Annual Report 1985-86

ANNUAL REPORT 1985-86

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) DONA PAULA - 403 004 GOA, INDIA ANNUAL REPORT

1985-86

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) DONA PAULA-403 004 GOA, INDIA Printed and Published by Director, National Institute of Oceanography

Compiled and edited by Information & Publication Division

Editorial Personnel Shri R. M. S. Bhargava Shri S. J. D. Vara Prasad Mrs. R. Thomas Miss Fatima Lopes

Front cover page : Soft Corals of Kavaratti

Printed at Pad Prints, 26/401, Lokmanya Nagar, Pune - 411 030 CONTENTS Page No.

1. Director's Report 1 2. List of Projects 8 3. Research Activities 9 3.1 Physical Oceanography 9 3.2 Chemical Oceanography 19 3.3 Geological Oceanography 31 3.4 Biological Oceanography 37 3.5 Biofouling and Corrosion Studies 43 3.6 Ocean Engineering 48 3.7 Marine Instrumentation, Computer & Data 49 3.8 Publication, Information and Public Relations 53 3.9 Training 55 3.10 Planning 59

4. Regional Centres 60 4.1 Bombay 60 4.2 Cochin 64 4.3 Waltair 76 5. Oceanographic Cruises 81 6. Antarctic Research 89 7. Sponsored Projects 92 8. International Programmes 100 9. Infrastructure 102 10. Visitors 104 11. Colloquia at NIO 108 12. Awards, Honours & Membership of Various Committees 110 13. Deputations 114 14. Participation in Seminars, Symposia and Meetings 117 15. Publications 125 Annex-I : Budget 134 Annex-ll : Composition of Various Committees of NIO 135 Annex-Ill : Appointments/Transfers/Promotions/Resignations 143 Annex-IV : Scientific, Technical and Administrative Staff 145

1 2 3 4 1 DIRECTOR'S REPORT

It is my privilege after taking over as Director of this Institute on 1 July, 1985, to present this 21st Annual Report for the fiscal year 1985-86. Dr. V.V.R. Varadachari retired on attaining superannuation on June 31, 1985. He was given a warm send off after 22 years of dedicated service at a felicitation function on the same day and a special issue of Mahasagar - the research journal of the Institute, was brought out on the occasion. The report presents the summary of the work carried out under various R & D and Sponsored Projects in various Divisions and Regio- nal Centres of the Institute. Some organisational changes were made in the Institute wherein Chemical and Pollution Divisions were merged as Chemical Oceanogra- phy Division, the Data Centre was merged with the Instrumentation and Computer Division and the Planning Group was attached with the Director's Office. The projects for the next year were redefined and modified. This year 14 oceanographic cruises of R. V. Gaveshani and 10 of O. R. V. Sagar Kanya were organised. In addition, another vessel, G. A. Reay was chartered for the exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Indian Ocean. Some of the important results from the R & D activities are described hereunder : The Physical Oceanography Group identified the regions of divergence and convergence in the Bay of Bengal. On the west coast of India tides are well reproduced except at the Gulf of Kutch and Cambay. The polarisation characteristics of diffuse reflected light and their angular distribution were found useful for remote sensing of sea state. A new method using 'NO' - Θ- relationship was developed and applied for estimation of nitrate deficits in Arabian Sea. In a project in collaboration with the United States, a group of seven scientists were trained in scientific diving in India and USA. The group dived

5 off Grande Island off west coast and Kavaratti, Agatti and Suheli in Lakshadweep to collect organisms for studies of bioactive properties. Extracts of 95 marine organisms have been prepared to assess their bioactive properties. The occurrence of an aberrant isopod from deep waters of Indian Ocean which was not reported so far from any world oceans, was reported. Studies indicated the possibility of intensive production of edible clam Gafrarium pectinatum. Technology of green mussel culture has been demonstrated to the fish farmers of Goa for its use on a commercial scale. The sediments of the outer shelf/slope between Bombay and Quilon contain 0.02 to 2.16% P2 O5 and appear to be promising for detailed exploration for phosphorities. In the offshore sediments from south of Ratnagiri, heavy mineral concentrations upto 77.5% with magnetite (35%) and ilmenite (13.7%) have been found. An area of 0.65 million sq. km. in the Central Indian Ocean has been surveyed in detail for polymetallic nodules. The Ocean Engineering Group collected time series data on waves off Kavaratti Island deploying two wave rider buoys. An Aanderra weather station was installed at Kavaratti for simultaneous collection of meteorological parameters. A geological data logger has been redesigned for logging data from satellite navigator, magnetometer and echosounder. A multichannel ship-borne digitizer was also designed to digitize wave data. The Institute continued to participate in the scientific expeditions to Antarctica. Three scientists participated in the Fifth Expedition, out of which one stayed for overwintering and was designated as Leader of the Wintering Team. As a part of training programme, the Training Division conducted several specialised training courses for the Institute's scientists. The Institute also supported the academic programmes of the Universities of Goa and Jabalpur and the Birla Institute of Science & Technology and their students partly worked at the Institute. In addition to the above R & D, the Institute continued the sponsored work and provided consultancies. This year 17 new sponsored projects for a total contract value of over rupees 10 million ware undertaken while earlier nineteen projects were continued. Five projects were completed. The Institute received a total of Rs. 26.28 million from outside agencies for grant-in-aid and sponsored projects.

The scientific activities were well supported by Infrastructure (photography, drawing, workshop, printing & binding) and administrative facilities. The Library continued to grow and 1120 books were added. A TRS-80 microprocessor was installed to develop the bibliographic data base. Several sophisticated instruments i.e. an infra red spectrometer, gas chromotograph, a side scan sonar and a diving gear were added to the existing ones which enhanced the accuracy in results and capabilities. The Administrative and Accounts personnel, continued to

6 provide valuable support to the increased activities of the Institute. The Institute had the rare honour of the visit of their Royal Highnesses the Crown Prince Herald and Princess Sonjia of Norway. The Institute is equally proud of the visits of Dr. L.K. Jha, Adviser to Prime Minister and Dr. A.P. Mitra the Director General SIR and Secretary to the Government of India. During the year, the following important workshops and seminars were organised :

(i) Indo-USSR Workshop on Oceanography to identify the projects for collaboration between the two countries : (ii) Indo-US Workshop to review the progress of the collaborative project on bioactive substances from the Indian Ocean and to discuss the future activities; (iii) Workshop on marine biodeterioration of material; (iv) A Rigional Seminar on Handling and Dissemination of Oceano- graphic Data and Information. A new Guest House with nine air-conditioned rooms to acco- mmodate 18 guests was inaugurated on April 23, 1986 by Mrs. S. Z. Qasim. This year construction was also taken up for the new building for storage of seabed data and samples. The construction of 112 scientists appartments is progressing well. The Staff Club was active and arranged trekking, outings and social functions. The outstanding children in studies and sports were awarded special prizes.

Dr. H. N. Siddiquie Director.

7 2 LIST OF PROJECTS

1. Coastal zone management.

2. Studies on seasonal, annual and inter - annual variability of Oceanographic Parameters in the Northern Indian Ocean.

3. Remote sensing of oceanic features/parameters.

4. Ocean modelling.

5. Chemical Oceanographic and marine environmental studies of the seas around India.

6. Bioactive substances from the seas around India.

7. Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical, paleoclimatic and foraminiferal studies of the sediments of continental margins of India. 8. Regional Geological and manganese nodule deposits in the Central Indian basin of the Indian ocean. 9. Assessment, evaluation and generation of biological resources of the seas around India.

10. Studies on marine fouling, wood preservation and corrosion along the Indian Coast.

11. Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields and coastal works.

12. Development of Marine Instrumentation Systems including data buoys.

13. Coastal studies off Waltair and adjacent areas.

8 3 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 3.1 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

3.1.1 Coastal Zone Management (C.S. Murthy) 3.1.2 Studies on seasonal, annual and inter-annual variability of the oceanographic parameters in the North Indian Ocean (J. S. Sastry) 3.1.3 Remote sensing of oceanic features/parameters (L. V. G. Rao) 3.1.4 Ocean Modelling (M.J. Varkey)

A. R & D PROJECTS

3.1.1 Coastal Zone Management : (C. S. Murthy) The following studies were carried out : (a) Studies on coastal boundary layer : The data on current measurements off the mouths of Hooghly, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna have been analysed. The studies revealed that when the flow off Mahanadi is towards north and northwest, the flow off Godavari and Krishna is directed south and southwest. The water off Mahanadi is warmer than the water off Krishna and Godavari by about 2°C. The presence of a clockwise eddy off Mahanadi and an anticlockwise eddy off Godavari and Krishna is inferred. An analysis of time series data on currents off Goa at 100 m depth indicated the total influence on the currents. High frequency oscillations are noticed. Wind influence is also seen on the current structure. Team : M. K. Antony, K. H. Rao and S. S. C. Shenoi (b) Studies on land sea interaction : The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis are being further extended to different beaches to examine the morphological changes of the beaches. The results revealed the following : (a) The first three eigen functions account for 98.83 - 99.48% of the variability of the data of which 93.47 - 97.0% are being represented by the first function alone; (b) The beaches exposed directly to the ocean waves have the highest beach variability while those with flat offshore bottom topography and lesser exposure show low variability reflecting on the prevailing energies. These results point out a close relationship between the beach variability and the degree of exposure of the beaches to the ocean waves; (c) A comparison of the results

9 of the analysis with both regularly and irregularly sampled data sets suggested that the non uniformity of the sampling in the time introduced very little errors (5%) over the first three eigen functions, (d) The stable, nature off the beaches under study have been brought out by the temporal structure of the first eigen function (V ), whereas the second temporal function ( V2 ) very well documents the annual cyclic trend in erosion/accretion; (e) The analysis identifies a most stable point, "pivot point", along the beach profile about which the seasonal movement of sand in the onshore-offshore direction takes place. The depth of this point has been found to depend on the width of the beach, (f) The study also shows that the estimation of variance and the second eigen function as the best indicators of beach changes as compared to other higher order eigen functions. Sediment samples from the beach and nearshcre environs of Colva and Calangute collected earlier have been examined for the environments of deposition using EOF analysis. This study clearly indicated the differential energy zones of deposition of sediments. The reconstructed profiles indicated that only first three energetic eigen functions provide the information-rich part of the original signal. The wave refraction studies of Calangute area revealed that (i) the longshore currents are not free from the rip currents; (ii) a permanent rip current system prevails near Sinquerim and Candolim areas, and (iii) the longshore flows appear to be cellular in nature. Team : M. Veeraya, T. V. R. Murthy, S. S. C. Shenoi and V. K. Kumar 3.1.2 Studies on seasonal, annual and inter-annual variability of the oceanographic parameters in the North Indian Ocean (J. S. Sastry). (a) Bay of Bengal studies : The data collected during July-October 1984 have been processed and the charts showing the property distribution of temperature, salinity, density, dynamic topography, etc. have been prepared along zonal section and on horizontal surfaces. The topographic maps of selected isonosteric (T) surface have been prepared and the distribution of salinity and acceleration potential on these surfaces have been analysed. The cyclone heat potential in the Bay of Bengal relative to 25°C isothermal surface has been estimated. Salient features of the Studies are as follows : The sea surface temperature increases from about 25°C in the northern Bay to about 29° in the southern region during the NE monsoon season. In contrast, the temperature gradient reverses during the SW monsoon season when high SSTm exceeding 30°C are noticed at the head of the Bay and cold waters below 27.5° in the south. The cyclone heat potential is conspicuously high in the eastern Bay of Bengal surrounding Andaman-Nicobar Islands during the SW monsoon season. During the post monsoon season the cyclone heat potential is high in the southern Bay of Bengal with values varying between 15 and 20 kcal. cm-2. The geostrophic circulation of the surface relative to

10 1000 db surface shows complex flow pattern during the SW monsoon season. A major flow is seen from southeastern Bay of Bengal which branches the central Bay with one branch moving northeast and the other towards the east coast of India. The influence of fresh water along the east coast of India is clearly seen at north of Visakhapatnam. During the northeast monsoon a huge anticlockwise gyre forms in the west Central Bay of Bengal and a clockwise gyre south of it. Northerly flows dominate on the western side of the Andaman islands. The distributions of temperature, salinity, thermosteric anomaly, density flux function and stability along 88°E during the southwest monsoon in the Bay of Bengal were studied. At surface, salinity showed strong gradients both horizontally and vertically in the northern Bay of Bengal. Two isolated high salinity pockets coinciding with the 400 cl/t steric surface have been identified as the remnants of the Arabian Sea High Salinity Watermass. The salinity maxima in the depth range of 200-900 m have been explained as due to the penetration of the isohaline layer which forms when the Persian Gulf Watermass and Red Sea Watermass come in contact in the Arabian Sea. The geostrophic flow pattern shows that the flow is primarily westward except between 12° and 14°N and at extreme southern and northern regions of the section. The net mass transport relative to 1000 db is 11 Sverdrups westward. During October 1985, the geostrophic flow pattern along the same meridional section (88°E) was derived. The flow pattern being the same as that in southwest monsoon period, the net mass transport is estimated at 4 Sverdrups westward. Team : D. P. Rao, V. S. N. Murthy, Y. V. B. Sarma A. Surya Narayana and M. T. Babu

(b) Arabian Sea Studies : Analysis of physical oceanographic data collected February-March 1985 is in progress. The sea surface temperature in the northern Arabian Sea was very low during the periods. This feature gives rise to a negative heat potential w.r.t. 26°C SST which is the minimum temperature that would sustain cyclones. This explains the absence of cyclones in the northern Arabian Sea during winter. Team : V. Ramesh Babu, M. S. S. Sarma, R. J. K. Charyululu, Y. Sadhuram (c) Equatorial Indian Ocean studies : Two sections were occupied across the equator during July-August 1985 in the western Indian Ocean. The thermal structure across the region shows interesting features, ln the western section (Fig.1) which is oriented diagonally from 48°E to 54°E has very low surface temperature (25°C). In contrast, along 60°E (Fig. 2) the surface waters are warmer especially north of the equator with temperatures exceeding 28°C. The spreading of isotherms in the thermocline at 3°S (Fig. 1) is an indication of a strong current whereas in the eastern section (Fig. 2) a slight spreading of the thermocline is seen near the equator. Further analysis is in progress.

