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Background Guide The Union for the Mediterranean DIRECTOR MODERATOR Emilie Beaudoin Ciara McGarry VICE-DIRECTOR Hanna Derouin UTMUN 2021 The Union for the Mediterranean Content Disclaimer At its core, Model United Nations (MUN) is a simulatory exercise of diplomatically embodying, presenting, hearing, dissecting, and negotiating various perspectives in debate. Such an exercise offers opportunities for delegates to meaningfully explore possibilities for conflict resolution on various issues and their complex, even controversial dimensions—which, we recognize, may be emotionally and intellectually challenging to engage with. As UTMUN seeks to provide an enriching educational experience that facilitates understanding of the real-world implications of issues, our committees’ contents may necessarily involve sensitive or controversial subject matter strictly for academic purposes. We ask for delegates to be respectful, professional, tactful, and diplomatic when engaging with all committee content, representing their assigned country’s or character’s position, communicating with staff and other delegates, and responding to opposing viewpoints. The below content warning is meant to warn you of potentially sensitive or triggering topics that are present in the formal content of this background guide, as well as content that may appear in other aspects of committee (e.g., debate, crisis updates, directives), so that you can either prepare yourself before reading this background guide or opt-out of reading it entirely Islamophobia, anti-semitism, discrimination based on religion, terrorism, war, armed conflict, gun violence, death or dying, blood, racism, classism, dictatorship If, because of this committee’s content warning, you wish to request switching committees and you registered with UTMUN as a) part of a group delegation, please contact your faculty advisor and/or head delegate with your concerns and request. b) an individual delegate, please email our Director of Academics at [email protected] with a brief explanation of your concerns based on this committee’s content warning and your request to switch. You will be contacted shortly regarding your request. 2 UTMUN 2021 The Union for the Mediterranean UTMUN Policies We ask for your cooperation in maintaining order, both inside and outside of committee session, so that we may provide a professional, safe, inclusive, and educational conference. Throughout the conference, please note that delegates shall only: 1. Wear Western Business Attire (i.e., no costumes, no casual wear) 2. Embody their assigned country’s/character’s position, not their mannerisms (e.g., no accents, no props) 3. Opt for diplomatic, respectful, and tactful speech and phrasing of ideas, including notes (e.g., no foul language, suggestive remarks, or obscene body language) 4. Make decisions that contribute to a professional, safe, inclusive, and educational space for debate The rest of our conference policies can be found on our website. By attending all or part of a UTMUN conference, attendees agree to abide by all of our conference policies. Furthermore, delegates’ efforts to contribute to a culture of collaboration, inclusivity, and equity at our conference, both inside and outside of committee session, will be considered by the dais and Secretariat when determining conference scholarships and committee awards. In cases of failing to adhere to any of UTMUN’s policies, the Secretariat reserves the right to take any action it deems necessary, including rendering delegates ineligible for awards, taking disciplinary action, and prohibiting delegates from participating further in the conference. Equity Concerns and Accessibility Needs UTMUN 2021’s Secretariat and Staff are committed to ensuring every attendee has an enjoyable, comfortable, and safe experience and is able to participate fully and positively at our conference. If you have any equity concerns (e.g., concerns about barriers to participation) or accessibility needs now or during the conference, please do not hesitate to contact your committees’ dais and/or our Director of Academics at [email protected]. 3 UTMUN 2021 The Union for the Mediterranean Contents Content Disclaimer 2 UTMUN Policies 3 Equity Concerns and Accessibility Needs 3 Introduction to The Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) 5 Topic A: Eastern Mediterranean Crisis 6 Important Themes and Concepts 6 1. Territorial sea and straits 6 2. Contiguous zone 6 Current Territorial and Resource Conflict 7 Focus A: Gas Fields and Current Involvement 9 Focus B: Cyprus and Turkish Republic of North Cyprus 12 Questions to Consider 12 Topic B: Libyan Crisis 14 Historical Background 14 Arab Spring 15 First Civil War (2011) 17 Second Civil War 17 Focus A: immediate consequences 18 Focus B: Belarus & the future 21 Questions to Consider 22 Topic C: Barcelona Declaration 23 History 23 Expectations and Goals of the Barcelona Declaration 24 Expectations of Barcelona declaration: are they held up? 25 Current and future UfM involvement and projects 25 1 UTMUN 2021 The Union for the Mediterranean Climate Change in the