eligible for the office, but he must not hold any other office of profit, not be a member of the legislature of the union or of any state according to Article 158. But, the Sarkaria Commission has suggested that a person to be appointed as the Governor should satisfy the following criteria. khepyj;jpd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; MSehplk; cs;sJ. NkYk; khepyj;jpd; midj;J epht; hf eltbf;iffSk; MSehpd; ngahpy; vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> mth; ghuhSkd;w Kiw fhuzkhf khepyj;jpd; ngausT jiytuhf nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf> 153 tJ gphptpd;gb xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU MSeh; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> Mdhy; 1956 Mk; Mz;bd; xU jpUj;jk; ,uzL; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fSf;F MSeuhf xNu egiu epakpf;f cjTfpwJ. MSeh; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;L [dhjpgjpapd; tpUg;gg;gb gjtpapy; ,Uf;fpwhh;. 35 tajpw;F Nkw;gll; ,e;jpahtpd ; ve;jnthU FbkfDk; ,e;j gjtpf;F jFjpahdth;. Mdhy; mth; NtW ve;j ,yhg mYtyfj;ijAk; itj;jpUf;ff;$lhJ. Njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhfNth my;yJ 158 tJ gphptpd;gb ve;jnthU khepyj;jpNyh cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;ff;$LhJ. Mdhy;> rh;fhhpah Mizak; MSeuhf epakpff; g;gl Ntz;ba xUth; gpdt; Uk; msTNfhy;fis g+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W ghpe;Jiuj;Jss; J. 1. He should be eminent in some walk of life. 2. He should be a person from outside the state. 3. He should be a detached figure and not intimately connected with local polities of the state. Page 36 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 4. He should be a person who has not taken too great a part in polities generally and particularly in the recent past and 5. In selecting a Governor in accordance with the above criteria, persons belonging to the minority groups should continue to be given a chance as hitherto. 1. tho;f;if gazq;fspy; mth; rpwe;jtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2. mth; khepyj;jpw;F ntspapy; ,Ue;J xU eguhf ,Uf;f NtzL; k;. 3. mth; xU gphpf;fg;gl;l eguhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; khepyj;jpd; cs;Sh; murpay;fSld; neUf;fkhf njhlh;G nfhs;sf;$lhJ. 4. mth; xU gphpf;fg;gl;l eguhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; khepyj;jpd; cs;Sh; murpay;fSld; neUf;fkhf njhlh;G nfhs;sf;$lhJ. 5. Nkw;fzl; msTNfhy;fspd;gb MSeiuj; Njh;e;njLg;gjpy;> rpWghd;ik FOf;fisr; Nrh;e;jth;fSf;F ,Jtiu xU tha;g;G njhlh;e;J toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. According to the Constitution, the Governor is appointed by the President by a warrant under his hand and seal. But, in actual practice, the Governor is appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The normal term of a Governors office shall be five years and he can be given another term also. Even after the completion of his term, he continues in office till his successor joins the office. Even though the term of office of Governor is five years, he may lose his office by his resignation or the dismissal by the President. He receives his salary from the Consolidated Fund of the state which is non-votable in the State Legislature. murpayikg;gpd;gb> MSeh; [dhjpgjpahy; mtuJ if kw;Wk; Kj;jpiuapd; fPo; xU thuz;l %yk; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. Mdhy;> cz;ikahd eilKiwapy;> gpujkhpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; MSeh; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. MSeh;fs; mYtyfj;jpd; rhjhuz fhyk; Ie;J Mz;Lfs; MFk;. NkYk; mtUfF; kw;nwhU fhy mtfhrKk; toq;fg;glyhk;. mtuJ gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;j gpwFk;> mtuJ thhpR mYtyfj;jpy NrUk; tiu mth; gjtpapy; njhlh;fpwhh;. MSeh; gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J Mz;Lfs; vd;whYk;> mth ; gjtp tpyfpajd; %yNkh my;yJ [dhjpgjpahy; gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;ljhNyh mth; gjtpia ,of;ff;$Lk;. mth; jdJ rk;gsj;ij khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; thf;fspf;f Kbahj khepyj;jpd; xUq;fpize;j epjpapypUe;J ngWfpwhh;. Powers and Functions of the Governor/ MSehpd; mjpfhuq;fSk;> gzpfSk; The Governor is the head of the state executive and he has enormous powers. In the exercise of functions and powers, the Governor, except in certain cases, is to be guided by the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister under Article 163. As the executive head in the state level, the Governor has following functions and powers. MSeh; khepy nray;Jiwapd; jiytuhfj; jpfo;fpwhh.; kw;Wk; mjpfkhd mjpfhuq;fisAk; mth; ngw;Ws;shh.; tpjp 163-f;fpzq;f> MSeh; jdJ gzpfisAk; mjpfhuq;fisAk; nray;gLj;Jfpd;wNghJ> rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tpjptpyf;Ffisj;jtpu> Kjyikr;riuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l mikr;ruitapd; cjtp kw;Wk; MNyhridahy; topelj;jg;gLfpwhh;. khepy mstpyhd nray;Jiwj; jiytuhf MSeh ; gpd;tUfpd;w gzpfisAk; mjpfhuq;fisAk; ngw;Ws;shh;. A. Executive powers/ nray;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; B. Legislative powers/ rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; C. Financial powers/epjp mjpfhuq;fs; D. Judicial powers/ ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; E. Discretionary powers, and/ jd;tpUg;g mjpfhuq;fs;> kw;Wk; F. Miscellaneous powers/ ,ju mjpfhuq;fs; A. Executive Powers/ nray;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; 1. All executive actions of the state government are formally taken in the name of Governor. Page 37 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 2. He appoints the Chief Minister and other ministers. They also hold office during his pleasure. 3. He appoints the Advocate - General of the state and determines his remuneration. The Advocate General holds his office during the pleasure of the Governor. 4. He appoints the State Election Commissioner and determines his condition of service and tenure of office. 5. He appoints the Chairman and Members of the State Public Service Commission. Yet, they can be removed from office only by the President of India and not by the Governor. 6. He can seek any information relating to the affairs of the state and the proposals for legislation from the Chief Minister. 7. He can require the Chief Minister to submit for the consideration of the council of ministers on any matter. 8. He can make rules specifying the manner in which the orders and other instruments made and executed in his name shall be authenticated. 9. He can make rules for more convenient transaction of the business of the government and for the allocation among the ministers of the said business; and 10. He can recommend for the imposition of President’s rule in the state to the President under Article 356. During such rule, the Governor enjoys extensive executive powers as an agent of the President. 1. khepy murhq;fj;jpd; midj;J nray;Jiw eltbf;iffSk; MSehpd; ngauhy; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 2. mth; Kjyikr;riuAk; kw;w mikr;rhf; isAk; epakpf;fpwhh;. mthf; s; MSehpd; tpUg;gk; cs;stiu gjtp tfpf;fpdw; dh;. 3. mth; khepyj;jpd; jiyik tof;fwpQiu epakpj;J mthpd ; rk;gsj;ij eph;zapf;fpwhh.; 4. mth; khepyj; Njh;jy; Mizaiu epakpj;J mthpd; gzp epiyikaAk; gjtpf; fhyj;ijAk; jPh;khdpf;fpwhh;. 5. mth; khepyg; nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd; jiytiuAk; cWg;gpdh;fisAk; epakpf;fpwhh;. ,Ug;gpDk;> mth;fs; MSeuhy; my;yhky; ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpahy; gjtpapypUe;J tpyf;fg;glyhk;. 6. mth; Kjyikrr; hplkpUe;J khepy tptfhuq;fs; njhlh;ghd ve;jj; jftiyAk;> rl;lkpaw;WjYf;fhd Kd;tiuTfisAk; Nfl;fyhk;. 7. mth; ve;j tpthjj;jpd; kPjhd mikr;ruitapd; KbitAk; jd;dplk; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;gb Kjyikr;riu Nflf; yhk;. 8. mth>; jdJ ngauhy; mKy;gLj;jg;gLfpdw; Mizfs; njhlhg; hd tpjpfis Vw;gLj;jyhk;. Mdhy;> mit epahakhdjhf gpur;rpidf;F ,lk; juhjitahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 9. murhq;f nray;ghLfspd ; rPh;ghl;bw;fhfTk;> mr;nray;ghLfis mikr;rh;fspilNa gfph;e;jspf;fTk; mth; tpjpfis Vw;gLj;jyhk;. 10. tpjp 356-d;gb> khepyj;jpy; [dhjpgjp Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;j [dhjpgjpf;F mth; ghpe;Jiuf;f KbAk;. ,t;tpj Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;> [dhjpgjpapd ; Kftuhf ,Ue;Jnfhz;L tphpthd nray;Jiw mjpfhuq;fis MSeh ; nrYj;Jfpwhh;. B. Legislative Powers/ rl;lJiw mjpfhuq;fs; The Governor is an integral part of the state legislature. But, he is not a member in the either house of the legislature. In this capacity, he enjoys the following legislative powers. MSeh; khepyr; rl;lj;Jiwapd; xU xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf cs;shh;. Mdhy;> mth; rl;lj;Jiwapd; ve;j mitapYk; cWg;gpdh; my;yhjth;. ,j;jd;ikapy;> mth; gpdt; Ufpd;w rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fisg; ngw;Ws;shh;. 1. He has the right to summon or prorogue the state legislature and dissolve the State Legislative Assembly. 2. He can address the state legislature at the commencement of the first session after each general election and the first session of each year. Page 38 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 3. He can send messages to the houses of the state legislature relating to a bill pending in the legislature. 4. He can appoint any member of the Legislative Assembly to preside over its proceedings when the offices of both the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker fall vacant. 5. He nominates one - sixth of the members of the State Legislative Council from amongst the persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art, cooperative movement and social service. But, the Governor of Tamil Nadu need not do this function because, the State Legislative Council, the upper house has been abolished since 1996. 6. He can nominate one member to the State Legislative Assembly from the Anglo-Indian Community. 7. He decides on the question of disqualification of members of the state legislature in consultation with the Election Commission. 8. Every bill passed by the state legislature will become law only after his signature. But, when a bill is sent to the Governor after it is passed by the legislature, he has the options to give his assent to the bill or withhold his assent to the bill or return the bill for the reconsideration of the legislature. 9. He has to reserve any bill passed by the state legislature which endangers the position of the state High Court, for the consideration of the President. 10. He can promulgate ordinances when the state legislature is not in session under Article 213. But, these ordinances must be approved by the legislature within six months. He can also withdraw an ordinance at anytime; and. 11. He has to lay the annual reports of the state Finance Commission, the State Public Service Commission and the Comptroller and Auditor General relating to the accounts of the state, before the state legislature. 1. mth; khepyr; rl;lkd;w $l;lq;fisf; $l;lNth my;yJ js;spg;NghlNth kw;Wk; fPoitahd khepy rl;l rigia fiyf;fNth chpik ngw;Ws;shh;. 2. mth; nghJj;Njh;jy; Kbe;J Kjy; $l;lj;njhlhpd; Muk;gj;jpYk; xt;nthU tUlj;jpd; Kjy; $l;lj;njhlhpd; Muk;gj;jpYk; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ciuahw;Wfpwhh;. 3. mth; rl;lj;Jiwapd; epYitapy; cs;s kNrhjh njhlhg; hf ,U rigfSf;Fk; nra;jpfs; mDg;gyhk;. 4. rghehafh; kw;Wk; Jiz rghehafh; gjtpfs; fhypahf cs;sNghJ> rl;lrigapy; cs;s ve;j cWg;gpdiuAk; rigf;F jiyik tfpf;f mth; epakpf;fyhk;. 5. mwptpay;> fiy> $l;LwT ,af;fk; kw;Wk; r%fg;gzp Nghd;wtw;wpy; rpwg;G mwpT my;yJ eilKiw mDgtk; ngw;Ws;sth;fis khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; Nkyitf;F Mwpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fis mth; epakpf;fpwhh;. (rl;lkd;w Nkyit 1986Mk; Mz;L ePf;fg;gl;lJ) 6. Mq;fpNyh - ,e;jpa r%fj;jpypUe;J khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; fPoitf;F xU cWg;gpdiu mth; epakpf;fyhk;. 7. Njh;jy; Mizaj;Jld; fye;jhNyhrpj;J khepy rl;lj;Jiw cWg;gpdh;fspd; jFjpapd;ik gpur;rpidia mth ; jPh;khdpf;fpwhh;. 8. khepyr; rl;lj;Jiwahy; ,aw;wg;gl;l xt;nthU kNrhjhTk; mthpd; ifnahg;gj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dNu rl;lkhFk;. Mdhy;> rl;lj;Jiwahy; ,aw;wg;gl;L xU kNrhjh MSeUf;F mDg;gg;gLk;NghJ> mk;kNrhjhtpw;F mth; rk;kjk; njhptpf;fyhk; my;yJ epWj;jp itf;fyhk; my;yJ rl;lj;Jiwapd; kWghprPyidf;fhf me;j kNrhjhit jpUk;g mDg;gyhk;. 9. khepy cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; epiyia ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; rl;lj;Jiwahy; kNrhjh ,aw;wg;gLkhdhy;> [dhjpgjpapd; ghprPyidf;fhf mk;kNrhjhit mth; xJf;fp itf;fyhk;. 10. tpjp 213-d;gb khepy rl;lj;Jiw $l;lj;njhlhpy; ,y;yhjNghJ mth; ,ilf;fhyr; rl;lq;fis ,aw;wyhk;. Mdhy;> MW khjq;fSf;Fs; mt;tpj ,ilf;fhyr; rl;lq;fs; rl;lkdw; j;jpd; xg;Gjiyg; ngwNtzL; k;. xU ,ilf;fhyr; rl;lj;ij ve;j Neuj;jpYk; mth; tpyf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. kw;Wk;> 11. khepy murpd; fzf;Fs; njhlh;ghd khepy epjp Mizak;> khepy nghJg;gzp Mizak;> jiyikf; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsh ; kw;Wk; jzpf;ifahsh ; MfpNahhpd; mwpf;iffis khepy rl;lkdw; j;jpd; Kd; itj;jpl mth; flikg;gll; tuhf cs;shh;. Page 39 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 C. Financial Powers/epjp mjpfhuq;fs; 1. The Governor has to see that the state budget known as the Annual Financial Statement is laid before the legislature. 2. Money Bills can be introduced in the state legislature only with his prior recommendation. 3. No demand for any grant can be made exception on his recommendation. 4. He can make advances out of the state Contingency Fund to meet any unforeseen expenditure; and 5. He constitutes a Finance Commission after every five years to review the financial position of the panchayats and the municipalities. 1. tUlhe;jpu epjpepiy mwpf;if vdg;gLk; khepyj;jpd; tuTnryTj;jpl;lk; rl;lkd;wj;jpd; Kd ; itf;fg;gLfpwjh vd;gijf; ftdpf;f mth; flikg;gl;Ls;shh;. 2. mthpd ; Kd;ghpe;Jiu ngw;w gpd;dNu khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; gz kNrhjhf;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;. 3. ve;j xU khdpaf; Nfhhpf;iff;Fk; mthpd; ghpe;Jiu tpjptyf;F mspf;fg;glkhll; hJ. 4. vt;tpj vjph;ghuhj nrytpdj;ijr; re;jpg;gjw;Fk; khepy $l;L epjpapypUe;J Kd;gzj;ij mth; Vw;gLj;jyhk;. kw;Wk;> 5. gQ;rhaj;Jfs; kw;Wk; efuhl;rpfspd; epjpepiyikia Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf xt;nthU Ie;jhzb; w;Fk; xU ejp Mizaj;ij mth; mikf;fpwhh;. D. Judicial Powers/ ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; 1. The Governor can grant pardons, reprieve and remissions of punishment or suspend, remit and commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence. But, the pardoning power of the Governor differs from the president in following ways. a. The President can pardon the death sentence while the Governor cannot. b. The President can pardon the sentences inflicted by court martial whereas the Governor can not. 2. He is consulted by the President while appointing the judges of the concerned state High Court. 3. He makes appointments, postings and promotions of the district judges in consultation with the High Court; and 4. He appoints the persons to the judicial service of the state in consultation with High Court and the Public Service Commission. 1. MSeh ; vt;tpj Fw;wj;jpd; jz;lidapypUe;Jk; xUthpd; jz;lidia Fiwf;fNth> js;spitf;fNth my;yJ kd;dpg;G toq;fNth KbAk;. Mdhy;> MSehpd; kd;dpg;G toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpapd; kd;dpg;G toq;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J gpd;tUk; topfspy; NtWgLfpwJ. m. kuz jzl; idf;F [dhjpgjp kd;dpgG; toq;f KbAk;. Mdhy; MSeuhy; KbahJ. M. flw;Jiw ePjpkd;w jz;;lidia [dhjpgjp kd;dpf;f KbAk;. Mdhy; MSeuhy; KbahJ. 2. njhlhG; ila cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfis epakdk; nra;fpd;wNghJ> [dhjpgjpahy; mth; fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. 3. cah;ePjpkd;wj;Jldhd fye;jhNyhridapy;> khtl;l ePjpgjpfspd; epakdq;fs;> gzpakh;j;Jjy;> gjtp cahT; fis toq;Ffpwhh;. kw;Wk; 4. cah;ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; nghJg;gzp Mizak; MfpaitfSldhd fye;jhNyhrpg;gpdhy;> khepyj;jpd; ePjpj;Jiwg; gzpf;Fg; gzpahsh;fis mth ; epakpf;fpwhh;. E. Discretionary Powers jd;tpUg;g mjpfhuq;fs; 1. The Governor reserves a bill for the consideration of the president. 2. He recommends for the imposition of the President’s rule in the state. 3. He seeks information form the Chief Minister relating to the administrative and legislative matters of the state. 4. He can call the leader of any party to form ministry in the state when there is no clear-cut majority to any party in the Legislative Assembly after the general elections Page 40 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 5. He can dismiss the Council of Ministers when it is unable to prove the confidence of the Legislative Assembly; and 6. He can dissolve the Legislative Assembly if the Council of Ministers has lost its majority. 1. [dhjpgjpapd; ghprPyidf;fhf ve;j kNrhjhitAk; MSeh; mDg;gpitf;fyhk;. 2. khepyj;jpy; [dhjpgjp Ml;rpapd; mKyhf;fj;jpw;fhf mth; ghpe;Jiuf;fpwhh;. 3. khepyj;jpd ; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; rl;l tpraq;fs; njhlhg; hdj; jftiy Kjyikr;rhplkpUe;J mth; Nfl;fpwhh;. 4. nghJj; Njh;jYf;Fk; gpdG; rl;l rigapy; ve;jf; fl;rpf;Fk; njspthd my;yJ jdpg; ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yhjNghJ ve;jf; fl;rpapd; jiytiuAk; mikr;ruit mikf;f mth; miof;fyhk;. 5. mikr;ruit ek;gpf;ifia mjd; kPjhd rl;l rigapy; ep&gpf;f Kbatpy;iynadpy;> mth; mikr;ruitia ePf;fk; nra;ayhk;> kw;Wk; 6. mikrr; uit jdJ ngUk;ghd;ikia ,oe;jhy;> mth; rl;l rigia fiyf;fyhk;. F. Miscellaneous Powers/ ,ju nray;ghLfs; In addition to the functions and powers mentioned above, the Governor exercises the following miscellaneous function also. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> MSeh; gpdt; Uk; ,ju nray;ghLfisAk; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;. NkNy $wg;gl;l gzpfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fSld;> MSeh; gpd;tUfpdw; ,jug; gzpfisAk; nray;gLj;Jfpwhh;. 1. The Governor receives the annual report of the State Public Service Commission and submits the same to the Council of Ministers and the state legislature for discussion; and 2. He receives the report of the Auditor - General regarding income and expenditure made by different departments under the State Government. 1. MSeh ; khepy nghJ Nrit Mizaj;jpd ; tUlhe;jpu mwpf;ifiag; ngw;W> mij mikr;rh;fs; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; fye;JiuahlYf;F rkh;g;gpf;fpwhh;> kw;Wk; 2. khepy murpd; fPo; gy;NtW Jiwfs; nra;j tUkhdk; kw;Wk; nryTfs; Fwpj;J jzp;ifahsh; - n[duypd; mwpf;ifia mth; ngWfpwhh.; Constitutional Position/murpayikg;G epiy The Constitution of India provides for a Parliamentary form of Government in the centre and in the states. Consequently, the Governor has been made only a nominal executive and the real executive constitutes the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister. As a result, the Governor has to exercise his powers and functions with the aid and advice of the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister. As a matter of fact, the constitution has assigned a dual role to the office of Governor in the Indian federal system, namely, the constitutional head of the state and the representative of the centre, ie the President. The following list shows the Governors of Tamil Nadu since 1952. murpayikg;G epiy ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ikaj;jpYk; khepyq;fspYk; ghuhSkd;w murhq;f tbtj;ij toq;FfpwJ. ,jd; tpisthf> MSeh; xU ngausT epht; hfpahf kl;LNk nra;ag;gl;Ls;shh;> cz;ikahd eph;thfp Kjyikrr; h; jiyikapyhd mikr;rh;fs; FOit cUthf;Ffpwhh;. ,jd; tpisthf> Kjy;th; jiyikapyhd mikr;rh;fs; FOtpd; cjtp kw;Wk; MNyhridAld ; MSeh; jdJ mjpfhuq;fisAk; nray;ghLfisAk; gadg; Lj;j Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikapy;> murpayikg;G ,e;jpa $l;lhl;rp mikg;gpy; MSeh ; gjtpf;F ,ul;il gq;if toq;fpAss; J. mjhtJ> murpayikg;G jiytUk;> ikaj;jpd; gpujpepjpAk;> mjhtJ [dhjpgjp gpd;tUk; gl;bay; 1952 Kjy; jkpof MSehf; isf; fhl;LfpwJ. S.No. Name of Governors Period Page 41 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 1. Thiru Shriprakasha 1952 - 56 2. Thiru A.J. John 1956 - 57 3. Thiru Vishnuram Methi 1958 - 64 4. Thiru J.V. Bhahadur 1964 - 66 5. Thiru Sardar Ujjal Singh 1966 - 71 6. Thiru K.K. Shaw 1971 - 76 7. Thiru Mohanlal Sugadia 1976 - 77 8. Thiru Prabudas Patwari 1977 - 80 9. Thiru Sadiq Ali 1980 - 82 10. Thiru Sundarlal Khurana 1982 - 88 11. Thiru P.C. Alexandar 1988 - 90 12. Thiru Surjeeth Singh Barnala 1990 - 91. 13. Thiru Bisma Narain Singh 1991 - 93 14. Thiru M. Chenna Reddy 1993 - 96 15. Thiru Krishnakanth 1996 - 97 16. Miss Fathima Bevi 1997 - 01 17. Thiru C. Rangarajan 2001 - 02 18. Thiru Ram Mohan Rao 2002 - 04 19. Thiru Surjeeth Singh Barnala 2004 - 11 20. Thiru K. Rosiah 2011 - 16 21. Thiru CH. Vidyasagar Rao (Acting) 2016 - Till date t.vz; /MSeh;fspdn; gah; /gjtpf;fhyk; 1. jpU.=. gpufhrh 1952 – 56 2. jpU.V.n[.[hd; 1956 – 57 3. jpU.tp~;Zuhk; Nkj;jp 1958 – 64 4. jpU.N[.tp.g`J}h; 1964 – 66 5. jpU.rhj; hh; c[;[y; rpq; 1966 – 71 6. jpU.Nf.Nf.~h 1971 – 76 7. jpU.Nkhfd;yhy; Rfhjpah 1976 – 77 8. jpU.gpuGjh]; gl;thhp 1977 – 80 9. jpU.rhjpf; myp 1980 – 82 10. jpU.Re;jh;yhy; Fuhdh 1982 11. jpU.gp.rp.mnyf;rhz;lh; 1988 – 90 12. jpU.Rh[; Pj;rpq; gh;dhyh 1990 – 91 13. jpU.gP~;k ehuhaz; rpq; 1991 – 93 14. jpU.vk;.nrd;dh nul;b 1993 – 96 15. jpU.fpU~;zfhe;j; 1996 – 97 16. nry;tp.ghj;jpkh gPtp 1997 – 01 17. jpU.rp.uq;fuh[d ; 2001 – 02 18. jpU.uhk Nkhfd; uht; 2002 – 04 19. jpU.Rh[; Pj;rpq; gh;dhyh 2004 – 11 20. jpU.Nf.Nuhirah 2011 – 2016 21. jpU.rp.tpj;jpahrhfh; uht; (nghWg;G) 2016 – 06 mf;Nlhgh; 2017 tiu 22. jpU. gd;thhpyhy; g;Nuh`pj; 06 mfN; lhgh; 2017 – jw;NghJ tiu THE CHIEF MINISTER/ Kjyikr;rh; According to the Constitution of India, the Governor is the nominal head and the Chief Minister is the real head in the state executive. Since the parliamentary form of government exists, we find two types of heads. Thus, the position of the Chief Minister at the state level is anoalogus to the position of Prime Minister at the Centre. Every state shall have a Council of Ministers headed by Page 42 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 the Chief Minister to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of this powers and functions, except the discretionary ones under Article 163. The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor. Actually, after the general elections to the state Legislative Assembly are over, the Governor calls the leader of the majority party to form ministry in the state. The Chief Minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor. However, the normal term of office of the Chief Minister is five years. But, he may lose the office due to his resignation and the imposition of state emergency under Article 356. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gf;fpzq;f> khepyr; nray;Jiwapy; ngausTj; jiytuhf MSeUk; czi; kahd jiytuhf Kjyikr;rUk; cs;sdh;. ghuhSkd;w murhq;f Kiw epyTtjhy;> ,uz;L tifahd jiyth;fis ehk; fhz;fpdN; whk;. ,t;thW khepy mstpy; Kjyikr;rhpd; epiy kj;jpapy; gpujk ke;jphpapd; epiyiag; Nghd;wJ. tpjp 163-d;gb> jdt; pUg;g mjpfhuq;fisj; jtpu> kw;w mjpfhuq;fisAk; gzpfisAk; MSeh ; nray;gLj;Jtjpy; cjtpAk; MNyhridAk; $Wtjw;F> Kjyikr;riuj; jiytuhfg; ngw;Ws;s xU mikr;ruitia xt;nthU khepyKk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. Kjyikr;rh; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. eilKiwapy;> khepy rl;lrigf;fhd nghJj; Njh;jy;fs; ele;J Kbe;jTld>; khepyj;jpy; mikr;rfk; mikf;f ngUk;ghd;ikf; fl;rpapd ; jiytiu MSeh; miof;fpwhh.; MSehpd; tpUg;gk; css; tiu Kjyikr;rh; gjtp tfpg;ghh;. ,Ug;gpDk;> Kjyikr;rh ; gjtpapd ; ,ay;ghd gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J tUlq;fs; MFk;. Mdhy;> ,uh[pdhkhthYk;> tpjp 356-d;gb khepy mtruepiy mKyhf;fj;jhYk; mth; gjtp ,of;fyhk;. Powers of Chief Minister/Kjyikr;rhpd; mjpfhuq;fs; The Chief Minister is the chief of state administration. He has enormous functions and powers. The following are the functions and powers of the Chief Minister. Kjyikr;rh ; khepy eph;thfj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Uf;fpwhh;. mth; mjpfkhd gzpfisAk;> mjpfhuq;fisAk; ngw;Ws;shh;. Kjyikr;rhpd; gzpfSk; mjpfhuq;fSk; gpd;tUkhW A. Relating to the council of ministers /mikr;ruit njhlh;ghdit B. Relating to the Governor/ MSeh; njhlhg; hdit C. Relating to the State Legislature/ khepy rl;lj;Jiw njhlh;ghdit D. Other functions and powers./kw;w gzpfSk; mjpfhuq;fSk; A. Relating to the Council of Ministers/mikr;ruit njhlh;ghdit As the head of the Council of Ministers, the Chief Minister enjoys the following functions and powers. mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhf> Kjyikr;rh; gpd;tUk; gzpfisAk; mjpfhuq;fisAk; nray;gLj;Jfpwhh;. 1. The Chief Minister recommends the persons who can be appointed as ministers by Governor. 2. He allocates the portfolios among the ministers. 3. He shuffles and reshuffles his ministry. 4. He can ask a minister to resign or to advise the Governor to dismiss him in case of difference of opinion. 5. He presides over the meetings of the Council of Ministers and influences its decisions. 6. He can bring about the collapse of the council of ministers by resigning from office; and 7. He guides, directs, controls and coordinates the activities of all the ministers. 1. MSeuhy; mikr;rh;fshf epakpf;fg;gLk; egh;fis Kjyikrr; h; ghpe;Jiuf;fpwhh;. 2. mth; mikr;rh;fspilNa ,yhf;fhf;fisg; gfph;e;jspf;fpwhh;. 3. mth; mikr;ruitia khw;wpaikf;fpwhh; kw;Wk; kWkhw;wKk; nra;fpwhh;. 4. fUj;J NtWghl;bd; fhuzkhf mth; xU mikr;riu uh[pdhkh nra;a Ntz;Lfpwhh; my;yJ mtiu mikr;ruitapypUe;J gjtp tpyf;f MSeUf;F MNyhridf ; $Wfpwhh;. Page 43 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 5. mth; mikr;ruit $l;lq;fSf;Fj; jiyik tfpf;fpwhh; kw;Wk; mjd; KbTfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpwhh.; 6. mth; jdJ gjtpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;tjd;%yk; mikr;ruitia KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tuyhk;. kw;Wk; 7. mth; midj;J mikrr; h;fspd; nray;ghLfis topelj;Jfpwhh;> ,afF; fpwhh;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhh; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizff; pwhh.; B. Relating to the Governor/ MSeh; njhlh;ghdit 1. The Chief Minister is the principal channel of communication between the Governor and the Council of Ministers under Article 167, and 2. He advises the Governor in relation to the appointment of the following officials. 1. tpjp 167 – d;gb MSeUf;Fk; mikr;ruitf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;gpd; gpujhd topahf Kjyikr;rh ; css; hh;. kw;Wk; 2. gpd;tUk; mYtyh;fspd; epakdk; njhlhg; hf MSeUf;F mth; MNyhrid $Wfpwhh;. (a) Advocate General/ khepy jiyik tof;fwpQh; (b) State Election Commissioner/khepy Njh;jy; Mizah; (c) Chairman and Members of the State Public Service Commission/ khepy nghJg;gzp Mizaj;jpd ; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs; (d) Chairman and Members of the State Planning Commission/khepy jpl;l Mizaj;jpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs; (e) Chairman and Members of the State Finance Commission/ khepy epjp Mizaj;jpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs;. C. Relating to State Legislature/ khepy rl;lj;Jiwj; njhlh;ghdit 1. The Chief Minister advises the Governor with regard to the summoning and proroguing the sessions of the state legislature. 2. He announces the government policies on the floor of the house. 3. He can introduce the bills in the Legislative Assembly; and 4. He can recommend for the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly to the Governor anytime. 1. khepy rl;lkd;wf; $l;lj;ijf; $lL; tJ kw;Wk; js;spg;NghLtJ njhlh;ghf Kjyikr;rh ; MSeUf;F MNyhrid $Wfpwhh;. 2. rigapy; murhq;ff; nfhs;iffis mth ; mwptpf;fpwhh.; 3. rl;l rigapy; mth; kNrhjhf;fis mwpKfk; nra;ayhk;. kw;Wk; 4. ve;j Neuj;jpYk; rl;l rigiaf; fiyg;gjw;fhf MSehplk; mth; ghpe;Jiu nra;ayhk;. D. Other function and powers/kw;w gzpfSk; mjpfhuq;fSk; 1. As the leader of the ruling party, the Chief Minister has to control the party and develop the disciplines 2. As the leader of the state, he has to keenly consider the demands of the different sections of the people. 3. As the political head of the various services, he has to supervise, control and co-ordinate the secretaries of various departments in the state level. 4. For smooth functioning of the state and for good centre-state relations, he has to develop a rapport with the union government; and 5. The size of the ministry is decided by the Chief Minister. However, only 15 percent of the members of the Legislative Assembly can be made as ministers due to the recent constitutional amendment. 1. MSq;fl;rpapd; jiytuhf> flr; piaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;> ed;ndwpfis tsh;f;fTk;> Kjyikr;rh ; flikg;gl;Ls;shh.; 2. khepyj;jpd; jiytuhf> gy;NtW gphpT kf;fspd; Nfhhpf;iffisf; ftdkhf ghprPypf;fTk; mth; flikg;gl;lth;. Page 44 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 3. gy;NtW gzpfspd; murpay; jiytuhf> khepy mstpy; cs;s gy;NtW Jiwfspd; nrayh;fis Nkw;ghh;itaplTk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizf;fTk; mth; flikg;gl;lth.; 4. khepy murpd; rPuhd nray;ghL kw;Wk; rpwe;j kj;jpa – khepy cwTfSf;fhf> kj;jpa murhq;fj;Jld; xU ey;Ywit tsh;f;f mth; flikg;gl;lth;. kw;Wk; 5. mikr;ruitapd; msT Kjyikr;ruhy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;> rkPgj;jpa murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jj;jpw;fpzq;f> rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fspd; 15 rjtpfpjj;ij kl;LNk mth; mikr;rh;fshf;f KbAk;. Thus, the Chief Minister plays a very significant and highly crucial role in the state administration. However, the discretionary powers of the Governor have slightly reduced the role and importance of the Chief Minister only in a few states where the Governors have special provision. But, it is not so in the states like Tamil Nadu. ,t;thwhf> khepy eph;thfj;jpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; cah;e;j gq;fpy; Kjyikrr; h; nray;gLfpwhh.; ,Ug;gpDk;> MSeh; rpwg;G epiyiag; ngw;Ws;s khepyq;fspy; mthpd; jd;tpUg;g mjpfhuq;fs; Kjyikr;rhpd; gq;F kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij rpwpjsT Fiwj;Js;sd. Mdhy;> jkpofk; Nghd;w mikr;ruit cWjpg;ghLs;s khepyq;fspy; mt;thW ,Uf;fKbahJ. Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu Since 1952 A list of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu from 1952 onwards is given below: 1952ypUe;J jkpof Kjyikr;rh;fs; tptuk; thpirahf fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. In Tamil Nadu, every Chief Minister has had their own place among the people. They have introduced the social welfare programmes and the development programmes according to their thoughts and principles to achieve the socialistic pattern of society in the state. Especially, for the welfare and development of the downtrodden, scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes, they have taken various efforts through various programmes of all departments, transport stands first not only in the state but also in the national level. This has been achieved mainly by the serious efforts of the Chief Ministers of different periods in Tamil Nadu. jkpofj;jpy; xt;nthU Kjyikr;rUk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; jq;fSf;nfdW; jdpaplj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sdh;. khepyj;jpy; rkjh;k rKjhaj;ijr; rhjpj;jpl mthf; spd; rpe;jidfs ; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffSfF; Vw;wthW r%f eyj;jpl;lq;fisAk;> Nkk;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fisAk;> mth;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. Fwpg;ghf> fpuhkg;Gw vspNahh;> gpw;gLj;jg;gll; tFg;gpdh; kw;Wk; goq;Fb tFg;gpdh; Nghd;Nwhhpd; eyk; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf> gy;NtW jpl;lq;fspd; %ykhf mth;fs; gy;NtW Kaw;rpfis vLj;Js;sdh;. midj;Jj; JiwfSf;fpilNa> khepyj;jpy; kl;Lky;yhky; Njrpa mstpYk; $l Nghf;Ftuj;Jiw Kjyplk; tfpf;fpwJ. jkpofj;jpy; gy;NtW gjtpf; fhyq;fspy; Kjyikr;rh;fspd; rPhpa Kaw;rpfshy; ,J rhjpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. S.No. Name of the Chief Ministers Party Year 1. Thiru. C. Rajagopalachariar Congress 1952 - 54 2. Thiru. K. Kamaraj Congress 1954 - 63 3. Thiru. M. Bhakthavath chalam Congress 1963 - 67 4. Thiru. C.N. Annadurai DMK 1967 - 69 5. Thiru. N. Karunanidhi DMK 1969 - 76 6. Thiru. M.G. Ramachandran AIADMK 1977 - 87 7. Tmt. Janaki Ramachandran AIADMK Jan 1988 8. Thiru. M. Karunanidhi DMK 1989 - 91 9. Selvi. J. Jayalalithaa AIADMK 1991 - 96 10. Thiru. M. Karunanidhi DMK 1996 - 01 11. Thiru. O. Panneerselvam AIADMK 2001 - 02 12. Selvi. J. Jayalalithaa AIADMK 2002 - 06 Page 45 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 13. Thiru. M. Karunanidhi DMK 2006 - 11 14. Selvi. J. Jayalalithaa AIADMK 2011 - 14 15. Thiru. O. Panneerselvam AIADMK 2014 - 15 16. Selvi. J. Jayalalithaa AIADMK 2015 - 16 17. Thiru. O. Panneerselvam AIADMK 2016 – Feb 15 2017 18. Thiru. Edappadi K. Palanisamy AIADMK 2017 Feb.16- Till Date COUNCIL OF MINISTERS/ mikr;ruit The constitution of India under Article 163 provides that there shall be a Council Ministers with the Chief Minister as its head to aid and advise the Governor in every state. Accordingly, the Governor is a nominal head and real powers of the state government vests in the Council of Ministers in Tamil Nadu. Though the Governor has discretionary powers, he rarely exercises them. As already stated, the Governor appoints the Chief Minister and on his recommendation other ministers are appointed. There is no fixed term of office prescribed for the ministers and they hold office during the pleasure of the Governor. However, the normal term of office of the minsters is five years. The salaries and allowances of the ministers are determined by the state legislature from time to time. xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk; MSeUf;F cjtp kw;Wk; MNyhrid $Wtjw;F Kjyikr;riuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l mikr;ruit ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd ; tpjp – 163 $WfpwJ. mjw;fpzq;fNt> jkpofj;jpy; MSeh; ngausTj; jiytuhf ,Uf;fpwhh; kw;Wk; khepy murhq;fj;jpd ; cz;ikahd mjpfhuk; mikr;ruitaplk; cs;sJ. MSeh; jd; tpUg;g mjpfhuq;fisg; ngw;Ws;s NghjpYk;> mth; vg;NghjhtJ mitfisr ; nray;gLj;Jfpwhh;. Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;lijg; Nghy> MSeh; Kjyikr;riu epakpf;fpwhh; kw;Wk; mthpd; ghpe;Jiuapd;Nghpy; kw;w mikr;rh;fs; epakpf;fg;gLfpdw; dh;. mikr;rh;fSf;fhd eph;zapf;fg;gl;l gjtpf;fhyk; ,y;iy. NkYk; mth;fs; MSehpd; tpUg;gk; cs;stiug; gjtp tfpg;gh;. ,Ug;gpDk;> mikr;rh;fspd; ,ay;ghd gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J Mz;Lfs; MFk;. mt;tg;NghJ khepy rl;lj;Jiwahy; mikr;rh;fspd; rk;gsq;fSk; gbfSk; eph;zapf;fg;gLfpdw; d. Since parliamentary form of government is followed in the states as in the Union Government, the ministers are individually and collectively responsible to the state Legislative Assembly in which they are members. As a result, the ministers work as a team. “All for one and one for all” policy works in the functioning of the Council of Ministers. A minister can not separate himself from the collective decision of the ministry. The Council of Ministers remains in power so long as it commands the confidence of the Legislative Assembly. If a no - confidence motion is passed in Legislative Assembly, the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister has to tender resignation. This is known as collective responsibility. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpy; cs;sijg; Nghy khepyq;fspy; ghuhSkd;w murhq;fKiw gpd;gw;wg;gLtjhy;> mikr;rh;fs; jdpg;gl;l KiwapYk; $l;lhfTk; khepyr; rl;l rigf;F nghWg;Gilathf; shf cs;sdh;. mikr;rh;fs; rl;l rigapy; cWg;gpdh;fshfTk; cs;sdh;. mjd; tpisthf> mikr;rh;fs; xU FOthf nray;gLfpd;wdh;. “xUtUff; hf midth; kw;Wk; midtUff; hf xUth;” vdw; nfhsi; f mikr;ruitapd ; nray;ghl;by; gzpGhpfpwJ. Mikr;ruitapd; $l;L KbtpypUe;J xU mikr;rh; jd;idg; gphpf;f KbahJ. rl;lrigapd; ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw;wpUf;Fk; tiu mikrr; uit mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. rl;l rigapy; xU ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy;> Kjyikr;ruhy; jiyik tfpf;fg;gLk; mikr;ruit ,uh[pdhkhit rkh;gpf;f flikg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;Ff; $l;Lg; nghWg;G vd;W ngah;. As far as the size of the Council of Ministers is concerned, it is not uniform in all the states in India. The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) suggested, “Taking a broad view of the needs of the administration in different states, we consider that big states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Page 46 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra may have about 20 persons in the Council of Ministers. The middle sized states like Madras (now Tamil Nadu), Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh may have 14 to 18 ministers and the small states like Kerala, Haryana and Punjab may have 8 to 12 ministers”. However, the size of the Council of Ministers depends on the Chief Minister of the state concerned. But, the number of ministers should not exceed 15 percent of the total members of the state legislative Assembly due to the recent Constitutional Amendment Act. Each minister has to be a member in the state Legislative Assembly. If not, he has to procure this membership within six months. In Tamil Nadu, according to the strength of Legislative Assembly (234 members), the number ministers may be upto 34, ie 15 percent of 234. The functions and powers of the Council of Ministers in Tamil Nadu are following. mikr;ruitapd; msT njhlh;ghf> ,e;jpahtpy; vy;yh khepyq;fspYk; xNu khjphpahf ,y;iy. eph;thfr; rPhj; pUj;j Mizak; gpd;tUkhW $wpAs;sJ. “gy;NtW khepyq;fspy; cs;s eph;thfj; Njitfisg; gue;j Nehf;fpy; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L> cj;jpugpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> kj;jpagpuNjrk; kw;Wk; kfhuh~buk; Nghdw; nghpa khepyq;fspy; fpl;lj;jl;l 20 egh;fis mikr;ruitapy; ngw;wpUf;fyhk; vd;W ehq;fs; fUJfpNwhk;. kjuh]; (jw;NghJ jkpo;ehL) fhe; hlfh kw;Wk; Me;jpug;gpuNjrk; Nghd;w eLj;ju mstpyhd khepyq;fs; 14 Kjy; 18 tiu mikr;rh;fs ; ,Uf;fyhk;. Nfush> `hpahdh kw;Wk; gQ;rhg; Nghd;w rpwpa khepyq;fs; 8 Kjy; 12 tiu mikr;rh;fisg; ngw;wpUf;fyhk;”. ,Ug;gpDk;> mikr;ruitapy; msT> njhlh;Gila khepy Kjyikr;riur; rhh;e;Js;sJ. Mdhy;> rkPgfhy murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jjpw;fpzq;f> khepy rl;lrigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; 15 rjtpfpjj;jpw;F Nky; mikr;rh;fspd; vz;zpf;if nry;yf;$lhJ. xt;nthU mikr;rUk; khepy rl;lrigapy; cWg;gpduhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iynad;why;> MW khjj;jpw;Fs; mjd; cWg;gpduhf> jkpo;ehl;by; rl;lrig gyj;jpw;Nfw;g (234 cWg;gpdh;fs;) mikr;rhf; spd; vz;zpf;if 36 tiu> mjhtJ 234d; 15 rjtpfpjk; ,Uf;fyhk;. jkpo;ehl;by;> mikr;ruitapd; gzpfSk; mjpfhuq;fSk; gpd;tUkhW 1. The Council of Ministers maintains law and order and security of life and property of the people in the state. 2. It formulates and decides the policies of the state and implements them effectively. 3. It decides the legislative programmes of the Legislative Assembly and sponsors all important bills. 4. It controls the financial policy and decides the tax structure for the public welfare of the state. 5. It chalks out programmes and schemes for the socioeconomic changes so that the state makes headway in various inter-related fields. 6. It makes the important appointments of the Heads of Departments. 7. It discusses and takes efforts on the dispute with other states 8. It advises the Governor on the appointment of Judges of the subordinate courts. 9. It considers state’s share of work in the Five Year Plans and determines its obligations. 10. It frames the proposal for incurring expenditure out of state reserves. 11. It decides all the bills whether ordinary bills or money bills to be introduced in the Legislative Assembly. 12. Each minister of the Council of Ministers supervises, controls and coordinates the department concerned; and 13. Annual Financial Statement called as the Budget is finalised by the Council of Ministers. 1. khepyj;jpy; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F> kf;fspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; kf;fspd ; nrhj;Jg; ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;iwg; guhkhpj;jy;. 2. khepyj;jpd; nfhs;iffis cUthf;FtJ> jPh;khdpg;gJ kw;Wk; mitfis rpwg;ghf mKy;gLj;JtJ. 3. rll; rigapd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis mJ jPh;khdpj;jy; kw;Wk; midj;J Kf;fpa kNrhjhf;fisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;. Page 47 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 4. epjpf;nfhsi; fia KbT nra;jy; kw;Wk; khepyj;jpd; nghJ eyj;jpw;fhd thpaikg;ig tbtikj;jy;. 5. r%fg; nghUshjhu khw;wq;fSf;fhd jpl;lq;fis jPl;Ljy;> gy;NtW Jiwfspy; khepyj;ijj; jiynaLf;fr; nra;tJ. 6. Jiwj;jiyth;fspd; Kf;fpakhd epakdq;fisr; nra;jy;. 7. kw;w khepyq;fSldhd rpf;fy;kPJ tpthjpj;J Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;L KbntLg;gJ. 8. Jiz ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk; gw;wp MSeUf;F MNyhridf; $Wjy;. 9. Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fspy; khepyg; gzpapd ; gq;if ghprPypj;J kw;Wk; mjd; flikg;ghLfis jPh;khdpj;jy;. 10. khepy epjp ,Ug;GfspypUe;J nra;fpdw; nrytpdj;jpw;fhf Kd;tiuit cUthf;FtJ. 11. rl;lrigapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;glTs;s rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fs; my;yJ gz kNrhjhf;fs; Mfpa midj;J kNrhjhf;fisAk; jPh;khdpj;jy;. 12. mikr;ruitapd; xt;nthU mikr;rUk; njhlh;Gila Jiwia Nkw;ghhi; tapLfpwhh;> fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhh;> kw;Wk; xUq;fpizf;fpwhh;. kw;Wk; 13. tuTnryTj;jpl;lk; vd miof;fg;gLfpdw; tUlhe;ju epjpepiy mwpfi; f mikr;ruitahy; ,Wjpnra;ag;gl;L epiyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. With regard to an appraisal, the Council of Ministers is the guide and masters of the legislature especially the legislative Assembly in the state. Besides, the ministers are the formulators and executors of public policies of the state. However, the state legislative Assembly enjoys the right of passing a no-confidence motion against a ministry. Hence, the ministers are also subjected to severe criticism during the question hour in the state legislature. In Tamil Nadu, the no-confidence has not been passed against a ministry so far. But, K. Kamaraj resigned from chief ministership in 1963 due to Kamaraj plan. The ministry of M.G. Ramachandran was dissolved 1980 due to the state emergency under article 356. As such, the ministry of M. Karunanithi was dissolved 1991 due to the state emergency. In short, the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister decides any or every thing for the welfare of the people in the state. khepyj;jpy; rl;lj;Jiwapd; Fwpg;ghf rl;lrigapd; topfhlb; ahfTk;> v[khdhfTk; mikr;ruit ,Uf;fpwJ. mJjtpu> khepyj;jpd; nghJf; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fgth;fshfTk;> mKy;gLj;Jgth;fshfTk; mikr;rh;fs; cs;sdh;. ,Ug;gpDk;> mikr;ruitf;F vjpuhf xU ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPh;khdj;ij ,aw;Wk; chpikia khepy rl;lrigg; ngw;Wj;jpfo;fpwJ. vdNt> khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Nfs;tp Neuj;jpd;NghJ rPhpa tpkhr; dj;jpw;F mikr;rhf; s; cl;gLj;jg;gLfpwhhf; s;. jkpo;ehl;by;> ,J tiuapy; ve;j mikr;ruitf;F vjpuhfTk; ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPh;khdk; vJTk; ,aw;wg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;> 1963 – y; fhkuh[; jpl;lj;jpw;F ,zq;f Kjyikr;rh; gjtpapypUe;J Nf.fhkuh[; ,uh[pdhkh nra;jhh;. tpjp 356 – d;gb khepy mtruepiyg; gpufldj;jpw;fpzq;f 1980 – y; vk;.[p.,uhkr;re;jpud ; mikr;ruit fiyf;fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,NjNghy> 1991y; K.fUzhepjp mikr;ruit fiyff; g;gl;lJ. RUf;fj;jpy;> Kjyikr;riu jiytuhfg; ngw;Ws;s mikr;ruit khepyj;jpy; kf;fspd ; eyDf;fhf vijAk; my;yJ xt;nthd;iwAk; jPh;khdpf;fpwJ. LEGISLATURE IN TAMIL NADU/jkpo;ehl;by; rl;lkd;wk; The Legislature of a state consists of the governor and one or two houses. A State Legislature may be unicameral or bicameral. At present only 5 states have the bicameral legislatures, namely, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir. xU khepy rl;lkd;wk; MSeh ; kw;Wk; xdW; my;yJ ,uzL; rigfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. xU khepy rl;lkd;wk; Xuitia cilajhfNth my;yJ Legislative Assembly is the Lower House or First Chamber or the Popular Chamber in a state and the Legislative Council is the Upper House or Second Chamber. Hence, the state legislature includes the Legislative Assembly and the Legislature Council. The legislature of Tamil Nadu had Page 48 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 bicameralism upto 1986 in which the Legislative Council, the second chamber was abolished during the AIADMK government headed by M.G. Ramachandran as the Chief Minister. Hence, the legislature follows unicameralism as the Legislative Assembly is the only one house. However, we have to study the both the houses of Tamil Nadu legislature. xU khepyj;jpy; rl;lrig vd;gJ fPoit my;yJ Kjyit vd;Wk; Nkyit my;yJ ,uz;lhk; mit vd;Wk; ,U mitfisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. my;yJ Kjyit my;yJ fPoit mitia kl;LNkAilajhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. Xuit Kiwapy; rl;lrig vd;w ngah; epyTfpwJ. 1986 – tiu jopo;ehL rl;lkd;wk; 1. Legislative Council/Nkyit The Legislative council is a mere ornamental chamber and its very existence is depending on the will of the Legislative Assembly. Under the constitution, the Legislative Council can be created or abolished by a simple Act of Parliament on the recommendation of the state concerned under Article 169. But, the recommendation of state Legislative Assembly to create or abolish the Legislative Council should be supported by a special majority i.e., two-third majority. Nkyit xU myq;fhu rigahf kl;LNk css; J. NkYk; mjd; kpFe;j epiyg;ghL fPoitapd; tpUg;gj;ijr; rhh;e;jpUf;fpwJ. murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 169 – dg; b> njhlh;Gila khepyj;jpd; ghpe;Jiuapd; kPJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xU rhjhuzr; rl;lj;jhy; Nkyit Vw;gLj;jg;glyhk;. my;yJ xopf;fg;glyhk;. Mdhy;> Nkyitia cUthf;Ftjw;F my;yJ xopg;gjw;Fr; rl;lrigapd; ghpe;Jiu mtrpak;. ,g;ghpe;Jiu %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F cWg;gpdh;fshy; Mjhpf;fg;gl;L epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Composition/mikg;G The members of the Legislative Council shall not be more than one-third of the total members of the Legislative Assembly, but not less than forty. The Legislative Council of Tamil Nadu had 63 members. Normally, it is constituted by a mixture of direct election, indirect election and nomination. Elections to the Legislative Council are to be held by the system of proportional representation by single transferable vote system in the following manner (Article: 170-171). Nkyitapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; rl;l rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspd; %d;wpy; xU gq;fpw;F kpfhkYk; Mdhy; ehw;gJf;Ff; FiwahkYk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. jkpo;ehl;bd; Nkyit fiyf;fg;gl;lNghJ fTdr; py; 63 cWg;gpdh;fisg; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,ay;ghfNt> Neubj; Njh;jy;> kiwKfj; Njh;jy; kw;Wk; epakdk; Nghd;wit mlq;fpa xU fyg;G gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jhy; mJ mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. Nkyitf;fhd Njh;jy;fs; tpfpjhr;rhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwahy; xw;iw khw;W thf;F Kiwapy; gpdt; Ufpd;w tifapy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd (tpjp – 171). (a) 1/3 members shall be elected by the Legislative Assembly (b) 1/3 members shall be elected by the municipalities, district boards and other local authorities as specified by parliament by law. (c) 1/12 members shall be elected by the graduate’s constituencies. (d) 1/12 members shall be elected by the teacher’s constituencies; and (e) 1/6 members are nominated by the Governor From amongst persons who have distinguished themselves in the fields of literature, art, science, social service and cooperative movement. m. 1/3 cWg;gpdh;fs; rl;lrigahy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;. M. 1/3 cWg;gpdh;fs; ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jhy; Fwpgg; pl;lijg; Nghy> efuhl;rpfs;> khtl;l thhpaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw css; hl;rp Mizaq;fs ; Nghd;wtw;why; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth.; ,. 1/12 cWg;gpdh;fs; gl;ljhhpfs; njhFjpfshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;. Page 49 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 <. 1/12 cWg;gpdh;fs; Mrphpahf; s; njhFjpfshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLth;. kw;Wk; c. 1/6 cWg;gpdh;fs; ,yf;fpak;> fiy> mwptpay;> r%fg;gzp kw;Wk; $l;LwT ,af;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; egh;fs; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. Qualifications and term/ jFjpfSk;> gjtpf;fhyKk; According to the Constitution, a person should have the following qualifications for the election to the Legislative Council. murpayikg;Gf;fpzq;f> Nkyit cWg;gpduhtjw;F xU egh; gpd;tUfpd;w jFjpfisg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. (i) He must be a citizen of India. (ii) He must have attained 30 years of age. And (iii) He must possess such other qualifications as may be laid down by parliament. 1. mth; ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uj;jy; NtzL; k;. 2. mth; 30 taJ epuk;gpatuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; 3. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; tiuaWf;fg;glL; s;s kw;w jFjpfisAk; mth; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Relating to the term of the Legislative Council, it is a continuing body, not subject to dissolution. Like the Rajya sabha of Parliament, its one-third members retire after every two years. A member of the Council has a six year term and he may be re-elected to the council. Nkyitapd; fiyg;gpw;F cl;glhj xU njhlUk; mikg;ghf cs;sJ. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd ; ,uh[;a rigiag; Nghy> mjd; %d;wpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; xt;nthU ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpwF Xa;T ngWfpd;wdh.; Nkyit cWg;gpdh; MW tUl gjtpf;fhyj;ijg; ngw;Ws;shh;. NkYk; mth; fTd;rpYf;F kWKiw Njh;e;njLf;fg;glyhk;. Functions and powers/ gzpfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs; 1. Ordinary bills may be introduced in this Legislative Council. 2. It ratifies the money bills passed by the legislative Assembly. 3. It can delay 14 days on money bills and 30 days on ordinary bills passed by the Legislative Assembly. 4. It elects its Chairman and the Deputy Chairman amongst the members. 5. It constitutes various committees for various business and 6. It ratifies the ordinances promulgated by the Governor. 1. rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. 2. rl;l rigahy; ,aw;wg;gll; gz kNrhjhf;fSf;F mJ xg;Gjy; mspf;fpwJ. 3. rl;l rigahy; ,aw;wg;gLfpd;w gz kNrhjhf;fis 14 ehl;fSf;Fk; rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fis 30 ehl;fSf;Fk; mJ jhkjg;gLj;jyhk;. 4. mjd; jiytUk; Jizj; jiytUk; mjd; cWg;gpdh;fspypUe;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpdw; dh;. 5. gy;NtW tifahd eltbf;iffSf;fhd gy;NtW FOf;fis mJ mikf;fpwJ. kw;Wk; 6. MSeuhy; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,ilf;fhyr; rl;lq;fSf;F mJ xg;Gjy; mspf;fpwJ. Generally, the Legislative Council is a mere ornamental body and hence it is considered as weak house. It does not take part in the election of the president or in the ratification of the Constitutional Amendment Bills. In short, the Legislative Council is powerless in relation to the Legislative Assembly. To call it a Second Chamber or Upper House of a state legislature is a misnomer. As already stated, Legislative Council is not in the Legislature of Tamil Nadu. Hence, Tamil Nadu has the unicameral legislature. Page 50 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 nghJthfNt> Nkyit xU myq;fhu mitahf kl;LNk jpfo;fpwJ. mjdhy;> mJ xU eype;j mitahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. [dhjpgjp Njh;jypy; my;yJ mjrpayikg;Gj; jpUj;j kNrhjhf;fspd; xg;Gjyspg;gpy; mJ gq;Nfw;gjpy;iy. RUf;fj;jpy;> fPoitAld; njhlhG; g; gLj;Jifapy;> Nkyit mjpfhukw;wjhf cs;sJ. khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; mit my;yJ Nkyit vd;W mij miog;gJ nghUj;jkw;wjhf css; J. Kd;dh; Fwpg;gpl;lijg; Nghy;> jkpo;ehl;by; Nkyit jw;NghJ ,y;iy. MfNt> jkpo;ehL Xuit rll; kdw; j;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. 2. Legislative assembly/rl;lrig In every state, the legislature means the legislative Assembly, even in the State where the legislative council exists. Actually, the Legislative Assembly is the first chamber or Lower House of the state legislature. Tamil Nadu legislature has only one house known as Legislative Assembly. xt;nthU khepyj;jpYk;> nghJthf rl;lj;Jiw vd;gJ rl;lrig vd nghUs;gLk;. NkyitAs;s khepyj;jpy; $l ,Nj epiyjhd.; jkpo;ehL rl;lj;Jiw rl;lrig vd;w xNu xU mitia kl;LNk ngw;Ws;sJ. Composition/ mikg;G According to Article 170 of the Constitution, the Legislative Assembly of a state shall consist of not more than 500 and not less than 50 members. However, the parliament has the power to fix the minimum strength of a Legislative Assembly through the amendment of the constitution. The Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu consists of 235 members out of which 234 members are directly elected by the people from the constituencies on the basis of adult franchise and one member is nominated by the Governor from the Anglo-Indian community. However, seats shall be reserved in the house for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. murpayikg;gpd; tpjp 170-f;fpzq;f> xU khepy rl;lrig 500-f;F kpfhkYk; 50-f;F FiwahkYk; cWg;gpdh;fisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. vdpDk;> murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jj;jpd; %ykhf xU rll; rigapd; Fiwe;jgl;r gyj;ij eph;zapf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij ghuhSkd;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; rl;lrig 235 cWg;gpdh;fisg; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. ,jpy; 234 cWg;gpdh;fis taJ te;Njhh; thfF; hpik mbg;gilapy; Njh;jy; njhFjpfspypUe;J kf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpdw; dh;. kw;WKs;s xU cWg;gpdh; Mq;fpNyh - ,e;jpa ,dj;jpypUe;J MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,Ug;gpDk;> jho;j;jg;gll; tFg;gpdh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh;fSf;fhf mitapy; ,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gLk;. Qualifications/ jFjpfs; A Person seeking election to the Legislative Assembly should have the following qualifications. (i) He must be a citizen of India. (ii) He must have attained 25 years of age and, (iii) He must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the parliament by law. rl;lrig cWg;gpdh; gjtpf;fhf Nghl;bapLk; xU egh; gpd;tUfpd;w jFjpfisg; ngw;wpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 1. mth; xU ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; 2. mth; 25 taJ mile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; 3. ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jhy; tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;l kw;w jFjpfisAk; mth; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Tenure/ gjtpf;fhyk; Normally, the term of the Legislative Assembly is five years except the state of Jammu and Kashmir where it has six years duration. However, it may be dissolved by the Governor at any time as result of the presidential order promulgated under Article 356 which is called as the state emergency. But, in case of National Emergency under Article 352, the tenure of the Legislative Assembly can be extended by parliament but not beyond one year at a time. Yet, fresh elections must take place within six months after the proclamation is withdrawn. Besides, the Chief Minister may voluntarily Page 51 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 come forward to recommend for the dissolution of the Assembly to the Governor even before the expiry of the tenure. ,ay;ghfNt> rl;lrigapd ; gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J Mz;LfshFk;. Mdhy;> [k;K kw;Wk; fh~;kPh; khepyj;jpy; mjd ; gjtpf;fhyk; MW Mz;Lfs; vd;gJ tpjptpyf;fhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> tpjp 356-d;gb khepy mtruepiy vd;W miof;fg;gLfpdw; [dhjpgjpapd; gpufldg;gLj;Jk; Mizapd; tpisthf> ve;j NeuKk; MSeuhy; rl;lrig fiyf;fg;glyhk;. tpjp 352-d;gb Njrpa mtruepiyapd; fhuzkhf> rl;lrigapd; gjtpf;fhyk; ghuhSkdw; j;jhy; ePl;bf;fg;glyhk;. Mdhy; mJ xU tUlj;jpw;F kpff; $lhJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> mtruepiyg; gpufldk; thg]; ngw;wgpwF MW khjj;jpw;Fs; Gjpa Njh;jy;fs; elj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,itjtpu> gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtjw;F Kd;Ng rl;lrigia fiyg;gjw;fhd ghpe;Jiu nra;tjw;F> MSehplk; Kjyikrr; h; jhdhf Kd;tuyhk;. Powers and Functions/ mjpfhhpfSk;> gzpfSk; In Tamil Nadu, the Legislative Assembly is a multi-functional political institution. It exercises the following powers and functions. jkpo;ehl;by; rl;lrig gy;NtW gzpfisr; nra;fpd;w xU murpay; epWtdkhf cs;sJ. mJ gpd;tUfpd;w mjpfhuq;fisAk; gzpfisAk; nray;gLj;JfpwJ. 1. Making a law on any subject included in the State List as well as in the concurrent List, subject to the restraints imposed by the constitution. 2. Making and un-making the government. 3. Controlling the finances of the state. 4. Introducing the Money Bills and passing them. 5. Giving approval or disapproval to a Constitutional (Amendment) Bills passed by the parliament and referred to the states by the president for ratification. 6. Considering the reports submitted by the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission, Auditor General and others. 7. Constituting various committees for various businesses. 8. Electing its Speaker and the Deputy speaker. 9. Initiating for no-confidence motion against the ruling government, and 10. Participating in the election of the president of India. 1. murpayikg;ghy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l tiuaiufisj;jtpu> khepy ml;ltiz kw;Wk; nghJ ml;ltiz Mfpatw;wpd ; ve;jg; gphptpYk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wjy;. 2. murhq;fj;ij cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; xopj;jy;. 3. khepyj;jpd; epjpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;. 4. gz kNrhjhf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jp mitfis epiwNtw;Wjy;. 5. ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;j kNrhjh xg;GjYf;fhf te;jhy; mjw;F xg;Gjy; mspj;jy; my;yJ kWj;jy;. 6. jkpo;ehL nghJg;gzp Mizak;> nghJf; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsh; kw;Wk; jzpf;ifahsh; kw;Wk; gpwuhy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gLk; mwpf;iffisg; ghprPypj;jy;. 7. gy;NtW eltbf;iffSf;fhd gy;NtW FOf;fis mikj;jy; 8. rghehafiuAk; Jiz rghehafiuAk; Njh;e;njLj;jy;. 9. MSfpd;w murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPh;khdk; nfhz;LtUjy; kw;Wk; 10. ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpapd; Njh;jypy; gq;Nfw;wy;. The above stated powers belong to the Legislative Assembly alone. Thus, in theory and practice, the Legislative Assembly has enormous powers. Hence, the Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) have more powers and functions rather than the Members of Legislative Council (MLCs). But, in Tamil Nadu we have MLAs and not MLCs. Page 52 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 NkNy $wg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; rl;lrigf;F kl;LNk chpj;jhdjhFk;. ,t;thwhf> Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; eilKiw hPjpapy; rl;lrig kpFe;j mjpfhuq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. vdNt> rl;lrig cWg;gpdh;fs; Nkyit cWg;gpdh;fistpl mjpf mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; ngw;Ws;sdh.; As far as other important offices of the legislature are concerned, the Legislative Assembly elects its Speaker and the Deputy speaker. As such, the Legislative Council elects its Chairman and the Deputy Chairman. Above all, the Advocate General is the only non-member of the state legislature who has the right and power to take part in the proceedings of the legislature, as the Attorney General of the Union Government. rl;lj;Jiwapd; kw;w Kf;fpa mYtyhf; s; njhlh;ghf rl;lrig mjd; rghehafiuAk;> Jiz rghehafiuAk; Njh;e;njLf;fpwJ. ,NjNghy> Nkyit mjd; jiytiuAk; Jizj; jiytiuAk; Njh;e;njLf;fpwJ. vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; jiyik tof;fwpQiug; Nghy> khepy jiyik tof;fwpQh; rl;lj;Jiwapd; cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhky; rl;lj;Jiw eltbf;iffspy; gq;Nfw;Fk; chpikiaAk; mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;Ws;shh;. Constitution of Legislative Assemblies in Tamil Nadu/jkpo;ehl;by; rl;lrigapd; mikg;G Since 1951-52, general elections were held for electing the representatives to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Details of political parties winning in the elections are given below: 1951 – 52ypUe;J jkpo;ehL rl;lrigf;F cWg;gpdh;fs ; Njh;Tff; hd nghJj; Njh;jy;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld. Njh;jy;fspy; ntw;wpngw;w fl;rpfspd; tptuq;fs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. S.No Year Ruling party 1. 1952 Congress 2. 1957 Congress 3. 1962 Congress 4. 1967 DMK 5. 1971 DMK 6. 1977 AIADMK 7. 1980 AIADMK 8. 1985 AIADMK 9. 1989 DMK 10. 1991 AIADMK 11. 1996 DMK 12. 2001 AIADMK 13. 2006 DMK 14. 2011 AIADMK 15. 2016 AIADMK HIGH COURT AND THE SUBORDINATE JUDICIARY/ cah;ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; Jiz ePjpj;Jiw Apart from the Legislature and the Executive, the third branch of the Government of Tamil Nadu is judiciary. The judicial system of Tamil Nadu consists of categories of courts, namely, High Court and the subordinate courts. The seat of High Court is in Chennai in Tamil Nadu and the seats of subordinate courts are in the district headquarters and below. Here, let us study the judicial system in Tamil Nadu in general. nray;Jiw kw;Wk; rl;lj;Jiw Mfpatw;iwj; njhlhe; ;J> jkpof murhq;fj;jpd; %d;whtJ fpisahf ePjpj;Jiw ,Uf;fpwJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; ePjpKiw cah;ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; Jiz ePjpkd;wq;fs ; Mfpa ,uz;L gphpthd ePjpkd;wq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. rkPgj;jpy;> nrd;id cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd ; fpis kJiuapy; 2004k; Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpo;ehl;by; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd ; miktplk; nrd;idapy; css; J kw;Wk; Jiz ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Page 53 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 miktplq;fs; khtl;lj; jiyefuq;fspYk; mitfSf;F fPo;epiyapYk; cs;sd. ,q;Nf> nghJthf jkpo;ehl;L ePjpj;Jiw gw;wpa tpguq;fs; mLj;Jj;jug;gl;Ls;sd. High Court/ cah;ePjpkd;wk; The High Court stands at the head of the Judiciary in Tamil Nadu. It consists of a Chief Justice and several other judges. The Chief Justice is appointed by the President of India. Other judges are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme court, the Governor of the state and the Chief Justice of the High court. Besides, the President has the power to appoint additional judges for a temporary period not exceeding two years, for the clearance of arrears of work in High Court and an acting judge, when a permanent judge of the High Court is temporarily absent or unable to perform his duties or is appointed to act temporarily as Chief Justice. A Judge of High Court shall hold office until the age of 62 years. Every judge permanent, additional or acting, may vacate his office earlier in any of the following ways. jkpo;ehl;by; ePjpj;Jiwapd; jiyikahf cah;ePjpkd;wk; jpfo;fpwJ. mJ xU jiyik ePjpgjpiaAk; kw;Wk; gy ePjpgjpfisAk; ngw;Ws;sJ. jiyik ePjpgjp ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. kw;w ePjpgjpfs; cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd ; jiyik ePjpgjp> khepy MSeh; kw;Wk; cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpd ; jiyik ePjpgjp MfpNahUld; fye;J MNyhrpj;jgpd;G [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,ijj;jtpu cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epYitg; gzpfis Kbg;gjw;fhf ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F kpfhky; jw;fhypfg; gjtp tfpf;ff$; ba $Ljy; ePjpgjpfis epakdk; nra;tjw;F [dhjpgjp mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shh;. NkYk;> cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; xU epue;ju ePjpgjp jq;fhypfkhf gzpf;F tuhkypUe;jhNyh my;yJ mthpd; flikfisr; nra;a KbahjpUe;jhNyh my;yJ jw;fhypfkhfj; jiyik ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;lhNyh me;j ,lj;jpy; xU nray; ePjpgjpia epakpf;f [dhjpgjp mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shh;. cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd ; xU ePjpgjp 62 taJ KbAk; tiu gjtp tfpg;ghh;. epue;ju> $Ljy; my;yJ nray; ePjpgjp xt;nthUtUk; gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtjw;F Kd;G gpd;tUk; topfspy; gjtpia tpl;L tpyfyhk;. 