11 Fig. 1 Temperature (°C) during 2-9 August, 1985.

Fig. 2 Tenperature (°C) during 15-21 August. 1985

12 Team : A. Suryanarayana and A. A. Michael (d) Ocean-Atmosphere interaction studies : (i)Naviface temperature climatology and monsoon rainfall : A review of the naviface temperature climatology in the north Indian Ocean has been made. These studies reveal that the upwelling in the northwest Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea) has been fairly well documented. However, upwelling off the east coast of India has not been studied in detail. The flow dynamics along the east coast of India are modified by the fresh water discharges suppressing upwelling in the northern regions. In the south, off the east coast of India upwelling of limited extent is seen. A critical examination of the heat budget equations in Arabian Sea reveal that the sea surface temperature anomalies as well as the heat potential in the upper ocean are determined by wind distribution and its anomalies over the Arabian Sea. Team : D. P. Rao, V. S. N. Murthy, Y. V. B. Sarma and M. T. Babu An analysis of the sea surface temperature over north Indian Ocean during two contrasting summer monsoon seasons 1979 (poor monsoon) and 1983 (good monsoon) reveals the following : (i) The reappearance of 27°C isotherm off Somali coast in the month of May/June coincides with the onset of the southwest monsoon over India, (ii) The positive zonal anomalies of SST over central Indian Ocean are associated with good monsoon, rainfall over India. Team : M. R. Ramesh Kumar, Shubha Satyendranath,N. K. Viswambharan and . L.V . G. Rao. In another study the sea SURFACE temperature over the Bay of Bengal during mid-May has been correlated with the total rainfall over the Indian sub-continent. The area of sea surface temperature exceeding 29°C correlates well with the rainfall and the correlation is as high as 0.75. Further analysis is being carried out.

Team : C. K. Gopinathan

(ii) Cyclogenesis :

Abnormally high surface air temperatures in the Bay of Bengal have been observed at 17° 35'N/88° 01'Ε during 23-28 September, 1985. On 28th September the dry bulb and wet bulb temperature have increased from 32.5° and 30.9°C respectively at 0830 hrs to 40.2° and 38.6°C respectively at 1230 hrs. During this period, the surface pressure dropped by 2 mb. Similar situations have been observed on all days. These abnormally dry and wet bulb temperatures have been attributed to atmosphere-atmosphere interactions. Advection of air parcels on isentropic surfaces may result in dynamically induced subsidence. Figure 3 shows the time section of vertical potential temperature distribution. It is hypothesised that cyclogenesis can result

13 through Induced Instability due to advection on lsentropic Surface (IlAlB) across the frontal zones like ITCZ. Team : V. S. Rama Raju, D. P. Rao, V. S. N. Murthy and M. Subbarao

Fig. 3 Vertical time section of potential temperature (A°) during 23-28th September, 1985

3.1.3 Remote sensing of oceanic features/parameters : (L. V. G. Rao) (a) Studies of optical properties and radiation transfer in the sea The studies started in 1984 have been continued during the year under report. Data on spectral irradiance and transmittance at various depths were collected on board RV Gaveshani in the sea off the southwest coast of India, using Quanta Spectrometer (QSM), Irradiance meter and Transmissometer. Records of the spectra (Fig. 4) obtained by QSM are being digitized. Software for processing of QSM data for computation of attenuation coefficient including the immersion effect correction is developed. A model of radiation transfer in the sea developed earlier using Monte Carlo technique has been improved. The model can now be used for simulating the signal leaving the sea, in connection with the remote sensing of chlorophyll, suspended sediments and yellow organic dissolved matter. The model takes into account wind speed, fraction of diffuse light present in the atmosphere, solar elevation, depth of the water body and nature of the bottom. During simulation, the absorption and scattering coefficients of the water body and the volume scattering function of pure water and suspended sediments are taken into account. The model was used to study reflectance spectra from various water types. Spectral reflectance for chlorophyll, suspended sediments and yellow organic dissolved matter derived from

14 the model are found to be in agreement with the theoretically expected values. Software for using this model to simulate angular distribution of upwelled/back scattered light from within the sea is developed and the results are being finalised. Team : Shubha Satyendranath and P. V. Sathe

Fig. 4 Typical QlSM Record showing spectral distribution of upwelling radiance just below the sea surface in shelf region in Arabian Sea at 3 pm. The total shaded area in part Ά' of the record correspond to 0.95 QM S while the respective wavelength range covering the area from 400 to 700 nm is to be read from part 'B' of the figure. (b) Feasibility studies on estimation of evaporation rates from satellite data : In order to obtain surface dew point temperature values (needed for estimation of evaporation rates) from the SAMIR derived water vapour content, an empirical relation between surface dew point temperature and the water vapour content is derived for monsoon season over north Indian Ocean using MONSOON 77 data. Using the SAMIR brightness temperatures of Bhaskara-11 (for dew point temperature and wind speeds) and GOSSTCOMP charts of NOAA satellites (for SST), the evaporation rates over the Arabian Sea for June 1982 have been estimated through bulk aerodynamic method. The spatial distribution of evaporation rates estimated from satellite data coincided well with those obtained from ship observations as well as climatological data (Fig.5 on page 29). The accuracy in the estimation of evaporation rates has considerably improved after the removal of

15 bias in SST (from NOAA-AVHRR data) and is found to be about ± 0.8 mm/day.

Team : M. V. Rao, V. Ramesh Babu, and J. S. Sastry (c) Studies on remote sensing of phytoplankton and implications of picoplankton ; A critical review of the advantages and disadvantages of various remote sensing techniques for monitoring marine phytoplankton and primary productivity has been carried out. Following the recent discovery of the importance of autotropic picoplankton in the marine ecosystem, an evaluation was made on the implications of picoplankton in remote sensing on the basis of currently available information.

Team : Shubha Satyendranath (d) Studies on upwelling along the southwest coast of India : Under the collaborative programme with Space Applications Centre, two cruises were organised during April and October 1985 to study the oceanographic conditions off the southwest coast of India and to provide sea truth for satellite derived data : NIMBUS-CZCS data, NOAA-AVHRR data, INSAT-VHRR data and LANDSAT-MSS data. The first phase mainly the in situ data collection programme is completed. Further work is in progress. Team : Shubha Satyendranath, P. V. Sathe, M. V. Rao and M. J. Varkey 3.1.4 Ocean Modelling : (M. J. Varkey) Under this project the following studies have been carried out : (a) Salt balance and mixing in the Bay of Bengal : The water balance studies at the sea surface (evaporation, precipitation, etc.) show a net loss of water column of 11.5 cm over the region north of 6°N in the Bay of Bengal during the NE monsoon and net gain of 63.8 cm during the SW monsoon. The static stability is found to be very high at the pycnocline. However due to strong current shear the dynamic stability is found to be low promoting turbulent exchange across the pycnocline. (b) Variation of monthly mean sea level along the Indian Coast : Available data on monthly mean sea level at eight locations - Veraval, Bombay, Mormugao and Cochin on the west coast, and Nagapattinam, Madras, Visakhapatnam and Calcutta on the east coast of India - have been used to determine the annual cycle of the sea level. Three other sets of data - atmospheric pressure, ship-drift estimates and rainfall - have been utilized to examine the factors that control the observed variations in the sea level. The main conclusions are : (i) In general, the effect of the atmospheric pressure variation on the monthly mean sea level along the coast is significant; the amplitude of the effect is dependent on location and varies between 4-20 cm, (ii) The sea level at Calcutta shows no influence of the large scale coastal circulation. Off Bombay the monthly mean coastal

16 currents are weak and do not show significant correlation with the sea level, (iii) At Veraval, Mormugao, Cochin, Nagappatinam, Madras and Visakhapatnam the sea level corrected for atmospheric pressure effect shows good correlation with the longshore component of the coastal current. Team : S. R. Shetye and M. Almeida (c) Coastal currents due to density gradients : The linear, viscid, continuously stratified model of McCreary (1978) is extended to allow for thermohaline forcing by a specified, longitudinally independent, surface density field. If the density increases poleward, the resulting pressure field in the interior slopes downward towards the pole in the upper water column, and there is an associated eastward geostrophic current. The interior current forces downwelling at an eastern ocean boundary, and generates a poleward surface coastal current and an equatoward undercurrent. For realistic choices of model parameters the coastal circulation is as strong as, and opposite in direction, that caused by a typical equatorward wind stress. The theory provides an explanation for the northward coastal current observed off the west coast of India during the northeast monsoon. Team : S. R. Shetye (d) Wind driven circulation in the Bay of Bengal : Studies have been initiated to simulate the wind driven circulation using realistic bathymetry, observed wind field and realistic boundary currents. The model area extends from 6°to 22.5°N and 80° to 98°E. A two-dimensional linear interpolation programme has been developed for interpolating the wind field and the wind stress was computed. Team : N. Bahulayan and A. S. Unnikrishnan. The meridional transport due to the curl of the wind stress is analysed using the Sverdrup model of the wind driven circulation. Monthly charts of the wind stress curl, vertical velocity at the boundary of the Ekman layer and meridional component of Sverdrup transport are derived using climatological wind field from the atlas of Hestenrath and Lamb. Similar studies were conducted using the instantaneous wind data collected during July-October, 1984. A comparison is made between the instantaneous and climatic features of wind driven circulation. Regions of divergence and convergence (upwelling with positive wind stress curl and sinking with negative wind stress curl) have been identified. Team : M. T. Babu.

(e) Circulation along the west coast of India : A numerical model for the circulation along the west coast of India was developed during the deputation to the University of Hamburg, West Germany.

17 Model runs of the 2-dimensional version were taken up to test the routine developed to make the model compatible to the west coast of India. These were succesfully completed. A 3 dimensional model was adopted to the west coast of India using the routines developed.

