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Mapping the Histology of the Human Tympanic Membrane by Spatial Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

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Mapping the Histology of the Human Tympanic Membrane by Spatial Domain Optical Coherence Tomography MAPPING THE HISTOLOGY OF THE HUMAN TYMPANIC MEMBRANE BY SPATIAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY Major Qualifying Report: CF – OC12 Submitted to the Faculty of: Worcester Polytechnic Institute In Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of Science By Cory Rutledge Michael Thyden Date: April 26, 2012 Approved: ___________________________________________ Professor Cosme Furlong-Vazquez Abstract The tympanic membrane is one of the major structures of the ear that aids in the hearing process, giving humans one of the five major senses. It is hypothesized that sound induced displacements of the membrane, which allow humans to hear, are directly related to the membrane’s medial layer which is comprised of a network of collagen fibers. Limitations in available medical imaging techniques have thus far inhibited the further study of these fibers. In this paper we detail an imaging system that we developed with the capability to quantitatively and noninvasively image the internal structures of biological tissues in vitro through spatial domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). By utilizing spatial OCT, we can correlate the characteristics of internal collagen fibers to sound induced displacements in the tympanic membrane. This will eventually lead to improved modeling of the middle-ear and a better understanding of hearing mechanics. 1 Acknowledgements We would like to thank our primary advisor, Professor Cosme Furlong-Vazquez, for his assistance and guidance throughout the duration of this project. We would like to extend our appreciation to Professor John J. Rosowski and Dr. Jeffery Tau Cheng of the Eaton-Peabody Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary for sponsoring and advising this project, as well as donating tympanic membrane samples for imaging. We would also like to thank the Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics at WPI for allowing us to use equipment essential to the completion of this project. Our group also recognizes the following individuals for contributing to the quality and overall success of this project: Professor Adriana Hera Ellery Harrington Ivo Dobrev Peter Hefty Everett Tripp Weina Lu 2 Objective The tympanic membrane is an essential part of the human anatomy. It is one of the major structures that aids in the hearing process, giving humans one of the five major senses. Despite the importance of the tympanic membrane, its mechanics and anatomy are not yet fully understood because of limitations in the capability of available medical imaging techniques to image microstructures in biological tissues. Currently there is a need for a technique to quantitatively and non-invasively image and create volumetric models of the fibers present in the tympanic membrane. These models need to have a strong focus on the orientation and density of the fibers related to their position in the membrane. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive method by which these 3- dimensional images can be created. The volumetric representations of the tympanic membrane generated by OCT will have a wide range of potential applications. One application is the comparison of fiber density and orientation to displacement measurements of tympanic membranes under pressure waves generated by the Center for Holographic Studies and micro-mechaTronics (CHSLT) labs at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). Through this comparison, it can be determined whether or not the vibrations of the tympanic membrane caused by pressure waves follow a pattern based on the fiber distributions in the tympanic membrane. Additionally, the creation of a technique that can generate 3-dimensional images of the tympanic membrane will greatly advance computer modeling technology as it is applied to the hearing process. Current models of middle ear mechanics assume an isotropic tympanic membrane. Through our studies and observations, we will advance the understanding of the tympanic membrane being a non-uniform structure with varying mechanical properties as a function of position. 3 Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Objective ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. 6 Table of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 8 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 9 2. Background ............................................................................................................................................. 11 2.1. The Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Ear ............................................................................. 11 2.1.1. The Outer Ear ............................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.2. The Middle Ear .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.3. The Inner Ear ............................................................................................................................. 14 2.2. The Tympanic Membrane ................................................................................................................ 15 2.2.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Tympanic Membrane ............................................................. 16 2.2.2. Investigating the Fibers of the Tympanic Membrane ............................................................... 19 2.3. Current Imaging Techniques Applied to the Tympanic Membrane..................................................... 20 2.3.1. Direct Microscopic Observation.................................................................................................... 20 2.3.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy ...................................................................................................... 24 2.3.3. Confocal Microscopy ..................................................................................................................... 26 2.4. Using Optical Coherence Tomography to Image the Tympanic Membrane ................................... 29 2.4.1. Types of Optical Coherence Tomography ................................................................................. 29 2.4.2. OCT Applications ....................................................................................................................... 31 2.5. Conclusions and Moving Forward ........................................................................................................ 32 3. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 33 3.1. Interferometry ................................................................................................................................. 33 3.1.1. White Light Interferometry ....................................................................................................... 37 3.2. Spatial Optical Coherence Tomography .......................................................................................... 38 3.2.1. Mathematics and the Governing Equation behind Spatial OCT ............................................... 38 3.3. Development of a Spatial OCT System ............................................................................................ 45 4 3.3.1. Microscope Setup and Hardware ............................................................................................. 46 3.3.2. Software .................................................................................................................................... 52 3.4. Image Acquisition and Implementation ........................................................................................... 54 3.4.1. Scanning in the axial direction .................................................................................................. 54 3.4.2. Intensity Analysis of an Individual Pixel in Axial Direction ........................................................ 63 3.4.3. Difficulties with Envelope Generation by Hilbert Transform .................................................... 65 3.4.4. Determining Shape Information using the Generated Envelopes ............................................ 69 3.5. Three-Dimensional Image Generation ............................................................................................. 70 3.5.1. Using maxima of all pixels to generate three dimensional images .......................................... 72 3.6. Validation and Characterization of the System Setup ..................................................................... 74 3.6.1. System Calibration ...................................................................................................................
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