1. By resignation in writing and adressed to the President. 2. By being appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court or being transferred to any other High Court, by the president; and 3. By removal of the President on an address of both Houses of Parliament on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. 1. [dhjpgjpf;F vOjp rkh;g;gpj;J ,uh[pdhkh nra;tjhy;. 2. [dhjpgjpahy; cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gll; hy; my;yJ xU cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpypUe;J NtW cah;ePjpkdw;j;jpw;F ,l khw;wk; nra;ag;gll; hy;> kw;Wk; 3. Jh;elj;ij my;yJ jpwikapd;ik fhuzkhfg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Qualifications/ jFjpfs; The qualifications laid down in the constitution for the appointment as a High court Judge are following: cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp epakdj;jpw;F murpayikg;gpd; gpdt; Ufpd;w jFjpfs; tiuaWf;fg;glL; s;sd. 1. He must be a citizen of India 2. He must not be over 62 years of age. 3. He must have held a judicial office in the territory of India. Or, 4. He must have been an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years. 1. mth; xU ,e;jpaf; Fbkfdhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 2. mth; 62 taJ Kbe;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. 3. ,e;jpa epyg;gug;gpy; ePjpj;Jiwapy; ePjpg;gzpia mth; ngw;wpUe;jpUff; Ntz;Lk;> my;yJ Page 54 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 4. Fiwe;jJ 10 tUlq;fshtJ xU cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Xh; tof;fwpQuhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Independence of the Judges/ ePjpgjpfspd; Rje;jpuk; As in the case of the Judges of the Supreme Court, the constitution seeks to maintain the independence of the Judges of the High Courts by the following provisions. cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjpfisg;Nghy> cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; Rje;jpuj;ij epiyepWj;j gpd;tUk; topfspdhy; murpayikg;G ehLfpwJ. 1. The Judges of the High Court are important constitutional authorities. 2. The salaries and allowances of the Judges are charged from the Consolidated Fund of the state. 3. Salaries and allowances payable to a Judge and rights in respect of leave and pension can not be varied by the parliament to his disadvantage after his retirement, except under the Financial Emergency under Article 360. 4. The removal of a Judge is followed by a strict procedure like that of the removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court; and 5. A Judge should not hold any office of profit after his retirement. 1. cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; Kf;fpakhd murpayikg;G MizAhpikahsh;fshf cs;sdh;. 2. khepyj;jpd; njhFg;G epjpapypUe;J ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsq;fSk;> gbfSk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. 3. murpayikg;G tpjp 360 – d;gb epjp mtruepiyf; fhyj;jpy; jtpu> xU ePjpgjpf;F toq;ff;$ba rYiffisAk; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; Fiwf;f my;yJ NtWgLj;j KbahJ. 4. cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpapd ; gjtp ePf;fj;ijg; Nghy> cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpapd ; gjtp ePf;fKk; xU fbdkhd topKiwahy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; 5. xU ePjpgjp jdJ gzp Xa;Tf;Fg; gpdd; h; vt;tpj tUtha; jUk; gjtpiaAk; tfpj;jy; $lhJ. Jurisdiction and powers/ mjpfhutuk;Gk; mjpfhuq;fSk; The High Court of Chennai has the following jurisdiction and powers as per the constitution. murpayikg;gpd;gb nrd;id cah;ePjpkd;wk; gpd;tUfpd;w mjpfhu tuk;igAk;> mjpfhuq;fisAk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 1. Original Jurisdiction/ Muk;g KiwaPl;L mjpfhutuk;G The High Courts at the three presidency towns of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras had an original jurisdiction, both civil and criminal, over cases arising within the respective presidency towns. The original criminal jurisdiction of the High Court has, however, been completely taken away by the criminal procedure code, 1973. Though city civil courts have also been set up to try civil cases within the same area, the original civil jurisdiction of these High Courts has not altogether been abolished but retained in respect of actions of higher value. Kk;ig> nfhy;fj;jh kw;Wk; nrd;id Mfpa %dW; khepy efuq;fSk; jq;fSila khepy efuq;fspy; cUthFk; rptpy; kw;Wk; Fw;w tof;Ffspy; Muk;g KiwaPl;L mjpfhutuk;igg; ngw;wpUe;jd. ,Ug;gpDk;> 1973Mk; Mz;bd; Fw;w topKiwr; rl;lj;jhy; cahe; Pjpkd;wj;jpd; Muk;g KiwaPl;L Fw;w mjpfhu tuk;G KOtJk; vLff; g;gl;lJ. rptpy; tof;Ffis elj;Jtjw;F efu rptpy; mjpfhutuk;G xopf;fg;gltpy;iy. mjhtJ> toff; pd; kjpg;gPL cah;tpd; fhuzkhf mJ xopf;fg;gltpy;iy. 2. Appellate Jurisdiction/ Nky; KiwaPl;L mjpfhutuk;G The High Court is the highest court in the state of Tamil Nadu. It has appellate jurisdiction in both civil and criminal cases. On the civil side, an appeal from the decision of District Judge and from that of a subordinate Judge in cases of higher value, lie direct to the High Court. jkpo;ehl;by; cah;ePjpkd;wk; jiyaha ePjpkd;wkhf css; J. rptpy; kw;Wk; Fw;w tofF; fs; ,uz;bYk; Nky; KiwaPl;L mjpfhutuk;ig mJ ngw;Ws;sJ. rptpy; gFjpapy;> khtl;l Page 55 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 ePjpgjpapd ; KbtpypUe;Jk;> cah; kjpg;gPlb; d; fhuzkhfj Jiz ePjpgjpapd ; KbtpypUe;Jk; Neubahf Nky;KiwaPLfs; cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tUfpdw; d. 3. Writ Jurisdiction/ePjpg;Nguhiz mjpfhutuk;G According to B.R. Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India, Article 32 is the soul and heart of the constitution, because, it safeguards the rights, liberty and privileges of every citizen of India in terms of writs. As such, the High Court has the writ jurisdiction under Article 226. There are five writs, namely, Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo-warranto. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G tbtikg;Gf; FOtpd; jiytuhd gp.Mh;.mk;Ngj;fhpd; fUj;jpw;fpzq;f> tpjp-32 murpayikg;gpd; capUk; ,jaKk; MFk;. Vndd;why;> ePjpg;Nguhizfs ; %ykhf xt;nthU ,e;jpaf; Fbkfspd ; chpikfs;> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; rYiffs; Nghd;wtw;iw mJ ghJfhf;fpwJ. mNjNghy> tpjp 226-d;gb cah;ePjpkd;wk; ePjpg;Nguhiz mjpfhu tuk;igg; ngw;Ws;sJ. Ml;nfhzh;Nguhiz> fl;lisg;Nguhiz> jLg;Gg;Nguhiz> rhdW; Nguhiz kw;Wk; jFjptpdhg; Nguhiz Nghd;w Ie;J Nguhizfs; css; d. 4. Power of Superintendence/ fz;fhzpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; The High Court has the power of superintendence over all courts and tribunals throughout its territorial Jurisdiction, except military tribunals. Indeed, it has a wide power. cah;ePjpkd;wk; ,uhZtj; jPhg; ;ghaq;fisj;jtpu> jdJ mjpfhu tuk;gpd; gug;gpYs;s midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; kw;Wk; jPh;g;ghaq;fisAk; fz;fhzpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. cz;ikapy;> mJ gue;j mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wss; J. 5. Head of State Judiciary/ khepy ePjpj;Jiwapd; jiyikafk; As the head of the state judiciary, the High Court has got an administrative control over the subordinate judiciary in respect of certain matters, besides its appellate and supervisory jurisdiction over them. Thus, the High Court is powerful. Also, it acts as the court of records. Above all, it has the bench jurisdiction in which the most important and burning cases of the state are settled. khepy ePjpj;Jiwapd; jiyikafkhf> cah;ePjpkd;wk; jdJ Nky;KiwaPl;L kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;it mjpfhu tuk;igj;jtpu> rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tptfhuq;fspy; Jiz ePjpj;Jiwapd ; kPJ epht; hff; fl;Lg;ghl;ilg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,t;thwhf> cah;ePjpkd;wk; mjpfhuk; nghjpe;jjhf cs;sJ. NkYk;> mJ gjpT ePjpkd;wkhfTk; nray;gLfpwJ. vy;yhtw;WfF; k; Nkyhf> khepyj;jpd; kpfKf;fpakhd tof;Ffisj; jPh;j;Jitg;gjw;F mkh;T mjpfhutuk;igAk; mJ ngw;Ws;sJ. Subordinate Courts/ Jiz ePjpkd;wq;fs; The subordinate courts are divided into two categories, namely, the civil courts subject to the civil procedure code and the criminal courts subject to the criminal procedure code. According to the All India Judges Association case (1989), the Supreme Court directed to bring a uniform designation in the subordinate judiciary’s judicial officers all over the country - District or Additional District Judges, Civil Judge (Senior Division) and the Civil Judge (Junior Division) on the civil side and Sessions Judge, Additional Sessions Judge, Chief Judicial Magistrate, and Judicial Magistrate on the criminal side as laid down in the criminal procedure code. The chart below rptpy; topKiw rl;lj;Jld; njhlh;Gs;s rptpy; ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; Fw;w topKiwr; rl;lj;Jld; njhlh;Gs;s Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wq;fs; Nghd;w ,uz;L tiffshfj; Jiz ePjpkd;wq;fs ; gphpf;fg;gLfpdw; d. mfpy ,e;jpa ePjpgjpfs; rq;fj;jpd; tof;fpw;fpzq;f> (1989) ehL KOtJk; Jiz ePjpj;Jiwapd; ePjp mYtyh;fspy; xNu khjphpahd gjtpepiy nfhz;Ltu cr;rePjpkd;wk; typAWj;JfpwJ. mjhtJ> rptpy; gf;fj;jpy; khtl;l ePjpgjp> $Ljy; khtl;l ePjpgjp> rptpy; ePjpgjp (KJepiyg; gphpT) kw;Wk; rptpy; ePjpgjp (,sepiyg; Page 56 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 gphpT) vd;w gbepiyAk;> Fw;wtpay; topKiwr; rl;lk; tiuaWj;jgb Fw;wtpay; gf;fj;jpy; nrrd;]; ePjpgjp> $Ljy; nrrd;]; ePjpgjp> Kjd;ik ePjpj;Jiw eLth; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw eLth; vd;w gbepiyAk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W cr;r ePjpkd;wk; typAWj;jpaJ. fPNo tUfpdw; ml;ltiz Jiz ePjpkd;wq;fspd; gbepiyiaf; fhz;gpf;fpwJ. The chart showing hierarchy of subordinate courts CIVIL SIDE/rptpy; gf;fk; CRIMINAL SIDE/ Fw;wtpay; gf;fk; 1. District Judge/ khtl;l ePjpgjp Sessions Judge/ nrrd;]; ePjpgjp 2. Additional District Judge/ $Ljy; khtl;l Additional Sessions Judge/ $Ljy; nrrd;]; ePjpgjp ePjpgjp 3. Civil Judge (Senior Division)/ rptpy; ePjpgjp Chief Judicial Magistrate/ Kjd;ik (KJepiyg; gphpT) ePjpj;Jiw eLth; 4. Civil Judge (Junior Division)/ rptpy; ePjpgjp Judicial Magistrate/ ePjpj;Jiw eLth; (,sepiyg; gphpT) In addition, there are courts known as small causes courts. These courts are set up either under the Provisional Small Causes Act at the district level or under the Presidency Small Causes Court Act in presidency or metropolitan down. ,j;Jld;> rpW fhuz ePjpkd;wq;fSk; cs;sd. gpuhe;jpa rpW fhuzq;fs; rl;lj;jpdg; b ,t;tifahd ePjpkd;wq;fs; khtll; mstpNyh my;yJ khepy rpW fhuzq;fs; ePjpkd;w rl;lj;jpd;gb khefuq;fspNyh mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. The constitution provides that a District Judge shall be appointed by the Governor in consultation with the High Court of the state concerned and the posting including transfer and promotion are made in like manner. Relating to the appointment in any other post of the state judicial service, the constitution says that such appointment may be made by the Governor of the state in accordance with the rules framed by him in consultation with the State Public Service Commission and the High Court. The administrative control over the members of subordinate judicial service vests with the High Court under Article 235 of the constitution. khepy cah;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; MNyhridAld; MSeuhy; xU khtl;l ePjpgjp epakpf;fg;gLthh; vd;Wk;> gzpepakdk;> ,lkhw;wk; kw;Wk; gjtp cah;T Nghd;witfSk; ,Nj tifapy; ,Uf;Fk; vd;Wk; murpayikg;G $WfpwJ. khepy ePjpg; gzpapd ; gpw ve;jg; gjtpapd; gzpepakdk; njhlh;ghf> khepy nghJg;gzp Mizak; kw;Wk; cahe; Pjpkd;wj;Jld ; MNyhrpj;J cUthf;fpa tpjpfspd;gb MSeuhy; epakdk; nra;ag;gLk; vd;W murpayikg;G $WfpwJ. tpjp 235f;fpzq;f> Jiz ePjpg;gzp cWg;gpdh;fs; kPjhd eph;thff; fl;Lg;ghL cah;ePjpkd;wj;Jld; cs;sJ. Family Courts In addition to the hierarchy of regular courts, family courts also are constituted in various states in India. According to Family Courts Act of 1984, these courts have powers and jurisdiction to enquire into the cases relating to marriages and family affairs with a view to settle cases without much expenditure and going to regular courts which are expensive. Matters such as dispute within the family, divorce, dowry harrassment, etc. are looked into by these courts. These courts follow the Civil Procedure Code. FLk;g ePjpkd;wq;fs; Kiwahd ePjpkd;wq;fspd; gbepiyfSld;> ,e;jpahtpy; gy;NtW khepyq;fspy; FLk;g ePjpkd;wq;fSk; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 1984Mk; Mz;bd; FLk;g ePjpkd;wq;fs; rl;lj;jpw;fpzq;f> mjpfr; nrytpdk; ,y;yhky; tof;Ffisj; jPh;g;gJ kw;Wk; Kiwahd ePjpkd;wq;fspy; mjpfr; nryT Vw;gLtJ Nghd;wtw;iwf; fUj;jpy; vLj;Jfn; fhz;L> Page 57 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 jpUkzq;fs; kw;Wk; FLk;g tptfhuq;fs; njhlh;ghd tof;Ffis tprhhpg;gjw;F ,t;tifahd ePjpkd;wq;fs ; mjpfhuq;fisAk;> mjpfhu tuk;igAk; ngw;Ws;sd. FLk;gk;> tpthfuj;J> tujl;riz Nghd;wtw;wpd ; gpur;rpidfs ; njhlh;ghd tptfhuq;fSk; ,t;tpj ePjpkd;wq;fshy; ftdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpj ePjpkd;wq;fs; rptpy; topKiwr; rl;lj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. PANCHAYAT RAJ Three Tier Panchayat Raj/ %d;W mLf;F gQ;rhaj;J Kiw 1. District Panchayat (District council)/ khtl;lg;gQ;rhaj;J 2. Panchayat Union/ Cuhl;rp xd;wpak; 3. Village Panchyat/ fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J 1. District Panchayat/ khtl;lg;gQ;rhaj;J District Panchayat is the top-tier of the Panchayat Raj structure in Tamil Nadu. It is the body at the District level. It has jurisdiction over the entire district excluding such portions of the district as are included in a municipality or town panchayat or industrial township or under the authority of a municipal corporation or a cantonment. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J vd;gJ jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s gQ;rhaj;J uh[; fl;likg;gpd; cah;kl;lkhFk;. ,J khtll; mstpy; cs;s mikg;G. efuhl;rp my;yJ efu gQ;rhaj;J my;yJ njhopy;Jiw lTd~; pg;gpy; my;yJ xU khefuhl;rp my;yJ xU fzN; lhd;nkd;lb; d; mjpfhuj;jpd ; fPo; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;s khtl;lj;jpd; mj;jifa gFjpfisj; jtphj; ;J KO khtl;lj;jpYk; ,J mjpfhu tuk;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. (a) The District panchayat consists of the following: The directly elected members from the wards in the district panchayat. Each ward is constituted for about 50000 people of the district panchayat area. Only one member is directly elected from each ward. But one cannot be elected as member of more than one district. (b) The members of the House of people and the members of the state legislature of the District panchayat area. (c) The Member of the Council of States who is registered as elector within the district. The members under categories a, b and c can also take part in the proceedings and vote at the meeting of the District Panchayat. (m) khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J gpdt; Utdtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J thh;Lfspy; ,Ue;J Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs;. xt;nthU thh;Lk; khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J gFjpapy; Rkhh ; 50000 NgUf;F mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU thhb; ypUe;Jk; xU cWg;gpdh; kl;LNk Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh.; Mdhy; xdW; f;F Nkw;gl;l khtl;lq;fspy; cWg;gpduhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl KbahJ. (M) kf;fs; rigapd ; cWg;gpdhf; s; kw;Wk; khtll; gQ;rhaj;J gFjpapd; khepy rl;lkd;w cWg;gdh;fs;. (,) khtl;lj;jpw;Fs; thf;fhsuhf gjpT nra;ag;gll; khepy fTd;rpypd; cWg;gpdh;. V.gp kw;Wk; rp gphpTfspd; fPo; css; cWg;gpdh;fSk; eltbf;iffspy; gq;Nfw;fyhk; kw;Wk; khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J $l;lj;jpy; thf;fspf;fyhk;. Seats are reserved for persons belonging to the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in proportion to their strength with the total population of the district panchayat area. 1/3 seats are reserved for them are allotted by rotation to different wards in the district panchayat area. The age qualification for a voter is 18. It is 21 for a member to be directly elected to the district panchayat. But, the names must be in the concerned electoral rolls. Those who are under the employment of the central and state governments and the local bodies are not eligible for election as members or to hold any office in the district panchayat. The tenure of the district panchayat is Page 58 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 five years. If it is dissolved earlier elections must be held with in six months. Any person who is disqualified under law cannot be a voter or a member of the district panchayat. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J gFjpapd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifAld; mth;fspd; typikf;F Vw;g> gl;bayplg;gl;l rhjpfs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdj;ijr; Nrhe; ;jth;fSf;F ,Uf;iffs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xU thf;fhshpd; taJ jFjp 18. xU cWg;gpdh; Neubahf khtl;l gQ;rhaj;Jf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtJ 21 MFk;. Mdhy;> ngah;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l thf;fhsh; gl;baypy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfs; kw;Wk; cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspd ; Ntiytha;g;gpd ; fPo; css; thf; s; cWg;gpdh;fshf Njh;jYf;F my;yJ khtl;l gQ;rhaj;jpy; ve;j gjtpiaAk; tfpf;f jFjpaw;wthf; s;. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;jpd ; gjtpff; hyk; Ie;J Mz;Lfs;. ,J fiyf;fg;gl;lhy; Ke;ija Njh;jy;fs; MW khjq;fspy; elj;jg;gl NtzL; k;. rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jFjp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l ve;jnthU egUk; thf;fhsuhfNth my;yJ khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J cWg;gpduhfNth ,Uf;f KbahJ. Chairman and Vice-Chairman/ jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizj; jiyth; Every District Panchayat has a Chairman and a Vice Chairman. They are elected by the elected members from among themselves unless disqualified or removed from office; they remain in power for five years. An outgoing chairman or vice chairman is eligible for re-election of panchayat union. xt;nthU khtll; gQ;rhaj;Jf;Fk; xU jiyth ; kw;Wk; Jizj; jiyth; cs;sdh;. jFjp ePf;fk; nra;ag;glhtpl;lhy; my;yJ gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;glhtpl;lhy; mth;fs; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fshy; jq;fSf;Fs;NsNa Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLthhf; s;. mth;fs; Ie;J Mz;Lfs; Ml;rpapy; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. ntspr;nryY; k; jiyth; my;yJ Jizj; jiyth; gQ;rhaj;J rq;fj;jpd; kWNjh;jYf;F jFjpahdth;. Functions of the Chairman/ jiythpd; nray;ghLfs; The political executive of the District Panchayat is its chairman. As such he convenes and presides over the meetings of the district panchayat and conducts its proceedings. He inspects the working of the panchayat unions and panchayats and submits his report to the district panchayat. He writes his opinion on the working of the secretary to the district panchayat. This is appended with the confidential report written by district collector. He can delegate any of his functions to the vice-chairman. In case of emergency he can direct the execution of any work pertaining to the district panchayat. He has full access to all the records of the district panchayat. Thus the chairman of the district panchayat combines the role of a leader of a supervisor. He is the channel of communication between the district panchayat and the government. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;jpd; murpay; eph;thfp mjd; jiytuhf cs;shh ; . ,jdhy; mth; khtll; gQ;rhaj;J $l;lq;fis $l;b jiyik jhq;fp mjd; eltbf;iffis elj;Jfpwhh;. mth; gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; gQ;rhaj;Jfspd; nray;ghLfis Ma;T nra;J jdJ mwpf;ifia khtll; gQ;rhaj;Jf;F rkh;g;gpf;fpwhh;. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J nrayhshpd; gzp Fwpj;J mth; jdJ fUj;ij vOJfpwhh;. khtll; Ml;rpah; vOjpa ufrpa mwpf;ifAld; ,J Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mth; jdJ ve;jnthU nray;ghl;ilAk; Jizj; jiythplk; xg;gilf;f KbAk;. mtru fhyq;fspy ; khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J njhlh;ghd ve;jnthU gzpiaAk; epiwNtw;w mth; topelj;j KbAk;. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;jpd; midj;J gjpTfSf;Fk; mtUf;F KO mZfy; cs;sJ. ,t;thW khtl;l gQ;rhaj;Jj; jiyth; xU Nkw;ghh;itahshpd; jiythpd; ghj;jpuj;ij xUq;fpizf;fpwhh.; khtl;l gQ;rhaj;Jf;Fk; murhq;fj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd jfty; njhlh;G Nrdy; ,th;. Powers and Functions of District Panchayat/ khtl;l gQ;rhaj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; The powers and functions of the district panchayat have been laid down in the Acts passed by the state legislature; the district panchayat has a coordination and supervisory role to play. It performs the following functions: Page 59 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 1. It examines and approves the budgets of the panchayat union. 2. It issues directions to panchayat unions for efficient performance of their functions. 3. It coordinates development plans prepared by the panchayat unions. 4. It advises the state government on all matters relating to the development activities in the district. 5. It distributes funds, allocated by the state government, to the panchayat unions in the District. 6. It collects statistics relating to the activity es of the local authorities in the district. 7. It advises the state government on allocation of work to be made among the panchayat. 8. It regulates better relationship between the lower tiers. 9. It exercises such other powers as may be conferred by the state government. khepy rl;lg;Nguit epiwNtw;wpa rl;lq;fspy; khtl;l gQ;rhaj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fSk; nray;ghLfSk; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;Jf;F xU xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;it gq;F cs;sJ. ,J gpd;tUk; nray;ghLfis nra;fpwJ. 1. ,J gQ;rhaj;J rq;fj;jpd; tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fis Muha;e;J xg;Gjy; mspf;fpwJ. 2.gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;fq;fspd; nray;ghLfspd; jpwikahd nray;jpwDf;fhd topKiwfis ,J ntspapLfpwJ. 3.,J gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;fq;fshy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fis xUq;fpizf;fpwJ. 4. khtl;lj;jpd; tsh;r;rp eltbf;iffs; njhlh;ghd midj;J tp~aq;fspYk; ,J khepy muRf;F mwpTWj;JfpwJ. 5. ,J khepy murhy; xJf;fg;gl;l epjpia khtll; j;jpy; cs;s gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;fq;fSf;F tpepNahfpf;fpwJ. 6. ,J khtl;lj;jpy; cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhhpfspd; nray;ghLfs; njhlh;ghd Gs;sptptuq;fis Nrfhpf;fpwJ. 7. gQ;rhaj;Jfspy; nra;a Ntz;ba gzpfis xJf;fPL nra;tJ Fwpj;J ,J khepy muRf;F mwpTWj;JfpwJ. 8. ,J fPo; mLf;FfSf;F ,ilapyhd rpwe;j cwit xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ. 9. ,J khepy murhq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;glf;$ba gpw mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ. Standing Committees/ epiyf;FOf;fs; The District panchayat functions through standing committees. These standing committees have been constituted for the following subjects. 1. Community development. 2. Agriculture, Cooperation, irrigation and animal husbandry. 3. Cottage, village and small scale industries. 4. Education and social welfare. 5. Finance and taxation. 6. Public health. The Chairman and members of these committees are elected among themselves. Where the chairman of the District panchayat is a member of a committee he shall be its chairman. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J epiyf;FOf;fs; %yk; nray;gLfpwJ. gpd;tUk; epiyfSf;F ,e;j epiyf;FOf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 1. r%f Nkk;ghL. 2. tptrhak;> xj;Jiog;G> ePh;;;;;;g;ghrdk; kw;Wk; fhy;eil tsh;g;G 3. Fbir> fpuhkk; kw;Wk; rpwpa mstpyhd njhopy;fs;. 4. fy;tp kw;Wk; r%f eyd;. 5. epjp kw;Wk; thptpjpg;G. 6. nghJ Rfhjhuk;. ,e;j FOf;fspd; jiyth; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdh;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; Njhe; ;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J jiyth; xU FOtpy; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhy;> mth; mjd; jiytuhf ,Ug;ghh.; Page 60 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Sources of Income/ tUkhd Mjhuq;fs; Generally speaking District Panchayat has the following sources of income to meet its executive functions. 1. Tax on profession and trade. 2. Tax on water and public entertainments. 3. Pilgrim tax. 4. Grants and loans from the state government. 5. Land revenue, establishment and deficit adjustment grants. 6. Plan and block grants. 7. License fee from butchers. 8. Fees on sale of goods or animals in the market. 9. Income from its property. nghJthf NgRk; khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J mjd; eph;thf nray;ghLfis g+h;j;jp nra;a gpd;tUk; tUkhd Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 1. njhopy; kw;Wk; th;j;jfj;jpw;F thp. 2. ePh; kw;Wk; nghJ nghOJNghf;FfSf;F thp. 3. ahj;hPf thp. 4. khepy murplkpUe;J khdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; fld;fs;. 5. epy tUtha;> ];jhgdk; kw;Wk; gw;whfF; iw rhpnra;jy; khdpaq;fs;. 6. khdpaq;fisj; jpl;lkplTk; jLf;fTk;. 7. frhg;Gf; filf;fhuh;fsplkpUe;J chpkf; fll; zk;. 8. re;ijapay; nghUlf; s; my;yJ tpyq;Ffis tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhd fl;lzk;. 9. mjd; nrhj;jpypUe;J tUkhdk;. For each District Panchayat (general) fund is constituted. The following items are paid into District Panchayat (General) 1. The amount transferred to the District Panchayat fund by appropriation from out of the consolidated fund of the state. 2. All grants, assignments, loans and contributions made by the government. 3. All rents from lands on other property of the district panchayat. 4. All interests, profits and other moneys accruing by gifts, grants or transfer from private individuals or institutions. 5. All proceeds of land and other properties sold by the District panchayat. 6. All fees and penalties levied by or paid to the district panchayat. The government shall provide a grant to every district panchayat fund to cover the expenses of establishment at such scale as determined it. xt;nthU khtl;l gQ;rhaj;JfF; k; (nghJ) ejp mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpd;tUk; nghUl;fs; khtl;l gQ;rhaj;JfF; (nghJ) nrYj;jg;gLfpdw; d. a. khepyj;jpd; xUq;fpize;j epjpapy; ,Ue;J xJf;fPl;bd; %yk; khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J epjpf;F khw;wg;gll; njhif. b. murhq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l midj;J khdpaq;fs;> gzpfs>; fld;fs; kw;Wk; gq;fspg;Gfs.; c. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;jpd; gpw nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd epyq;fspypUe;J midj;J thliffSk;. d. jdpahh; egh;fs; my;yJ epWtdq;fspypUe;J ghpRfs;> khdpaq;fs; my;yJ ghpkhw;wj;jhy; ngwg;gLk; midj;J eyd;fs;> ,yhgq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw gzk;. e. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J tpw;fg;gLk; epyk; kw;Wk; gpw nrhj;Jf;fspd; midj;J tUkhdq;fSk;. Page 61 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 f. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J %yk; tpjpf;fg;gLk; my;yJ nrYj;jg;gLk; midj;J fl;lzq;fs; kw;Wk; mguhjq;fs.; ];jhgdj;jpd; nryTfis eph;zapf;Fk; mstpw;F The Chief Executive Officers/ jiyik eph;thf mjpfhhpfs; For each district panchayat a project officer is appointed by the government. The designation of this officer varies in different states. In Tamil Nadu this officer holds the rank of Joint Director of Rural Development. The method of recruitment, pay of allowances, disciplined conduct and conditions of service of the Chief Executive Officer are. 1. The Chief Executive Officer exercises all the powers specially imposed upon him by the act of the state legislature. 2. He must supervise and control the execution of all works of the district panchayat. 3. He has the right to attend the meetings of the district panchayat and its committees and move any resolution in them. But he has no right to vote. 4. He has to carry out the resolutions of the district panchayat. 5. He must furnish the periodical reports about the execution of the resolutions of the district panchayat and about the collection of taxes. 6. He controls the officers and servants of the district panchayat. 7. He is obliged to carry out the Orders and directions of the district panchayats. 8. He can delegate any of his functions, by an order in writing to any officer or servant of the District panchayat. xt;nthU khtl;l gQ;rhaj;Jf;Fk; xU jpl;l mYtyh; murhq;fj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,e;j mjpfhhpapd; gjtp ntt;NtW khepyq;fspy; khWgLk;. jkpo;ehl;by; ,e;j mjpfhhp Cuf tsh;r;rp ,iz ,af;Feh; gjtpapy; css; hh;. Ml;Nrh;g;G Kiw> nfhLg;gdTfspd; Cjpak;> xOf;fkhd elj;ij kw;Wk; jiyik epht; hf mjpfhhpapd; Nrit epiyikfs;. a. jiyik eph;thf mjpfhhp khepy rl;lkdw; j;jpd; nrayhy; jdf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; gadg; Lj;Jfpwhh;. b. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;jpd; midj;J gzpfisAk; mth; Nkw;ghh;itapl;L fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. c. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J kw;Wk; mjd; FOf;fspd ; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;wpy; ve;jnthU jPH;khdj;ijAk; efh;j;Jtjw;Fk; mtUf;F chpik cz;L. Mdhy; mtUf;F thf;fspf;Fk; chpik ,y;iy. d. mth; khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J jPh;khdq;fis epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. e. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;jpd; jPh;khdq;fis epiwNtw;WtJ kw;Wk; thp t#y; nra;tJ Fwpj;j fhy mwpfi; ffis mth; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. f. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; Copah;fis mth; fl;Lg;gLj;;Jfpwhh;. g. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;Jfspd; fl;lisfisAk; topKiwfisAk; epiwNtw;w mth; flikg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;. h. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;jpd; ve;jnthU mjpfhhp my;yJ CopaUf;Fk; vOj;Jg;g+h;tkhf xU cj;juT %yk; mth ; jdJ ve;jnthU nray;ghli; lAk; xg;gilf;f KbAk;. 