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Pressure Response in Deep-Sea Piezophilic Bacteria

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Pressure Response in Deep-Sea Piezophilic Bacteria J. Molec. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1999) 1(1): 87-92. Pressure ResponseJMMB in Piezophilic Symposium Bacteria 87 Pressure Response in Deep-sea Piezophilic Bacteria Chiaki Kato*, and Mohammad Hassan Qureshi (Richard, 1907). In 1949, ZoBell and Johnson (1949) started work on the effect of hydrostatic pressure on The DEEPSTAR Group, Japan Marine Science microbial activities. The term “barophilic” was first used, and Technology Center, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, defined as optimal growth at a pressure higher than 0.1 Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan MPa or a requirement for increased pressure for growth. Recently, the term “pi ezophilic” was proposed to replace “barophilic” as the prefixes “baro” and “ piezo”, derived Abstract from Greek, mean “weight “and “pressure”, respectively (Yayanos, 1995). Thus, the word piezophilic may be more Several piezophilic bacteria have been isolated from suitable than barophilic to indicate bacteria that grow deep-sea environments under high hydrostatic better at high pressure than at atmospheric pressure. pressure. Taxonomic studies of the isolates showed In this review, the authors have opted to use the term that the piezophilic bacteria are not widely distributed “piezophilic bacteria” which means high-pressure loving in terms of taxonomic positions, and all were assigned bacteria, and this review focuses on the taxonomy of deep- to particular branches of the Proteobacteria gamma- sea piezophiles and the features of their respiratory subgroup. A pressure-regulated operon from systems related to high pressure adaptation. piezophilic bacteria of the genus Shewanella, S. benthica and S. violacea, was cloned and sequenced, Taxonomic Positions of Deep-sea Piezophilic Bacteria and downstream of this operon another pressure regulated operon, cydD-C, was found. The cydD gene Bacteria living in the deep-sea display several unusual was found to be essential for the bacterial growth features that allow them to thrive in their extreme under high-pressure conditions, and the product of environment. The first pure culture of a piezophilic isolate, this gene was found to play a role in their respiratory strain CNPT-3, was reported in 1979 (Yayanos et al., 1979). system. Results obtained later indicated that the This spirillum-like bacterium had a rapid doubling rate at respiratory system in piezophilic bacteria may be 50 MPa, but no colonies were formed at atmospheric important for survival in a high-pressure environment, pressure even after incubation for several weeks. and more studies focusing on other components of Numerous piezophilic and piezotolerant bacteria have since the respiratory chain have been conducted. These been isolated and characterized by the DEEPSTAR group studies suggested that piezophilic bacteria are capable at JAMSTEC, from deep-sea sediments at depths ranging of changing their respiratory system in response to from 2,500 m-11,000 m (Kato et al., 1995a; 1996a; 1996b; pressure conditions, and a proposed respiratory chain 1998). Most of the isolated strains are not only piezophilic, model has been suggested in this regard. but also psychrophilic, and they cannot be cultured at temperatures above 20 °C. The effects of pressure and Introduction temperature on cell growth, comparing the deep-sea piezophilic strains isolated by Yayanos and the DEEPSTAR The deep-sea is regarded as an extreme environment group, are similar, in that all strains become more with conditions of high hydrostatic pressure [up to 110 piezophilic at higher temperatures (Kato et al., 1995a; megapascals (MPa)], and predominantly low temperature Yayanos, 1986). These studies indicate that all piezophilic (1-2 °C), but with occasional regions of extremely high isolates are obligately piezophilic above the temperature temperature (up to 375 °C) at sites of hydrothermal vents, at which growth occurs at atmospheric pressure. This darkness and low nutrient availability. It is accepted that means that the upper temperature limit for growth can be deep-sea microbiology as a definable field did not exist extended by high pressure. Likewise, piezophilic bacteria before the middle of this century, and little attention was reproduce more rapidly at a lower temperature (such as 2 paid to this field except for the efforts of Certes and °C) when the pressure is less than that at its capture depth. Portier (Jannasch and Taylor, 1984). Certes, during the It also appears to be true as a general rule that the pressure Travaillier and Talisman Expeditions (1882-1883), at which the rate of reproduction at 2 °C is maximal may examined sediment and water collected from depths to reflect the true habitat depth of an isolate (Yayanos et al., 5,000 m and found bacteria in almost every sample. He 1982). noted that bacteria survived at great pressure and might Many deep-sea piezophilic bacteria have been shown live in a state of suspended animation (Certes, 1884). In to belong to the gamma-Proteobacteria through 1904, Portier used a sealed and autoclaved glass tube comparison of 5S and 16S rDNA sequences. As a result as a bacteriological sampling device and reported colony of a taxonomic study based on 5S rDNA sequences, counts of bacteria from various depths and locations Deming reported that the obligate piezophilic bacterium Colwellia hadaliensis belongs to the Proteobacteria gamma-subgroup (Deming et al., 1988). DeLong et al. *For correspondence. Email [email protected]; (1997) have also documented the existence of piezophilic Tel. +81-468-67-5555; Fax. +81-468-66-6364. and psychrophilic deep-sea bacteria that belong to this © 1999 Horizon Scientific Press Further Reading Caister Academic Press is a leading academic publisher of advanced texts in microbiology, molecular biology and medical research. 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The piezophilic and psychrophilic piezophilic bacteria reported by Liesack et al. (1991) are Shewanella strains, including S. violacea and S. benthica, included in the same branch of the gamma-Proteobacteria also produce EPA (DeLong et al., 1997; Kato et al., 1998; as are the
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