Mediterranean 27 Focus A: Britain’s Role 29 Focus B: Greening the Blue Economy 30 Questions to Consider 32 Advice for Research and Preparation 33 Topic A Key Resources 33 Topic B Key Resources 34 Topic C Key Resources 34 Bibliography 36 Topic A 36 Topic B 36 Topic C 36 2 UTMUN 2021 The Union for the Mediterranean Dear Delegates, The dais and I are pleased to welcome you to the Union for the Mediterranean at UTMUN 2021! This committee will explore important questions and topics nations around the Mediterranean are currently tackling. My name is Émilie Beaudoin, and I will be your director of the UfM for this iteration of UTMUN. I am currently a third-year History Specialist and International Relations Major focusing on International Law and Human Rights with a minor in Political Science. I grew up all over Canada as a child but consider Vancouver home, where I started my Model United Nations journey in high school. When not preparing for Model UN conferences, I can be found reading a fantasy book, doing my best surviving Chloe Ting workouts and spending too much time on TikTok. Your vice-president is Hanna Derouin, another third-year who double specializes in History and International Relations with a focus on International Law and Human Rights with a minor in Political Science. Outside her internship in which Hanna researches economic and environmental development in Ghana, she enjoys playing Animal Crossing and Sims4 with Emilie over Discord as they discuss various historical inaccuracies in movies. And last but not least Ciara will be your moderator. Ciara is in her first year, hoping to double major in International Relations and Public Policy. She has been doing MUN for the past seven years, but when she’s not delegating or staffing conferences, she enjoys making pasta, taking naps, and correcting people on how to pronounce her name. The UfM will address three topics this year. First, this background guide will discuss the current Eastern Mediterranean Crisis. The Eastern Mediterranean Crisis deals with the tensions with territorial and resource claims such as undersea gas reserves and the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus. Second, this background guide explains the Libyan Crisis. Delegates will be tasked with understanding the current situation in Libya and providing both short and long-lasting solutions. Third, this background guide examines the Barcelona Declaration and the future of the UfM. Delegates will have to discuss what they want the future of the Mediterranean to look like, considering the role of Britain and the shift to a Green Blue-based economy. I strongly suggest that you use this background guide as a preliminary source and continue to do your own research, checking the sources used for this background guide might provide some aid. Furthermore, for Position Papers, refer to the UTMUN website for deadlines and please note that ideally, you will write approximately ½ to 1 page double-sided per topic. I recommend the following format: paragraph A in which you outline the topic in general, paragraph B which identifies and describes your country, and how your state has been affected? Then paragraph C should encompass your country’s policies and proposed solutions. Paragraph D, should be a conclusion which ties loose ends. I have a preferred way of heading the papers, please refer to below for an example of the format: School: UA High Delegate: John Smith Country: Canada Topic: Mediterrean Crisis 3 UTMUN 2021 The Union for the Mediterranean Best of luck and please contact me with any concerns or questions, Emilie J. Beaudoin, Director, Union for the Mediterranean [email protected] 4 UTMUN 2021 The Union for the Mediterranean Introduction to The Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) Since the 1990s multiple conferences have been hosted in attempts to ensure security and cooperation in the Mediterranean, the region across the last decades has faced numerous conflicts due to clashes between states. As colonialism still ripples down international relations, the sea which is crucial to most countries’ economies has yet to remain peaceful for an extended period. The main aspects which continuously bring conflict are the boundaries of the marine area, and thus the regulated use of the sea including natural resources such as gas and fisheries1 There has been a lack of properly set regulations which the Mediterranean community collectively agrees to follow. The Union for the Mediterranean was established in 2008, thanks to the efforts of French President Sarkozy, the UfM is meant to bring upon the future in efforts of cooperation between European and Arab states to ensure equal representation of the two sides. The Arab league participates in the UfM meetings. While some current nations in the UfM were under colonial rule in the past, they are now independent members. None-the- less tensions and relations between states and their previous colonizers have sparked controversies. There is currently no American presence within the organization as the United States does not consider the Mediterranean a single region.
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