2. Panchayat Union/gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; Page 62 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 The panchayat union forms the middle tier in the Panchayati Raj System. It is also called as intermediate tier and panchayat union council (Tamil Nadu). gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;gpy; gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;fk; eLj;ju mLf;if cUthf;FfpwJ. ,J ,ilepiy mLf;F kw;Wk; gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;f rig (jkpo;ehL) vdW; k; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Size and Composition/ msT kw;Wk; fyit The area of panchayat union is generally constituted with the panchayat development block for purpose of National Extension Service Programme. A panchayat union council is constituted for each panchayat union. It consists of 112 villages. The administration of the panchayat union shall rest in the panchayat union council. Njrpa tphpthf;f Nrit jpll; j;jpd ; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; gug;gsT nghJthf gQ;rhaj;J Nkk;ghl;Lj; njhFjpAld; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU gQ;rhaj;J rq;fj;jpw;Fk; xU gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;f rig mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J 112 fpuhkq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; eph;thfk; gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;f rigapy; Xa;ntLf;Fk;. The Panchayat Union Council/ gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; fTd;rpy; a. The directly elected members from the words in the panchayat union, at the rate of one member for every 5000 population of the panchayat union area, only one member is elected from each ward. b. The members of the House of people (Lok Sabha) and the members of the state legislature, belonging to the panchayat union area. c. The numbers of the council of states who are registered as electors within the panchayat union. d. Such number of presidents of village panchayats not exceeding l/5th of the total number of from among the presidents of the village panchayats in the panchayat union area. All the members mentioned above are entitled to take part in the proceedings of and vote at the meetings of, the panchayat union council. However no person can be elected as a member of more than one panchayat union council. 1. gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; nrhw;fspypUe;J Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fs;> gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;fg; gFjpapd ; xt;nthU 5000 kf;fSf;Fk; xU cWg;gpdh; vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;> xt;nthU thh;bypUe;Jk; xU cWg;gpdh; kl;LNk Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;. 2. kf;fs; rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; (kf;fsit) kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkdw; cWg;gpdh;fs>; gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;fg; gFjpiar; Nrh;e;jth;fs;. 3. gQ;rhaj;J xd;wpaj;jpw;Fs; thf;fhsh;fshf gjpT nra;ag;gl;l khepyq;fspd ; rigapd; vz;zpf;if. 4. gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; gFjpapy; cs;s fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jfspd; jiyth;fsplkpUe;J nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifapy; 1/5 I jhz;lhj fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jfspd; jiyth;fs; vz;zpf;if. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s midj;J cWg;gpdh;fSk; gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;f rigapd; $l;lq;fspy; thf;fspj;J thf;fspf; chpik cz;L. ,Ug;gpDk; ve;jnthU egUk; xdW; f;F Nkw;gl;l gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;f rig cWg;gpduhf Njhe; ;njLf;fg;gl KbahJ. Seats are reserved for persons belonging to the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes in proportion to their strength with the total population of the panchayat union. 1/3 rd seats are reserved for women belonging to the scheduled castes/scheduled tribes from among the total number of seats reserved for the persons belonging to the schedule castes and scheduled tribes. Page 63 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Seats are also reserved for women in the panchayat union council. The number of seats reserved for them is alloted by rotation. gQ;rhaj;J rq;fj;jpd; nkhj;j kf;fs;njhifAld; mth;fspd; typikf;F Vw;g> gl;bayplg;gl;l rhjpfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l goq;FbapdUf;F nrhe;jkhd ,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 1/3 tJ ,lq;fs; ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;l rhjpfs; / jpl;lkplg;gl;l goq;Fbapdj;ijr; Nrh;e;j ngz;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;f rigapy; ngz;fSf;Fk; ,Uf;iffs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mth;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if Row;rpahy; xJff; g;gLfpwJ. Chairman and Vice-Chairman/ jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizj; jiyth; The head of the panchayat union is named as Chairman in Tamil Nadu. He is directly elected by the people. There is also a Vice-chairman; they are elected from among the members of the Panchayat Union Council. Unless disqualified or removed from office, they hold office for five years. They are eligible, for re-election. The chairman may by an order in writing delegate any of his functions, which are not prohibited by the Panchayat Union Council to the Vice-Chairman. The Vice-Chairman can exercise the functions of the chairman when the office of the Chairman is vacant. If the offices of both Chairman and Vice-Chairman are vacant, the Revenue Divisional Officer shall be ex-officio member and chairman of the Panchayat Union Council. gQ;rhaj;J rq;fj;jpd; jiyth; jkpofj;jpy; jiytuhf ngahplg;gll; hh.; mth; Neubahf kf;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fgLfpwhh;. xU Jizj; jiytUk; ,Uf;fpwhh;. mth;fs; gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; fTd;rpy; cWg;gpdh;fsplkpUe;J Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs.; jFjp ePf;fk; nra;ag;glhtpl;lhy; my;yJ gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;glhtpl;lhy;> mth;fs; Ie;J Mz;Lfs; gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;fs.; mth;fs; kWNjh;jYf;F jFjpahdthf; s;. jiyth ; jdJ ve;jnthU nray;ghl;ilAk; vOj;Jg;g+ht; khf xU cj;jutpd; %yk; gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad ; fTd;rpy; Jizj; jiytUf;F toq;f KbahJ. jiyth; gjtp fhypahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Jizj; jiyth; jiythpd; nray;ghLfisr; nray;gLj;j KbAk;. jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizj; jiyth; ,Uthpd; mYtyfq;fSk; fhypahf ,Ue;jhy;> tUtha; Nfhl;l mYtyh; Kd;dhs; mYtyh; cWg;gpduhfTk;> gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; fTd;rpypd; jiytuhfTk; ,Ug;ghh.; Power and Functions of the Chairman/ jiythpd; rf;jp kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; The Political executive of the Panchayat Union Council is Chairman. His Powers and functions are as follows. i. He presides over the meetings of the Panchayat Union and conducts its proceedings. ii. He exercises control over the Block Development Officer and his staff regarding the implementation of the decisions and resolutions of the Panchayat Union and its Standing Committees. iii. He encourages the panchayats and guides them in making plans and carrying out production programmes. iv. He has full access to all the records of the Panchayat Union Council. v. All official correspondence between the Union Council and Government must be conducted only through the Chairman. vi. He can issue orders for the immediate execution of any important work stating reasons for doing so. vii. He is the ex-officio chairman of the Standing Committee if he happens to be its member. gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; fTd;rpypd; murpay; eph;thfp jiyth;. mtuJ mjpfhuq;fSk; nray;ghLfSk; gpd;tUkhW. Page 64 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 i. mth; gQ;rhaj;J xd;wpaj;jpd; $l;lq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;fp mjd; eltbf;iffis elj;Jfpwhh;. ii. gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; kw;Wk; mjd; epiyf;FOf;fspd; KbTfs; kw;Wk; jPhk; hdq;fis nray;gLj;JtJ njhlh;ghf njhFjp Nkk;ghl;L mjpfhhp kw;Wk; mtuJ Copah;fs; kPJ mth; fl;Lg;ghli; lf; nfhz;Ls;shh.; iii. mth; gQ;rhaj;Jfis Cf;Ftpj;J> jpl;lq;fisj; jahhpg;gjpYk;> cw;gj;jpj; jpl;lq;fis Kdn; dLg;gjpYk; topfhl;Lfpwhh;. iv. gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad ; fTd;rpypd; midj;J gjpTfSf;Fk; mtUf;F KO mZfy; cs;sJ. v. a+dpad; fTd;rpYf;Fk; murhq;fj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd midj;J cj;jpNahfg+ht; fbjq;fSk; jiyth; %ykhf kl;LNk elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vi. mt;thW nra;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; $wp ve;jnthU Kf;fpakhd gzpiaAk; cldbahf epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd cj;juTfis mth; toq;f KbAk;. vii. mth; mjd; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhy; epiyf;FOtpd ; Kd;dhs; mYtyh; jiyth;. Functions of the Panchayat Union/ gQ;rhaj;J xd;wpaj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; The Panchayat Union plays a pivotal role in the Panchayati Raj System. It is the principal executive body to implement the community development programmes. It acts as an agent of the State Government in the performance of responsibilities which may be specifically assigned to it. Also the Panchayat Union exercises supervision and control over village panchayats within its jurisdiction. It also provides the necessary technical and financial assistance to them. Finally, it is generally empowered to scrutinise and sanction the budgets of the panchayats in its area. The functions of the Panchayat Union are two-fold. They relate to the provision of civic amenities and fulfillment of development programmes. With regard to the provision of civic amenities, the Panchayat Union has the following responsibilities. gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;gpy; gQ;rhaj;J xd;wpak; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. r%f mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ Kjd;ik eph;thf mikg;G. ,J Fwpg;ghf xJf;fg;glf;$ba nghWg;Gfspd; nray;jpwdpy; khepy murpd ; Kftuhf nray;gLfpwJ. gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; jdJ mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jfspd; Nkw;ghh;itiaAk; fl;Lg;ghli; lAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J mth;fSf;F Njitahd njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; epjp cjtpfisAk; toq;FfpwJ. ,Wjpahf> mjd; gFjpapy; cs;s gQ;rhaj;Jfspd; tuT nryTj; jpl;lq;fis Muha;e;J mDkjpf;f nghJthf mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. gQ;rhaj;J xd;wpaj;jpd ; nray;ghLfs; ,uz;L klq;F. mit Fbik trjpfs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fis epiwNtw;WtJ njhlh;ghdit. Fbik trjpfis toq;FtJ njhlhg; hf> gQ;rhaj;J xd;wpaj;jpw;F gpd;tUk; nghWg;Gfs ; cs;sd. i. Construction and maintenance of roads within the jurisdiction of the union but other than purely gram panchayat roads. ii. Supply of drinking water. iii. Maintenance of drainage pipes. iv. Establishment of primary health centers and maternity homes. v. Provision of medical and health services vi. Provision of primary and basic schools and establishment of adult education centers. vii. Assistance to village roads which serve as feeders. viii. Establishment of libraries. ix. Establishment of youth organisations. Page 65 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 x. Encouragement to cultural activities. i. njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; vy;iyf;Fs; Mdhy; Kw;wpYk; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J rhiyfisj; jtpu NtW rhiyfis eph;khzpj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkhpj;jy;. ii. FbePh; toq;fy;. iii. tbfhy; Foha;fspd; guhkhpg;G. iv. Muk;g Rfhjhu epiyaq;fs; kw;Wk; kfg;NgW ,y;yq;fis epWTjy;. v. kUj;Jt kw;Wk; Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;Fjy;. vi. Muk;g kw;Wk; mbg;gil gs;spfis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; taJ te;Njhh; fy;tp ikaq;fis epWTjy;. vii. jPtdq;fshf Nrit nra;AK; fpuhk rhiyfSf;F cjtp. viii. Eyfq;fis epWTjy;. ix. ,isQh; mikg;Gfis epWTjy;. x. fyhr;rhu eltbf;iffSf;F Cf;fk;. The Panchayat Union implements community development programmes in its area. Its functions are:- gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; jdJ gFjpapy; r%f Nkk;ghlL; jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;JfpwJ. mjd; nray;ghLfs:; - 1. Execution of all programmes under community development. 2. Multiplication and distribution of improved seeds. 3. Procurement, distribution and popularisation of improved fertilizers. 4. Reclamation of land and conservation of soil. 5. Providing credit for agricultural purposes. 6. Providing irrigation facilities and repairing tanks. 7. Planting of trees and growing of village trees. 8. Introducing improved breed of cattle, sheep and poultry. 9. Introducing improved fodder. 10. Prevention and curve of disease among cattle. 11. Dairying and milk supply. 12. Introducing and development of cooperative societies. 13. Maintenance of fisheries. 14. Development of cottage, village and small - scale industries. 15. Establishment and maintenance of production-cum-training centers. 1. r%f tshr; r; papd; fPo; midj;J jpl;lq;fisAk; nray;gLj;Jjy;. 2. Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l tpijfspd; ngUf;fy; kw;Wk; tpepNahfk;. 3. Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l cuq;fspd; nfhs;Kjy;> tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; gpugyg;gLj;Jjy;. Page 66 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 4. epyj;ij kPl;gJ kw;Wk; kz; ghJfhg;G. 5. tptrha Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf fld; toq;Fjy;. 6. ePh;g;ghrd trjpfis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; njhl;bfis rhpnra;jy;. 7. kuq;fis elT nra;jy;> fpuhkj;J kuq;fis tsh;g;gJ. 8. fhy;eilfs;> nrk;kwp MLfs ; kw;Wk; Nfhopfspd; Nkk;gl;l ,dj;ij mwpKfg;Lj;Jjy;. 9. Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l jPtdj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;. 10. fhy;eilfs; kj;jpapy; Neha; jLg;G kw;Wk; tisT. 11. ghy; tsh;g;G kw;Wk; ghy; toq;fy;. 12. $lL; wT rq;fq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy;. 13. kPd;ts guhkhpg;G. 14. Fbir> fpuhkk; kw;Wk; rpwpa mstpyhd njhopyfspd; tsh;r;rp. 15. cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; gapw;rp ikaq;fis epWTjy; kw;Wk; guhkhpj;jy;. Standing Committees/ epiyf;FOf;fs; The Panchayat Union performs its functions by constituting Standing Committees. These committees are statutory bodies. There are five Standing Committees to deal with the following Functions. epiyf;FOf;fis mikg;gjd; %yk; gQ;rhaj;J xd;wpak; mjd; nray;ghLfis nra;fpwJ. ,e;j FOf;fs; rl;lhPjpahd mikg;Gfs;. gpd;tUk; nray;ghLfisr; rkhspf;f Ie;J epiyf;FOf;fs; css; d. i. Finance and taxation ii. Agricultural production, animal husbandry and minor irrigation. iii. Education and social welfare, including women’s welfare, iv. Public health and sanitation v. Communications and co-operation. i. epjp kw;Wk; thptpjpg;G ii. tptrha cw;gj;jp> fhy;eil tsh;g;G kw;Wk; rpW ePh;g;ghrdk;. iii. fy;tp kw;Wk; rKjhag; nghJeyd;. iv. nghJ Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuk;. v. njhlh;Gfs; kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;G. The members of the Standing Committees are elected by the members of the Panchayat Union from among themselves. The President of the Panchayat Union is Chairman of the Finance and Taxation Committee. These committees exercise those powers which are delegated to them by the Panchayat Union. The Block Development Officer functions as the Secretary of the Standing Committees. epiyf;FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs; jq;fSf;Fs;NsNa gQ;rhaj;J xd;wpa cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. gQ;rhaj;J xd;wpaj;jpd; jiyth; epjp kw;Wk; thptpjpg;Gf; FOtpd; jiytuhf cs;shh;. ,e;j FOf;fs; gQ;rhaj;J xd;wpaj;jhy; mth;fSf;F toq;fg;gll; Page 67 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 mjpfhuq;fis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. njhFjp Nkk;ghl;L mYtyh ; epiyf;FOf;fspd; nrayhsuhf nray;gLfpwhh;. Sources of Income/ tUkhd Mjhuq;fs; Normally Panchayat Union has the following sources of income. nghJthf gQ;rhaj;J xdw; paj;jpy; gpd;tUk; tUkhd Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd. 1. Proceeds of taxes and fees which a Panchayat Union may levy. 2. Share of local cess and land revenue received from the District Panchayat. 3. Grants from the State Government 4. Loans from the State Government 5. Income from leases granted by the Panchayat Union to public ferries, fairs, etc. 6. Ad hoc grants from or through the District Panchayat 7. Donations and contributions 8. Funds from schemes transferred by the Government to the Panchayat Union as an agency for execution. 1. xU gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad ; t#ypf;ff;$ba thp kw;Wk; fl;lzq;fspd; tUkhdk;. 2. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l cs;Sh; nr]; kw;Wk; epy tUthapd; gq;F. 3. khepy murplkpUe;J khdpaq;fs; 4. khepy murplkpUe;J fld;fs; 5. gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad ; nghJ glFfs;> fz;fhl;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F toq;fpa Fj;jiffspypUe;J tUkhdk;. 6. khtl;l gQ;rhaj;J my;yJ mjd; %yk; jw;fhypf khdpaq;fs; 7. ed;nfhilfs; kw;Wk; gq;fspg;Gfs; 8. murhq;fj;jhy; gQ;rhaj;J a+dpaDfF; khw;Wtjw;fhd jpl;lq;fshf epjp. In addition to these, a Panchayat Union has many other sources of income. According to the Tamil Nadu Panchayats Act 1994 there shall be constituted for each Panchayat Union, a Panchayat Union (General) Fund and a Panchayat Union (Education) fund. The General Fund contains receipts from 27 items and the Education Fund from seven items as mentioned in the Act. Panchayat Unions in other states also have Panchayat Union Funds. ,tw;iwj; jtpu> gQ;rhaj;J xd;wpaj;jpy; NtW gy tUkhd Mjhuq;fSk; cs;sd. jkpo;ehL gQ;rhaj;J rl;lk; 1994 ,d; gb xt;nthU gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad;> xU gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; (nghJ) epjp kw;Wk; xU gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; (fy;tp) epjp Mfpait mikf;fg;gLk;. nghJ epjpapy; 27 nghUl;fspypUe;J urPJfSk;> fy;tp epjpapy; VO nghUl;fspypUe;J urPJfSk; cs;sd. gpw khepyq;fspy; cs;s gQ;rhaj;J njhopw;rq;fq;fSf;Fk; gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; epjp cs;sJ. Administrative Machinery/ eph;thf ,ae;jpuq;fs; In order to perform its functions the Panchayat, Union has administrative machinery. It is headed by the Block Development Officer. There is one Extension Officer to assist the Block Development Officer. These development officers are the paid servants of the state Government. They are specialists in the respective fields like agriculture, animal husbandry, public health, etc; below them is the other staff. The Block Development Officer is an area or Circle administrator. He is designated as Commissioner in Panchayat Union Council. gQ;rhaj;J mjd; nray;ghLfisr; nra;tjw;fhf> a+dpad; eph;thf ,ae;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F njhFjp Nkk;ghl;L mjpfhhp jiyik jhq;Ffpwhh;. njhFjp Nkk;ghlL; mYtyUf;F cjt xU tphpthf;f mjpfhhp ,Uf;fpwhh;. ,e;j Nkk;ghl;L mjpfhhpfs; khepy murpd; Cjpak; ngWk; Copah;fs;. mthf; s; tptrhak;> fhy;eil tsh;g;G> nghJ Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w me;je;j Jiwfspy; epGzhf; shf cs;sdh;. mth;fSf;F fNP o kw;w Copahf; s; cs;sdh;. njhFjp Nkk;ghlL; mjpfhhp xU gFjp my;yJ tl;l eph;thfp. gQ;rhaj;J a+dpad; fTd;rpypy; fkp~duhf epakpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. Page 68 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 The Block Development Officer functions as (a) head of the office (b) captain of the team of extension officers, and (c) secretary of the Panchayat Union. As head of the office, the Block Development Officer looks after office work and day-to-day administration. He coordinates various technical functions in the block and implements several development programmes. He also conducts a number of enquiries. njhFjp Nkk;ghl;L mYtyh; (m) mYtyfj;jpd; jiytuhf (M) tphpthf;f mjpfhhpfs; FOtpd; jiytuhfTk;> (,) gQ;rhaj;J xdw; paj;jpd; nrayhsuhfTk; nray;gLfpwhh;. mYtyfj; jiytuhf> njhFjp Nkk;ghlL; mYtyh; mYtyf Ntiy kw;Wk; mdw; hl epht; hfj;ij ftdpj;J tUfpwhh;. Mth; njhFjpapy; gy;NtW njhopy;El;g nray;ghLfis xUq;fpizf;fpwhh; kw;Wk; gy Nkk;ghlL; jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jfpwhh;. mth; gy tprhuizfisAk; elj;Jfpwhh;. The Block Development Officer the secretary at the chief Executive Office of the panchayat union. He performs the following functions: 1. He implements various resolutions of the panchayat union and its standing committees 2. He supervises the panchayat in the block. He issues notices for the meetings of the panchayat union and its standing committees. He records and maintains the proceedings of those meetings. 3. He participated in the deliberations of the union without any voting right. 4. He draws and disburses money out of union funds. 5. In case of fraud, embezzlement and theft of money, he reports to the president of the union and the District Collector. 6. He executes all plans and programmes approved by the appropriate authorities 7. He expects the financial position of the panchayats within his block 8. He supervises end controls the other officers and staff of the panchayat union. 9. He executes contracts for and on behalf of the union subject to its prior approval. njhFjp Nkk;ghl;L mjpfhhp gQ;rhaj;J rq;fj;jpd; jiyik eph;thf mYtyfj;jpy; nrayhsh;. mth; gpd;tUk; nray;ghLfisr; nra;fpwhh;: 1. gQ;rhaj;J rq;fk; kw;Wk; mjd; epiyf;FOf;fspd; gy;NtW jPh;khdq;fis mth; nray;gLj;Jfpwhh;. 2. mth; njhFjpapy; cs;s gQ;rhaj;ij Nkw;ghh;itapLfpwhh;. gQ;rhaj;J rq;fk; kw;Wk; mjd; epiyf;FOf;fspd; $l;lq;fSfF; mth; Nehl;B]; mDg;Gfpwhh;. me;jf; $l;lq;fspd; eltbf;iffis mth; gjpTnra;J guhkhpf;fpwhh;. 3. ve;jnthU thf;fspf;Fk; chpikAk; ,y;yhky; njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; tpthjq;fspy; gq;Nfw;whh;. 4. mth; njhopw;rq;f epjpapy; ,Ue;J gzj;ij vLj;J tpepNahfpf;fpwhh;. 5. Nkhrb> Nkhrb kw;Wk; gzk; jpUlg;gl;lhy;> mth; njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; jiyth; kw;Wk; khtl;l Ml;rpaUf;F mwpf;if mspf;fpwhh;. 6. nghUj;jkhd mjpfhhpfshy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gll; midj;J jpl;lq;fisAk; mth; nray;gLj;Jfpwhh;. 7. jdJ njhFjpf;Fs; cs;s gQ;rhaj;Jfspd; epjp epiyia mth; vjph;ghhf; ;fpwhh.; 8. gQ;rhaj;J rq;fj;jpd; kw;w mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; Copah;fis mth; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhh;. 9. njhopw;rq;fj;jpd; rhh;ghfTk; mjd; rhh;ghfTk; xg;ge;jq;fis mjd; Kd; xg;GjYf;F cl;gl;L nray;gLj;Jfpwhh;. 3. Village Panchayat or Gram Sabha/ fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J my;yJ fpuhk rig Gram sabha is the foundation of the Panchayat Raj. It is a general body. It has been recognised as a statutory and corporate body. It is composed of all the eligible voters of the village panchayat. The jurisdiction of a village panchayat may be confined to one or more villages with an average Page 69 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 population of 500. Being a grass root organisation at the very lowest level it serves as the basic unit of direct democracy. Hence it is considered as a vital device of democratic control. The Gram sabha should hold at least three meetings in a financial year. The president of the village panchayat has the responsibility to convene the meetings of the Gram sabha. fpuhk rgh vd;gJ gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mbj;jsk;. ,J xU nghJ mikg;G. ,J xU rl;lhPjpahd kw;Wk; fhh;g;gNul; mikg;ghf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; midj;J jFjpahd thf;fhsh;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. xU fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;G ruhrhpahf 500 kf;fs;njhif nfhz;l xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fpuhkq;fSld; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. kpff; Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpy; xU Gy; Nth; mikg;ghf ,Ug;gJ Neub [dehafj;jpd; mbg;gil miyahf nray;gLfpwJ. vdNt ,J [dehaf fl;Lg;ghlb; d; Kff; pa rhjdkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. fpuhk rig xU epjpahz;by; Fiwe;jJ %dW; $ll; q;fis elj;j Ntz;Lk;. fpuhk rigf ; $l;lq;fis $l;l Ntzb; a nghWg;G fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jj; jiytUf;F cz;L. The functions of the gram sabha are as follows/ ராம சைப ெசய பா க வ மா 1. Grama Sabha reviews the progress of the works done by the panchayat. 2. It draws plan for the development of the sabha area. 3. It considers the annual statement of accounts and audit report of the panchayat. 4. It considers the administrative report of the last year and the programme of work for the ensuing year. 5. It approves the annual budget and development schemes of the village panchayat. The gram sabha is a sovereign body. Hence it can authorise the village panchayat to do certain things by itself. 1. gQ;rhaj;J nra;j gzpfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fpuhkrig kjpg;gha;T nra;fpwJ. 2. ,J rgh gFjpapd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd jpl;lj;ij tiufpwJ. 3. ,J gQ;rhaj;jpd; tUlhe;jpu fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; jzpfi; f mwpf;ifia fUJfpwJ. 4. ,J fle;j Mz;bd; eph;thf mwpf;ifiaAk; mLj;j Mz;bw;fhd Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ijAk; fUJfpwJ. 5. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd ; Mz;L gl;n[l; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L jpl;lq;fSf;F ,J xg;Gjy; mspf;fpwJ. fpuhk rgh xU ,iwahzi; k nfhz;l cly;. vdNt rpy tp~aq;fis jhdhfNt nra;a fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jf;F mq;fPfhuk; toq;f KbAk;. Gram Sabha Meeting/fpuhkrigf; $l;lk; The village panchayat is the primary unit and the first of the Panchayat Raj system. It is constituted for each panchayat village which has a minimum population of 500. The minimum strength of the village panchayat will be five and maximum fifteen depending upon the population. The village panchayat is the executive committee of the gram sabha. Its members are directly elected by the gram sabha by secret ballot. The entire village is divided into wards and each ward elects one to three members. There is provision for one-third reservation of seats for scheduled castes, scheduled Tribes of women. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J Kjd;ik myF kw;Wk; gQ;rhaj;J uh[; mikg;gpy; Kjd;ikahdJ. Fiwe;jgl;rk; 500 kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l xt;nthU gQ;rhaj;J fpuhkj;jpw;Fk; ,J mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; Fiwe;jglr; typik kf;fs; njhifiag; nghWj;J Ie;J kw;Wk; mjpfgl;r gjpide;J ,Uf;Fk;. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J vdg; J fpuhk rigapd; nraw;FO. mjd; cWg;gpdh;fs; Neubahf fpuhk rigahy; ufrpa thf;F %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. KO fpuhkKk; thh;Lfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L xt;nthU thh;Lk; xd;W Kjy; %d;W cWg;gpdhf; isj; Njh;e;njLf;fpwJ. gl;bayplg;gll; rhjpfs;> jpl;lkplgg; ll; ngz;fs; goq;FbapdUf;F %d;wpy; xU gq;F ,l xJf;fPL nra;a Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Page 70 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 The village panchayat is headed by a President. The President of the village panchayat is directly elected by the members of the Gram sabha. He can be removed from office on a resolution of no- confidence passed against him by a two-thirds Majority of the Gram sabha. There is also a Vice- President for each panchayat. All adult citizens of above 18 years old are entitled to vote. Those who have completed 21 years of age alone can be elected as members and President and Vice President of the panchayat. The duration of the village panchayat of the tenure of its members is 5 years. If the panchayat is dissolved earlier, elections must be held within six months. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jf;F jiyth; jiyik jhq;Ffpwhh;. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jj; jiyth; Neubahf fpuhk rig cWg;gpdh;fshy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;. mtUf;F vjpuhf %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F ngUk;ghd;ik fpuhk rigahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPh;khdj;jpd; Nghpy; mtiu gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;f KbAk;. xt;nthU gQ;rhaj;Jf;Fk; xU Jizj; jiytUk; ,Uf;fpwhh;. 18 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l taJ te;j Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk; thf;fspf;f chpik czL; . 21 taij kl;Lk; g+h;j;jp nra;jthf; is cWg;gpdh;fshfTk;> gQ;rhaj;Jj; jiyth; kw;Wk; Jizj; jiytuhfTk; Njh;e;njLf;fyhk;. mjd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; gjtpf;fhyj;jpd; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J fhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs.; Kd;djhf gQ;rhaj;J fiyf;fg;gl;lhy;> MW khjq;fSf;Fs; Njhj; y; elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Powers and functions of the President/ jiythpd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs; The President is the political executive of the village panchayat. He has the following powers and functions. jiyth; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd ; murpay; eph;thfp. mtUf;F gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fSk; nray;ghLfSk; cs;sd. 1. He convenes the meetings of the gram sabha and the village panchayat 2. He presides over the meetings of the panchayat 3. He maintains the records of the panchayat. 4. He exercises administrative control over the panchayat staff. 5. He supervises the implementation of the resolutions passed by the panchayat. 6. He is responsible for the proper execution of the decisions taken in the village panchayat. 7. He is authorised to manage the panchayat funds 8. He attends the meeting of the panchayat union and represents his panchayat 9. He exercises all powers as are conferred on him by the Act or the rules made under the Act by the state government. The Vice-President discharges these functions in the absence of the President. 1. mth; fpuhk rig kw;Wk; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J $l;lq;fis $l;Lfpwhh;. 2. gQ;rhaj;J $l;lq;fSfF; mth; jiyik jhq;Ffpwhh;. 3. mth; gQ;rhaj;J gjpTfis guhkhpff; pwhh;. 4. mth; gQ;rhaj;J Copahf; s; kPJ eph;thf fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;shh;. 5. gQ;rhaj;J epiwNtw;wpa jPH;khdq;fis nray;gLj;Jtij mth; Nkw;ghh;itapLfpwhh;. 6. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfis Kiwahf epiwNtw;Wtjw;F mth; nghWg;G. 7. gQ;rhaj;J epjpia ep;h;tfpf;f mtUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L. 8. mth; gQ;rhaj;J rq;fj;jpd; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L jdJ gQ;rhaj;ij gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpwhh;. 9. mth; rl;lj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; my;yJ khepy murhq;fj;jhy; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nra;ag;gl;l tpjpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;. jiyth; ,y;yhj epiyapy; Jiz jiyth ; ,e;j nray;ghLfis epiwNtw;Wfpwhh;. Functions of the Village Panchayat/ fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; The village panchayat is entrusted with several welfare functions and developmental activities. Its fundamental responsibility is the preparation of plans and implementation of schemes for economic development and social Justice at the village level. The village panchayat must perform Page 71 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 all such functions as are prescribed by the law of the State Government. These are classified into compulsory and optional functions. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J gy eyd;Ghp gzpfs; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;L eltbf;iffis xg;gilj;Jss; J. mjd; mbg;gil nghWg;G fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; r%f ePjpf;fhd jpl;lq;fisj; jahhpj;jy; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jjy;. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J khepy murpd; rl;lj;jhy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;l midj;J nray;ghLfisAk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,it fl;lha kw;Wk; tpUg;g nray;ghLfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Compulsory Functions/ fl;lha nray;ghLfs; 1. Development of agriculture. 2. Promotion of cottage industries. 3. Maintenance of public wells and tanks. 4. Supply of drinking water. 5. Provision for sanitation and drainage. 6. Lighting of village streets and other public places. 7. Maintenance of burial and cremation grounds. 8. Registration of births, deaths and marriages. 9. Maintenance of cattle ponds and the general care of the live stock. 