The tidal phenomenon along the west coast of India has been simulated. Initial results indicate that the tides, are well reproduced along the west coast, with the exception at the Gulf of Cambay and the Gulf of Kutch where finer resolution than the 9 km resolution; of the model is thought to be necessary. The tidal residual current-plots clearly show a huge anticlockwise gyre in the Bombay High Region. A clockwise gyre is seen in the wind driven circulation due to southwesterly winds in the same region. Team : A. D. Gouveia (f) Boundary effects in Rossby waves : A unified treatment of the scattering of Rossby and Poincere waves from a randomly rough coastline has been made using group theoretic argument and an expansion in terms of wiener-Hermite differentials. The specular reflection coefficient and the angular distribution of the scattered field has been determined. The existence of trapped modes is established and their power flux determined. Team : A. A. Fernandes and D. Sengupta (g) Wind driven circulation with application to a shallow water basin/lake : A hydrodynamical numeric model has been developed to derive the wind driven circulation in a shallow water basin. Numerical calculations are carried out with different model parameters to delineate the role of bottom topography and bottom friction. Coriolis effects are also introduced. Team : A. Suryanarayana and A. Jankowski (visiting scientist from Poland) (h) Ocean Acoustics : Computer software has been developed to determine the eigen rays from a source to a set of receiver assemblies and the path lengths in tomographic layers to pre-select the depths of the receivers. Team : Y. K. Somayajulu, S. Prasanna Kumar and T. V. Ramanamurthy

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Details of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Project"

18 3.2 CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

3.2.1 Chemical oceanographic and marine environmental studies of the seas around India. (R. Sengupta) 3.2.2 Bioactive substances from the seas around India (R. Sen Gupta)

A. R & D PROJECTS The Marine Pollution Studies Division was merged with the Che- mical Oceanography Division during August 1985. The projectwise work undertaken in the year is mentioned here. 3.2.1 Chemical oceanographic and marine environmental studies of the seas around India. (R. Sengupta) 1. Study of spatial and temporal variations in chemical parameters and their interactions in the Central Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and important estuarine regions. (R. Sengupta) a) Arabian Sea : i) R.V. Gaveshani Data : Relationships between inorganic nitrate and phosphate and apparent oxygen utilisation in the Central Arabian Sea were calculated

using R. V. Gaveshani data. The atomic ratio of AOU : PO4 was found to be 238 : 1. Apart from the occurence of primary and secondary nitrite maxima in the upper 500 m, a tertiary nitrite maximum associated with lowering of oxygen concentrations was also observed in near-bottom waters. Relationships between reserved phosphate and reserved nitrate and sigma-t were used to classify the water masses. Team : S. Y. S. Singbal and S. N. De Sousa ii) Chemistry of bottom waters at Owen Fracture Zone : Hydrochemical studies at a station in the Owen Fracture Zone reveal an active movement of bottom water as ca. 75 m. thick, cold, low-salinity layer. Silicate profile exhibits a broad maximum at about 3 km depth in conformity with the earlier results. Within the benthic layer, an increase in AOU is observed associated with minor increases in nutrients, presumably due to the oxidation of particulate organic matter sinking from the surface layer. Team : S. W. A. Naqvi and T. W. Kureishy iii) Estimation of nitrite deficits in the Arabian Sea - A new method :

The property 'NO' defined as the sum of O2 and 8.65 NO3, varies linearly with potential temperature (Θ) outside the denitrification zone in the Arabian Sea, but a change in slope of the 'NO' - Θ regre-

19 ssion line occurs at Θ=15°C. The 'NO' - Θ relationships have been utilized to compute the 'original' nitrate concentrations which are combined with the observed data to calculate the nitrate deficits within the denitrification zone. This procedure, which approximately accounts for the 'reserved' nitrate, eliminates the errors associated with the use of the variable Δ AOU : ΔPO4 ratio in earlier methods. In upper layers, the present method yields deficits close to those deduced from the oxidative ratios and (NO3)x- (PO4)x relationship. In deep layers (depth > 500 m), however, slightly higher values are obtained with the present method, presumably due to the variability of relationships between 'reserved' nutrients. Distribution of nitrate anomaly (ΔΝ) along a section running from 15°N. 67°E to 21°Ν, 63°E closely follows the distribution of nitrite at the secondary maximum. Nitrate anomalies in excess of 8 μ mol dm-3 are observed frequently along this section. An intermediate minimum in Δ Ν is observed at some stations at depths where the subantarctic mode water is encountered. This water mass, relatively rich in oxygen, appears to be a source of limited oxygen supply which probably prevents the intermediate layers from becoming completely anoxic. Team : S. W. A, Naqvi iv) Nutrient uptake and regeneration ratios in the Red Sea with reference to the nutrient budgets : The relationships between apparent oxygen utilization and inorganic micro nutrients in the Red Sea showed the ratios Δ AOU :

ΔSiO4 : ΔΝO3 : ΔPO4, = 230 : 17 : 21 : 1 (by atoms). The depar- tures of the observed ratios from the corresponding open-ocean values are presumably caused by the prevailing low levels of nutrients and a relative deficiency in phosphate as compared to nitrate in the Red Sea. The composition of organic matter within the Red Sea, for carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the biomass are deduced to be 188 : 21 : 1 by atoms. Increased input of nutrients associated with subsurface inflow of nutrient rich waters from the Gulf of Aden to the Red Sea by itself does not seem to make up the apparent deficits in all nutrients. Due to the high ΔΝO3 :ΔPO4 ratio observed in the Red Sea, more nitrate relative to phosphorus appears to escape the Red Sea with the outflowing high-salinity water than the quantity added by the inflowing current. Assuming that the conservation of phosphate is maintained by increased inputs from the Gulf of Aden in late summer, the excess flux of nitrate out of the Red Sea is estimated as 0.74 x 106 tonnes of nitrogen yr-1. It is suggested that this excess of the combined nitrogan results from nitrogen fixation, presumably by Trichodesmium sp. It is estimated that nitrogen fixation may contribute up to 6% of the total primary production in the Red Sea.

Team : S. W. A. Naqvi and T. W. Kureishy b) Estuarine regions : i) Phosphorus and Nitrogen in sediments : Estimation of the various forms of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds in some estuarine and shelf sediments have been carried

20 out in order to evaluate the process of their regeneration. There was a distinct decrease in organic phosphorous over depth in both estuarine and shelf sediments. Total organic phosphorus varied from 0.16% to 0.39% dry wt. with an average value of 0.24, at the sediment surface, while it varied from 0.04 to 0.11% dry wt. below 10 cm. An average atomic ratio of total organic nitrogen to total organic phosphorus of the order of 12 : 1 was observed at the surface sediments as against 34 : 1 for sediments below 10 cm in the estuarine regions. In the case of shelf sediments the ratios were respectively 14 : 1 and 24 : 1 by atoms. In the estuarine sediments, the concentration of exchangeable and fixed ammonium-nitrogen showed significant variations. The exchangeable form ranged from 90 ppm to 870 ppm. Fixed form varied from 56 ppm to 220 ppm. In the corresponding interstitial water

NH4 - N concentrations were 6.8 and 12.4 ppm. Shelf sediments in general showed higher concentrations as compared to estuarine sediments. It varied from 90 ppm to 380 ppm, whereas, the exchangeable

NH4, - N concentrations ranged from 140 ppm to 780 ppm. Interstitial

water NH4 - N varied from 11.6 ppm to 18.9 ppm. Fixed ammonium- nitrogen appears to increase with increasing concentrations of dissolved Ammonium-nitrogen. This suggests that there may exist a dynamic equilibrium between dissolved, exchangeable and fixed ammonium-nitrogen. These processes are being confirmed by laboratory experiments. Team : M. D. Rajagopal M) Chemical speciation of important metals in sea and estuarine system : Studies on chemical speciation of cadmium, lead and copper were carried out in the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries and in the Lakshadweep area. In the Zuari estuary, the labile concentration of cadmium varied from 0.02 to 0.37 μg/l. The non-labile cadmium varied from 0.02 to 0.47 μg/l. The lead concentration was in the range of 0.28 - 0.91 μg/l, while the non-labile form ranged between 0.40 and 3.95 μg/l. The labile and non-labile forms of copper varied from 0.28 to 2.0 and from 0.27 to 1.40 μg/l respectively. Comparatively higher concentrations of all the metals were noticed in the Mandovi estuary. Cd, Pb and Cu were analysed for ASV labile and U-V oxi- disable organically coupled metal fractions with the help of Differen- tial Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltametry (DPASV) in mangrove swamp areas. ASV-labile (μg/l) Organically coupled (μg/l) Metals Mangroves Mandovi Mangroves Mandovi Swamp estuary Swamp estuary Cd 0-1 3-4.5 ND 4 - 6.5 Pb 0-1 2-7.0 ND 1.2-2.5 Cu 0-1 1.5-4.0 ND 2-4.5

Team : M. D. George and K. Sawkar

21 iii) Studies on bromide : Bromide was studied in detail in the Mandovi and Zuari rivers of Goa. The bromide concentrations and Br/CI ratios were computed. These agreed well with the observed values indicating clearly the con- servative behaviour of bromide in the Mandovi-Zuari river system of Goa. The regression equation deduced for bromide throughout the year was Br (g kg-1) = 0.00046 + 0.00343 Cl and the correlation was 99%. Team : Francisca D' Souza

iv) Studies on humic substances in the marine and estuarine environments of India : Humic substances occur naturally in marine and estuarine areas and form a considerable part of the organic matter in the marine environment. They enhance the fertility of the sediments and of overlying water by facilitating the movement of water nutrients and trace elements in the sea. They are also important complexing agents for metals and hydrous oxides and interact with clay minerals and organic chemicals which may be toxic pollutants. Therefore, a study of this important fraction of the organic matter will help in understanding its role in the chemical properties of sediments and sea water. Sediment samples were, therefore, collected along the continental shelf of the west coast of India and from the estuarine regions of River Hooghly during the cruises of R. V. Gaveshani and analysed for organic carbon and total humic and fulvic acids. Sediments at station Haldia showed 0.14% humic acid (unpurified) and 0.38% fulvic acid (unpurified) both on dry weight basis and 0.063% and 0.36% respectively at Sand Heads in the Hooghly estuary. Samples at New Moore Island contained 0.16% humic acid and very small amounts of fulvic acid which was observed to be associated with considerable amounts of silicious meterial. The organic carbon content at these stations ranged from 0.20% to 0.39%. A half-metre core sample collected off Paradeep in the Mahanadi estuary, showed very small variations in organic carbon content and ranged from 0.41 to 0.48% except between the 20 - 25 cm layer of the core where it was found to be 0.38%. Team : Sugandhini Sardessai v) Organic constituents in the marine environment : The activities of free, dissolved and organism-associated alkaline and acidic phosphatases were determined in the water and sediments from the Mandovi estuary. The induction and repression of phosphatases by certain metals were also observed. Optimum activity was observed at pH 8.6. Mg2+ ion was found to induce phosphatase activity. Significant decrease in activity was observed during the mon- soons. Highest activity was observed at the mouth. The activities in the sediment samples were 0.17, 0.13 and 0.94 μg/g/min in February, April and September respectively. It has been found that the phosphatases are induced when phosphorus becomes limiting and repressed

22 under conditions of excess phosphorus. Thus the phosphatase activity may be used as an index of the nutritional status of a body of water with respect to phosphorus. Team : Classy D' Silva c) Model studies : i) Cation hydrolysis and regulation of trace metal composition in sea water : Hydrolysis reaction studies for 16 cations (Mn, Th, Al, Bi, Cl, Co. Cr(III), Fe, Pb, Se, Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni and Zn) have been carried out for the temperature range between 2° and 500° in order to understand the processes occurring during hydrothern.al mixing near mid-oceanic ridge systems. pH values for adsorption of the metal ion onto solid surface have direct relation with pH values of hydrolysis occurrence. A model for the regulation of trace metal composition in sea water by hydroxylic processes, including mid-oceanic ridge systems, is prepared. Team : M. Dileep Kumar and K. Somasundar ii) Stability of rare earth elements in the marine environment: Construction of oxidation state diagrams and volt equivalent evaluation revealed the metastable existence of Eu2+, Yb2+, Sm2+ and Tm2+ in sea water. Ce oxidation may not be possible in sea water unless Mn oxides are present. REE carbonate complexes are more stable than all other dissolved inorganic complexes. Mixed ligand complexes also have low stability than carbonate complexes. Adsorption or surface complexation reactions are the most stable of all the dissolved complexes. Though REE-organic complexes are comparatively more stable than REE-inorganic complexes, very low concentration of Eu in seawater is ascribed to high free energy of aqueous cations in formation. Team : M. Dileep Kumar 2. Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along the Indian Coast. (R. Sengupta). a) Petroleum hydrocarbons : i) Dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons : During January and February 1985, in the Bombay High region, 42 water samples were collected at different depths and analysed for dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons. The concentrations showed a gradient with depth and varied from 10 to 30.8 μg/l (av. 8.3 μg/l). Surface sediments which were mainly silty-clay were also analysed for petroleum hydrocarbons. The concentrations ranged from 6.0 to 25.2 μg/gm (av. 13.9 μg/gm dry weight). No significant changes in concentrations were found as compared to the earlier data from the same region. This suggests that the marine environment in the Bombay High region maintains almost the same level of background petroleum hydrocarbon concentration in water inspite of the continuous offshore drilling and increasing production of oil.