10. Protection of the property of the village panchayat. 11. Construction and maintenance of minor irrigation works. 12. Regulation of public market and fairs. 13. Ear marking places for dumping the refuses. 14. Promotion of social education and supervision of schools. 15. Collection and maintenance of statistical data. 16. Arrangement for the distribution of imposed seeds and measures. 17. Maintenance of maturity homes and slaughterhouses. 18. Assistance in the implementation of the land reforms schemes. 19. Vaccination, innoculation and anti-epidemic measures. 1. tptrhaj;jpd; tshr; ;rp 2. Fbirj; njhopy;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;. 3. nghJ fpzWfs; kw;Wk; njhl;bfspd; guhkhpg;G. 4. FbePh; toq;fy;. 5. Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; tbfhy; trjp. 6. fpuhk tPjpfs; kw;Wk; gpw nghJ ,lq;fis tpsf;Fjy;. 7. mlf;fk; kw;Wk; jfd ikjhdq;fis guhkhpj;jy;. 8. gpwg;G> ,wg;G kw;Wk; jpUkzq;fis gjpT nra;jy;. 9.fhy;eil Fsq;fis guhkhpj;jy; kw;Wk; Neub gq;Ffspd; nghJ guhkhpg;G. 10. fpuhk gQr; haj;jpd ; nrhj;Jff; spd; ghJfhg;G. 11. rpW ePh;g;ghrd gzpfis eph;khzpj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkhpj;jy;. 12. nghJ re;ij kw;Wk; fzf; hl;rpfspd; fl;Lg;ghL. 13. kWg;Gfis nfhl;Ltjw;fhd fhJ Fwpf;Fk; ,lq;fs;. 14. r%f fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; gs;spfspd; Nkw;ghhi; t. 15. Gs;sptptu juTfis Nrfhpj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkhpj;jy;. 16. tpjpf;fg;gll; tpijfs; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffis tpepNahfpf;f Vw;ghL. 17. Kjph;T tPLfs; kw;Wk; ,iwr;rpf; $lq;fis guhkhpj;jy;. 18. epy rPh;jpUj;j jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;Jtjpy; cjtp. 19. jLg;g+rp> Fw;wkw;wJ kw;Wk; njhw;WNeha;f;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffs;. Optional Functions/ tpUg;g nray;ghLfs; 1. Planting and nursing of trees on road sides 2. Construction and maintenance of play grounds, libraries, reading rooms, parks etc. 3. Reclamation of unhealthy localities. Page 72 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 4. Managing the community centers. 5. Relief to the poor and looking after public health. 6. Establishment of crop godowns. 7. Promotion of cooperative farming, family planning and animal husbandry. 8. Regulation of pig rearing. 9. Removal of untouchability. 10. Construction and maintenance of houses for the conservancy staff of the village panchayat. 1. rhiy Xuq;fspy; kuq;fis elt nra;jy; kw;Wk; guhkhpj;jy; 2. tpisahl;L ikjhdk;> E}yfq;fs;> thrpg;G miwfs>; g+q;fhf;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G. 3. MNuhf;fpakw;w ,lq;fis kPl;gJ. 4. r%f ikaq;fis eph;tfpj;jy;. 5. ViofSf;F epthuzk; kw;Wk; nghJ Rjhjhuj;ij ftdpj;jy;. 6. gaph; NfhlTd;fis epWTjy;. 7. $l;LwT Ntshz;ik> FLk;gf ; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; fhy;eil tsh;g;G Mfpatw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jjy;. 8. gdw; p tshg; ;ig xOq;FgLj;Jjy;. 9. jPz;lhikia ePf;Fjy;. 10. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J fd;rh;Ntd;rp Copah;fSff; hd tPLfis eph;khzpj;jy; kw;Wk; guhkhpj;jy;. Sources of Income/ tUkhd Mjhuq;fs; 1. Animal Tax. 2. Building Tax. 3. Fines on account of violation of panchayat laws. 4. Fees paid for presenting legal case before the panchayat. 5. Registration of animal fees for selling the animals in its area. 6. Rent from village properties. 7. Local trade tax. 8. Tax on vehicles such as bullock carts. 9. Grants-in-aid sanctioned by the state government. 10. Matching grants given by the state government. 1. tpyq;F thp. 2. flb; l thp. 3. gQ;rhaj;J rl;lq;fis kPwpajhy; mguhjk;. 4. gQ;rhaj;Jf;F Kd; rl;l tof;if Kdi; tg;gjw;fhd fl;lzk;. 5. mjd; gFjpapy; tpyq;Ffis tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhd tpyq;F fl;lzq;fis gjpT nra;jy;. 6. fpuhk nrhj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J thlif. 7. cs;Sh; tz;bfs; Nghd;w thfdq;fSf;F thp. 8. fhis tzb; fs; Nghd;w thfdq;fSfF; thp. 9. khepy muR mDkjpj;j khdpaq;fs;. 10. khepy muR toq;fpa nghUe;jf;$ba khdpaq;fs;. The receipts of the village panchayat are credited into the village panchayat fund. The money required for expenditure to carry out its various functions and to meet other obligations is released from this fund. fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J urPJfs; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J epjpapy; tuT itf;fg;gLfpdw; d. mjd; gy;NtW nray;ghLfisr; nra;tjw;Fk; gpw flikfisr; nra;tjw;Fk; nrytpdq;fSfF; j; Njitahd gzk; ,e;j epjpapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpf;fg;gLfpwJ. There is an executive authority in each village panchayat. He is appointed by the state government. He carries out the resolutions of the village panchayat. He controls all the officers Page 73 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 and servants of the village panchayat. By discharging his duties, he also looks after the day-to-day administration of the village panchayat under his Jurisdiction. xt;nthU fpuhk gQ;rhaj;JfF; k; xU eph;thf mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. mtiu khepy muR epakpf;fpwJ. mth; fpuhk gQr; haj;jpd; jPh;khdq;fis epiwNtw;Wfpwhh.; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd ; midj;J mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; Copah;fis mth; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhh;. jdJ flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk;> mth; jdJ mjpfhu tuk;gpd; fPo; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jpd; mdw; hl eph;thfj;ijAk; ftdpj;J tUfpwhh;. Page 74 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 UNIT - IV CENTRE-STATE RELATIONS / kj;jpa – khepy mjpfhug; gfph;T The Centre-State Relations revolve around the fulcrum of distribution of Powers between Centre and States. Distribution of powers is the foundational feature of federalism and in federal constitutions there are three types of distributions, they are: 1. Legislative Power Distribution 2. Executive Power Distribution 3. Financial Power Distribution mjpfhug; gfph;T kj;jpa khepy cwTfspd; mr;rhzpahf cs;sJ. kj;jpa khepy murhq;fq;fSf;F ,ilNa mjpfhug; gfph;T %d;W jsq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. m) rl;lkd;;w mjpfhug; gfph;T M) Mlr; pj;Jiw mjpfhug; gfph;T ,) epjp mjpfhug; gfph;T Legislative Relations/ rl;lkd;w mjpfhug; gfph;T There are two aspects to the distribution of legislative powers between the Centre and States in our constitution. They are kj;jpa khepy cwTfspy; rl;lkd;w mjpfhug; gfphT; ,uzL; jsq;fspy; toq;fg;glL; s;sJ 1. Territorial Distribution of Powers/ mjpfhug; gfph;tpd ; vy;iy 2. Subject Distribution/ mjpfhuq;fs; gfph;T 1. Territorial Distribution of Powers/ mjpfhug; gfph;tpd ; vy;iy The powers are distributed between the union and state governments territorially. The union government possesses the powers over the entire territory of India while the states have jurisdiction over their own territories. The central government has extra territorial jurisdiction that means that its laws govern not only persons and property within India but also Indian citizens and their properties located in any corner of the world. In contrast the state legislatures do not possess jurisdiction outside their own territory. The territorial jurisdiction of Parliament, of course, is subject to certain limitations imposed by the constitution especially with regard to union territories and scheduled areas. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd ; mjpfhuk; Njrj;jpd; vy;iy KOtJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. khepy murhq;fq;fspd; mjpfhuk; khepy vy;iy kPJ fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; kj;jpa muR vy;iyfis jhz;ba mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ kj;jpa muR ,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lky;y> cyfpd; ve;jg; gFjpapYk; trpf;Fk; ,e;jpaf; Fbkfd;fs; kw;Wk; mthf; s; nrhj;Jf;fs; kPJk; mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Mdhy; khepy murhq;fq;fs; me;je;j khepy vy;iyf;Fs; kl;LNk mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij MSiff;F cl;gl;l gFjpfs; kw;Wk; gl;bay; gFjpfs; kPJ gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ murikg;Ng rpy fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;fpdw; J. 2. Subject Distribution/ mjpfhuq;fs; gfph;T The constitution distributes the legislative subjects between the union government and states in an elaborate scheme. There are three Lists of distribution. I kj;jpa khepy murhq;fq;fSf;F ,ilNa murikg;G mjpfhuj;ij %d;W gl;bay;fs; %yk; gfph;e;J mspf;fpd;wJ. List I (Union List) contains the subjects and powers exclusively allotted to the union parliament. There are 100 subjects here including defense, foreign affairs, banking, and currency. Page 75 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 gl;bay; (xd;wpag; gl;bay;) ,q;F xd;wpa muR KO mjpfhuj;ij ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ghJfhg;G> tq;fpj;Jiw> ehzak;> ntspAwTj;Jiw cs;spl;l EW mjpfhuq;fs; ,g;gl;baypy; cs;sd. I gl;bay; (xd;wpag; gl;bay;) ,q;F xd;wpa muR KO mjpfhuj;ij ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ghJfhg;G> tq;fpj;Jiw> ehzak;> ntspAwTj; Jiw cs;spl;l EW mjpfhuq;fs; ,g;gl;baypy; cs;sd. List II (State List) contains the subjects that are exclusively allotted to the state governments. There are 59 items including public order, and police, public health, local government, agriculture, forests, fisheries. II gl;bay; (khepyg; gl;bay;) ,g;gl;baypy; cs;s Jiwfspy; khepy murhq;fq;fs; KO mjpfhuj;ij ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,q;F 59 mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd. rl;lk;> xOq;F> nghJ Rfhjhuk;> Rahl;rp mikg;Gfs;> tptrhak;> tdq;fs; Nghd;witfs; ,g;gl;baypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. List III (Concurrent List) contains 52 items including Criminal law and procedure, Civil Procedure, marriage, education. This list is called as Concurrent List. Both the union and state governments have powers over these subjects. But when there occurs a clash between the union and state governments the law of the parliament will prevail. There is also another category called residuary powers. Any subject not mentioned in the above three lists will automatically comes under the jurisdiction of the union government. Our constitution broadly follows the legislative distribution of powers provided in the Government of India Act 1935 enacted during the British colonial era. III gl;bay; (nghJg; glb; ay;) ,g;gl;baypy; 52 mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd. fy;tp> jpUkzk;> Fbikr; rl;lk; Nghd;witfs; ,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. kj;jpa khepy murhq;fq;fs; ,uz;LNk ,g;gl;baypy; mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jtjhy; ,g;gl;baYf;F nghJg; gl;bay; vd;W ngahplgg; l;Ls;sJ. ,g;gl;baypy; cs;s mjpfhuj;jpy; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;F ,ilNa Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gl;lhy; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lNk nry;YgbahFk;. ,k;%d;W gl;bay;fs; jtpu ,ju mjpfhuq;fs; vd;w tifAk; cs;sJ. ,k;%e;W gl;bay;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w mjpfhuq;fs; vy;yhk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; MSikapd; fPo; tUfpd;wd. Nkw;fz;l mjpfhug;gfph;it toq;Ftjpy; ekJ murikg;G ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; 1935 – ia gpd;gw;Wfpdw; J. Exceptions/ tpjptpyf;Ffs; The above scheme of legislative power distribution will be normally followed. But under exceptional circumstances the scheme will be suspended. The power of the Union Parliament will be expanded and concomitantly the powers of the state legislatures will be diminished. Nkw;fzl; mjpfhug; gfph;T nghJthf ,e;jpahtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;. Mdhy; rpy rpwg;G rkaq;fspy; Nkw;fz;l mjpfhug; gfph;T epWj;jp itf;fg;gLk;. ,r;rkaq;fspy; khepy murhq;fq;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; ePf;fg;gl;L kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk; mjpfhpf;fg;gLk;. a) National Emergency/ Njrpa mtrufhyk; When the President of India declares National Emergency the union parliament acquires the powers to legislate over the subjects in the State List. The emergency is declared by the president to tackle problems like war, external aggression and armed rebellion that pose a danger to the existence of our nation. For the purpose of tackling the challenges successfully and effectively these challenges the union government gains control over state legislature powers too. FbauRj;jiyth; Njrpa mtrufhy rl;lj;ij gpwg;gpj;jhy; ehlhSkd;wk; khepy mjpfhuq;fs; kPJ rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngWk;. Nghh;> me;epa Mf;fpukpgG; > MAjNke;jpa fpsh;r;rp Nghd;w fhuzq;fs; mbg;gilapy; FbauRj;jiyth; Njrpa mtru Page 76 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 rl;lj;ij gpufldk; nra;thh;. ehl;bw;F vjpuhd rthy;fis rkhspg;gjw;F ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; khepy gl;baypYk; nrYj;jg;gLk;. b) Agreement between States/ khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd xg;ge;jk; When two or more states agree that their mutual interests will be served better if there is common law on a particular subject and request the union government to enact the needed law, the Parliament can enact a common law for the desiring states on that subject even if it falls in the List II (State List). ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fs ; jq;fspd; ed;ik fUjp xU Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhuj;jpy; kj;jpa muR jq;fSf;fhd nghJr ; rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wp jUf vd Nfhhpdhy; ehlhSkd;wk; mr;rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wp jUf vd Nfhhpdhy; ehlhSkd;wk; mr;rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wp jUf vd Nfhhpdhy; ehlhSkd;wk; mr;rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpj; jUk;. c) International Agreement/ rht; Njr xg;ge;jk; The Parliament will have powers of enactment on a state subject for the purpose of implementing an international agreement. rht; Njr xg;ge;jq;fis mky;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ehlhSkd;wk; khepy gl;baypy ; cs;s mjpfhuj;jpy; rl;lq;fis ,aw;wyhk;. d) Article 356 Emergencies/ cWg;G 356 mtru fhyk; After the declaration of article 356 emergency in a state the President can declare that the parliament will enact on state list subjects for that state. murikg;gpd; 356 cWg;gpd;gb mtru fhyj;ij xU khepyj;jpy; gpwg;gpj;jhy; FbauRj;jiyth; me;j khepyj;jpw;fhd rl;lq;fis ehlhSkd;wk; ,aw;wyhk; vd mjpfhuk; toq;Fthh;. Executive Relations/ Ml;rpj;Jiw mjpfhug; gfph;T Our constitution distributes executive powers between the union and state governments. The distribution is coterminous with legislative power distribution to a great extent. The union government possesses executive powers over the subjects that are included in the List I, namely the Union List. ekJ murikg;G kj;jpa khepy murhq;fq;fs; ,ilNa eph;thf mjpfhuq;fis gfph;fpdw; J. Vw;fdNt tpthpf;fg;gl;l rl;lkd;w mjpfhug;gfph;it gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy; Ml;rpj;Jiw mjpfhu gfphT; mike;Js;sJ. kj;jpa murhq;fk; KjyhtJ gl;baypYs;s tpbaq;fs; kPJ Ml;rpj;Jiw mjpfhuj;ij ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. The states have executive powers over the subjects that are included in the List II, namely the State List. The executive power of the union government extends over the territory of India while the executive power of the state governments extend over their own territories. The distribution of executive powers over the List I and List II is based on the simple principle that they are coterminous with legislative powers of the union and state governments. ,uz;lhtJ glb; aypy; cs;s tp~aq;fs; kPJ khepy murhq;fq;fs; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Ws;sd. Njrk; KOtJk; kj;jpa murhq;fk; Mlr; pj;Jiw mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. khepy murhq;fq;fs; me;je;j khepyq;fspy; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;wpUf;;fpd;wd. The distribution of the executive powers over the List III namely the Concurrent List is based on a slightly complicated scheme. Succinctly it can be stated that the executive powers over the subjects in the Concurrent List is ordinarily with the state governments. Nevertheless, the union Page 77 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 government retains powers to issue directions to the state governments in the execution of executive functions both in normal times and during emergencies. %dw; htJ gl;bayhd nghJg; gl;baypy;> Ml;rpj;Jiw mjpfhu gfph;T rw;Nw tpj;jpahrkhf cs;sJ. nghJthf nghJg; gl;baypy; tp~aq;fspy; ephpthf mjpfhuj;ij khepyq;fs; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. Mdhy; Njitg;gl;lhy; kj;jpa murhq;fk; khepy murhq;fq;fSf;F fl;lisfisg; gpwg;gpf;Fk;. khepy murhq;fq;fs; kj;jpa murhq;fk; toq;Fk; fl;lisfis fz;bgg; hf ,q;F epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. Another feature in the executive powers distribution scheme in the constitution relates to mutual delegation of functions between the union and state governments. The union government can entrust its functions to the state government after getting the consent of the state government concerned. Conversely the state government can entrust its executive functions to the union government after getting the consent of the union government. Moreover, the union government can entrust its executive function to the state government without getting the consent of the state government concerned but it must obtain the consent of the parliament. ekJ $l;lhl;rp Kiwapy; kj;jpa> khepy murhq;fq;fs; ,ilNa gzp xg;gilg;G Kiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kj;jpa murhq;fk; khepy MSehpd; ,irTld; jdJ eph;thfg; gzpfis epiwNtw;WkhW khepy murhq;fj;jplk; xg;gilf;fyhk;. khepy murhq;fk; FbauRj;jiythpd ; MjuTld; jdJ eph;thfg; gzpfis kj;jpa murplk; xg;gilf;fyhk;. kj;jpa muR khepy MSehpd; ,irT ,y;yhky;> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpAld ; jdJ eph;thff; flikfis epiwNtw;WkhW khepy murhq;fj;jplk; xg;gilf;fyhk;. Financial Relations/ epjp mjpfhug; gfph;T Finances are very fundamental in the successful operation of federal system. Indian constitution distributes financial powers between the union and states in a comprehensive arrangement that is broadly modeled on the 1935 Government of India Act. There are two sources of revenue distributed by the constitution namely Tax Revenue and Non-tax Revenue. $ll; hl;rp Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;F epjp mjpfhu gfph;T kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,e;jpa murikg;G kj;jpa khepy murhq;fq;fs; ,ilNa epjp mjpfhug; gfph;it tphpthf toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,g;gfph;thdJ ,e;jpa murhq;fr; rl;lk; 1935-ia nghpa mstpy; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. ,uz;L tifahd tUkhdq;fs; epjpg;gfph;tpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. A) Tax Revenue Distribution/thp tUkhdg; gfph;T There are five important ways in which the tax revenues are distributed between the union and state governments. 1. Certain taxes like Corporation tax and Custom tax are exclusively allotted to the central government. 2. Certain taxes like sales tax are exclusively allotted to the states. 3. Certain taxes are levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the concerned states and the examples are stamp duties on Bills of Exchange and Excise duties on medicinal and toilet preparations containing alcohol. 4. Certain taxes are levied and collected by the union government but the proceeds are assigned to the states in which they are levied like the taxes on the sale of advertisements in newspapers. 5. Certain taxes are levied and collected by the state governments and are distributed between the union and state governments in a certain proportion like the tax on income other than an agricultural income. kj;jpa khepy epjp gfph;tpy; thp tUkhd gfph;T Ie;J tiffspy; jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1. Rq;fthp Nghd;witfs; Kw;wpYk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 2. tpw;gid thp Nghd;w thpfs; Kw;wpYk; khepy murhq;fj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Page 78 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 3. rpy thpfis kj;jpa murhq;fk; tpjpf;fpd;wJ. khepy murhq;fq;fs; mt;thpfis t#ypj;J gad;gLj;jpf; nfhsf; pd;wd. Kj;jpiu thp> kJtpdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; kPjhdf; fyhy; thp Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshf ehk; $wyhk;. 4. rpy thpfis kj;jpa murhq;fk; tpjpj;J t#ypf;fpwJ. Mdhy; me;j tUkhdk; khepyq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; tUk; tpsk;guq;fs; kPjhd thp. 5. rpy thpfs; kj;jpa murhy; tpjpf;fg;glL; > t#ypf;fg;gl;L khepyq;fSf;fpilNa gfph;e;jspf;fg;gLfpdw; d. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tptrha tUkhdk; jtph;j;j gpw tUkhdq;fs; kPjhd thp. B) Non-tax Revenue Distribution/ ,ju tUkhdg; gfph;T Both the union and state governments are provided with non-tax revenue sources. The union government gets its revenue from the receipts from commercial and industrial undertakings relating to central subjects like Industrial Finance Corporation. It gets its revenue from Railways, Posts and Telegraphs, Broadcasting etc The state governments get revenue from the receipts of commercial enterprises and industrial undertakings allotted to them. The sources among others include forests, irrigation, electricity, road transport. The constitution understands the greater financial needs of certain states and therefore the article 275 asks the union government to provide Grants-in- Aid to the states like Assam keeping in mind the imperative of the development and welfare of the tribal population. thp jtpu ,ju tUkhd topfs; kj;jpa khepy murhq;fq;fSf;F murikg;ghy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kj;jpa murhq;fk; jdf;fhd tzpf kw;Wk; njhopy; epWtdq;fis elj;jp tUkhdj;ij Finance Commission/ epjpf; FO The president of India consitutes a Finance Commission once in every five years. The article 280 of the constitution describes the composition of the Finance Commission. It will have one Chairman and four other members. The Chairman will be a person with experience in public affairs and the members will have experience in financial administration, special knowledge of economics, special knowledge of public accounts and government finances, and one member will have the qualification of a High Court judge. xt;nthU Ie;jhz;bw;Fk; FbauRj;jiyth;; xU epjpf;FOit mikg;ghh;. murikg;gpd; 280- tJ cWg;G FOtpd; mikg;ig tpthpf;fpd;wJ. epjpf; FO xU jiytiuAk; ehd;F cWg;gpdh;fisAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. epjpf ; FOtpd; jiyth; nghJ eltbf;iffspy; (tptuq;fs;) mDgtk; ngw;wtuhf ,Ug;ghh;. epjpf; FOtpd; %d;W cWg;gpdh;fs; epjp eph;thfk;> nghUshjhuk;> nghJf; fzf;Ffs; kw;Wk; muR epjp Jiw Mfpatw;wpy; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;wpUg;ghh;fs;. epjpf; FOtpd; ehd;fhtJ cWg;gpdh; cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpahf jFjpg; ngw;wth;. Finance Commission will provide recommendations in the following manner/ epjpf; FO murpw;F ghpe;Jiufis fPo;f;fz;lthW toq;Fk;. 1. For the distribution of net proceeds of taxes between the centre and states 2. Principles governing grants-in-aid 3. Measures needed to increase the Consolidated Fund of India or states to supplement the resources of the Panchayat Bodies Page 79 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 4. Measures needed to increase the Consolidated Fund of India or states to supplement the resources of the Urban Local Bodies. 5. Any other matter referred by the president. So far fourteen Finance Commissions have been constituted once in every five years. 1. tUkhdj;ij kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilNa gfhph;;jy;. 2. cjtp khdpak; toq;fg;gLk; topKiwfs;. 3. gQ;rhaj;J mikg;Gfspd; epjp Mjhuq;fis tYg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;Fld; ,e;jpahtpd; njhFg;G epjp mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd ghpe;Jiufs;. 4. efuhl;rp mikg;Gfspd ; epjp Mjhuq;fis tYg;gLj;Jk; NehfF; ld; ,e;jpahtpd; njhFg;G epjp mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd ghpe;Jiufs;. 5. FbauRj;jiytuhy; epjp rk;ge;jg;gl;l tp~aj;jpy; Nfhug;gLk; ghpe;Jiufs;. ,Jtiu 14 epjpf; FOf;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; FbauRj;jiytuhy; mikf;fg;glL; s;sd. EMERGENCY PROVISIONS/ mtrufhy Vw;ghLfs; Introduction India is a federal country of”its own kind”. It acquires unitary features during an Emergency. Due to this reason, Dr B.R Ambedkar called the Indian Federal system as unique because it becomes entirely unitary during an Emergency. During an Emergency, as Constitutional machinery fails, the system converts itself into a unitary feature. The Emergency is a period of depression where all Fundamental Rights of a person is taken away except article 20 and 21. ,e;jpah mjd; nrhe;j tifahd xU $l;lhl;rp ehL. ,J xU mtrufhyj;jpd ; NghJ xw;iwahl;rp mk;rq;fisg; ngWfpwJ. ,e;j fhuzj;jpw;fhf> lhf;lh; gp.Mh;.mk;Ngj;fh; ,e;jpa $ll; hl;rp Kiwia jdpj;JtkhdJ vd;W mioj;jhh.; Vnddpy; ,J xU mtrufhyj;jpd; NghJ Kw;wpYk; xw;Wikahf khWk;. xU mtrufhyj;jpd ; NghJ> murpayikg;G ,ae;jpuq;fs; Njhy;tpAw;wjhy;> ,e;j mikg;G jdi; d xU xw;iwahl;rp mk;rkhf khw;WfpwJ. mtruepiy vd;gJ kdr;Nrhh;tpd; xU fhykhFk;. mq;F cWg;G 20 kw;Wk; 21Ij; jtpu xU eghpd; midj;J mbg;gil chpikfSk; gwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Emergency Definition / mtru tiuaiw An emergency is a situation which arises due to the failure of the government machinery which causes or demands immediate action from the authority. According to the Black Law’s Dictionary, “Emergency is a situation which requires quick action and immediate notice as such a situation causes a threat to the life and property in the nation. It is a failure of the social system to deliver reasonable conditions of life” mtruepiy vd;gJ mjpfhuj;jpd; cldb eltbf;iff;F fhuzkhd my;yJ NfhUk; murhq;f ,ae;jpuq;fspd; Njhy;tpapd; fhuzkhf vOk; xU #o;epiy. fUg;G rl;l mfuhjpiag; nghWj;jtiu> mtruepiy vd;gJ tpiuthd eltbf;if kw;Wk; cldb mwptpg;G Njitg;gLk; xU #o;epiy mr;RWj;jiy Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. Njrj;jpd; tho;f;if kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;F epahakhd tho;f;if epiyikfis toq;FtJ r%f mikg;gpd; Njhy;tp. Types of Emergency/ mtrufhy tiffs; Part- XVIII of Indian Constitution deals with the Emergency provisions i.e. Articles 352 to 360. There are three types of Emergencies mentioned in the Constitution. The power of imposing all three types of Emergencies is vested upon the President of India. The concept of Emergency was borrowed from the Weimar Constitution of Germany. The three types are as follows Page 80 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gFjp – XVIII mtrufhy tpjpfs;> mjhtJ gphpT 352 Kjy; 360 tiu. murpayikg;gpy; %d;W tifahd mtruepiyfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. %d;W tifahd mtruepiyfisAk; jpzpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiytUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtruepiy vd;w fUjJ n[h;kdpapd; tPkh; murpayikg;gpypUe;J fld; ngwg;gl;lJ. %dW; tiffs; gpd;tUkhW 1 .Article 352 – National Emergency/ gphpT 352 Njrpa mtruepiy 2 .Article 356 – President’s Rule/ gphpT 356 [dhjpgjpfs; tpjp 3. Article 360 – Financial Emergency/ gphpT 360 epjp mtruepiy Grounds for the Proclamation of Emergency/ mtrufhy gpufldj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; National Emergency/ Njrpa mtruepiy Grounds for the proclamation of National Emergency are as follows: Njrpa mtruepiy gpufldj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fsl gpd;tUkhW War/ Nghh; When a country declares a formal war against India and there is a violent struggle using armed forces, the President of India may impose National emergency. xU ehL ,e;jpahTf;F vjpuhf xU Kiwahd Nghiu mwptpf;Fk;NghJ> MAjg; gilfisg; gad;gLj;jp td;Kiwg; Nghuhl;lk; eilngWk;NghJ> ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp Njrpa mtruepiyia tpjpf;ff;$Lk;. External Aggression/ ntspg;Gw Mf;fpukpg;G When a country attacks another country without any formal declaration of war. It is a unilateral attack by any country towards India. In such circumstances, the President of India may impose a National emergency. ve;jnthU Kiwahd Nghh; mwptpg;Gk; ,y;yhky; xU ehL kw;nwhU ehl;il jhf;Fk;NghJ ,J ve;j ehLk; ,e;jpahit Nehf;fp xUjiyg;gl;rkhf elj;jg;gLk; jhf;Fjy;. ,j;jifa #o;epiyfspy;> ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp xU Njrpa mtruj;ij tpjpf;fyhk;. Armed Rebellion/ MAjf; fpsh;r;rp Emergency due to the armed rebellion may be imposed by the President of India when a group of people rebel against the present government which will lead to the destruction of lives and property. MAjf; fpsh;r;rpapd; fhuzkhf mtruepiy ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpahy; tpjpf;fg;glyhk;. jw;Nghija murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf xU FO kf;fs; fpsh;r;rp nra;Ak; NghJ caphf; isAk; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; mopf;f toptFfF; k;. State Emergency / khepy mtruepiy Grounds for the Proclamation of the State Emergency are a failure in the Constitutional machinery of the state. In this Emergency, when Governor of the state is satisfied that the State is not functioning in accordance with the Constitutional provisions then he may write his report to the President of India. And the President, if satisfied by the report, may impose the President’s rule. After that, the President will become the executive head of the state. khepy mtrufhy gpufldj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; khepyj;jpd; murpayikg;G ,ae;jpuq;fspy; Njhy;tp. ,e;j mtrufhyj;jpy;> murpayikg;G tpjpfspd;gb muR nray;gltpy;iy vdW; khepy MSeh; jpUg;jp mile;jhy;> mth; jdJ mwpf;ifia ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpfF; vOjyhk;. [dhjpgjp> mwpf;ifapy; jpUg;jp mile;jhy;> [dhjpgjpfs; Ml;rpia tpjpf;fyhk;. mjd; gpwF> [dhjpgjp khepyj;jpd; eph;thfj; jiytuhf khWthh;. Page 81 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Financial Emergency/epjp mtruepiy Grounds for the Proclamation of the Financial Emergency are that when a state arises in the Country which leads to a financial crisis in India, the President of India may impose emergency to tackle the situation. In this situation, the Central Authority may reduce the budget or cut the budget given to the State, salaries of the Government officials may be deducted. epjp mtruepiy gpufldj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; vd;dntd;why;> ,e;jpahtpy; epjp neUf;fbf;F toptFf;Fk; ehl;by; xU khepyk; vOk;NghJ> ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp epiyikiar ; rkhspf;f mtrufhyj;ij tpjpf;fyhk;. ,e;j #o;epiyapy;> kj;jpa Mizak; tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ij Fiwff; yhk; my;yJ khepyj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;l tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ij Fiwf;fyhk;. muR mjpfhhpfspd; rk;gsk; fopf;fg;glyhk;. Reason for Emergency in India/,e;jpahtpy; mtruepiyf;fhd fhuzk; National Emergency/ Njrpa mtruepiy Article 352 deals with “Proclamation of Emergency” or “National Emergency”. The President of India has the power to declare an Emergency in India or any part of India by making a Proclamation. Under this Article, if the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists in India due to which there is a threat to the security of the nation, he may declare Emergency on the grounds of- gphpT 352 mtruepiy my;yJ Njrpa mtruepiy gpufldj;Jld; njhlhG; ilaJ. gpufldj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; ,e;jpahtpNyh my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd; ve;jg; gFjpapNyh mtruepiyia mwptpf;f ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L. ,e;j fl;Liuapd; fPo;> ,e;jpahtpy; xU fLikahd mtruepiy epyTtjhf [dhjpgjp jpUg;jp mile;jhy;> ehl;bd; ghJfhg;gpw;F mr;RWj;jy; cs;sJ. mth; mtruepiyia mwptpf;fyhk;. 