23 Around the Lakshadweep islands, the concentrations in water varied between ND (not detectable) and 8.0 μg/l whereas in sediments the range was between 0.2 and 0.6 μg/gm dry weight. These values were lower as compared to the other regions of the Arabian Sea. During December 1985 and January 1986, from a total of 10 stations every 1° apart between 10° and 10°N water samples were collected at 0, 10, 20 and 30 m depth and analysed for different fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons (light, medium and heavy). In general, petroleum hydrocarbons varied from 1.0 to 31.0 μg/l (equi- valents of Arabian crude oil). Chlorophyll a values were also collected to study their correlation, if any, with petroleum hydrocarbons. Dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons in the Arabian Sea were found to vary between N. D. (not detectable) and 18.4 μg/l (av. 5.6 μg/l). The concentrations showed a gradient with depth, the highest concentration was found near the surface. Neuston towing was also performed at two stations which did not show any tar balls. Team : S. P. Fondekar, R. Algarswamy and M. S. Shailaja b) Organochlorine and organo-phosphorus pesticides in the marine environment. i) Field studies : In vitro cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition of solvent extracts from different sediment samples collected along the east coast of India during May and June, 1985 was evaluated and the percent inhibition was determined in four different solvent extracts namely, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol and the values of ChE activity were between 20 and 25%. Twenty five zooplankton and 10 fish samples were collected for the analyses of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Out of 25 zooplankton samples analysed, the pesticide residues in 8 samples have been quantified and seven of them showed only traces which could not be quantified. The analyses of the remaining samples are under progress. Team : A. Sarkar and S. T. Kannan ii) Laboratory studies : Studies on the effects of pesticide pollutants on the growth and metabolism of phytoplankton were started. Unialgal culture of fast growing diatoms such as Nitzschia sp. and Melosira sp. cloned from Dona Paula estuary were used in these studies. Preliminary experiments show that DDT at a concentration of 0.02 ppm inhibits the growth of these organisms (as determined by ChI a measurements and cell counts) to an extent of 15 - 20%. At 0.1 ppm, the inhibition was around 40% and 0.5 ppm it was almost total. Studies on the time course of DDT action and uptake of DDT by these organisms are under way. The effect of DDT on lipid metabolism and other biochemical parameters is also being studied. Team : M. S. Shailaja

24 c) Toxic and non-toxic heavy metals : Several sediment samples from the west coast of India were collected for the analysis of Hg, Cd, and Pb along with samples of fish and sea water. The concentration of Hg ranged from non-detectable to 0.07 ppm (dry wt.) off the Bombay Coast and from ND to 0.04 ppm off the Karwar coast in sediment samples. In general along the west coast, the Hg concentrations ranged from ND to the highest of 2.6 ppm (dry wt.) in the sediment samples. Fish samples analysed from the west coast of India contained Hg - ND to 0.17 ppm (wet wt.) Cd - 0.35 to 2.56 ppm (wet wt.) Pb - (1.0 to 18.0 ppm (wet wt.) These values though relatively high for Cd and Pb are within the safe levels of consumption as the average values for Cd and Pb in muscles are 0.59 and 1.11 ppm respectively. Twenty one samples of suspended matter were analysed for trace metals namely Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu and Mn. The processing and interpretation of the data are in progress. Team : T. W. Kureishy, Analia Mesquita and Sujata Sanzgiry d) Chemistry of sea surface microlayer :

Surface microlayer (SML) and subsurface samples (25 cm depth) were collected from six stations in the Mandovi estuary during different months by using a screen sampler and subsurface sampler respectively. Also one station was fixed for time series measurements with relation to tides. All sample pairs (SML and samples from 25 cm depth) were analysed for salinity, temperature, pH, alkalinity, nutrients and for Fe, Zn, Cu and Ni. The enrichment factor (EF) for different parameters were calculated. Salinity of SML was only slightly higher than that of subsurface waters with a single exception. Alkalinity also did not vary significantly between the SML and surface waters. Inorganic nutrients showed a general decreasing trend in their enrichment factor with increasing salinity. Among the trace metals studied, zinc and iron exhibited a similar decreasing trend with increasing salinity. EF for zinc was the highest among the metals examined. Copper and nickel did not show any regular trend in variation of their respective EF. Further studies are in progress. Team : S.Y.S. Singbal, P.N. Narvekar and R. Nagarajan.

e) Role of selenium in controlling mercury concentration : Since the toxicological and physiological importance of selenium had become evident, there has been an increasing interest in this essential element. The essentiality of selenium ends at about 0.1 ppm, while toxicity begins at 0.4 ppm.

25 Of paramount importance is its competition with and apparent preference over mercury, a highly toxic element, in forming reactive groups in marine and estuarine environment. All these above factors have led to initiate a study of selenium concentrations and the role played by it in marine and estuarine environment, in the eventual regulation of mercury pollution. A spectrofluorometric analytical method has been standardised for selenium and the samples, are being analysed.

Team : Carolina Dias

3.2.2 Bioactive substances from the seas around India : (R. Sen Gupta) a) This project has been complemented from January 1984 by the Indo-Us collaborative project on Bioactive Substances from the Indian Ocean. NIO is one of the 3 participating Indian laboratories and its contributions to the project are collection, identification, extraction and chemistry of marine flora and fauna from the inter-tidal and sub-tidal regions along the west coast of India. b) Collection of samples for primary screening : During the period under investigation, concentrated extracts from 95 new marine organisms (which were not screened earlier) collected from Malvan, Ratnagiri, Gujarat Coast and Lakshadweep Islands were prepared for screening to assess their biological activity. These marine organisms belong to Porifera (sponges), Coelenterata (zoanthus), MoIIu- sca (gastropods), Echinoderms (Holothuria, starfish, sea urchins), Bryozoa and seaweeds (Red, brown and green algae). An important feature of this year was the formation of a diving group. Seven divers of NIO, 4 of whom were trained in U.S.A., commenced the collection of samples from sub-tidal regions during the middle of October 1985. Initial collections were carried out around the Grande Island off Mormugao Harbour, which appears to be a rich area for Gorgonians, sponges and holothurians. The diving team also collected several samples of soft corals (17 species) from the reef around Kavaratti Island in the (Photo 1 on page 29) Besides the above primary extracts, two marine organisms Ulva fasciata (seaweed 12 kg) and Bienna fortis (a sponge extract 150 g) and water soluble fraction of zoanthus (exhibiting high toxicity) were also sent to CDRI for the detailed chemical investigations. A few indicated anti-microbial activities, one indicated 60% anti-fertility activity and many samples were found toxic. c) Chemical investigations of marine organism : The chemical investigations of some of the extracts exhibiting promising activities were undertaken in the laboratory and a number of compounds belonging to different classes such as steroids, fatty acids, alcohols and their esters, long chain esters of fatty acids and alcohols (waxes) diterpenes, lactones have been isolated. The details are as follows :

26 i) Padina tetrastromatica : In addition to the fatty acids and esters reported earlier, the lipid fraction yielded sterols, trans-phytol and a crystalline lactone. Further analysis of sterol fraction indicated that β-sitosterol was the major sterol obtained along with fucosterol and 24-methyl cholesterol. The crystalline lactone obtained from the chloroform fraction was found to be an optical antipode of Loliolide isolated from terres- trial source (exhibits CVS activity). The sample of Loliolide isolated from marine source is being tested for the reported CVS activity.

ii) Zoanthus sp. : The species collected from Malvan was found to differ from the species collected from the Goa coast. The organic soluble fraction of Zoanthus sp. (Malvan) contains mainly esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols (waxes) which are absent in the species collected in Goa, from which a mixture of low polar fatty alcohols and butyl alcohol were isolated. Four pure compounds were isolated from the aqueous fraction (highly toxic) after making it alkaline with ammonia, extraction with ethyl acetate, acetylation of extract and repeated column chromatography. Further studies on the characterization of these compounds are in progress. iii) Spatoglossum aspermum : Fatty acids and steroids were isolated from the lipid fraction. The fatty acids were characterized by GC co-injection with authentic samples as oleic acid, myrisitic, palmitic and stearic acids. iv) Acantophora specifera : The 100% anti-fertility activity exhibited by this seaweed was located in petroleum ether and chloroform fractions. In addition to the fatty acids and esters reported earlier from this source, two steroids (3, 6 cholestane dione and a ketosteroid) have been isolated. Charac- terization of these compounds is in progress. Besides this, the fraction of the seaweed extract, enriched in prostaglandin type compounds has been sent to CDRI for anti-fertility testing. v) Amphiroa fragillissima : The crude extract of this coralline algae was reported to possess oxytocic activity located in water soluble fraction which was chromatographed and fractionated into fraction enriched in compound having the same Rf value as histamine and other fraction containing B-imidazole ring containing compounds but devoid of histamine. The first fraction was subjected to oxytocic activity and the major compound was identified as histamine (Rf value, spectral data) and the other fractionrich in B-imidazole ring compounds was subjected to testing for cardiotoxic activity. It showed cardiotoxic activity in vitro at low concentration. Detailed work in this fraction is in progress.

27 vi) Stoechospermum marginatum : The lipid fraction yielded fucosterol, dihydrofucosterol, 24 keto cholesterol. It also showed the presence of fatty acids which were characterized by GC analysis of the methyl esters. This source in addition to normal fatty acids gave 14-methyl pentadecanoic acid. Phthalate esters, commonly used as plasticizers, have been isolated from the seaweed and characterised on the basis of spectral data only. vii) Holothuria sp. : The cuverian glands of the sea cucumber (from Anjuna coast in Goa) were extracted with methanol and the extract was sent to CDRI for further confirmation of anti-fertility activity. The extract from the body wall and cuverian glands on chemical investigations involving repeated solvent extractions, chromatography, fractionation and crystallisation gave three pure crystalline compounds. Characterisation of these compounds by spectral data is in progress. viii) Sponge : Ninety MHz NMR spectra obtained for the 11 pure samples from the sponge (unidentified) indicated the probable presence of 3 keto and 4, 5 steroids. Additional information using 400 MHz 1H 13C NMR and mass spectra is being collected. Acetylation of the polar fraction followed by repeated column chromatography and distillation under reduced pressure yielded two liquid compounds. NMR spectra (90 MHz) of these compounds indicated the presence of sugar moiety. In addition to the above, the biological work included collection and identification of marine biota, ecological observations on the bio- topes and experimental studies on the chemical ecology of opistho- branchiate molluscs. Team (Chemistry) : S. Y. Kamat, C. G. Naik, Solimabi Wahidullah, P. S. Parmeswaran, Lissette D'Souza, V. Jayasree. B. Das J. Bhattacharya & Jivexa Patel (Biology) : A. H. Parulekar, A. G. Untawale, T. G. Jagtap, M. V. M. Wafar, J. I, Goes, Vijaya Ambiye & Prita Sirvoicar

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS Details of work carried out are given under chapter on "sponsored projects".

28 Distribution of evaporation rates (mm/day) over the Arabian sea during June 1982 (See page 15)

Fig. 5 Satellite data ShiP Observations Mean June distribution. after removing after Hastenrath and bias in SST Lamb 1979

?·.•*

Photo 1 : Acanthester sp. the main predator (See page 26)

29 Photo 2 : Alpha Spectrometer being used for dating ot marine samples (See page 34)

Photo 3 : Electron probe micro-analyser in operation (See page 34)

30 3.3 GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

3.3.1 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical, paleoclimatic and foraminiferal studies of the sediments of continental margins of India (H. N. Siddiquie). 3.3.2 Regional Geological and manganese nodule deposits in the Central Indian basin of the Indian Ocean (H. N. Siddi- quie)

A. R&D PROJECTS

3.3.1 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical, paleoclimatic and foraminiferal studies of the sediments of continental margins of India (H. N. Siddiquie) a) Geochemical Studies along the Continental margins of India : (P. S. N. Murthy) The western continental margin of India is subjected to intense upwelling thereby influencing the geochemistry of the underlying sediments. In order to establish the signals of upwelling, geochemical studies of these sediments were undertaken. For this purpose two biologically active elements viz phosphorus and zinc were investigated.

Phosphate (P2O5) : The total phosphate content (Fig.6) varied from 0.02 to 2.16 % and in carbonate free basis it ranges between 0.03 to 6.57%. High concentrations of phosphate are found to be associated with the sediments of outershelf/slope region. Further, these investigations have established a genetic relationship between phosphorus and organic carbon. The increased levels of phosphate in association with high organic carbon in the sediments of the outershelf/slope region reflect the processes of intense upwelling in the overlying waters. Zinc: The concentration of zinc varied widely in the sediments from 2 to 159 ppm and from 25 to 369 ppm on carbonate free basis. Highest concentrations occur in the fine grained sediments of inner- shelf and in the organic rich sediments of the slope. Very low values are found in the relict calcareous sediments of middle and outer shelf. Strong positive correlation of Zn with organic carbon implies that it is mainly associated with the organic fraction of the sediments especially in the slope. Therefore as in the case of phosphate, the strong positive correlation of zinc with organic carbon and its association with organic and phosphatic rich sediments strongly reflects the signal of upwelling in the sediments.

31 32 Thus, the high content of organic matter, phosphate and zinc characterize the sedimentary record of upwelling processes. Team : Ch. M. Rao, A. L. Paropkari and A. Mascarenhas b) Geological and Geophysical Surveys to Decipher the Regional Geology and to Assess the Petroleum and Mineral Prospects of the Continental Margins of India (H. N. Siddiquie) (i) Marine Geophysics : About 8400 line kms gravity, magnetic and bathymetric surveys were carried out on the continental shelf between Devgarh and Karwar, West of India during November and December, 1984 and February and March, 1986. Bathymetric, side scan sonar, magnetic and shallow seismic reflection sparker surveys for about 2300 line km were carried out on the western continental shelf of India. Magnetic anomaly maps, at contour interval of 20 to 50 nT on 1:300,000 scales of the continental shelf off Kathiawar and Bombay coasts, were prepared. Most of the anomalies off the Kathiawar coast trend E-W and WSW-ENE and off Bombay coast trend E-W, ENE-WSW and NNW-SSE. Model studies of the anomalies were carried out and interpreted in terms of nature and structure of the basement which is Archean Precambrian granitic geneisses of late Cretaceous/early Tertiary basalts underlying the Tertiary sediments. The seismics reflection, gravity, magnetic and bathymetric data of the continental margin and eastern part of the Arabian Sea off southwest coast of India revealed that (i) the origin of the Laccadive system is continental in the area of study, (ii) the shelf margin basin widens towards south and (iii) transition between the oceanic and continental crest lies west of the Laccadive ridge system. An offshore extension of the structural lineament/fault at Udipi and fracture pattern of the crystalline basement controlling the offshore structural pattern on the inner continental shelf off Konkan coast, west of India have been inferred. Software for processing, plotting and interpretation of marine magnetic and gravity data has been developed. Team : D. Gopala Rao, G. C. Bhattacharya, L. V. Subba Raju, M. V. Ramana, V. Subramanyam, K. Sreekrishna, A. K. Chaubey, (ii) Exploration for offshore heavy mineral placers off Konkan Coast, Maharashtra, India : The mineralogical analysis of offshore sediments from the southern area (South of Ratnagiri) shows heavy mineral concentrations upto 77.46% which contains magnetite upto 35% and ilmenite upto 13.56%. The study for seasonal variations (pre & post monsoon) in the onshore heavy mineral rich sands shows a decreasing trend in concentrations of heavy minerals. The shallow seismic studies in the area shows flat topped narrow intrusives penetrating horizontal reflectors breaking their continuity. These are interpreted as dykes and minor offsets in the surface

33 reflectors attributed to minor faults. The detailed study is in progress Team : A. K. Gujar and M. V. Ramana. (iii) Coastal and nearshore geomorphology of the Goa-Maharashtra Coast : Aerial photographs covering Goa and Maharashtra coast have been interpreted in order to confirm the results and the ground truth data was collected. Besides, geomorphological maps of the coastal and near shore area are being finalised. Photo-element analysis aided considerably in identifying and describing fluvial, marine and aeolian features. Both emergent and submergent features are noticed, the coast is prograding along the beaches and retrograding along cliffs; lineaments played important role in shaping the coast Team : B. G. Wagle. c) Paleoclimatic studies on the nature of the summer monsoon over India during the past 10,000 years (R. R. Nair) The investigations carried out on a 5 m long deep sea core from the Laccadive sea have placed the boundary between Holocene/ Pleistocene at 25-30 cm. Based on foraminiferal studies at 5 cm interval, a strong upwelling signal is encountered, which is evidenced by the maximum abundance of Globoquadrina dutertrei and also cold water species like Globiquerina bulloidis. This level is also co-rela- table with high organic carbon. Microscopic observation of the coarse fraction revealed that this core below 3.5 m is affected by slumping as evidenced by the presence of shallow water foraminifera like Elphidium sp. Quinqueloculina sp. etc. The clay mineralogy of the samples at 5 cm interval were also studied and it is observed that Kaolinite, illite and chlorite are present in order of their abundance alongwith quartz and feldspars. The clay minerals show in the down core an increase in distribution at 20-25 cm level, the same phenomenon is repeated three times more i.e. at 55 cm, 75 cm and 95 cm levels in the first metre of the core which can be attributed to the fluctuation in the climate conditions from glacial to interglacial stages. The change in clay mineral distribution at 25-30 cm is in accordance with the palaeontological studies, on which it is envisaged that this level represent the Holocene/Pleistocene boundary i.e. the start of interglacial period. The relatively high percentage of the clay minerals is the result of the terrigenous influx. Feldspars and quartz contents of sand and silt fractions of the above mentioned sub-samples of the core were also determined by the X-ray diffraction method. Quartz feldspar ratio was calculated and it is observed that the ratio show a drop at the level of 25-30 cm, i.e. increase in the feldspar distribution which in turn can be attributed to the high influx. (Photo-2) Team : M. V. S. Gupta, N. H. Hashimi, D. V. Borole, and A. S. Muralinath (Photo 2 & 3 on page 30)

34 d) Recent foraminifera as indicators of Marine Pollution : (M. G. A. P. Setty) (i) A comparison of living and dead tests distribution of important foraminiferal assemblages (obtained through factor analysis) off Navapur indicates movement of sediment towards ESE and thus the current. The method adopted to decipher current sediment transport may be used in other areas. (ii) A new method proposed that dimorphic forms of foraminifera can be used as an additional tool for paleoclimatic studies. Based on the samplers from the skagerrak (North Sea) it is concluded that higher micropherid megalospheric forms indicate warmer climate.

(iii) Foraminiferal distribution and diversity and thereby their ecological pattern in the region between Cochin and Kanyakumari is being studied. Present analyses revealed that there exists a close relation between the foraminiferal abundance with the organic matter content, water masses and the coastal upwelling in the region. Benthic and planktonic foraminifera are particularly useful as indicators. The presence of Hyalinea balthica and Ehrenbergina sp. and the occurrence of Globigerina bulloides but the absence of Globorotalia menardii imply upwelling in the region. Further study will reveal the relationship of the assemblage with the nature and type of water masses and the depositional environment. Team : R. Nigam and Aradhana S. Rao.

3.2.2 Regional Geological and manganese nodule deposits in the Central Indian basin of the Indian Ocean : (H. N. Siddiquie)

Detailed surveys for polymetallic nodules were carried out in the Central Indian Ocean Basin on ORV Sagar Kanya and the chartered vessel MV GA Reay. Total 7 cruises were undertaken ( 4 of ORV Sagar Kanya and 3 of MV GA Reay) and about 0.65 million sq km area was surveyed, Mainly the geological and geophysical studies were carried out which include echosounding, magnetics, gravity, underwater photo- braphy, dredging and collection of nodule samples for metallurgical studies. Simultaneously meteorological data were also collected. Analy- sis of nodules were carried out at 7 different laboratories. The comparative study of the seabed photographs for the abundance of nodule with the actual recovery through the sampler has shown that the abundance calculated based on the recovery by the photographs is under estimated compared to the abundance calculated by the sampler. The abundance of nodules is related to the topography of the sea floor e.g. in valleys 28.9%, hill tops 26.7%, hill slope 26.4% and on plains 17.9%.

The chemistry of these nodules shows that the nodules fall widely within the limits of hydrogenous field. The shape, size, population and metal content of the nodules varies within a basin.

35 During the collection of nodule samples a specimen of fossilised tympanic bulla (the ear bone of a whale) with Fe-Mn encrustation was recovered. It shows a high concentration of trace metals within the fresh parts of the specimen, which might be due to the easy path available for these ions to move in through collagen fabrics. A FORTRAN IV program has been developed for MARKOV Modelling of 2-dimensional patterns, to solve geological problems related to discrete qualities. A theoretical analysis of vertical far-field pattern for Co-axial circular array of twenty four discrete circular radiators has been carried out to find out the suitability of such array geometry for underwater bathymetric applications

Team : A. B. Valsangkar, V. Purnachandra Rao, V. N. Kodagali, D. V. Borole, J. N. Pattan, Rahul K. Sharma,V.K. Banakar, M. Shyam Prasad, B. Nagender Nath, N. Purnachandra Reddy, T. Ramprasad, Ranadeep Banerjee, Shyam Murti Gupta, Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay, Pratima Jauhari, P. Sivasankara Rao, S. Nagendra, Govind H. Ranade, Sanjeevah Afzulpurkar, V. Ramaswami, M. Sudhakar, K. A. Kamesh Raju, D. Iyer Shridar, B. Chakraborthy, A. V. Mudholkar, N. H. Khadge, M. C. Pathak, E. Dias, K. L. Kotnala, P. A. Marathe, S. K. Nanyasi, N. V. Ambre, A. V. Sonavane, R. G. Mislankar, P. Ganeshan, P. R. Vijayan Ashih Ghosh, N. Prabhakaran, K. M. Sivakholundu, N. Athiaman, Gavin A. Walker, Tony Thottam, B. Umamaheshwara Rao, G. M. Phadte, Tata Sudhakar, Y. Satyanarayana Raju, K. Srmivas, Vijay D. Khedekar, Desmond Gracias, K. L. Naik, R. A. A. Luis, G. Janakiraman,Fernando Vijayan, V. S. Rajaraman, R. Venkateshan, R. C. Agarwal, G. Parthiban, B. Ramalingeswara Rao, B. Vijaykumar, S. S. Gaonkar, S. S. Pattanshetty, Devidas Kushta Naik.

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Details of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Project"

36 3.,4 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

3.4.1 Assessment, evaluation and generation of biological resources of the seas around India (T. S. S. Rao).

A. R & D PROJECTS

3.4.1 Assessment, evaluation and generation of biological resources of the seas around India (T. S. S. Rao), (a) Primary Production : Productivity and nitrogen flux studies in the Kavaratti reef of the Lakshadweep during February/March showed that : NH4 and urea are removed by the reef from the oceanic waters whereas NO3 is exported; NH4 is the preferred form of N for phytoplankton and intact corals; Isolated zooxanthellae prefer urea-N; Urea turnover in the reef waters is about 40 times greater than in oceanic waters; Corals excrete N principally as NH4, and the exretion rates range from 223 -1 -1 to 775 μg-at NH4-N (mg coral tissue N) h . Of total N excreted, urea excretion by corals form about 5%; Under symbiotic conditions, zooxanthellae can derive all their N requirements from coral excretion alone and about 80% of the N taken up by zooxanthellae is transloca- ted to corals. The measurements of primary production in the Kalpeni lagoon in the Lakshadweep Sea during April/May showed that the values varied from 2.15 to 11.8 mg C m-3 d-1 and column production from 211 to 569 mg C m-2d-1. The surface values from 9 stations in the Agatti lagoon varied from 2.40 to 19.02 mg C m-3 d-1. Measurements carried out at 11 stations in the Kalpeni lagoon showed a variation of 3.47 to 12.92 mg C m-3 d-1 in the surface. ChI a was measured from 40 stations off the westcoast of India during October/November period. The surface values varied from 0.002 to 0.05 mg m-3 with an average value of 0.013 mg m-3. ChI a was measured at Heera Oil field north of Ratnagiri during December. Measurement carried out during forenoon and afternoon for 4 days showed variation from 0.008 to 0.036 mg m-3 at the surface and 0.44 to 1.27 mg m-2 in the 40 m column of water. During February/March, observations on productivity and biomass estimates such as chl a & ATP measurements were made from the northern Arabian Sea. Surface chl a_ ranged from 0.02 to 0.75 μg/l. ATP values were found to be generally high (0.03 to 1.7 μg/l). Concentrations of chl a at the surface and column in the western Arabian Sea during July-August varied from 0.001 to 0.015 mg m-3

37 and 0.497 to 1.765 mg m-2 respectively. Primary productivity values at the surface and column varied from 1.71 to 16.32 mg C m-3 d-1 and from 144 to 1189 mgc m-2 d-1 respectively. The data indicated that there is a gradual decline in the production eastwards. ATP values in surface and column varied from 16.3 to 360.5 ug m and from 2.25 to 17 mg m-2. Team : V. P. Devassy, Aditi Pant, P. M. A. Bhattathiri, M. V. M. Wafar, J. I. Goes & Helga Gomes. (b) Secondary production : Studies were carried out on the zooplankton samples collected from Bombay High, Agatti and Kalpeni islands of Lakshadweep, central west coast of India, northern Arabian Sea and Somali region of the Indian Ocean. Zooplankton standing stock (biomass) varied from 3.12 to 813.64 mg/m3 (x = 161.39 mg/m3 D. Wt) at Bombay High. Along the central west coast of India, the biomass ranged from 0.3 to 179.2 ml/100 m3 for the surface waters, 32 to 1128 ml/100 m3 in the upper 50 m water column and 6 to 118 ml/100 m3 in the 200 m water column. The biomass in the Somali region ranged from 3.9 to 147 ml/100 m3 for the surface and 3.9 to 49 ml/100 m3 for 200 m to surface collections. Copepods formed a major constituent of the zooplankton population. However, ostracods outnumbered copepods in collections taken in the vicinity of oil rigs at Bombay High and siphonophores & hydromedusae in the upper 50 m water column along the central west coast of India. High incidence of fish eggs and larvae in the zooplankton samples from the Somali waters indicates that this area to be a potential spawning ground of fish. In the northern Arabian Sea the zooplankton biomass was relatively very high. Team : S. C. Goswami, R. A. Selvakumar, C. T. Achuthankutty & S. R. S. Nair.

(c) Mangroves & Seaweeds The seasonal variation in physical and chemical parameters, suspended load and organic carbon were studied in the mangrove environment along the Goa coast. The mangrove species diversity was estimated to be 0.57. The average stand density ranged from 461 trees ha-1 along Mandovi estuary to 857 trees ha-1 along Galjibag estuary. On an average the stem volume for Goa mangrove forest was estimated to be 63 m3 ha-1 and it mainly comprises of species of Avicennia, Rhizophora and Sonneratia along Mandovi, Zuari estuarine complex and Galjibag estuary. The POC from mangrove waters ranged from 0.03 - 9.94 g m3 while PON values were in the range of 12.2 - 3398 mg m-3. The POC values showed a high correlation with suspended material which was observed to range from 0.003 to 0.373 g l-1 (dry wt.). Mangrove sediments showed uniform distribution of organic matter (4.5%).