1 .War/ Nghh; 2. External Aggression/ ntspg;Gw Mf;fpukpg;G 3. Armed Rebellion / MAjf; fpsh;r;rp The word “Armed Rebellion” was substituted for “Internal Disturbance” by the Forty-fourth Constitution Amendment Act, 1978. MAjf; fpsh;r;rp vd;w nrhy; ehw;gj;jp ehd;fhtJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> 1978 My; cs;sff; Fog;gj;jpw;F khw;whf khw;wg;gll; J. National Emergency has been imposed three times in India so far. The time period in which this happened was from 1962-1977. Brief description of the emergencies are as follows – ,e;jpahtpy; ,Jtiu %dW; Kiw Njrpa mtruepiy tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J ele;j fhyk; 1962 – 1977 tiu mtru epiyfspd; RUf;;;;;fkhd tpsf;fk; gpd;tUkhW An emergency was imposed at the time of Indo-China war by the then President of India Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan on the ground of external aggression from October 26, 1962 to January 10, 1968 mf;Nlhgh; 26> 1962 Kjy; [dthp 10> 1968 tiu ntspg;Gw Mf;fpukpg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; mg;Nghija ,e;jpa [dhjpgjp lhf;lh; rh;Ntgs;sp uhjhfpU~;zd; ,e;NjhrPdh Nghhpd; NghJ mtrufhy tpjp tpjpf;fg;gl;lhh.; Again, an Emergency was imposed from December 3, 1971, to March 21, 1977, by the then President of India Mr. V.V. Giri during the Indo-Pakistan war. The reason was the same as above i.e. external aggression kPz;Lk;> xU mtruepiy 1971 brk;gh; 3 Kjy; 1977 khh;r; 21 tiu mg;Nghija ,e;jpa Page 82 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 [dhjpgjp jpU.tp.tp.,e;Njh-ghfp];jhd; Nghhpd; NghJ fphp. fhuzk; ntspg;Gw Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F NkNy ,Ue;jJ. The third Emergency was imposed due to a clash between Legislature and Judiciary. Mrs. Indira Nehru Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India with the permission of the then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declared an emergency. It was imposed for a period of 19 months from June 25, 1975to March 21, 1977. rl;lkdw; j;jpw;Fk; ePjpj;Jiwf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Nkhjyhy; %d;whtJ mtruepiy tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;Nghija [dhjpgjp /gf;UjPd; myp mfkJtpd; mDkjpAld ; mg;Nghija ,e;jpahtpd; gpujk ke;jphp jpUkjp ,e;jpuh NeU fhe;jp mtruepiyia mwptpj;jhh.; ,J [Pd ; 25> 1975 Kjy; khh;r; 21> 1977 tiu 19 khj fhyj;jpw;F tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Effects of National Emergency/ Njrpa mtrufhy tpisTfs; Under Article 358, National Emergency suspends the rights guaranteed under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution. Also, other Fundamental Rights get suspended under Article 359 except Article 20 and 21. Article 20 of the Indian Constitution deals with the “Protection in respect of conviction from offences”. This Article is pillars of all the Fundamental Rights which are guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. It protects the right of an individual in case of conviction. Article 21 of the Indian Constitution deals with “Protection of life and personal liberty” because no person shall be deprived of his life and personal liberty except procedure established by law. Under this kind of Emergency, the State Government comes under the direct control of the Central Government. The State Government has to work as per the direction is given by the Union. The distribution of financial resources between the Union and the State may be suspended by the President. The Parliament acquires power over the subjects of the State List which ceases on the expiry of six months. gphpT 358 ,d; fPo;> Njrpa mtruepiy ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 19 tJ gphptpd; fPo; cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gll; chpikfis ,ilepWj;JfpwJ. NkYk;> gphpT 20 kw;Wk; 21Ij; jtpu 359tJ gphptpd; fPo; gpw mbg;gil chpikfs; ,il epWj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 20tJ gphpT Fw;wq;fspypUe;J jz;bf;fg;gLtJ njhlh;ghd ghJfhg;igg; gw;wpaJ. ,e;j fl;Liu ,e;jpa murpayikg;ghy; cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gll; midj;J mbg;gil chpikfspd; J}z;fshFk;. ek;gpf;if Vw;gl;lhy; mJ xU eghpd; chpikiag; ghJfhf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 21 tJ gphpT caph; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuk; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Vndd;why; rl;lj;jhy; epWtg;gll; eilKiwiaj; jtpu ve;jnthU egUk; mtuJ tho;f;if kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;ij ,of;f khl;lhh;fs;. ,e;j tifahd mtrufhyj;jpd; fPo;> khepy muR kj;jpa murpd; Neub fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; tUfpwJ. a+dpad; toq;fpa topfhlL; jypdg; b khepy muR nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. A+dpaDfF; k; khepyj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd epjp Mjhuq;fspd; tpepNahfk; [dhjpgjpahy; epWj;jg;glyhk;. MW khj fhyhtjpahFk; NghJ epWj;jg;gLk; khepy gl;baypy; cs;s ghlq;fspy; ghuhSkd;wk; mjpfhuk; ngWfpwJ. Page 83 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Financial Emergency/epjp mtruepiy Article 360 deals with “Provisions as to Financial Emergency”. Financial Emergency is imposed by the President when there arises any situation which causes a financial threat to India or any part of India. Financial Emergency has never been imposed in India. However, in 1990, the possibility of financial emergency emerged but the situation was controlled by the Indian Government as in July 1991 the Reserve Bank of India pledged 46.91 tons of Gold with Bank of England and Union Bank of Switzerland to raise $400 million. gphpT 360 epjp mtruepiy njhlh;ghd tpjpfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpah my;yJ ,e;jpahtpd ; ve;jg; gFjpf;Fk; epjp mr;RWj;jiy Vw;gLj;Jk; ve;jnthU #o;epiyAk; Vw;gl;lhy; epjp mtruepiy [dhjpgjpahy; tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; epjp mtruepiy xUNghJk; tpjpf;fg;gltpyiy. ,Ug;gpDk;> 1990 Mk; Mz;by;> epjp mtruepiy Vw;gLtjw;fhd rhj;jpak; Njhdw; paJ. Mdhy; epiyikia ,e;jpa muR fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ. [Piy 1991 ,y;> ,e;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp 46>91 ld; jq;fj;ij ghq;f; Mg; ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; a+dpad; ghq;f; M/g; Rtpl;rh;yhe;Jld; 400 kpy;ypad; lhyh; jpul;l cWjpaspj;jJ. Effects of Financial Emergency/ அவசர ைள க During the Financial Emergency, Parliament has the power to reduce the salaries and allowances of the people working under the Union or the State Government. Financial and Money Bills passed by the State Legislature of the State will be sent to the President of India for his consideration. epjp mtrufhyj;jpd; NghJ> a+dpad; my;yJ khepy murpd; fPo; gzpGhpAk; kf;fspd; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdTfis Fiwf;f ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; css; J. khepy rl;lkdw; j;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gll; epjp kw;Wk; gz kNrhjhff; s; ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpapd; ghprPyidf;F mDg;gg;gLk;. State Emergency/ khepy mtruepiy President’s Rule can be judicially reviewed and the President becomes answerable only when the Emergency is imposed in certain cases, which are: 1 .When there is Constitutional non-conformity by the State with the direction of Union 2. When there is a political crisis in the State. 3 .When there is an internal subversion in the State. khepy mtruepiy [dhjpgjpfs; tpjpia ePjpj;Jiw kW Ma;T nra;a KbAk; kw;Wk; rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; mtruepiy tpjpf;fg;gLk; NghJ kl;LNk [dhjpgjp gjpyspg;ghh;. 1. a+dpadpd; topfhl;LjYld; khepyj;jhy; murpayikg;G ,zf;fkw;w jd;ik ,Uf;Fk;NghJ 2. khepyj;jpy; murpay; neUf;fb ,Uf;Fk;NghJ. 3. khepyj;jpy; cs;tpisT Vw;gLk;NghJ Effects of State Emergency/ khepy mtrufhy tpisTfs; During the State Emergency or President’s Rule, the entire State administrative machinery is transferred to the Union. President becomes executive head of the State and Governor works under his name. khepy mtruepiy my;yJ [dhjpgjpfs; Ml;rpapd; NghJ> KO khepy eph;thf ,ae;jpuq;fSk; xd;wpaj;jpw;F khw;wg;gLfpd;wd. [dhjpgjp khepyj;jpd; eph;thfj; jiytuhfTk;> MSeh; jdJ ngahpy; nray;gLfpwhh.; Legislative Assembly of the state may be dissolved or it may be suspended. Parliament took over Page 84 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 the charge of making laws in the 66 subjects of the List-II i.e. State List. All the ministers of State Legislative assembly were barred from performing any action as every money bill is required to be first referred to the Parliament for approval. khepyj;jpd; rl;lkd;wk; fiyf;fg;glyhk; my;yJ mJ ,ilepWj;jg;glyhk;. gl;bay; II khepy gl;baypy; 66 ghlq;fspy; rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk; nghWg;ig ehlhSkd;wk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. xt;nthU gz kNrhjhTk; Kjypy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; xg;GjYf;fhf ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gjhy;> khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpd; midj;J mikr;rh;fSk; ve;jnthU eltbf;ifAk; nra;aj; jil tpjpf;fg;gll; dh;. State’s High Court functions independently in such a situation. There is no effect of an emergency in the State Judiciary. High Court may even entertain the petition filed against the President’s Rule. In 2016, the Congress Government approached the Neonatal High Court against the President’s Rule imposed under Narendra Mode’s regime. mj;jifa #o;epiyapy; khepy cah; ePjpkd;wk; RahjPdkhf nray;gLfpwJ. khepy ePjpj;Jiwapy; mtrufhyj;jpd; ve;j tpisTk; ,y;iy. [dhjpgjpfs; tpjpf;F vjpuhf jhff; y; nra;ag;gl;l kDit cah; ePjpkd;wk; kfpo;tpf;ff;$Lk;. eNue;jpu Nkhl;]; Ml;rpapd ; fPo; tpjpf;fg;gl;l [dhjpgjpfs; tpjpf;F vjpuhf 2016 Mk; Mz;by; fhq;fpu]; muR epNahdhly; cah; ePjpkd;wj;ij mZfpaJ. It was imposed by the then President of India Pranab Mukherjee. The High Court of Uttarakhand gave its verdict in favor of Harish Rabat’s government and declared to restore the Congress Government in the State of Uttarakhand. Later, the judgment was upheld by the Supreme Court of India and the Congress Government continued its period of governance. ,ij mg;Nghija ,e;jpa FbauRj; jiyth; gpuzhg; Kfh;[p tpjpj;jhh;. cj;jufz;l; cah;ePjpkd;wk; `hp~; ughl;]; murhq;fj;jpw;F Mjuthf jdJ jPh;g;ig toq;fpaJ kw;Wk; cj;jufzl; ; khepyj;jpy; fhq;fpu]; murhq;fj;ij kPln; lLg;gjhf mwptpj;jJ. gpd;dh;> ,e;j jPh;g;ig ,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;wk; cWjp nra;jJ kw;Wk; fhq;fpu]; muR mjd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;ijj; njhlh;e;jJ. How many times State Emergency declared in India? ,e;jpahtpy; vj;jid Kiw khepy mtruepiy mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ? There are different circumstances under which the President’s Rule is imposed, these are:- [dhjpgjpfs; tpjp tpjpf;fg;gLk; ntt;NtW #o;epiyfs; css; d. ,it 1. When the coalition government in the State collapses. / khepyj;jpy; $l;lzp murhq;fk; tPo;r;rpailAk; NghJ. 2. Law and orders are not followed in the State. / khepyj;jpy; rl;lk; kw;Wk; cj;juTfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLtjpy;iy. 3. Failure to elect Chief Minister by the State Legislature. / khepy rl;lkd;wj;jhy; Kjyikr;riuj; Njh;e;njLg;gjpy; Njhy;tp. 4. Postponement of the State Elections due to any reasons. / VNjDk; fhuzq;fshy; khepyj; Njh;jy;fis xj;jpitj;jy;. In India, till 2018, the President’s Rule was imposed 126 times by the President of India. Maximum times the President’s Rule was invoked during Indira Gandhi regime i.e. 35 times. ,e;jpahtpy;> 2018 tiu> FbauRj; jiyth ; tpjp 126 Kiw ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpahy; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp Ml;rpapd; NghJ [dhjpgjpfs; tpjp mjpfglr; k; 35 Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Emergency Provisions/ mtru Vw;ghLfs; Article 352: Proclamation of Emergency. Page 85 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Article 353: Effect of Proclamation of Emergency. Article 354: Application of provisions relating to the distribution of revenues while a proclamation of emergency is in operation. Article 355: Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance. Article 356: Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in State. Article 357: Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under Article 356. Article 358: Suspension of provisions of article19 during Emergencies. Article 359: Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies. Article 360: Provisions as to Financial Emergency. gphpT 352 mtrufhy gpufldk;. gphpT 353 mtrufhy gpufldj;jpd; tpisT. gphpT 354 mtrufhy gpufldk; nray;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ tUtha; tpepNahfk; njhlhg; hd tpjpfspd; gad;ghL. gphpT 355 ntspg;Gw Mf;fpukpg;G kw;Wk; cs; ,ilaAWf;F vjpuhf khepyq;fis ghJfhf;f a+dpadpd; flik. gphpT 356 khepyj;jpy; murpayikg;G ,ae;jpuq;fs; Njhy;tpw;why; Vw;ghLfs;. gphpT 357 gphpT 356 ,d; fPo; ntspaplg;gl;l gpufldj;jpd; fPo; rl;lkd;w mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;. gphpT 358 mtru fhyq;fspy; fl;Liu 19 ,d ; tpjpfis epWj;jp itj;jy;. gphpT 359 mtru fhyq;fspy; gFjp III toq;fpa chpikfis mky;gLj;Jtij epWj;Jjy;. gphpT 360 epjp mtruepiyf;F Vw;g. Recommendations of the Constitutional Review Commission Commissions on Centre-State Relations/ 1. Administration Reforms Commission 2. Rajamannar Commission 3. Sarkaria Commission 4. Punchhi Commission 5. Venkatachaliah Commission A number of commission have been formed in past to study and provide recommendation on Centre-State relations. Administrative Reforms Commission/ eph;thfr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; FO There were two Administrative Reforms Commissions that were established in the past to provide recommendations for reviewing and reforming the administrative system of the country. The First Administrative Reforms Commission was formed in 1966 initially under the leadership of Morarji Desai and later on K.Hanumanthaiah. It submitted twenty reports including one in which extensive suggestions were provided in the domain of centre-state relations. The Second Administrative Reforms Commission was constituted in the new millennium in 2005 under the chairmanship of initially Veerappa Moily and later on V. Ramachandran. ekJ ehl;bd; epht; hfr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fSff; hf ,Jtiuapy; ,uz;L eph;thfr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; FOf;fs; mikff; g;gl;Ls;sd. Kjy; eph;thfr ; rPh;jpUj;jf; FO 1966-Mk; MzL; Muk;gj;jpy; nkhuhh[; p Njrha; jiyikapYk; gpd;dh; Nf.mDke;ijah jiyikapYk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;FO 20 mwpfi; ffis toq;fpaJ. mitfspy; xU mwpf;if kj;jpa khepy cwTfis gw;wp ghpe;Jiufis toq;fpaJ. Rajamannar Commission/,uh[kd;dhh; FO The Tamil Nadu government established the Rajamannar committee to analyze and provide recommendations for restructuring the centre-state relations in our constitution. The committee Page 86 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 consisted of the retired Chief Justice of Madras High Court Justice. P.V.Rajamannar, former Vice- Chancellor of the University of Madras, Dr A Lakshmanaswamy and a former Chief Justice of Andhra, Dr P. Chandra Reddy. It submitted its report to the government in 1971 marking a great milestone in the history of autonomy debate in the country. The major suggestions of the committee include. jkpo;ehL murhq;fk; ekJ murikg;gpd; kj;jpa khepy cwTfis Ma;T nra;J ghpe;Jiufs; toq;Ftjw;F ,uh[ kd;dhh; FOit mikj;jJ. nrd;id cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kdd; hs; jiyik ePjpgjp gp.tp.,uh[ kd;dhh;> nrd;id gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; JizNte;jh; Kidth; V. ,yl;Rkz Rthkp> Me;jpu cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpd ; Kdd; hs ; jiyik ePjpgjp Kidth; gp. re;jpu nul;b MfpNahh; ,f;FOtpy; ,Ue;jdh;. jq;fsJ ghpe;Jiufis ,f;FO murhq;fj;jpw;F 1971 Mk; Mz;L toq;fpaJ. khepy Rahl;rp tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpa iky;fy;yhf ,f;FOtpd; mwpfi; f cs;sJ. ,f;FOtpd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs; fPo;f;fz;litfs; MFk;. 1.The article 263 of the constitution should be implemented and Inter- State Commission should be formed to promote cooperation among central and state governments. The proposed council must consist of the Chief Ministers of the states or their nominees as members and the Prime Minister as the Chairperson. It should be endowed with far reaching powers and all the major bills of the Parliament and decisions of the union government that affect the interests of one or more states must be placed and discussed in the council and its opinion should be considered in the decision making process. The committee’s made consultation with the Inter State Council is mandatory in all matters barring those related to the two subjects, namely defence and foreign affairs. 1.murikg;gpd; 263 cWg;G cldbahf mky;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd FO cUthf;fg;gl NtzL; k;. ,f;FOtpd; jiytuhf gpujkh; gzpGhpa Ntz;Lk;. khepy Kjy;thf; s; my;yJ mth;fshy; epakpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; cWg;gpdh;fshf gzpahw;w NtzL; k;. khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd FOtplk; mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa KbTfisAk;> ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;lq;fisAk; ,f;FOtpy; MNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njrj;jpd; ghJfhg;G> ntspAwT Mfpa ,uz;L mjpfhuq;fs; jtpu> ,ju vy;yh mjpfhuq;fisAk;> gad;gLj;Jk; Kd; kj;jpa muR khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd FOit MNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. 2. The committee argued that the present scheme of centre-state relations in the constitution favors centre’s supremacy and erodes state autonomy and therefore recommended the elimination of articles 256, 257, 339(2) from our constitution. The committee was against specifically these articles as they enable the centre to issue instructions to the state governments. 2. jw;nghOJ cs;s kj;jpa khepy cwTfs; kj;jpa muRf;F rhjfkhf cs;sJ. MfNt murikg;gpd; cWg;Gfs; 256> 257> 339(2) Mfpaitfis ePf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j cWg;Gfs; khepy chpikfis ghjpg;gjhy; mitfis ePf;fp khepy chpikfis tYg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd ,uh[ kd;dhh; FO ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. 3. It favored the shifting of the residuary powers of legislation and taxation from the union government to the state governments to empower the states. 3. %d;W gl;bay;fspy; ,y;yhj ,ju mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa murplkpUe;J khepy muRfSf;F khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. thp tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuKk; khepy muRfSf;F khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 4. As article 356 in Part XVIII of the constitution should be diligently used by the union government only as a measure of last resort in the event of a complete breakdown of the constitutional machinery in the state and not in a mere law and order break down situation. Page 87 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 4. murikg;gpd; XVIII gFjpapy; cs;s cWg;G 356 kj;jpa murhy; ftdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khepyj;jpy; murpay; rhrd mikg;G Kw;wpYk; rPh;Fiye;jhy; kl;LNk> filrp MAjkhf kj;jpa muR ,t;TWg;ig gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. rhjhuz rl;l xOq;F gpur;ridfSf;F ,t;TWg;ig khepyq;fspy; kj;jpa muR gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ. 5. The committee wanted to introduce far reaching changes in All India Services. It opined that there should be only two kinds of services, central services devoted to needs of union administration and state services looking after the state administration. It suggested the abolition of All India Services including the elite Indian Administrative Service as they are against the spirit of federalism and state autonomy. It highlighted the concerns of the state governments ruled by opposition parties of the ruling party at the centre about the All India Services acting as agents of the union government. 5. ,uh[h kd;dhh; FO midj;J ,e;jpag; gzpfspy; nghpa mstpy; khw;wq;fis ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. ekJ ehl;by; ,uzL; tifahd gzpfs ; kl;LNk ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpag; gzpfs; kj;jpa murpw;Fk; khepyg; gzpfs; khepy murpw;Fk; eph;thfj; Njitfis g+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;bw;Fk; nghJthd> kj;jpa muRf;F rhjfkhd> khepy muRfSf;F vjpuhd midj;J ,e;jpag; gzpfs; Njitapy;iy. $l;lhl;rp Kiwf;F vjpuhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp (I.V.v];) cs;spl;l midj;J ,e;jpag; gzpfis murikg;gpypUe;J ePf;Ftjw;F ,uh[ kd;dhh; FO ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. 6. In the domain of financial resources the committee recommended greater devolution of powers and resources to the states. For the purpose of expanding the financial capacity of the states it suggested changes in certain taxes like corporation tax, customs and export taxes. The committee recognized the finances as the fulcrum of state rights and balanced federalism and therefore recommended the transfer of many items from Union List and Concurrent List to State List in the seventh schedule of the constitution. It argued for making the Finance Commission a permanent, impartial body devoted to the priorities of national unity, development and state rights and identities. 6. epjp Mjhuq;fis kj;jpa murhq;fj;jplk; ,Ue;J khepy murhq;fj;jpw;F mjpf mstpy; khw;wpj;juNtzL; k; vd ,f;FO $wpaJ. khepyq;fspd ; epjp rf;jpia mjpfhpg;gjw;F njhopy; epWtdq;fs; thp> Vw;Wkjp thp> Rq;f thp Nghd;wtw;wiw kj;jpa murhq;fj;jplk; ,Ue;J khepyq;fSf;F khw;w NtzL; k;. epjp Mw;wy; jhd; khepy chpikfspd; mr;rhzp vd;W ,f;FO fUjpaJ. MfNt murikg;gpd; VohtJ ml;ltizapy; jpUj;jq;fs; nghpa mstpy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpag; gl;bay;> nghJg; glb; ay; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J khepyg; gl;baYf;F mjpf mjpfhuq;fis khw;w Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa xw;Wik> tsh;r;rp> khepy chpikfs; kw;Wk; milahsq;fs ; Mfpatw;iw ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L epjpf;FO xU epue;ju> ghFghL ,y;yhj mikg;ghf khw Ntz;Lk; vd ,uh[ kd;dhh; FO ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. Sarkaria Commission/ rh;f;fhhpah FO The Union Government in the backdrop of many demands for reform in federal domain constituted a commission under the chairmanship of Justice R.S.Sarkaria in 1983 to review the centre-state relations. B.Sivaraman and Dr.R.S.Sen were the two othermembers of the commission. Five years later, it submitted a comprehensive report containing 247 recommendations. kj;jpa murhq;fk; gy $l;lhl;rp Nfhhpf;iffs; khepyq;fshy; vOg;gg;gll; jhy; 1983 Mk; Mz;L ePjpaurh; Mh;.v];.rh;f;fhhpah jiyikapy; xU FOit cUthf;fpaJ. ,fF; Otpy; gp. rptuhkd;> Kidth; Mh;.v];.v];.nrd; Mfpa epGzh;fSk; cWg;gpdhf; shf ,Ue;jdh;. ,f;FO 247 ghpe;Jiufis cs;slf;fpa xU tphpthd mwpf;ifia Ie;J tUlq;fs; fopj;J kj;jpa murpw;F rkh;g;gpj;jJ. Inter State Council/1. khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd FO: Page 88 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 It recommended that the Inter-State Council must have the functions laid down in article 263 (b) and (c) that is to investigate subjects where many states have common interest and to make recommendation for better co-ordination of policy in that subject. The commission argued against article 263(a) stating that the Inter-State Commission should not have powers to enquire and advise on interstate disputes. The commission also suggested the establishment of an independent, permanent secretariat for Inter-State Council to make the body more effective. khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd FO cUthf;fg;gl NtzL; k;. murikg;gpd; cWg;G 263(gp) kw;Wk; (rp) gzpfis nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; ,fF; Otplk; toq;fg;gl NtzL; k;. khepyq;fspd; nghJthd eyd; fUjp khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd FO ghpe;Jiufis toq;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; murikg;gpd; cWg;G 263(m) – apd ; mjpfhuk; ,f;FOtpw;F toq;fg;glf;$lhJ. mjhtJ khepyq;fs; ,ilapy; vOk; rpf;fy;fspy; jiyapLk; mjpfhuk; khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd FOtpw;F toq;ff; $lhJ. NkYk; xU epue;ju> Rahlr; p ngw;w nrayfj;ij khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd FOtpw;F cUthf;fpj; ju Ntz;Lk;. Article 356/ murikg;gpd; cWg;G 356 It suggested that the article 356 must be imposed only sparingly, as a measure of last resort when there is a complete breakdown of constitutional machinery in a state. All available and possible alternatives should be explored before the imposition of the article 356 Emergency in the state concerned. kpfTk; ftdkhf> kpfTk; FiwthfNt gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. filrp MAjkhf ,t;TWg;G gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU khepyj;jpy; murikg;G Ml;rp Kiw Kw;wpYk; rPh;Fiye;jhy; kl;LNk ,t;TWg;ig gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. cWg;G 356 mky;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd; vy;yh khw;W cj;jpfisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Governor/ MSeh; The commission rejected the demand and suggestion of some political parties and states that the office of governor must be abolished or the concerned state government must be consulted before the appointment of state governors. On the contrary, for smoother functioning of federalism it suggested that the politically active persons and leaders should not be appointed as governors. Only eminent persons must be appointed as governors. When differing parties are ruling at the centre and states the leader belonging the ruling party at the centre must not be appointed as the governor of a state. MSeh; gjtpia uj;J nra;a Ntz;Lk;. MSeiu epakpf;Fk; Kd; rk;ge;jg;gl;l khepy muir fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpy murpay; fl;rpfspd; fUj;Jf;fis rh;f;fhhpah FO epuhfhpj;jJ. $l;lhl;rp Kiw ed;F nray;gLtjw;F murpay; jiyth;fis MSeh;fshf epakpf;ff; $lhJ vd;W ,f;FO ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd ; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F ghLgl;l ngUik kpf;f ,e;jpaf; Fbkfd;fis MSehf; shf epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ntt;NtW fl;rpfs ; kj;jpapYk; khepyj;jpYk; Ml;rpapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ> kj;jpapy; MSk; fl;rpapd; jiyth;fis khepyj;jpd ; MSeuhf epakpff; f;$lhJ. 4. Language/ nkhop It recommended the strict adherence to the tri language formula to strengthen the unity and integrity of the country. Kk;nkhopf;nfhs;ifia fz;bg;ghf mky;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W rh;f;fhhpa FO ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. Kk;nkhopf;nfhs;if Njrpa xw;Wikia tsh;f;Fk; vd;W ,f;FO $wpaJ. Punchhi Commission/ Gd;r;rp FO The union government constituted a commission in 2007, under the leadership of Justice Madan Mohan Punchhi, the former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 2007. The commission also had Page 89 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 three more members and a Secretary and presented its report in 2010. It recommended that the governors of the states must have fixed tenure and they should be removed only through impeachment process akin to the President of India. It wanted to introduce changes in articles 355 and 356 so that insurgency or problem afflicted areas or districts in a state rather than the entire state can be brought under emergency as a strategy to localize emergency and efficiently handle insurgency or troubles. The commission also suggested that the union government must have power and authority for the suomotu deployment of central forces without the consent of the concerned states in areas affected by communal violence. Gjpa murhq;fk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;dhy; jiyik ePjpgjp kjd; Nkhfd; Gd;r;rp jiyikapy; xU Gjpa FOit mikj;jJ. ,f;FOtpy; %d;W epGzh;fSk; xU nrayUk; ,Ue;jhh.; ,f;FO 2010 Mk; Mz;L jdJ ghpe;Jiufis kj;jpa muRf;F toq;fpaJ. khepy MSehf; s; Fwpg;gpl;l gjtpf;fhyj;jpw;F epqkpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. FbauRj;jiytiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw Nghy khepy MSeh;fSk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; gjtp ePf;f jPhk; hdk; %yk; kl;LNk gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU khepyj;jpy; fpsh;r;rpapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l khtl;lq;fs; my;yJ gFjpfspy; kl;LNk FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rpia mky;gLj;jyhk;. khepyk; KOtJk; FbauRj;jiyth; Ml;rpia mky;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. ,jw;fhf murikg;gpd; cWg;Gfs; 355> 356 Mfpatw;wpy; khw;wk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. kjf; fytuq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; khepy murhq;fj;jpd ; xg;Gjy; ngwhkNy kj;jpa muR jdJ fhty; gilfis mDg;gp mikjpia epiy ehl;lyhk;. Venkatachaliah Commission/ ntq;fl nry;iyah FO The National Commission to review the working of the Constitution (NCRWC) also known as Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission was set up by a resolution of the NDA Government of India led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee on 22 February 2000 for suggesting possible amendments to the Constitution of India. gpujkh ; mly; gpfhhp th[g; ha; jiyikapyhd Njrpa kf;fshl;rpf ; $l;lzp murhq;fk; 2000 Mk; Mz;L ePjpaurh; ehuhazuht; ntq;flnry;iyah jiyikapy; xU FOit mikj;jJ. ,e;j murikg;G kjpg;gha;T Njrpa FO (NCRWC) murikg;gpy; gy rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wpaJ. IMPORTANT AMENDMENTS/ Kf;fpa jpUj;jq;fs; Amendment Process and Procedure/ jpUj;j nray;Kiw kw;Wk; eilKiw The constitution of India has a unique provision to make the Constitution relevant to changing conditions and needs but without changing the basic structure. Article 368 deals with the amendment of the Constitution. As per this article, the Parliament has the supreme power to initiate the amendment process. The procedures for amendment of the constitution are as follows: khwptUk; epiyikfs; kw;Wk; NjitfSf;F murpayikg;ig nghUj;jkhdjhf khw;Wtjw;F ,e;jpa murpayikg;G xU jdpj;Jtkhd Vw;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; mbg;gil fl;likg;ig khw;whky; gphpT 368 murpayikg;gpd; jpUj;jk; njhlh;ghdJ. ,e;j fl;Liuapdg; b> jpUj;jr; nray;Kiwiaj; njhlq;f ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; cz;L. murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jtjw;fhd eilKiwfs; gpdt; UkhW: 1. Parliament may amend the constitution through by way of addition, variation or repeal any provision of this Constitution in accordance with the procedure laid down in this article. ,e;j fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s eilKiwf;F Vw;g ,e;j murpayikg;gpd; ve;jnthU tpjpKiwiaAk; $l;ly;> khWghL my;yJ uj;J nra;tJ %yk; ghuhSkd;wk; jpUj;jk; nra;ayhk;. 2. An amendment of this Constitution may be initiated through the introduction of a Bill in either Page 90 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 House of Parliament, and when the Bill is passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting, it shall be presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill. ,e;j murpayikg;gpd; jpUj;jk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd ; ,U rigfspYk; xU kNrhjhit mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; njhlq;fg;glyhk;. NkYk; xt;nthU rigapYk; me;j rigapd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy; kNrhjh epiwNtw;wg;gLk;NghJ kw;Wk; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;fpw;F Fiwahj ngUk;ghd;ikahy; me;j rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; jw;NghJ thf;fspj;J thf;fspj;jhy;> mJ [dhjpgjpfF; toq;fg;gLk;> mth; kNrhjhTf;F xg;Gjy; mspg;ghh;. 