38 Preliminary survey and mapping of mangrove areas along the Karnataka coast was completed during 1985. Mangroves at Achra were studied with aerial photographs for its total area, species distribution and zonation. Studies on litter fall rate of four major mangrove species like Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Avicennia officinalis and Sonneratia alba was initiated at Achra from March 1985 and is being continued. The litter fall was found to be maximum in monsoon at the end of fruiting season and was about three times more than other seasons. Tissue culture has been initiated for seaweed cultivation for the economically important marine algae like Gracilaria sp., Hypnea sp. and Sargassum sp. Team : A. G. Untawale, V. K. Dhargalkar, Sayeeda Wafar, T. G. Jagtap, Geeta Deshmukhe & Nalini Radhakrishnan. (d) Benthos 1. Estuarine : Spatial and Temporal variation in the ecology, production and faunal diversity in relation to environmental stress were studied in the lower, middle and upper reaches of the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries, over an annual cycle. Comparison of the present data with observations reported a decade ago, showed : a) retrogressive change in abundance and distribution of fauna and species, (b) large shift in the occurence of dominant species of economic importance, (c) noticeable changes in species abundance analogus with changes in diversity indices, (d) replacing of sensitive bivalve species by opportunistic crustaceans and (e) overall 40% of reduction in population density, productivity and number of species. Team : Z. A. Ansari, B. S. lngole, A. H. Parulekar. 2. Organic enrichment and benthic production : Effects of organic enrichment from domestic sewage and fish waste on the community structure and production were : Population density, standing crop and species diversity were 60% greater at the organic enriched site than at an adjacent clean site; number of tolerant species, especially polychaetes, showing preference for organic input, was significantly greater than for any other faunal component; qualitatively and quantitatively enhanced polychaete population indicates that input of high organic matter stimulates benthic productivity. Team : Z. A. Ansari, B. S. lngole, A. H. Parulekar. 3. Salt Marsh : Occurrence and relative abundance of meiobenthos in an extensive salt marsh along the west coast of India revealed 10 taxa and more than 78 species. Population density varied from 282 to 17300/10 cm2 with a high average of 3435/10 cm2. High detrital load and stable interstitial oxygen saturation, influenced the richness of fauna, which

39 in turn, supports high sustainable yield of commercially important species of prawns and finfishes. Team : B. S. Ingole and A. H. Parulekar 4. Off Kerala Coast : A close-grid benthic sampling, in the depth range of 40 - 1500 m, off the southwest coast of India, revealed the maximum population density and standing crop to be 304/m2 ± 25 and 2.37/g/m2 ± 0.32, respectively. Effect of depth, type of bottom deposits and labile organic matter were highly significant. However, relationship between the richness of fauna and potential as well as exploited demersal fishery resources were not significant. Team : S. N. Harkantra and A. H. Parulekar. 5. Benthic Watch off Bombay Under the continuing programme on biological monitoring off Bombay, relevant data, from 52 stations on temporal basis, were collected during two RV Gaveshani cruises nos. 148 and 154. Near- shore regions (<40 m depth) were observed to be greatly impoverished. Maximum population density of 34/m2 and an average biomass of 0.08 g/m2 characterised nearshore regions. However, relatively high population density (272/m2) and standing crop (2.98 g/m2) prevailed in the offshore regions. Opportunistic polychaete and amphipod species, dominated the nearshore benthic communities. Team : S. N. Harkantra, Z. A. Ansari and A. H. Parulekar. 6. Deep Sea Biology Area (between Lat . 2°30' - 5°30' N and Long. 50 - 55°E), in the aepth range of 4000 to 5300 m was sampled (11 stations) during July and August 1985. Notable feature was the occurrence of an aberrant isopod, not reported from any of the world oceans so far. During November 1985 to January 1986, area extending from Lat. 23 to 30°S and between Long. 67 and 70°E, was surveyed for ecological and faunistic characterization. Thirteen different types of abyssal organisms, including prawns and fishes were collected. Agglutinating rhizopods, echiuroids, bivalves, bryozoans, cumaceans, amphipods and ophiuroids were common. Team : A. H. Parulekar, S. N. Harkantra, B. S. lngole and Z. A. Ansari. (e) Coastal Aquaculture : 1. Genetic Improvisation in Candidate Species Morphometric and karyological studies in Penaeus monodon, P. indicus and P. merguiensis, were continued. Combination of exopod- uropod length and carapace width, provided a reliable parameter for the selection of brood stock. Chromosomal studies on P. indicus and P. merguiensis, indicated that the Karyological distinction, can conveniently be applied for selective stocking, breeding, hybridization and sex mechanism regulation in intensive and extensive shrimp farming.

40 Team : U. Goswami and S. C. Goswami 2. Edible Bivalves : Studies on the growth, reproduction and spat fall in C. rassostrea gryphoides (Schlothein), under recirculating seawater system were continued. Effect of crude extracts of cuverian gland of sea cucumber as also the amoebocytic lysate of horseshoe crab, expedited the intraovarian maturation, thus indicating the possibilities of controlled breeding and hence less or no dependence on the natural spat fall for oyster farming. Team : A. Chatterji, J. M. Roy and A. H. Parulekar 3. Clams : Observations on the biology of an edible clam Gafrarium pectinatum (Linn.) showed that the natural population was characterised by 3 age groups and the life expectancy was 2 years. Growth progression varied from 0.6 to 3 mm/month with average biomass, being 0.21 g dry wt/m2. Total production of 3.16 g dry wt/m2, indicates the feasibility of intensive production through seeding. Team : Z. A. Ansari. A. Chatterji and A. H. Parulekar 4. Feed Organisms : Regeneration and vegetative propagation was studied in the laboratory cultured, macrostomid turbellarian, Macrostomum orthostylum (BRAUN), which is a tested feed organism for finfishes. Average regeneration rate was 0.069 mm/day and the recovery of cut portions towards vegetative growth was rapid. Team : B. S. lngole and J. M. Roy. 5. Electrophoretic studies of fishes : Soluble eye lens nuclei proteins of the Indian mackerel Restrelliger kanagurta from Goa were studied by cellogel electro- phoresis to see whether there are any intra species variations. A distinct pattern characterised by the number of bands, mobility and staining intensity was observed in all the fishes studied except in one fish having a slight patchy pigmentation externally. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes of eight species of commercially important fish belonging to families Clupeidae, Engrauli- dae, Carangidae, Scomberomeridae, Lactaridae and Sciaenidae were studied. Each species showed two or three isoenzymes of LDH and the results showed that LDH pattern varies in relatively good accordance with taxonomic relationship. Team : Maria R. Menezes (f) Microbiological Studies : Over 200 water, 15 sediment and 10 zooplankton samples collected from coastal offshore and coral reef environments were analysed to study the occurrence and distribution of luminious bacteria. A high percentage (40%) of occurrence was noticed in coastal areas compared to offshore localities (0.05 to 6.45%). Zooplankton also harboured a

41 good number of luminous bacteria : These bacteria could not be recovered from sediment samples. Attempt was made to correlate the natural luminescence of seawater with the number of luminous bacteria in the sample and on several occasions a positive relation was seen. Over 400 strains were collected during this period. Characterization of offshore strains show that Beneckea harveyi is the dominant species followed by Photobacterium fiseheri and P. Leiognathii. Heteorotrophic activity and microbial biomass (ATP) estimations were carried out in lagoons of Laccadive Islands. Using 14C - labelled glucose, uptake kinetics was studied in the Kavaratti, Agatti and

Bangaram lagoons. The Vmax varied between 0.046 to 0.52 μg C -1 -1 -1 l h . The Kt + Sn was found to be 31.78 - 47.03 ug Cl . The

turnover time (Tt) fluctuated widely, from 141 to 857 h. The results indicate that these waters harbour an active bacterial population which is dependent on available dissolved organic matter. The photosynthetic sulfur bacteria isolated from the lagoon sedi- mants of Agatti island were characterized and identified using the spectral characteristics of pigments. The purple bacteria (Chromatium sp.) and green bacterial (Prosthecochloris sp) contained bacterial chlorophyll 'a' and 'c' respectively. Based on the experiments conducted to estimate the ATP content per cell of the thraustochytrid marine protists, the contribution of a newly discovered thraustochytrid to the microbial biomass of a coral reef lagoon was found to be 5 to 200% of the bacterial biomass. Growth responses of thraustochytrids to various water potentials was found to be about - 40 MPa. The effect of the wood preservative, copper-chrom-arsenate (CCA) on various marine lignicolous fungi isolated from preservative - treated panels was studied. The results showed that Cirrenalis sp., Clavariopsis bulbosa and Arthrobotrys sp. could tolerate CCA better at 20% salinity, which is also the optimum salinity for their growth. Growth was seen till 0.05% concentration in these fungi. Two pathogens in the green alga Cladophora from Goa coast and one parasite of another green alga Rhizoclonim from Kavaratti were reported. Several isolates of this protist, Labyrinthula and one of the shell boring Cyanobacteria was also successfully brought into culture. Team : D. Chandramohan, P. A. Lokabharati, N. Ramaiah, S. Raghukumar, Chandralata Raghukumar.

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Details of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Projects"

42 3.5 BIOFOULING AND CORROSION STUDIES

3.5.1 Studies on marine fouling, wood preservation and corrosion along the Indian coast (A. B. Wagh)

A. R & D PROJECTS 3.5.1 Studies on marine fouling, wood preservation and corrosion along the Indian coast (A. B. Wagh) (a) Biofouling : 1. Macrofouling : (i) Macrofouling in estuarine system : Data collected on macrofouling in estuarine system of river Zuari has been analysed for two stations viz. Shipyard and Harbour. It revealed that at harbour station the dominant fouling forms were Balanus amphitrite, whereas at shipyard station oysters (Crassostrea cuculata and C. gryphoides) and false oysters (Anomia acheus) were found to be dominant forms. It has also been noticed that the sessile balanid B. amphitrite could settle and grow in low saline conditions of monsoon (as low as 9%). These studies also revealed that the total biomass settled on exposed panels depended on time of initiation of the exposed panels coupled with duration of exposure. It was further observed that the total biomass built upon the exposed panels does not necessarily have a linear relationship with the duration of exposure. The studies on bioaccumulation of trace metals in fouling organisms, especially the sessile barnacles have been continued. The studies incorporated investigations on concentration of trace metals in Balanus amphitrite. The observations revealed the concentration in dried tissues of these forms as follows : TABLE - 1 Metal content in soft parts of Balanus amphitrite

Metal Concentration

Copper 47.28 - 512.11 μg/gm Zinc 290.03 - 1750.00 μg/gm Nickel 5.14 - 106.38 μg/gm Cobalt 11.84 - 73.25 μg/gm Iron 5521.57 - 52188.73 μg/gm

Team: N. B. Bhosle and A. C. Anil

43 (ii) In near-shore waters : In order to study marine biodeterioration in nearshore waters a technique of attaching the various panels to a mooring system having acoustic release at its end was perfected. By using this technique panels were exposed during February-March, 1985 at seven stations ranging from 27 to 110 meters depth in Gulf of Cambay. (Fig.7)

Fig. 7 Aluminium, Mild-Steel & Fiberglass panels exposed for biofouling & corrosion studies (ORV SAGARKANYA cruise-13 A.)

44 The results indicated that the fouling in this region during the period of studies comprised mainly of hydroids. (Fig.8) Team : N. B. Bhosle and A. C. Anil.

(iii) Macrofouling on ORV Sagar Kanya :

The fouling growth found on the sides of ORV Sagar Kanya was studied during the ship's dry-docking in May 1985. The fouling comprised mainly of sessile barnacles belonging to Balanus tintinnabulum tintinnabulum and Balanus amphitrite venustus. In addition forms belonging to various groups such as algae (Enteromorpha sp., Ulva, sp. and Cladophora sp.) sea-anemones, ascidians (Symplegma sp.) bryozoans (Membranipora sp.) polychaetes (Nereis sp.) amphipods (Elasmopus sp.) bivalves (Modiolus sp.) sea urchins, crabs, etc. were found.

The samples collected are being further studied. The sessile barnacles (B. tintinnabulum tintinnabulum) could be divided into 15 size groups which ranged from 0.5 to 5 and 70-75 mm in their basal diameters along the rostro-carinal axis. The maximum value of biomass observed was 47.7 kg/m2. The frictional resistance caused due to the fouling growth was estimated to be 30-40% more. Team : N. B. Bhosle and A. C. Anil

45 2. Biochemical studies of water, suspended matter and sediments: (A. B. Wagh) In order to assess the probable growth rate of fouling organisms at various depths studies have been initiated to estimate the extent of Chlorophyll a, particulate lipids, particulate carbohydrate etc. from the water and sediment samples. The data has been collected for Arabian Sea as well as in Bay of Bengal area during January, February, November and December, 1985. Team : N. B. Bhosle and A. C. Anil 3. Microfouling ( A. B. Wagh ) (a) Studies on microfouling or microfilm formation in relation to various biochemical and biological parameters have been initiated in the Arabian Sea as well as in Bay of Bengal waters. Estimations of particulate carbohydrate content as an index of microfilm formation were made at 9 stations in the Bay of Bengal during November and December, 1985 by exposing aluminium panels in subsurface waters. It was found that the values of particulate carbohydrate ranged between 7.30 to 19.63 μg/100 cm2/hr. In Arabian Sea similar studies have been carried out during November and December, 1985. The data has been collected at 18 stations and the values ranged between 1.22-14.67 μg/100 cm2/hr. for shallow stations whereas for deep stations they ranged between 1.44-3.97 μg/Ί00 cm2/hr. Team: N. B. Bhosle and A. C. Anil (b) Corrosion : (A. B. Wagh) The collection of data in the Bombay high region is being continued. In addition, data for Gujarat coast has been collected for mild steel and aluminium panels which were exposed during February, 1985. The results obtained are shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 9 Corrosion on mild steel and Aluminium panels

46 Studies have been initiated on corrosion of mild steel rods in cement concrete structures exposed to the marine environment. These investigations have been undertaken in collaboration with Regional Engineering College, Suratkal. Initially data were being collected for Mormugao Harbour. Team : N. B. Bhosle and A. C. Anil (c) Studies on wood-boring organisms : It has been observed that in the Bombay High, certain, forms of Teredinid wood borers exhibit structural deformities which could be probably due to hydrocarbon concentrations in the water column. To confirm these hypothesis, experimental work under laboratory conditions is being planned. Team : N. B. Bhosle and A. C. Anil

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS Details of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Projects".

47 3.6 OCEAN ENGINEERING

3.6.1 Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields and coastal works (B. U. NAYAK)

A. R& D PROJECTS 1. Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields and coastal works : (B. U. Nayak) 1.1 Long-term data collection off Kavaratti, Lakshadweep : Collection of time series data on waves, currents and wind has been initiated off Kavaratti, Lakshadweep under the integrated oceanographic studies for OTEC. One buoy was deployed south-east of Kavaratti of 25 m water depth and the other in the lagoon at Kavaratti at 5 m water depth. 20 minute data at an interval of 3 hours for the month of March has been collected. Further data collection is under progress. 1.2 Development of mooring, deployment and retrieval technique : Development of a computer (ND-520) software for static design of sub-surface deep sea instrumented moorings has been initiated. The programme evaluates the total forces on mooring lines considering environmental loading gravity forces and also transient tension during launch operation etc.

Team : N. M. Anand, S. G. Diwan, S. Mandal, A. K. Suryavanshi K .Ashokkumar, K. Ravi, P. Pednekar, K. C. Pathak, H. C. Mandal and N. S. N. Raju.

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Datails of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Projects"

48 3.7 MARINE INSTRUMENTATION. COMPUTER AND DATA :

3.7.1 Development of Marine Instrumentation Systems including data buoys (E. Desa) 3.7.2 Indian National Oceanographic Data Centre (INODC) (J. S. Sarupriya)

The primary activity of the Division is the design, development and fabrication of marine instruments to support the research activities of the Institute. The on-going R & D projects are described below. The Division is also responsible for running the Computer Centre, as well as the maintenance and operation of computers and instruments on-board ORV Sagar Kanya. (of Department of Ocean Development), during multi-disciplinary oceanographic cruises. The other responsibilities of the Division are the management of the following infrastructural services and facilities : * Workshop * Drawing Section * Photography Section * Prototype Section

A. R&D PROJECTS 3.7.1 Development of Marine Instrumentation Systems including data buoys : (a) Geologger : (Elgar S. Desa) The previous reported geological data logger has been completely redesigned for logging data from a satellite navigator, magnetometer and a deep sea echosounder. The logger exploits the interrupt structure of an in-house redesigned 8085-based single board computer to service requests from the setellite navigator and a real time clock chip. The real-time clock interrupt, forces the processor to fetch data from the magnetometer and echosounder at a user selectable interval. Data are displayed on a VDU. Presently upto 8 days of data can be stored on a single tape cartridge. The software is written in a Higher Level Language (HLL) to ease servicing and upgradation. Extensive software has also been written for compressing and formatting the data, for transmission via satellite. On-shore, software for satellite data acquisition, decoding, processing and plotting has also been tested. Team : R. G. Prabhu Desai, V. N. Chodankar, R. Y. P. Desai and S. Afzulpurkar

49 (b) Meteorological Data Acquisition System : (R. G. P. Desai) A ship-borne Weather Station was designed and installed on RV Gaveshani for ground truth measurements, and on ORV Sagar Kanya for intercomparison with the on-board meteorological system. Hardware and software for this system was modified to incorporate a Tracor satellite navigator interface. This interface allows the vessel's position, speed and heading to be logged alongwith the meteorological data set, thereby allowing wind measurements to be made even with the ship underway. A typical air temperature comparison is shown in Fig. 10 . Team : E. Desa and O. D'Souza

Fig. 10 Air-temperature comparison

(c) Interfaces : i) Ship-borne Digitizer : A multichannel ship-borne digitizer was designed, based on the in-house SBC-8085 and included a 12 bit Analog-to-digital converter, and user selectable data on RV Gaveshani. Presently it is being modified for permanent attachment to the Underwater Photo Analyser. Team : E. J. D'sa ii)Tape Transfer : An interface to transfer data from the 1/4" Aanderaa Tape Reader to 1/2" tape suitable for offline operations was designed and is in use. Team : E. J. D'sa iii) Benson Digitizer : A menu driven program has been written to accept data from the Benson Digitizer and format it suitably for communication to the Norsk Data 520 computer. The routine is under going tests. Team : T. Suresh

50 iv) Benson Plotter : The Calcomp plotter software modified commercially for interfacing the Benson Plotter to the TDC-316 was modified to interfacing to the ND 520. The routine is undergoing tests. Team : R. G. P. Desai and E. J. D'Sa v) Alpha-numeric Chart recording : A processor-based interface was developed to enable a standard strip chart recorder write alphanumeric characters for more informative presentation. Team : A. Joseph (d) Development of Oceanographic Data Buoys : (M. R. Nayak) The design and development of an oceanographic data buoy with a satellite link has been initiated. Besides the standard meteorological parameters, methods of collecting wave data are also being considered. Team : A. P. Selvam 3.7.2 Indian National Oceanograhic Data Centre (INODC) : (J. S. Sarupriya) The INODC continued its activities in acquiring, processing, storing and dissemination of oceanographic data and information. The Data Centre also continued its work on the ongoing IOC/UNESCO pilot project on the Development of the Data and Information Services of the National Institute of Oceanography. A brief summary is given below.

(a) Data Acquisition : (i) Raw and processed hydrographic data were acquired from 38 cruises of RV Gaveshani. The processed parameters include depth, temperature and salinity. (ii) Chemical data were acquired from 42 cruises of RV Gaveshani related to depth, oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, silicate, pH and alkalinity etc. (iii) Biological data on 70 cruises of the RV Gaveshani were acquired which includes the parameters viz. chlorophyll, phytoplankton, zooplankton, primary production, benthos and biomass. (iv) A tape containing 12 digit taxonomic code from NODC, USA was acquired. This is for the identification of the species in taxonomic status of the biological samples. b) Data Processing : The corrections for depth and temperature in data of RV Gaveshani and O.R.V. Sagar Kanya cruises were made using the software 'Nansen Corrections' developed by the Data Centre earlier. The file containing the cosntants of all the thermometers created last year was updated with the acquisition of the new thermometers. Physical

51 data of 15 cruises, chemical data of 25 cruises meteorological data of 20 cruises, biological data of 10 cruises and navigational data of 3 cruises were transfered to the data in IFS format. ROSCOP station inventory for 72 cruises of RV. Gaveshani in IFS format has been transfered and the cruise inventory is being generated for the catalogue of R V Gaveshani station data. c) Data Dissemination : During the period more than 15 enquiries were received from various universities, research organisations and other private agencies. The available data was supplied to them. In addition to this some were provided facility to copy the required data. Data were also supplied to 15 internal scientists for their research work. Team : G. V. Reddy, K. A. Ghosh and K. Raghavan

52 3.8 PUBLICATION. INFORMATION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS

3.8.2 Publication, Information and Public Relations (R. M. S. Bhargava)

3.8.1 Publication, Information and Public Relations (R. M. S. Bhargava) During August, 1985 the erstwhile Information, Publication and Data Division was reorganised. Data Centre has been attached with Marine Instrumentation and Computer Division. The rest of the activities were regrouped under Publication, Information and Public Relations Section. During the year the Publication and Information Group carried out the following activities :

(a) Publication : The following publications were brought out : - A quarterly research journal "Mahasagar" : During the year 4 issues of the Vol. 18(1985) were brought out. This included a special number Vol. 18 No. 2 to felicitate Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari, Director, NIO and Editor Mahasagar, on his 60th birthday. Vol. 18 No. 4 was dedicated to late Shri C. V. G. Reddy, Head of Chemical Oceanography Division of this Institute. During the year, the cover title and the contents were printed in Hindi also. - The NIO Newsletter : This (quarterly) four numbers (of 1985) were published. - The Annual Report of 1984-85 : From this 20th number the report is published for the financial year and therefore this report contains activities from January 1984 to March 1985. The Director's report was translated and printed in Hindi also. - Collected Reprints : The Collected Reprints of the year 1982 (Vol.14) has been released. 1983 onwards, these are being compiled. - Cruise Reports : 20 reports of the cruises of R V Gaveshani and O R V Sagar Kanya have been brought out. - Sales and distribution of NIO publications is being continued. In August a Publication Committee was formed with seven members to scrutinize the research papers, sponsored and technical reports etc. prepared by the staff members of NIO before they are forwarded for publication in the various journals.

53 (b) Information : During this year from August 1985 a new service was started under which the Abstracts of scientific papers, theses and reports οf the NIO staff are compiled every month and are distributed to tne selected users. A bibliography on 'Energy from the Sea' is being completed. The other responsibilities of this group are : - Providing inputs for Directories. - Preparation and updating of brochures on NIO activities - Dissemination of scientific and technical information to research scholars, students and general public. More than 200 enquiries were attended to. - Collection, compilation and preparation of charts and models for various exhibitions in the country. A new set of display charts for NIO activities have been prepared. - Arranging the visits of VIPs, scientists, students and general public. This year more than 8000 visitors visited the Institute. These visitors are being apprised with the various activities of the Institute and were taken around. - Maintenance and issue of technical reports, sponsored reports and IOC publications. - Preparation and supply of write-ups on specific subjects on request including preparation of answers for Parliament Questions. - Collection and maintenance of Press clippings on subjects of interest. Team : S. J. D. Varaprasad, S. R. Bhat and R. Thomas. Other Services : This Division also looks after the printing and binding services in the Institute. Printing : The group undertook many printing jobs like NIO Newsletter, forms and registers, letterheads.jackets and cover page for the reports and documents and other miscellaneous jobs. A Souvenir for NIO Staff Club was also printed. Binding : This group handled binding and cutting work of about Rs. 30,000. This includes binding and cutting of all the publications and reports prepared at Headquarters at Goa. Additional facility for spiral binding was started and is in great demand.

54 3.9 TRAINING

3.9.1 Training and Manpower Development (B. N. Desai)

A. R&D PROJECTS

3.9.1 Training and Manpower Development : (B. N. Desai) The Planning and Training Division was bifurcated in August 1985 by separating Planning Group. The Training Division contributed to the development of trained manpower in ocean science and technology through inhouse courses on various topics. The following programmes were conducted : Training Courses : The Division conducted the following training courses and inhouse programmes for the development of trained manpower and quality research in the Institute, in addition to sponsoring NIO scientists for various courses in outside organisations. i) Practice School Training : The Institute provided practice school training to ten students from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani during May - July, 1985. The students were attached to various Divisions of NIO and were allotted short projects on the following topics : Spectral analysis of waves Wave group characteristics Some aspects of rainfall over Goa Acoustic intensity along a ray path Design of a circuit for a boomerang tracker Software for quanta spectrometric analysis of light Flushing time of the Zuari estuary Polymetallic nodule mining - requirements and financial analysis Integrated filing systems in oceanographic data management The programmes also included lectures by scientists from different disciplines, group discussions and seminar presentations. ii) Training on the usage of electron microscope : This course was conducted during 23 - 25 September, 1985 with the help of the Geological Oceanography Division to familiarise the scientists from chemical, biological and geological groups in the operation of electron microscope. About 15 scientists were benefitted by this course.