3. The bill must be passed in each house by a special majority that is, majority by more than 50 per cent of the total membership of the house and a majority of two-thirds of the members of the house present and voting. Each house must pass the bill separately. In case of a disagreement between the two houses, on issues concerning amendment there is no provision for holding a jointsitting of the two houses. If the bill seeks to amend the federal provisions of the constitution, it must also be ratified by the legislatures of half of the states by a simple majority, that is, a majority of the members present and voting in such legislatures. ,e;j kNrhjh xt;nthU tPl;bYk; xU rpwg;G ngUk;ghdi; kahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl NtzL; k;. mjhtJ tPl;bd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; 50 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhNdhh; kw;Wk; tPl;bd; cWg;gpdh;fspy; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F cWg;gpdh;fs; thf;fspj;J thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU tPLk; jdpj;jdpahf kNrhjhit epiwNtw;w NtzL; k;. ,U tPLfSf;fpilapy; fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gl;lhy;> jpUj;jk; njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfspy; ,U tPLfspd; %l;Ltyp mikg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghL ,y;iy. ,e;j kNrhjh murpayikg;gpd; $l;lhlr; p tpjpfis jpUj;Jtjw;F Kad;why;> mij miu khepyq;fspd; rl;lkd;wq;fSk; xU vspa ngUk;ghd;ikahy; mq;ffP hpf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ ngUk;ghd;ikahd cWg;gpdh;fs; mj;jifa rl;lkd;wq;fspy; fye;Jnfhz;L thf;fspf;fpdw; dh;. 4. After duly passed by both the houses of parliament and ratified by the state legislatures wherever necessary, the bill is forwarded to the President for assent. The President must give his assent to the bill. He can neither withhold his assent to the bill nor return the bill for reconsideration of the Parliament. After presidents assent, the bill becomes an Act (i.e., A Constitutional Amendment Act) and the constitution stands amended in accordance with the terms of the Act. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfshYk; Kiwahf epiwNtw;wg;gl;L> Njitahd ,lq;fspy; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fshy; xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gll; gpd;dh;> ,e;j kNrhjh [dhjpgjpaplk; xg;GjYf;fhf mDg;gg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j kNrhjhTf;F [dhjpgjp jdJ xg;Gjiy toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mth; kNrhjhTf;fhd jdJ xg;Gjiyj; jLff; Nth my;yJ ghuhSkd;wj;ij kWghprPyid nra;tjw;fhd kNrhjhit jpUg;gpj; juNth KbahJ. [dhjpgjpfs; xg;Gfn; fhz;l gpwF> kNrhjh xU rll; khfpwJ (murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; rl;lk;) kw;Wk; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpd; tpjpKiwfspdg; b jpUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Types of Amendments/ jpUj;jq;fspd; tiffs; Article 368 provides for two types of amendments, that is, by a special majority of parliament and also through the ratification of half of the states by a simple majority. But, some other articles provide for the amendment of certain provisions of the constitution by a simple majority of parliament, that is, a majority of the members of each house present and voting, similar to the ordinary legislative process. Therefore, the constitution can be amended in three ways: gphpT 368 ,uz;L tifahd jpUj;jq;fis toq;FfpwJ. mjhtJ> rpwg;G ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ikapdhYk;> ghjp khepyq;fis vspa ngUk;ghd;ikahy; xg;Gjy; mspg;gjd; Page 91 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 %yKk; Mdhy;> NtW rpy fl;Liufs; murpayikg;gpd; rpy tpjpKiwfis xU vspa ngUk;ghd;ik ehlhSkd;wj;jhy; jpUj;Jtjw;F toq;Ffpd;wd. mjhtJ> xt;nthU tPl;bd ; cWg;gpdh;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; rhjhuz rl;lkd;w nray;Kiwiag; NghyNt jw;NghJ thf;fspj;J thf;fspf;fpd;wdh;. vdNt> murpayikg;ig %d;W topfspy; jpUj;jyhk;. 1. Simple majority of the parliament, 2. Special majority of the parliament, and 3. Special majority of the parliament and the ratification of half of the state legislatures. 1. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd ; vspa ngUk;ghd;ik> 2. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd ; rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik> kw;Wk; 3. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd ; rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspy; ghjp xg;Gjy;. 1. Simple Majority of Parliament/ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; vspa ngUk;ghd;ik According to Article 368 a number of provisions in the constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the two houses of parliament. These provisions include gphpT 368 ,d; gb> murpayikg;gpy; cs;s gy tpjpfis ghuhSkd;wj;jpd ; ,U mitfspy; vspa ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy; jpUj;j KbAk;. ,e;j tpjpfs; mlq;Fk; Admission or establishment of new states, formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries, or names of existing states. Gjpa khepyq;fis Nrh;gg; J my;yJ epWTjy;> Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; gFjpfs;> vy;iyfs; my;yJ ,Uf;Fk; khepyq;fspd; ngah;fis khw;WtJ Abolition or creation of legislative councils in states. khepyq;fspy; rl;lkd;w rigfis xopj;jy; cy;yJ cUthf;Fjy; Second schedule - emoluments, allowances, privileges and so on of the president, the governors, the speakers, judges, etc. ,uz;lhtJ ml;ltiz – [dhjpgjp> MSeh;fs;> Ngrr; hsh;fs;> ePjpgjpfs; Nghd;wth;fspd; Cjpaq;fs;> nfhLg;gdTfs;> rYiffs; kw;Wk; gy. Quorum in parliament. / ghuhSkd;wj;jpd ; Nfhuk; Salaries and allowances of the members of parliament. ehlhSkdw; cWg;gpdh;fspd ; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdTfs; Rules of procedure in parliament. / பாரா ம ற நைட ைற க . Privileges of the parliament, its members and its members and its committees.ghuhSkd;wk;> mjd; cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; mjd ; cWg;gpdhf; s; kw;Wk; mjd; FOf;fspd; rYiffs;. Use of English language in parliament. /ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Mq;fpy nkhopapd ; gad;ghL. Number of judges in the Supreme Court. /cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; cs;s ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if. Conformant more jurisdiction on the Supreme Court. /cr;rePjpkd;wj;jpy; mjpf mjpfhu tuk;G. Use of official languages. /cj;jpNahfg+h;t nkhopfspd; gad;ghL. Citizenship- acquisition and termination/ FbAhpik–ifafg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Kbj;jy;. Elections to parliament and state legislatures. / ghuhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkdw; q;fSf;fhd Njh;jy;fs;. Delimitation of constituencies. / njhFjpfspd; tuk;G. Union territories/ a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;. Fifth schedule – administration of schedule areas and scheduled tribes / Ie;jhtJ ml;ltiz – ml;ltiz gFjpfs; kw;Wk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l goq;Fbapdhpd ; eph;thfk;. Sixth schedule –administration of tribal areas. / MwhtJ ml;ltiz – goq;Fbg; gFjpfspd; epht; hfk;. By Special Majority of Parliament/ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik The majority of the provisions in the constitution need to be amended by a special majority of the Page 92 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 parliament, that is, a majority (i.e., more than 50 per cent) of the total membership of each house and a majority of two-thirds of the members of each house present and voting. The expression totals membership of the house irrespective of fact whether there are vacancies or absentees. The special majority is required only for voting at the third reading stage of the bill. The constitution’s clauses which can be amended in this way include: murpayikg;gpy; cs;s ngUk;ghd;ikahd tpjpfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ikahy; jpUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> xt;nthU tPl;bd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fspy; 50 rjtPjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhNdhh; kw;Wk; xt;nthU tPl;bd; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F cWg;gpdh;fSk; jw;Nghija kw;Wk; thf;fspg;G fhypaplq;fs; my;yJ ,y;yhjth;fs; vd;gijg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; ,e;j ntspg;ghL tPl;bd; cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. kNrhjhtpd ; %d;whtJ thrpg;G fl;lj;jpy; thf;fspf;f kl;LNk rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j topapy; jpUj;jg;glf;$ba murpayikg;G cl;gphpTfspy; mlq;Fk;. a. Fundamental rights / mbg;gil chpikfs; b. Directive principles of state policy: and / khepyf; nfhs;ifapd; topelj;Jk; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; c. All other provisions which are not covered by the first and third categories/ Kjy; kw;Wk; %dw; htJ tiffshy; mlq;fhj kw;w midj;J tpjpfs;. Amendments by Special Majority of Parliament and Consent of States/ ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ik kw;Wk; khepyq;fspd; xg;Gjypd ; jpUj;jq;fs; The basic structures of the constitution which are related to the federal structure of the polity can be amended by a special majority of the parliament and also with the consent of half of the state legislatures by a simple majority. There is no time limit within which the states should give their consent to the bill. The following provisions can be amended in this way. murpaypd; mbg;gil fl;likg;Gfs; murpaypd; $l;lhl;rp fl;likg;NghL njhlh;Gilait> ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rpwg;G ngUk;ghd;ikahy; jpUj;jg;glyhk; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspy; ghjpNghpd; xg;GjYld; vspa ngUk;ghd;ikahy; jpUj;jg;glyhk;. ,e;j kNrhjhTf;F khepyq;fs; xg;Gjy; mspf;f Ntz;ba fhy mtfhrk; ,y;iy. gpd;tUk; tpjpfs; ,e;j topapy; jpUj;jg;glyhk;. Election of the president and its manner. /[dhjpapd; Njh;jy; kw;Wk; mjd; Kiw. Extent of the executive power of the union and the states. njhopw;rq;fk; kw;Wk; khepyq;fspd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpd; ePsk; Supreme Court and high courts/ cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah;ePjpkd;wq;fs;. Distribution of legislative powers between the union and the states. njhopw;rq;fj;jpw;Fk; khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; rl;lkd;w mjpfhuq;fis tpepNahfpj;jy;. Any of the list in the seventh schedule/ VohtJ ml;ltizapy; cs;s VNjDk; gl;bay; Representation of states in parliament ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; khepyq;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;. Power of parliament to amend the constitution and its procedure (Article 368). murpayikg;igAk; mjd; eilKiwfisAk; jpUj;Jtjw;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuk; gphpT 368. Forty - Second(42nd ) Amendment Act, 1976 (The most comprehensive amendment made so far to the Constitution; it is known as ‘Mini-Constitution’; it gave effect to the recommendations of Swaran Singh Committee.) ehw;gJ ,uz;lhk; 42 MtJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> 1976 murpayikg;gpy; ,Jtiu nra;ag;gl;l kpf tphpthd jpUj;jk; kpdp murpyikg;G vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J ];tud; rpq; FOtpd; Page 93 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 ghpe;JiufSf;F mky;gLj;jpaJ. AMENDED PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION/mikg;gpd; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l Vw;ghLfs; 1. Added three new words (i.e., socialist, secular and integrity) in the Preamble. 2. Added Fundamental Duties by the citizens (new Part IV A). 3. Made the president bound by the advice of the cabinet. 4. Provided for administrative tribunals and tribunals for other matters (Added Part XIV A). 5. Froze the seats in the Lok Saba and state legislative assemblies on the basis of 1971 census till 2001. 6. Made the constitutional amendments beyond judicial scrutiny. 7. Curtailed the power of judicial review and writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and high courts. 8. Raised the tenure of Lok Saba and state legislative assemblies from 5 to 6 years. 9. Provided that the laws made for the implementation of Directive Principles cannot be declared invalid by the courts on the ground of violation of some Fundamental Rights. 10. empowered the Parliament to make laws to deal with anti-national activities and such laws are to take precedence over Fundamental Rights. 11. Added three new Directive Principles viz., equal justice and free-legal aid, participation of workers in the management of industries and protection of environment, forests and wild life. 12. Facilitated the proclamation of national emergency in a part of territory of India. 13. Extended the one-time duration of the President’s rule in a state from 6 months to one year. 14. Empowered the Centre to deploy its armed forces in any state to deal with a grave situation of law and order. 15. Shifted five subjects from the state list to the concurrent list, viz, education, forests, protection of wild animals and birds, weights and measures and administration of justice, constitution and organization of all courts except the Supreme Court and the high courts. 16. did away with the requirement of quorum in the Parliament and the state legislatures. 17. Empowered the Parliament to decide from time to time the rights and privileges of its members and committees. 18. Provided for the creation of the All-India Judicial Service. 19. Shortened the procedure for disciplinary action by taking away the right of a civil servant to make representation at the second stage after the inquiry (i.e., on the penalty proposed). 1. Kd;Diuapy; Nrhrypr> kjr;rhh;gw;w kw;Wk; xUikg;ghL Mfpa %dW; Gjpa nrhw;fisr; Nrh;j;Js;shh;. 2. Fbkf;fshy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l mbg;gil flikfs; Gjpa gFjp IV A. 3. mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridahy; [dhjpgjpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ. 4. eph;thf jPh;g;ghaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw tp~aq;fSf;fhd jPh;g;ghaq;fSfF; toq;fg;gl;lJ gFjp XIV A Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. 5. 1971 tiu kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkdw; q;fspy; ,lq;fis Klf;fTk; 2001. 6. ePjpj;Jiw Ma;Tf;F mg;ghw;gl;l murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fis nra;jhh;. 7. cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpj;Jiw kWMa;T kw;Wk; hpl; mjpfhu tuk;igf; Fiwj;jJ. 8. kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd; gjtpf;fhyj;ij 5 Kjy; 6 Mz;Lfs; tiu cah;j;jpaJ. 9. rpy mbg;gil chpikfis kPwpajd; mbg;gilapy; cj;juT Nfhl;ghLfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l rll; q;fs ; ePjpkd;wq;fshy; nry;yhJ vd;W mwptpf;f KbahJ. 10. Njrpa tpNuhj eltbf;iffis ifahs;tjw;fhd rl;lq;fis cUthf;f ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. mj;jifa rl;lq;fs; mbg;gil chpikfSf;F KdD; hpik mspff; Ntz;Lk;. Page 94 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 11. rkkhd ePjp kw;Wk; ,ytr rl;l cjtp> njhopy;fis eph;tfpg;gjpy; njhopyhsh;fspd; gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy;> fhLfs; kw;Wk; tdtpyq;Ffisg; ghJfhj;jy; Mfpa %d;W Gjpa topelj;Jjy; Nfhl;ghLfs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld. 12. ,e;jpahtpd; xU gFjpapYs;s Njrpa mtruepiy gpufldj;jpw;F trjp. 13. xU khepyj;jpy; [dhjpgjpfs; Ml;rpapd ; xU fhy mtfhrj;ij 6 khjq;fspypUe;J xU tUlk; tiu ePl;bj;jJ. 14. rll; k; kw;Wk; xOq;fpd; xU Nkhrkhd #o;epiyia rkhspf;f ve;jnthU khepyj;jpYk; jdJ MAjg;gilfis epiyepWj;j ikaj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; mspj;jJ. 15. khepyg; gl;baypypUe;J xNu Neuj;jpy;> fy;tp> fhLfs;> fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; gwitfspd; ghJfhg;G> vilfs; kw;Wk; eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; ePjp> murpayikg;G kw;Wk; cr;rePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;wq;fisj; jtpu midj;J ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mikg;igAk; epht; fpj;jy;. 16. ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspYk; Nfhuk; Njitg;gLtij ePff; tpl;lhh.; 17. mjs; cWg;gpdh;fs; kw;Wk; FOf;fspd ; chpikfs; kw;Wk; rYiffis mt;tg;NghJ jPh;khdpf;f ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. 18. mfpy ,e;jpa ePjpj;Jiw Nritia cUthf;f toq;fg;gl;lJ. 19. Kd;nkhopag;gl;l mguhjk; njhlh;ghd tprhuizapd; gpdd; h; ,uzl; hk; fl;lj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;j xU muR Copahpd; chpikia gwpg;gjd; %yk; xOq;F eltbf;iff;fhd eilKiwia RUf;fTk;. Forty-Fourth (44th) Amendments Act, 1978 (Enacted by the Janata Government Mainly to nullify some of the other distortions Introduced by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976) ehw;gj;jp ehd;fhtJ (44tJ) jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> 1978 (42tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> 1976My; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpw rpy rpijTfis ePf;Ftjw;F Kf;fpakhf [djh murhq;fj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ) 1. Restored the original term of the Lok Saba and the state legislative Assemblies (i.e., 5 years)." 2. Restored the provisions with regard to quorum in the Parliament and state legislatures. 3. Omitted the reference to the British House of Commons in the provisions pertaining to the parliamentary privileges. 4. Gave constitutional protection to publication in newspaper of true reports of the proceedings of the Parliament and the state legislatures. 5. empowered the president to send back once the advice of cabinet for reconsideration. But, the reconsidered advice is to be binding on the president. 6. Deleted the provision which made the satisfaction of the president, governor and administrators final in issuing ordinances. 7. Restored some of the powers of the Supreme Court and high courts. 8. Replaced the term ‘internal disturbance’ by ‘armed rebellion’ in respect of national emergency. 9. Made the President to declare a national emergency only on the written recommendation of the cabinet. 10. Made certain procedural safeguards with respect to national emergency and President’s rule. 11. Deleted the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights and made it only a legal right. 12. Provided that the fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended during a national emergency. 13. Omitted the provisions which took away the power of the court to decide the election disputes of the president, the vice-president, the prime minister and the Speaker of the Lok Saba. 1.kf;fsit kw;Wk; khwpy rl;lkd;wq;fspd ; mry; fhyj;ij 5 Mz;Lfs; kPl;nlLj;jJ. 2. ghuhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspy; Nfhuk; njhlhg; hd tpjpfis kPl;nlLj;jJ. 3. ghuhSkd;w rYiffs; njhlh;ghd tpjpfspy; gphpl;b~; `T]; M/g; fhkd;]; gw;wpa Fwpg;ig mDkjpj;jJ. 4. ghuhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd; eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;j cz;ikahd mwpf;iffis nra;jpj;jhspy; ntspapLtjw;F murpayikg;G ghJfhg;G mspj;jJ. Page 95 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 5. kWghpryP idf;F mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridia xU Kiw jpUg;gp mDg;g [dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> kWghprPyid nra;ag;gl;l MNyhrid [dhjpgjpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. 6. [dhjpgjp> MSeh; kw;Wk; epht; hfpfspd; jpUg;jpia fl;lisfis toq;Ftjpy; ,Wjp nra;j tpjpia ePf;fpaJ. 7. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; cah; ePjpkd;wq;fspd ; rpy mjpfhuq;fis kPl;nlLj;jJ. 8. Njrpa mtruepiy njhlh;ghf MAjf; fpsh;r;rpahy; cs ; ,ila+W vd;w thh;j;ijia khw;wpaJ. 9. mikrr; uitapd ; vOj;Jg;g+h;t ghpe;Jiuapd; Nghpy; kl;LNk Njrpa mtruepiyia mwptpf;f [dhjpgjpia cUthf;fpaJ. 10. Njrpa mtruepiy kw;Wk; [dhjpgjpfs; Mlr; p njhlhg; hf rpy eilKiw ghJfhg;Gfis cUthf;fpaJ. 11. mbg;gil chpikfs; gl;baypypUe;J nrhj;Jf;fhd chpikia ePf;fp> mij rl;lg;g+h;t chpikahf khw;wpaJ. 12. Njrpa mtrufhyj;jpd ; NghJ 20 kw;Wk; 21 tJ gphpTfshy; cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;l mbg;gil chpikfis ,ilepWj;j KbahJ. 13. [dhjpgjp> Jizj; jiyth;> gpujkh; kw;Wk; kf;fsit rghehafh ; MfpNahhpd; Njh;jy; Nkhjy;fisj; jPhk; hdpf;f ePjpkd;wj;jpd ; mjpfhuj;ij gwpj;j tpjpfis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. Seventy-Third (73rd) Amendment Act, 1992/ vOgj;J %dw; hk; 73tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> 1992 Granted constitutional status and protection to the Panchayatiraj institutions. For this purpose, the Amendment has added a new Part-IX entitled as ‘The panchayats’ and a new Eleventh Schedule containing 29 functional items of the panchayats. gQ;rhaj;Juh[; epWtdq;fSf;F murpayikg;G me;j];ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; toq;fpaJ. ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> jpUj;jk; gQ;rhaj;Jfs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; xU Gjpa gFjp kw;Wk; gQ;rhaj;Jfspd; 29 nray;ghl;L nghUl;fisf; nfhz;l Gjpa gjpndhdw; htJ ml;ltiziar; Nrh;j;jJ. Seventy-Fourth (74th) Amendment Act, 1992/ vOgj;J ehd;fhtJ 74tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> 1992 vOgj;J ehd;fhtJ 74tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> 1992. Granted constitutional status and protection to the urban local bodies. For this purpose, the Amendment has added a new Part IX-A entitled as ‘the municipalities’ and a new Twelfth Schedule containing 18 functional items of the municipalities. efh;g;Gw css; hl;rp mikg;GfSf;F murpayikg;G me;j];ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; toq;fpaJ. ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf> jpUj;jk; efuhl;rpfs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; xU Gjpa gFjp IX A kw;Wk; efuhl;rpfspd; 18 nray;ghl;L nghUl;fisf; nfhz;l Gjpa gdd; puz;lhtJ ml;ltiziar; Nrh;e;jJ. நக ற உ ளா அைம க அர யலைம அ த ைத பா கா ைப வழ ய . இ த ேநா க காக, த நகரா க எ ற தைல ஒ ய ப IX A ம நகரா க 18 ெசய பா ெபா கைள ெகா ட ய ப ர டாவ அ டவைணைய ேச த . Eighty-Fourth (84th) Amendment Act, 2001/ vz;gj;jp ehd;fhtJ 84tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> 2001 Extended the ban on readjustment of seats in the Lok Saba and the state legislative assemblies for another 25 years (i.e., up to 2026) with the same objective of encouraging population limiting measures. In other words, the number of seats in the Lok Saba and the assemblies are to remain same till 2026. It also provided for the readjustment and rationalization of territorial constituencies in the states on the basis of the population figures of 1991 census. kf;fs;njhif flL; g;gLj;Jk; eltbf;iffis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; mNj Nehf;fj;Jld; kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspy; 2026 tiu ,lq;fis kWrPuikg;gjw;fhd jilia 2026 tiu ePl;bj;jJ. NtW thhj; ;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> kf;fsit kw;Wk; $l;lq;fspy; cs;s Page 96 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 ,lq;fspd; vz;zpfi; f 2026 tiu mg;gbNa ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 1991 kff; s; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd; kf;fs;njhif Gs;sptptuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; khepyq;fspy; gpuhe;jpa njhFjpfis kWrPuikj;jy; kw;Wk; gFj;jwpT nra;tjw;Fk; ,J toq;fpaJ. Ninety-Second (92nd) Amendment Act, 2003/njhz;Z}W ,uz;lhtJ 92tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> 2003. Included four more languages in the Eighth Schedule. They are Bode, Dogrib (Dogrib), Maithili (Maithili) and Santali. With this, the total number of constitutionally recognized languages increased to 22. vl;lhtJ ml;ltizapy; NkYk; ehdF; nkhopfs; Nrhf; ;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit Nghl>; Nlhf;hpg;> ikjpyp kw;Wk; rhe;jhyp. ,jd; %yk;> murpayikg;G hjP pahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l nkhj;j nkhopfspd; vz;zpf;if 22 Mf mjpfhpj;jJ. Page 97 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 UNIT - V ELECTION COMMISSION / Njh;jy; fkp~d; Headquarters Nirvachan Sadan, Asoka Road, New Delhi/jiyikafk; eph;thr;rd; rjd;> mNrhfh rhiy> GJ jpy;yp This article is about the body which oversees elections in India. For similar bodies in other jurisdictions, see Election commission. Not to be confused with Election Commissioners of India. The Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering election processes in India at national, state and district level. The body administers elections to the Lok Saba, Rajya Saba; state Legislative Assemblies, state legislative Councils, and the offices of the President and Vice President of the country. The Election Commission operates under the authority of Constitution per Article 324, and subsequently enacted Representation of the People Act. The commission has the powers under the Constitution, to act in an appropriate manner when the enacted laws make insufficient provisions to deal with a given situation in the conduct of an election. Being a constitutional authority, Election Commission is amongst the few institutions which function with both autonomy and freedom, along with the country’s higher judiciary, the Union Public Service Commission and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. ,e;j fl;Liu ,e;jpahtpy; Njhj; y;fis Nkw;ghh;itapLk; mikg;G gw;wpaJ. gpw mjpfhu tuk;Gfspy; ,Nj Nghd;w mikg;GfSf;F> Njh;jy; Mizaj;ijg; ghh;f;fTk;. ,e;jpa Njh;jy; Mizah;fSld; Fog;gkilaf;$lhJ. ,e;jpa Njh;jy; Mizak; xU jd;dhl;rp murpayikg;G mjpfhukhFk;. ,J Njrpa> khepy kw;Wk; khtl;l mstpy ,e;jpahtpy; Njh;jy; nray;Kiwfis eph;tfpf;Fk; nghWg;ghFk;. ,e;j mikg;G kf;fsit> khepyq;fsit khepy rl;lkdw; q;fs;> khepy rl;lkd;w rigfs ; kw;Wk; ehl;bd; [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; Jiz [dhjpgjp mYtyfq;fSff; hd Njh;jy;fis eph;tfpff; pwJ. gphpT 324d;gb murpayikg;gpd; mjpfhuj;jpd ; fPo; Njh;jy; Mizak; nray;gLfpwJ. gpdd; h; kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jt rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ. xU Njh;jiy elj;Jtjpy; nfhLf;fg;gll; #o;epiyiar; rkhspf;f rl;lq;fs; NghJkhd tpjpfis toq;fhjNghJ> jFe;j Kiwapy; nray;gl Mizaj;jpw;F murpayikg;gpd; fPo; mjpfhuq;fs; cs;sd. murpayikg;G mjpfhukhf ,Ug;gjhy;> ehl;bd; cah;ePjpj;Jiw> a+dpad; gg;spf; rh;tP]; fkp~d; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa fk;g;Nuhyh; kw;Wk; Mbl;lh; n[duy; Mfpatw;Wld; jd;dhl;rp kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; Mfpa ,uzb; Yk; nray;gLk; xU rpy epWtdq;fspy; Njh;jy; Mizak; xdw; hFk;. Structure/ mikg;G The commission was established in 1950 and originally only had a Chief Election Commissioner. Two additional Commissioners were appointed to the commission for the first time on 16 October 1989 (on the eve of the 1989 General Election), but they had a very short tenure, ending on 1 January 1990. "The Election Commissioner Amendment Act, 1989" was adopted on 1 January 1990 which turned the commission into a multi-member body: a 3-member Commission has been in operation since then and the decisions by the commission are made by a majority vote. The Chief Election Commissioner and the two Election Commissioners who are usually retired IAS officers draw salaries and allowances at par with those of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India as per the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Conditions of Service) Rules, 1992. ,e;j Mizak; 1950 ,y; epWtg;gl;lJ> Kjypy; xU jiyik Njh;jy; Mizah; kl;LNk ,Ue;jhh;. 1989 nghJj; Njh;jYf;F Kdd; jhf mf;Nlhgh; 16> 1989 mdW; Kjy; Kiwahf ,uz;L $Ljy; Mizah;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. Mdhy; mth;fSf;F kpff; FWfpa fhyk; ,Ue;jJ. 1990 [dthp 1 mdW; Kbtile;jJ. Njh;jy; Mizah; jpUj;jr; rl;lk;> 1989 ,y; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ [dthp 1990 fkp~id gy cWg;gpdh; mikg;ghf khw;wpa 3 cWg;gpdh; Mizak; md;wpypUe;J nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. NkYk; Mizaj;jpd; KbTfs; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffshy; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jiyikj; Njhj; y; Mizah; kw;Wk; tof;fkhf Xa;Tngw;w I.V.v]; mjpfhhpfshd ,uzL; Njh;jy; Mizah;fs>; jiyikj; Page 98 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Njh;jy; Mizah; kw;Wk; gpw Njh;jy; Mizah;fs; Nrit tpjpfs;> 1992 ,d ; gb ,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSf;F ,izahf rk;gsk; kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdTfis ngWfpwhh;fs.; The commission is served by its secretariat located in New Delhi. The Election Commissioners are assisted by Deputy Election Commissioners, who are generally IAS officers. They are further assisted by Directors General, Principal Secretaries, and Secretaries and Under Secretaries. ,e;j Mizak; GJjpy;ypapy; mike;Js;s mjd; nrayfj;jhy; Nrit nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Njh;jy; Mizah;fSfF; Jizj; Njh;jy; Mizah;fs; cjTfpwhh;fs;. mthf; s; nghJthf I.V.v];. mth;fSf;F ,af;Feh;fs; n[duy;> Kjd;ik nrayhsh;fs; kw;Wk; nrayhsh;fs; kw;Wk; fPo; nrayhsh;fs; cjTfpwhh;fs;. At the state level, Election Commission is assisted by the Chief Electoral Officer of the State, who is an IAS officer of Principal Secretary Rank. At the district and constituency levels, the District Magistrates (in their capacity as District Election Officers), Electoral Registration Officers and Returning Officers perform election work. khepy mstpy;> Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpw;F khepyj;jpd; jiyik Njh;jy; mjpfhhp cjTfpwhh;. mth; Kjd;ik nrayhsh; juthpirapd ; I.V.v]; khtl;l kw;Wk; njhFjp kl;lq;fspy;> khtl;l Njh;jy; mYtyh;fs;> Njh;jy; gjpT mjpfhhpfs; kw;Wk; jpUk;Gk; mYtyh;fs; vd khtl;l ePjthd ; Njh;jy; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhh;. Types of Elections/Njh;jy; tiffs; ; Elections in the Republic of India include elections for/ ,e;jpa Fbaurpd; Njh;jy;fspy; Njh;jy;fs; mlq;Fk;. 1. Members of the Parliament in Lok Saba/ kf;fsitapy; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdhf; s; 2. Members of State Legislative Assemblies/khepy rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fs; 3. Members of the Parliament in Rajya Saba/ khepyq;fsit ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; 4. Members of State Legislative Councils/ khepy rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fspd ; cWg;gpdh;fs; 5. Members in village panchayats or city corporation councils/ fpuhk gQ;rhaj;Jfs; my;yJ efu $lL; rigfspy; cWg;gpdh;fs; By-election is held when a person of a particular constituent dies, resigns, or is disqualified. xU Fwpg;gpll; njhFjpapd; xUth; ,we;Jtpl;lhy;> uh[pdhkh nra;Ak;NghJ my;yJ jFjpaw;wtuhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Njh;jy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. General Elections (Lok Saba) / nghJj; Njh;jy;fs; (kf;fsit) Members of Lok Saba (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the Lok Saba elections are called 'Member of Parliament' and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Saba Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, on matters relating to creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Saba (Lower house). kf;fsitapd; kf;fsit my;yJ ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; fPo; rigapd; cWg;gpdh;fs; me;je;j njhFjpfspy; epw;Fk; Ntl;ghsh;fspd; njhFg;gpypUe;J ,e;jpahtpd ; midj;J taJte;j Fbkf;fshYk; thf;fspg;gjd; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,e;jpahtpd ; xt;nthU taJ FbkfDk; jq;fs; njhFjpapy; kl;LNk thf;fspf;f KbAk;. kf;fsit Njh;jypy; ntw;wpngWk; Ntl;ghsh;fs; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;L> Ie;J Mz;Lfs; jq;fs ; ,lq;fis itj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; my;yJ mikr;rh;fs; FOtpd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy; [dhjpgjpahy; cly; fiyf;fg;gLk; tiu GJ jpy;ypapy; css; rd;rhj; gtdpd; kf;fsit miwfspy; ,e;j tPL re;jpf;fpwJ. Gjpa rl;lq;fis Page 99 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 cUthf;Fjy;> ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J Fbkf;fisAk; ghjpfF; k; jw;Nghija rl;lq;fis ePf;Fjy; my;yJ Nkk;gLj;Jjy; njhlh;ghd tp~aq;fspy; kf;fsit fPo; 545 cWg;gpdh;fisj; Njh;e;njLg;gjw;F 5 Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw Njh;jy; eilngWfpwJ. State Assembly (Vidhan Saba) Elections/ khepy rl;lkd;w tpjhd; rgh Njhj; y;fs; Members of State Legislative Assembly are elected directly by voting, from a set of candidates who stands in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. Candidates who win the State Legislative Assemblies elections are called 'Member of Legislative Assembly' (MLA) and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the Governor. The house meets in the respective state, on matters relating to creation of new laws, removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens living in that state. khepy rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; me;je;j njhFjpfspy; epw;Fk; Ntl;ghsh;fspd; njhFg;gpypUe;J Neubahf thf;fspg;gjd; %yk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,e;jpahtpd; xt;nthU taJ FbkfDk; jq;fs; njhFjpapy; kl;LNk thf;fspf;f KbAk;. khepy rl;lkdw; j; Njh;jypy; ntw;wpngWk; Ntl;ghsh;fs; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh; vk;.vy;.V vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. NkYk; Ie;J Mz;Lfshf jq;fs; ,lq;fis itj;jpUf;fpwhhf; s; my;yJ MSeuhy; cly; fiyf;fg;gLk; tiu Gjpa rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;> me;j khepyj;jpy; thOk; midj;J Fbkf;fisAk; ghjpfF; k; jw;Nghija rl;lq;fis ePf;Fjy; my;yJ Nkk;gLj;Jjy; njhlh;ghd tp~aq;fspy; me;je;j khepyj;jpy; tPL re;jpf;fpwJ. Total strength of each assembly depends on each State, mostly based on size and population. Similar to Lok Saba elections, leader of the majority party/alliance takes oath as Chief Minister of the State. xt;nthU rll; rigapd; nkhj;j typikAk; xt;nthU khepyj;ijAk; rhh;e;Js;sJ. ngUk;ghYk; msT kw;Wk; kf;fs; njhif mbg;gilapy;> kf;fsitj; Njh;jiyg; NghyNt> ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rp $l;lzpapd; jiytUk; khepy Kjy;tuhf gjtpNaw;fpwhh;. By-election/,ilj;Njh;jy ; As the name suggests, when an elected candidate to either the State Assembly, Rajya Saba or Lok Saba leaves the office vacant before their term ends, a by election is conducted to find a suitable replacement to fill the vacant position. It is often referred in India as by polls. ngah; Fwpg;gpLtJNghy;> khepy rl;lkd;wk;> uh[;a rgh my;yJ Nyhf ; rgh Mfpatw;Wf;F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Ntlg; hsh; gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtjw;Fs ; fhypahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> fhypahf cs;s gjtpia epug;Gtjw;F nghUj;jkhd khw;wPl;ilf; fz;lwpa xU Njh;jy; elj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J ngUk;ghYk; ,e;jpahtpy; thf;nfLg;Gfshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. Common reasons for by elections/ Njh;jy;fSf;fhd nghJthd fhuzq;fs;; Sitting MLA resigns once he gets elected as MP. Sitting MLA or MP died. But there are other reasons that occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance in the office or due to election irregularities found later. Also, when a candidate has won more than one seat, they have to vacate one. Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l vk;.vy;.V vk;.gp.ahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lTld ; uh[pdhkh nra;jhy;. Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l vk;.vy;.V my;yJ vk;.gp. ,we;jhy;. Mdhy; gjtpapy; ,Ug;gth; mYtyf Fw;wtpay; jz;lidapy; njhlu jFjpaw;wtuhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ my;yJ mYtyfj;jpy; Fiwe;jgl;r tUifiaj; jf;fitf;fj; jtWk;NghJ my;yJ gpd;dh; fhzg;gLk; Njh;jy; KiwNfLfs ; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; gpw fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. Page 100 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 NkYk;> xU Ntl;ghsh; xdW; f;F Nkw;gl;l ,lq;fis ntd;wNghJ> mth;fs; xU ,lj;ij fhyp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Rajya Saba (Upper House) Elections/ uh[;a rgh (Nky; rig) Njh;jy;fs; The Rajya Saba, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of India's Parliament. Candidates are not elected directly by the citizens, but by the Members of Legislative Assemblies and up to 12 can be nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members of the Parliament in Rajya Saba get tenure of six years, with one-third of the body facing re-election every two years. Rajya Saba acts as a second-level review body before a bill becomes an act. khepy rig vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk; khepyq;fsit ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; NkyitahFk;. Ntl;ghsh;fs; Fbkf;fshy; Neubahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy> Mdhy; rl;lkdw; cWg;gpdh;fshy; kw;Wk; 12Ngh; tiu fiy> ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay; kw;Wk; r%f NritfSf;fhd gq;fspg;GfSf;fhf ,e;jpa [dhjpgjpahy; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;glyhk;. khepyq;fsitapy; css; ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; MW Mz;Lfs; gjtpf;fhyk; ngWfpwhh;fs;. clypy; %d;wpy; xU gq;F xt;nthU ,uzL; tUlq;fSf;Fk; kW Njh;jiy vjph;nfhs;fpwJ. xU kNrhjh xU nrayhf khWtjw;F Kd;G khepy rgh ,uz;lhk; epiy kW Ma;Tf; FOthf nray;gLfpwJ. The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Saba, who presides over its sessions. ,e;jpahtpd ; Jiz [dhjpgjp mjd; mkh;TfSf;F jiyik jhq;Fk; khepyq;fsit Kdd; hs; mYtyh; jiytuhf cs;shh;. The Legislative proposals (making new laws, removing or appending new conditions to the existing law) are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament (Lok Saba and Rajya Saba) and assented to by the President, becomes an Act of Parliament. rl;lkdw; Kdn; khopTfs; (Gjpa rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;> jw;NghJs;s rl;lj;jpw;F Gjpa epge;jidfis ePf;Fjy; my;yJ Nrh;g;gJ) xU kNrhjh tbtj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfSf;Fk; Kd; nfhz;L tug;gLfpd;wd. xU kNrhjh vd;gJ xU rl;lkd;w Kdn; khoptpd ; tiuT MFk;. ,J ghuhSkd;w kf;fsit kw;Wk; khepyq;fsit Mfpa ,U mitfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L [dhjpgjpahy; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gll; hy;> mJ ghuhSkdw; r; rl;lkhfpwJ. The Constitution of India however places some restrictions on the Rajya Saba which makes the Lok Saba more powerful in certain areas. For example, it stipulates that Money bills must originate in the Lok Saba. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G khepyq;fsitf;F rpy fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpff; pwJ. ,J rpy gFjpfspy; kf;fsit kpfTk; rf;jptha;e;jjhf MfF; fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> gz gpy;fs; kf;fsitapy; Njhdw; Ntz;Lk; vd;W mJ tpjpf;fpwJ. Members of Rajya Saba debate bills sent by the Lok Saba and can approve, reject or send the bill back to the Lok Saba for further debate and discussion on the matter, as well as to suggest better changes in the drafted bill. Members of Rajya Saba can only make recommendations to the Lok Saba for money bills within 14 days. Even if Rajya Saba fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Saba, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Saba rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Saba, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form the Lok Saba finally passes it. Page 101 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 kf;fsit mDg;gpa uh[;a rgh tpthj kNrhjhf;fspd ; cWg;gpdh;fs;> ,e;j tptfhuj;jpy; NkYk; tpthjk; kw;Wk; fye;JiuahlYf;fhf kNrhjhit Nyhf rghTf;F xg;Gjy; mspf;fyhk;> epuhfhpf;fyhk; my;yJ jpUg;gp mDg;gyhk;> mj;Jld; tiuT kNrhjhtpy; rpwe;j khw;wq;fis ghpe;Jiuf;fyhk;. khepyq;fsit cWg;gpdh;fs; 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; gz gpy;fSf;F kf;fsitf;F ghpe;Jiufis kl;LNk nra;a KbAk;. uh[;a rgh 14 ehl;fspy; gz kNrhjhit kf;fsitf;F jpUg;gpj; juj; jtwpapUe;jhYk;> me;j kNrhjh ,U mitfshYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> khepy rigahy; Kdn; khopag;gl;l ve;jnthU my;yJ midj;J jpUj;jq;fisAk; kf;fsit epuhfhpj;jhy;> ,e;j kNrhjh ,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfshYk; kf;fsit ,Wjpahf epiwNtw;Wk; tbtj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. Electoral procedures/ Njh;jy; eilKiwfs; Candidates are required to file their nomination papers with the Electoral Commission. Then, a list of candidates is published. No party is allowed to use government resources for campaigning. No party is allowed to bribe the candidates before elections. The government cannot start a project during the election period. Campaigning ends by 6:00 pm two days before the polling day. Ntl;ghsh;fs; jq;fs; NtlG; kDf;fis Njhj; y; Mizaj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dh;> Ntl;ghsh;fspd; gl;bay; ntspaplgg; LfpwJ. murhq;f tsq;fis gpur;rhuj;jpw;F gad;gLj;j ve;j fl;rpAk; mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. Njh;jYf;F Kd;dh; Ntl;ghsh;fSf;F yQ;rk; nfhLf;f ve;j fl;rpAk; mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. Njhj; y; fhyj;jpy; murhq;fj;jhy; xU jpl;lj;ijj; njhlq;f KbahJ. thf;Fg;gjpT ehSf;F ,uz;L ehl;fSf;F Kd;dh; khiy 6 kzpf;F gpur;rhuk; KbtilfpwJ. The polling is held between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm. The Collector of each district is in charge of polling. Government employees are employed as poll officers at the polling stations. Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) are being used instead of ballot boxes to prevent election fraud. After the citizen votes his or her left index finger is marked with an indelible ink. This practice was instituted in 1962. fhiy 7 kzp Kjy; khiy 6 kzp tiu thf;Fg;gjpT eilngWfpwJ. Xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpd; fnyf;lh; thf;Fg;gjptpd; nghWg;gpy; cs;shh;. muR Copah;fs; thf;Fr; rhtbfspy; thf;nfLg;G mjpfhhpfshf gzpahw;Wfpd;wdh;. Njh;jy; Nkhrbfisj; jLf;f thf;Fg; ngl;bfSf;F gjpyhf kpd;dZ thf;Fg;gjpT ,ae;jpuq;fs; (<.tp.vk;) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Fbkfd; thf;fspj;j gpwF mtuJ ,lJ Ms;fhl;b tpuy; mopahj ik nfhz;L Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j eilKiw 1962,y; epWtg;gl;lJ. Research into an indelible ink was commenced by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). In the 1950s, M. L. Gael worked on this research at the Chemical Division of the National Physical Laboratory of India. The ink used contains silver nitrate, which makes it photo-sensitive. It is stored in amber coloured plastic or brown coloured glass bottles. On application, the ink remains on the fingernail for at least two days. It may last up to a month depending upon the person's body temperature and the environment. mopahj ik Fwpj;j Muha;r;rp mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiw Muha;r;rp fTd;rpy; (rp.v];.I.Mh;) njhlq;fpaJ. 1950fspy;> vk;.vy;.nfapy; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,aw;gpay; Ma;tfj;jpd; Ntjpapay; gphptpy; ,e;j Muha;r;rpapy; gzpahw;wpdhh.; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ik nts;sp iel;Nul;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J Gifg;glj;ij czh;jpwd; nra;fpwJ. ,J mk;gh; tz;z gpsh];bf; my;yJ gOg;G epw fz;zhb ghlb; y;fspy; Nrkpff; g;gLfpwJ. gad;ghl;by;> ik Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,uz;L ehl;fSf;F tpuy; efj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; egh;fspd; cly; ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oiyg; nghWj;J ,J xU khjk; tiu ePbf;Fk;. Voter Id / thf;fhsh; ml;il Page 102 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 In an effort to prevent electoral fraud, in 1993, EPICs or Electors Photo Identity Cards were issued, which became mandatory by the 2004 elections. However ration cards have been allowed for election purposes in certain situations. Njh;jy; Nkhrbiaj; jLf;Fk; Kaw;rpahf> 1993Mk; Mz;by;> Voting Procedure/ thf;fspf;Fk; Kiw Voting in India is done using Electronic voting machines or EVMs, there is also a provision for the Postal voting in India, as well as the special arrangements for the disabled voters. ,e;jpahtpy; thf;fspg;gJ kpd;dZ thf;Fg;gjpT ,ae;jpuq;fs; my;yJ <.tp.vk; fisg; gad;gLj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; jghy; thf;fspg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLk; cs;sJ. mj;Jld; CdKw;w thf;fhsh;fSf;fhd rpwg;G Vw;ghLfSk; cs;sd. Electronic voting machines (EVM)/ kpd;dZ thf;Fg;gjpT ,ae;jpuq;fs; (<.tp.vk;) India has been the first country to adopt Electronic Voting at such a large scale. Electronic voting machines (EVM) were introduced by Election Commission in order to reduce malpractices and improve efficiency. They were tried for the first time on an experimental basis for the 1982 Kerala State Legislative Assembly Elections. After a successful testing and the legal inquiries, the commission took the decision to begin the use of these voting machines. ,t;tsT nghpa mstpy; kpd;dZ thf;fspg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhz;l Kjy; ehL ,e;jpah. KiwNfLfisf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kpd;dZ thfF; g;gjpT ,ae;jpuq;fs; (<.tp.vk;) Njh;jy; Mizaj;jhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1982 Nfus khepy rl;lkdw; j; Njh;jYf;fhd Nrhjid mbg;gilapy; mth;fs; Kjy; Kiwahf tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. xU ntw;wpfukhd Nrhjid kw;Wk; rl;l tprhuizfSf;Fg; gpwF> ,e;j thf;Fg;gjpT ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;f Mizak; KbntLj;jJ. The introduction of Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) in eight Lok Saba constituencies in 2014 Indian General Elections was a big achievement for the Election Commission. This Voter- verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) system was first used with EVMs in a by-poll in September 2013 in Noksen (Assembly Constituency) in Nagaland and eventually in all elections from September 2013 onwards in various Legislative elections in the country. 2014 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa nghJj; Njhj; y;fspy; vl;L kf;fsit njhFjpfspy; thf;fhsh; rhpghh;f;fg;gl;l fhfpj jzpf;if ghij (tptpgpVb) mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpw;F xU nghpa rhjid. ,e;j thf;fhsh; rhpghh;f;fg;gl;l fhfpj jzpf;if ghij (tp.tp.gp.V.b) Kiw Kjd;Kjypy; <.tp.vk;-fSld; nrg;lk;gh; 2013,y; ehfhyhe;jpy; cs;s Nehf;]d; (rl;lkd;wj; njhFjp) kw;Wk; xU Njh;jypy; nrg;lk;gh; 2013 Kjy; ehl;bd; gy;NtW rl;lkd;wj; Njh;jy;fspy; midj;J Njh;jy;fspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. NOTA Voting Symbol in India/ ,e;jahtpy; Nehl;lh thf;Fr; rpd;dk; Photo electoral rolls with photographs of the candidates on the EVMs were first introduced in the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. <.tp.vk; fspy; Ntl;ghsh;fspd ; Gifg;glq;fSld; $ba Gifg;gl thf;fhsh; gl;bay;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; 2015 gPfhh; rl;lkd;wj; Njh;jypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. In 2014, none of the above or NOTA was also added as an option on the voting machines which is now a mandatory option to be provided in any election. The specific symbol for NOTA, a ballot Page 103 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 paper with a black cross across it, was introduced on 18 September 2015. The symbol has been designed by National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad. 2014 Mk; Mz;by;> ve;jnthU Njhj; ypYk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba fl;lha tpUg;gkhf ,Uf;Fk; thf;fspfF; k; ,ae;jpuq;fspy; Nkw;$wpa my;yJ Nehl;lh vJTk; tpUg;gkhf Nrh;f;fg;gltpy;iy. Nehl;lhtpd; Fwpg;gpl;l rpd;dk;> mjd; FWf;Nf fUg;G rpYit nfhzl; xU thf;Fr; rPl;L> 18 nrg;lk;gh; 2015 md;W mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rpd;dj;ij mfkjhghj;jpd; Njrpa tbtikg;G epWtdk; tbtikj;Js;sJ. Election Commission organized an open hackathon on 3 June 2017, to attempt hacking of Electronic Voting Machine used by the commission in various Indian elections. The NCP and CPI (M) were the only two parties that registered for the event but none of them participated. Functioning of EVMs and VVPAT machines were demonstrated to the teams. gy;NtW ,e;jpaj; Njh;jy;fspy; fkp~d; gadg; Lj;Jk; kpd;dZ thf;Fg;gjpT ,ae;jpuj;ij N`f;fpq; nra;a Kaw;rpf;f> Njhj; y; Mizak; 3 [Pd; 2017 mdW; xU jpwe;j n`f;fj;jhid Vw;ghL nraj; J. vd;rpgp kw;Wk; rpgpI (vk;) kl;LNk ,uzL; fl;rpfshf ,Ue;jd. Mdhy; mit vJTk; gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy. mzpfSf;F <.tp.vk; kw;Wk; tp.tp.gp.V.b ,ae;jpuq;fspd; nray;ghL ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Absentee voting/ ,y;yhj thf;,y;yhj thf;fspg;G India does not provide general absentee voting. On 24 November 2010, the Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2010 was gazette to give voting rights to non resident Indians but a physical presence at the voting booth is still required. nghJ ,y;yhj thf;fspg;ig ,e;jpaj toq;ftpy;iy. etk;gh; 24> 2010 md;W> kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; (jpUj;jk;) kNrhjh 2010 FbAhpik ngwhj ,e;jpah;fSf;F thf;fspf;Fk; chpikia toq;Ftjw;fhd thj; ;jkhdp MFk;. Mdhy; thf;Fr; rhtbapy; xU cly; ,Ug;G ,dD; k; Njitg;gLfpwJ. Postal voting/ mQ;ry; thf;fspg;G Postal voting in India is done only through the Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB) system of Election Commission of India, ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters who return the votes by post. Postal votes are counted first before the counting of votes from the EVM. Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. Employees working in the union armed forces and state police as well as their wives, and those working for the Government of India who are officially posted abroad can register for the postal vote; these are also called the Service voters. People in preventive detention can use postal vote. Prisoners cannot vote at all. ,e;jpahtpy; mQ;ry; thf;fspg;G ,e;jpa Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; kpd;dZ Kiwapy; mDg;gg;gl;l mQ;ry; thf;Fr ; rPl;Lfs; ( Electors with disabilities/ FiwghLfs; cs;s thf;fhsh;fs; The Election Commission of India came under severe criticism when an RTI application filed by activist Dr. Satendra Singh revealed the commission's ill preparedness to safeguard electors with Page 104 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 disabilities in the 2014 Lok Saba elections. There were many violations of the Supreme Court order from 2014 to enfranchise persons with disabilities. nraw;ghll; hsh; lhf;lh ; rNje;jpu rpq; jhf;fy ; nra;j jfty; mwpAk; tpz;zg;gk;> 2014 kf;fsitj; Njh;jypy; khw;Wj;jpwdhspfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Mizaj;jpd; jtwhd jahh;epiyia ntspg;gLj;jpaNghJ ,e;jpa Njh;jy; Mizak; fLk; tpkh;rdj;jpw;F cs;shdJ. khw;Wj;jpwdhspfSf;F mjpfhukspf;f 2014 Kjy; cr;rePjpkd;w cj;jutpy; gy kPwy;fs; ,Ue;jd. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL PARTIES/ Njrpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa gFjpfs; List of All the Political Parties in India/ ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s midj;J murpay; fl;rpfspd ; gl;bay; Currently, there are 8 national parties in India. The recently added national party is the National peoples' Party (NPP).This first national party from the North-East region. Other national parties include; BSP, BJP, Congress, CPI, CPI-M, TMC and NCP. jw;NghJ> ,e;jpahtpy; 8 Njrpa fl;rpfs; cs;sd. rkPgj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l Njrpaf; fl;rp Njrpa kf;fs; fl;rp (NPP) MFk;. ,e;j Kjy; Njrpa fl;rp tlfpof;F gpuhe;jpaj;jpypUe;J gpw Njrpa fl;rpfSk; mlq;Fk;. gF[d; rkh[; fl;rp> gh[f> fhq;fpu];> rpgpI> rpgpI-vk;> bvk;rp kw;Wk; vd;rpgp. p>The National People's Party was founded by P A Sangma after his expulsion from the NCP in July 2013. NPP was accorded the status of national party status on 7 June 2019. The current President of NPP is Conrad Sangma. p> [{iy 2013 ,y; vd;.rp.gpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l gpd;dh; gp V rq;khthy; Njrpa kf;fs; fl;rp epWtg;gl;lJ. vd.; gp.gp 7 [Pd; 2019 md;W Njrpa fl;rp me;j];ijg; ngw;wJ. NPP ,d ; jw;Nghija jiyth; fhdu; hl; rq;kh Mthh;. The National People's Party's (NPP) influence is mostly concentrated in the state of Meghalaya While the Headquarters of NPP is at M.G. Avenue, Floor, MDU Building, Impala, and Manipur 795001. Page 105 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Njrpa kf;fs; fl;rpapd; (NPP) nry;thf;F ngUk;ghYk; Nkfhyah khepyj;jpy; Ftpe;Js;sJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; NPP ,d ; jiyikafk; M.G.mntd;a+> khb> vk;.b.A fl;blk;> ,k;gyh> kw;Wk; kzpg;g+h ; 795001 If a political party fulfills certain conditions or criteria then it is recognized as the national or state political party by the Election Commission of India. xU murpay; fl;rp rpy epge;jidfis my;yJ epge;jidfis g+hj; ;jp nra;jhy;> mJ ,e;jpa Njh;jy; Mizaj;jhy; Njrpa my;yJ khepy murpay; fl;rpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Currently, there are 8 National parties in India. But in July 2019, the Election Commission of India had issued notice to CPI, TMC and NCP to withdraw their status of a national party. As of now the decision of ECI is on standby. jw;NghJ> ,e;jpahtpy; 8 Njrpa fl;rpfs; cs;sd. Mdhy;> 2019 [Piyapy;> ,e;jpaj; Njh;jy; Mizak; rpgpI> bvk;rp kw;Wk; vd;rpgpf;F xU Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; me;j];ij jpUk;gg; ngWkhW Nehl;B]; mDg;gpaJ. ,g;Nghijf;F ECI ,d ; KbT fhj;jpUg;Gld; cs;sJ. A recognized party enjoys privileges like reserved party symbol, free broadcast time on state-run television and radio in the favor of the party... mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l fl;rp xJf;fg;gl;l fl;rp rpd;dk;> fl;rpf;F Mjuthf muR elj;Jk; njhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk; thndhypapy; ,ytr xspgug;G Neuk; Nghd;w rYiffisg; ngWfpwJ. National Party/ Njrpa fl;rp A registered party is recognized as a National Party only if it fulfills any one of the following three conditions: gpd;tUk; %d;W epge;jidfspy; VNjDk; xd;iw g+hj; ;jp nra;jhy; kl;LNk gjpT nra;ag;gll; fl;rp xU Njrpa fl;rpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 1. If a party wins 2% of seats in the Lok Saba (as of 2014, 11 seats) from at least 3 different States. Or Nyhf; rghtpy; xU fl;rp 2% ,lq;fis ntd;why; (2014 epytug;gb> 11 ,lq;fsl) Fiwe;jJ 3 ntt;NtW khepyq;fspypUe;J my;yJ 2. At a General Election to Lok Saba or Legislative Assembly, the party polls 6% of votes in four States in addition to 4 Lok Saba seats. Or kf;fsit my;yJ rl;lg;Nguitf;fhd nghJj; Njh;jypy;> fl;rp ehd;F kf;fs;njhifj; njhFjpfSf;F $Ljyhf ehd;F khepyq;fspy; 6% thf;Ffisg; ngWfpwJ. my;yJ 3. A party is recognized as a State Party in four or more States. xU fl;rp ehd;F my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; xU khepyf; fl;rpahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. List of all the National Parties in India are given below: ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s midj;J Njrpa fl;rpfspd; glb; ay; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ: S.No. Name Abbreviation Foundation year 1 Bharatiya Janata Party BJP 1980 2 Indian National Congress INC 1885 3 Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI-(M) 1964 4 Communist Party of India CPI 1925 5 Bahujan Samaj Party BSP 1984 6 Nationalist Congress Party NCP 1999 Page 106 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 7 All India Trinomial Congress TMC 1998 8 National People’s Party NPP 2013 A registered party has to fulfill any of the following conditions to be known as the State political Party: gjpT nra;ag;gl;l flr; p khepy murpay; fl;rp vd;W mwpa gpd;tUk; epge;jidfspy; VNjDk; xd;iw g+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. 1. A party should win a minimum 3% of the total number of seats or a minimum of 3 seats in the Legislative Assembly. Or rl;lkdw; j;jpy; xU fl;rp nkhj;j ,lq;fspd; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 3% my;yJ Fiwe;jglr; k; 3 ,lq;fis nty;y Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ 2. A party should win at least 1 seat in the Lok Saba for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allotted to that State. Or xU fl;rp xt;nthU 25 ,lq;fSf;Fk; Nyhf; rghtpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 1 ,lj;ijahtJ my;yJ me;j khepyj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gl;l ve;jnthU gFjpiaAk; nty;y Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ 3. A political party should secure at least 6% of the total valid votes polled during the general election to a Lok Saba or State Legislative Assembly and should, in addition, win at least 1 Lok Saba, and 2 Legislative Assembly seats in that election. Or xU murpay; fl;rp nghJj; Njh;jypd; NghJ kf;fsn; jhif thf;fspj;j nkhj;j thf;Ffspy; Fiwe;jJ 6% I xU kf;fsit my;yJ khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F ngw Ntz;Lk;. $Ljyhf> me;jj; Njh;jypy; Fiwe;jJ 1 kf;fsit kw;WK; 2 rl;lkd;wj; njhFjpfisAk; nty;y Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ 4. Under the liberalized criteria, one more clause has been added to provide that even if a Party fails to win any seat in a State in a general election to the Lok Saba or Legislative Assembly of the State, the party will still be eligible for recognition as State Party if it secures 8% or more of the total valid votes polled in the State. As of Feb. 7, 2020 some parties in the list given below is no more state parties. jhuhskakhf;fg;gl;l msTNfhy;fspd; fPo;> Nyhf; rgh my;yJ khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F xU nghJj; Njh;jypy; xU fl;rp xU khepyj;jpy; ve;j ,lj;ijAk; nty;yj; jtwpdhYk;> fl;rp ,dD; k; jFjp ngWk; vd;gij toq;f ,d;Dk; xU tpjp Nrh;f;fg;glL; s;sJ. khepyj;jpy; thf;fspff; g;gl;l nkhj;j nry;YgbahFk; thf;Ffspy; 8% my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;ltw;iwg; ngw;why; khepyf; fl;rpahf mq;fPfhuk; gpg;uthp 7> 2020 epytug;gb> fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gl;baypy; cs;s rpy fl;rpfs; ,dp khepyf; fl;rpfs; my;y. State parties/ khepy fl;rpfs; A party has to fulfill any of the following conditions for recognition as a state party: xU fl;rp xU khepyf; fl;rpahf mq;fPfhpf;f gpd;tUk; epge;jidfis g+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. 1 .A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled and win at least 2 seats in a state assembly general election. xU flr; p Fiwe;jgl;rk; thf;fspj;j thf;Ffisg; ngw;W khepy rl;lrig nghJj; Njh;jypy; Fiwe;jJ 2 ,lq;fis nty;y Ntz;Lk;. 2 .A parties should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled and win at least 1 seat in a lok Saba general election. xU fl;rp thf;fspj;j nry;YgbahFk; thf;Ffspy; Fiwe;jJ 6% thf;Ffisg; ngw;W xU Page 107 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Nyhf; rgh nghJj; Njh;jypy; Fiwe;jJ 1 ,lj;ijg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. 3. A party should win minimum three percent of the total number of seats or a minimum of three seats in the Legislative Assembly. xU fl;rp nkhj;j ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwe;jglr; k; %d;W rjtpfpjk; my;yJ rl;lkdw; j;jpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; %d;W ,lq;fis nty;y Ntz;Lk;. 4 .A parties should win at least one seat in the Lok Saba for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allotted to that State. xU fl;rp xt;nthU 25 ,lq;fSf;Fk; Nyhf; rghtpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU ,lj;ijahtJ my;yJ me;j khepyj;jpw;F xJf;fg;gl;l ve;jnthU gFjpiaAk; nty;y Ntz;Lk;. 5. A party should secure at least six percent of the total valid votes polled during general election to a Lok Saba or State Legislative Assembly and should, in addition, win at least one Lok Saba, and two Legislative Assembly seats in that election, Under the liberalized criteria, one more clause that it will be eligible for recognition as state party if it secures 8% or more of the total valid votes polled in the state. xU fl;rp nghJj; Njh;jypd; NghJ xU kf;fsit my;yJ khepy rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F thf;fspj;j nkhj;j nry;YgbahFk; thf;Ffspy; Fiwe;jJ MW rjtPjj;ijg; ngw Ntz;Lk;. $Ljyhf> me;jj; Njh;jypy; Fiwe;jJ xU Nyhf; rghitAk;> ,uz;L rl;lkd;wj; njhFjpfisAk; nty;y NtzL; k;. jhuhskakhf;fg;gl;l msTNfhy;fs;> khepyj;jpy; thf;fspff; g;gl;l nkhj;j nry;YgbahFk; thf;Ffspy; 8 my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;ltw;iwg ngw;why; mJ khepyf; fl;rpahf mq;fPfhpf;f jFjpAilajhf ,Uf;Fk; vdw; kw;nwhU tpjp.. 52 Recognized state parties/52 mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l khepyf; fl;rpfs; Foundation S.No. Name Abbreviation States/UT Year 1. Aam Aadmi Party AAP 2012 Delhi, Punjab All India Anna Dravida Pondicherry, Tamil 2. AIADMK 1972 Munnetra Nadu Kazhagam All India Forward 3. AIFB 1939 West Bengal Bloc All India Majlis-e- 4. Ittehadul AIMIM 1927 Telangana Muslimeen All India N.R. 5. AINRC 2011 Pondicherry Congress All India United 6. AIUDF 2004 Assam Democratic Front All Jharkhand 7. AJSU 1986 Jharkhand Students Union Assam Gana 8. AGP 1985 Assam Parishad Page 108 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Foundation S.No. Name Abbreviation States/UT Year 9. Bijou Janata Dal BJD 1997 Odessa Bodoland 10. BPF 1985 Assam People's Front Desiya Murpokku 11. Dravidar DMDK 2005 Tamil Nadu Kazhagam Dravida Pondicherry, Tamil 12. Munnetra DMK 1949 Nadu Kazhagam Haryana Jan hit 13. HJC(BL) 2007 Haryana Congress (BL) Hill State People's 14. HSPDP 1968 Meghalaya Democratic Party Indian National 15. INLD 1999 Haryana Lok Dal Indian Union 16. IUML 1948 Kerala Muslim League Jammu & 17. Kashmir National JKNC 1932 Jammu & Kashmir Conference Jammu & 18. Kashmir National JKNPP 1982 Jammu & Kashmir Panthers Party Jammu and 19. Kashmir People's JKPDP 1998 Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party Janata Dal 20. JD(S) 1999 Karnataka, Kerala (Secular) Janata Dal 21. JD(U) 1999 Bihar (United) Jharkhand Mufti 22. JMM 1972 Jharkhand Morcha Jharkhand Vikas 23. Morcha JVM(P) 2006 Jharkhand (Prajatantrik) Kerala Congress 24. KC(M) 1979 Kerala (M) 25. Lok Jan Shakti LJP 2000 Bihar Page 109 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Foundation S.No. Name Abbreviation States/UT Year Party Maharashtra 26. MNS 2006 Maharashtra Navnirman Sena Maharashtrawadi 27. MGP 1963 Goa Gomantak Party Manipur State 28. MSCP 1997 Manipur Congress Party Mizo National 29. MNF 1959 Mizoram Front Mizoram 30. People's MPC 1972 Mizoram Conference Naga People's 31. NPF 2002 Manipur, Nagaland Front Nationalist 32. Democratic NDPP 2018 Nagaland Progressive Party Pattali Makkal Pondicherry, Tamil 33. PMK 1989 Katchi Nadu People's Party of 34. PPA 1987 Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Rashtriya Janata 35. RJD 1997 Bihar, Jharkhand Dal 36. Rashtriya Lok Dal RLD 1996 Uttar Pradesh Rashtriya Lok 37. RLSP 2013 Bihar Samta Party Revolutionary Kerala, West 38. RSP 1940 Socialist Party Bengal 39. Samajwadi Party SP 1992 Uttar Pradesh Shiromani Akali 40. SAD 1920 Punjab Dal 41. Shiv Sena SS 1966 Maharashtra Sikkim 42. SDF 1993 Sikkim Democratic Front Sikkim Krantikari 43. SKM 2013 Sikkim Morcha 44. Telangana TRS 2001 Telangana Page 110 of 111 STUDY MATERIAL FOR B.A.HISTORY INDIAN POLITY SEMESTER – IV, ACADEMIC YEAR 2020 - 21 Foundation S.No. Name Abbreviation States/UT Year Rashtra Samithi Telugu Desam Andhra 45. TDP 1982 Party Pradesh, Telangana United 46. UDP 1972 Meghalaya Democratic Party YSR Congress Andhra 47. YSRCP 2011 Party Pradesh, Telangana Samajwadi Janata 48. SJP 1990 Uttar Pradesh Party (Rashtriya) Goa Forward 49 JFP 2016 Goa Party Indigenous 50 People’s Front of IPFT 2009 Tripura Tripura Junta Congress 51 JCC 2016 Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh Janna yak Junta 52 JJP 2018 Haryana Party A political party is a group of people who share similar political views, come together to contest elections and try to hold power in the government. The members of the political parties agree on some policies and programs for the society with a view to promoting the collective good. Political parties that wish to contest local, state or national elections are required to be registered with the Election Commission of India (EC). The number/status of national, state and regional party’s increases or decreases on the basis of their performance in the elections. xU murpay; fl;rp vd;gJ xj;j murpay; fUj;Jf;fisg ; gfph;e;J nfhs;Sk;> Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapl> murhq;fj;jpy; Ml;rpiag; gpbf;f Kaw;rpf;Fk; xU FO $l;L ed;ikfis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; murpay; fl;rpfspd; cWg;gpdhf; s; rKjhaj;jpw;fhd rpy nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; jpl;lq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;. cs;Sh;> khepy my;yJ Njrpa Njh;jy;fspy; Nghl;bapl tpUk;Gk; murpay; fl;rpfs; ,e;jpa Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpy; (,.rp) gjpT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa> khepy kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa fl;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if epiy Njh;jy;fspy; mth;fspd; nray;jpwdpd; mbg;gilapy; mjpfhpf;fpwJ my;yJ FiwfpwJ. Page 111 of 111