55 iii) Training on gas liquid chromatography : More than 10 scientists from various disciplines were trained in computerised gas liquid chromatography on Perkin-Elmer 8310 in the Biofouling and Corrosion Section during 24 - 25 September, 1985. iv) Survival Swimming Course : As in the previous year a month long training in survival swimming was organised in October, 1985, to prepare the Institute's field-oriented scientists and technicians to face eventualities in the sea. About 22 scientists and technicians were trained in the present (third) batch. v) Training in photography : A three-day training course on photographic techniques followed by one week practicals was conducted in the Photographic Section during November, 1985. Sixteen scientists and technicians participated in this course. vi) Presentation on DOLPHIN : Computer model for wave hind- casting : A one-day presentation of a computer model for wave hind- casting, namely DOLPHIN, was organised on 10 December, 1985, with the assistance from the Ocean Engineering Division of NIO for benefit of more than 10 scientists from different Divisions interested in wave studies. In addition, the following specialisation courses were also organised by inviting experts from other institutions :

Course Period Expert No. of Participants

Wave groups and 29-30 November, Dr. J.D. Dattatari, 25 wave data analysis 1985 Kamataka Regional Engineering College, Surathkal C-13 NMR 26 December, Prof. M.S. Wadia, 16 1985 -1 January, Poona University, 1986 Pune Global atmospheric 14-16 January, Dr. R.N. Keshava- 20 circulation; Monsoon 1986 murthy, flows; Cyclogenesis Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad Acoustic sources, 20-24 January, Dr. J.K. Gautam, 10 receivers and signal 1986 University of processing Roorkee, Roorkee

56 Separation and 13-14 February, Dr. R.S. Kapil, 17 analysis of bioactive 1986 Medicinal Chemistry compounds from Division, CDRI, marine organisms Lucknow Meteorological chart 17-20 February, Dr. P.V. Joseph, 19 analysis 1986 India Meteorological Department, Pune Plasma emission 24-28 February, Dr. M.D. Sastry, 15 spectrometry 1986 Spectroscope Section, BARC, Bombay Marine algal 10-14 March, Dr. D.V. Krishna- 5 taxonomy 1986 murthy, University Botany Laboratory, Madras

Team : G. Narayana Swamy TRAINING PROGRAMME (1985-86) Collaboration with Universities : At the request of Rani Durgavathi Vishwavidyalaya (formerly Jabalpur University) four M.Sc. (Microbiology) students were trained from January to May, 1985 in the field of marine microbiology. The training comprised lectures, practicals, dissertations and training on board RV Gaveshani in collection and analyses of samples. Teaching and Training Biology Scientists delivered lectures and conducted practical classes for M.Sc. Marine Science and Microbiology course of the Goa University. Shri M. Madhusoodanan Nair and Shri lnamdar Abdul Kadar of Central Board for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Goa, were trained from 23rd September, 1985 for about a week in microbiological techniques for analyses of water samples.

58 3.10 PLANNING

In August, 1985, a separate Planning Group under the direct supervision of the Director was formed. During the year, the group prepared as well as compiled many documents related to the Insti- tute's activities. Following are some of the major documents prepared and sent to CSIR. 1. Annual Plan 1986-87, Project Budget 1985-86 and Seventh Five Year Plan Projections. 2. Projects, Achievements and Projections - A brief review. 3. A brief Review for 1985-90. 4. Plan and Targets January 1986 - March 1987, In addition to these reports, Monthly Summary Reports and Technology Utilization Reports were also prepared and sent to CSIR. During the year, performance of two important infrastructure services viz. Photography Unit and Workshop was evaluated and recommendations were submitted to the Director. The performance of three Regional Centres was also evaluated and future directions were suggested for existing centres as well for opening new centres. Projectwise Cost Accounting was continued for all the projects. An exercise on utilization of research vessels was carried out. Keeping in view the guidelines received from CSIR from time to time the projects were reviewed and whenever necessary, the projects were modified accordingly. A project on Integrated Oceanographic Studies of the Laksha- dweep was prepared and sent to Lakshadweep Administration for financial support. Assistance was provided to the scientists for formu- lating project proposals for submission to the various Government Departments. Team : S. G. Dalal, G. Banerjee, P.V.S.S.R. Sarma and S. Simon.

59 4. REGIONAL CENTRES 4.1 REGIONAL CENTRE, BOMBAY

4.I.I Waste assimilation capacity of coastal waters along the west coast of India and the impact of pollution on the marine ecosystem (M. D. Zingde).

A. R & D PROJECTS 4.1.1 Waste assimilation capacity of coastal waters along the west coast of India and the impact of pollution on the marine ecosystem : (M. D. Zingde). a) Behaviour and fate of some pollutants in Mahim River estuary: The Mahim River which is connected to Mahim Bay receives 2.5 million litres per day (mid) of industrial wastewater and 175 mid of mainly untreated sewage, draining a wide variety of pollutants into the systems. The wastewater added dissolved solids - 2.5 x 105 kg, suspended solids 4.2 x 104 kg, BOD - 4.5 x 104 kg, nitrogen - 6.1 x 103 kg, phosphorus - 1.0 x 103 kg, manganese - 89 kg, iron - 44 kg, cobalt - 5 kg, Nickel - 14 kg, Zinc - 44 kg and lead - 2 kg per day to the estuary and the creek. The organic load introduced into the estuary is far in excess than the waste assimilation capacity of the receiving water resulting in complete depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the inner estuary. Absence of DO and nitrate as a source of oxygen supply resulted in the reduction of sulphate with the evolution of hydrogen sulphide, the levels of which were as high as 50 μg-at H2S-S/l in the inner estuary. Application of modified Stretcter-Phelps Technique revealed that the allowable BDO load at the existing wastewater flow was less than 1 mg/l. Hence, the health of the estuary can only be improved by pre- venting the entry of organic load in the estuary. Due to the reducing environment in the estuary, ammonia released through sewage was not oxidized until it reached the bay where only partial oxidation was observed. It was therefore not surprising that NO2-N and NO3-N in the estuary were completely absent. Application of the concept of theoretical dilution line to the observed leveis of calcium, magnesium and fluoride revealed conser- vative behaviour of these elements even in polluted and anoxic 3 environment. A linear relationship between PO4 -P and salinity was observed in the salinity range of 15-35%o however, at lower salinities 3- appreciable removal of PO4 -P was evident. The levels of dissolved iron, cobalt, copper and zinc in the estuary were influenced by the presence of H2S. Copper and zinc concentrations decreased in the inner estuary while the iron levels increased considerably.

60 Organic carbon was high (3.3 to 18%) in the sediments of the inner estuary and exhibited appreciable surface enrichment in some regions. Significant surface enrichment of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead was also observed. The similarities of vertical profiles of copper and zinc with organic carbon supported the view that these metals were absorbed in by the degraded organic material and transported to the bottom enriching the sediment. The top 20 cm of Mahim Creek and estuary sediment was found to have 7.1, 0.7, 1.3, 37, 196, 0.4, and 4.6 tonnes of chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead respectively, in excess over the expected background. High concentrations of chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper zinc, cadmium and lead were observed in the benthic organisms of the bay while fishes, crabs, lobsters and prawns often showed normal levels. This was perhaps because the latter group of animals entered the bay along with the high tide and were not the permanent inhabitants of the bay. Team : M. M. Sabnis b) Oil spill identification-critical evaluation of IR method Infrared spectroscopy is being popularly considered as an useful tool for the identification of oil spills. The ratios of infrared bands - 720:1375, 3050:2925, 810:1375, 810:720, 1600:1375 and 1600:720 have been often used as diagnostic for tracing the possible source of an unknown spill. In an attempt to develop this method for identification of spills around the Maharashtra coast, infrared spectra of the major crudes transported through Bombay Port were studied and catalogued. These included Bombay High, Iranian Light, Iranian Heavy, Arabian Light, Arabian Heavy, Arabian mix, Basrah, UMM Shaif, Kirkak, Rostam and Salman. The ratios of the above peaks revealed that some crudes had comparable values. Evidently, an unknown spill often matched with more than one crude revealing that the above infrared method can not pin point the source of the spill. However, matching of the unknown was possible to a certain degree of reliability, if the suspected source sample was available. Team : A. N. Kadam and M. A. Rokade c) Petroleum residues in surface sediments of Kandla Creek : The use of Kandla Port for transport of crude oil and its products further inland has rendered the creek susceptible to oil pollution. The strong currents and high turbulance disperses any oil spill that may occur, within a short period of time. Moreover, Kandla Creek with a tidal range of 5.7 - 6.7 m is subject to considerable tidal flushing because of which the sampling of water column may not be representative of the true conditions. Sediments can be better indicator of pollution in such situations. Surface sediments collected from the creek were extracted with suitable solvent and separated into polar and nonpolar fractions. The nonpolar fractions were column chromatographed to obtain total petroleum residue which was in the range of 18-158 μg/g(wet weight). These values are much lower than normally observed for sediments grossly contaminated with petroleum

61 products. It is possible that the strong tidal currents transport the floating residues away from the region before these can settle. Team : A. N. Kadam d) Study of tar balls from Veraval beach : The sandy beach of Veraval (Gujarat) was found littered with tar lumps in the form of nonsticky pellets over a stretch of over 2 km during August 1984. These lumps were sampled and studied to have an idea of their origin. Strong absorption bands in 1800-1700 cm-1 region and a doublet around 730-720 cm-1 in the infrared spectrum suggested the presence of polar compounds possibly formed during weathering and crystalline polymeric high boiling paraffine. The wax and asphaltenes constituted 13% and 34% respectively. Among known beach pollutants such as those arising from crude oil, sludge and fuel oil, only fuel oil residues contain subtantially high contents of asphaltenes. The tar balls on Veraval beach therefore seem to have originated from fuel oil (residual fraction of crude oil). Team : A. N. Kadam and M. A. Rokade. e) Effect of pollution on selected molluscs : Impact of pollution on size, growth, breeding periods and various biochemical constituents in Crassostrea cucullata and Cerithium rubus were studied by collecting specimens from polluted and relatively unpolluted environments of Bombay. Average growth rate of C. Cucullata and C. rubus from clean areas was respectively 1.2 and 1.5 times more than that observed from polluted area. Maximum growth in C. Cucullata was recorded during April-May at the unpolluted area while it was in July-August for polluted environment, perhaps due to the improved water quality. Condition index and percentage edibility values were relatively high in molluscs from unpolluted area. Most of the biochemical constituents of the molluscs were concentrated at higher levels in specimens collected from unpolluted region than the polluted environment. Team : Vijayalakshmi R. Nair and L. Krishna Kumari. f) Importance of zooplankton and benthos in biological monitoring Considering ecosystem modifications as an integral part of pollution monitoring studies, an evaluation on zooplankton and benthic communities inhabiting the polluted/unpolluted areas of Bombay was made. The polluted regions were characterised by wide fluctuations in the standing stock of zooplankton (0.04-54.53 ml/100 m3) while the clean area showed comparable rates of production with limited variation (5.14-25.38 ml/100 m3). The clean areas showed higher incidence of siphonophores, lamellibranchiates, appendicularians and fish larvae. Aggregations of medusae, ctenophores, mysids and polychaetes were characteristics of polluted areas. Rich organic matter in sediment (3 to 4%) associated with poor benthic biomass (mean 1.89 m2) was encountered m the area receiving industrial effluent. Predominance of foraminiferans (90-99.5%) and polychaetes (55%) were observed respectively at the sewage and industrial waste accumulated regions. Team : Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, K. Govindan and .S. N. Gajbhiye.

62 g) Distribution of macrofauna In Dharamtar Creek : Detailed study on the macrofaunal population in Dharamtar Creek was carried out during pre-and post-monsoon periods. Extensive sampling was done covering twenty stations along the 20 km. stretch of the Creek. Data on salinity from mouth to upstream areas of the creek showed that fluctuations in surface salinity (19.09-34.63%o) and temperature (28.75-32.50°C) were relatively more than that of the salinity (23.0-34.70%o) and temperature (29-30.75°C) of the bottom waters. The results revealed well mixed water at the mouth and stratified water along the upstream area. The substratum widely varied from sandy to silty clay. However, the predominance of sand and silt/clay at the mouth and upstream stations respectively were observed. The organic content of the sediment varied from 0.3 to 4.6% Higher organic content was associated with clayey silt bottom. The sandy bottom sustained very poor organic matter. The macrofauna was chiefly contributed by polychaetes (29.3%) foraminiferans (27.5%) and archiannelids (26.5%). The other common groups encountered were turbellarians (11.3%), nemertines (1.7%), crustaceans (1.5%) and sipunculids (1%). Abundance of macro fauna was relatively high at the mouth (53%) and middle part (42.5%) of the creek than the upstream regions (4.5%). The average numerical abudnance of macrofauna was 752/m2. Team : K. Govindan.

B. SPONSORED PROJECTS Details of work carried out are given under chapter on "Sponsored Projects".

63 4.2 REGIONAL CENTRE, COCHIN

4.2.1 Assessment, evaluation and generation of biological resources in the seas around India. (M. Krishnankutty).

A. R & D PROJECTS 4.2.1 Assessment, evaluation and generation of biological resources in the seas around India. (M. Krishnankutty). A. Assessment and evaluation of biological resources : (P.Sivadas) (i)Zooplankton of the Indian Ocean : (a) Copepods : Based on population density the species of the family Scolecithricidae can be grouped into the following 4 categories i.e. Scolecithricella bradyi & - Between 20°N and Scaphocalanus echinatus 30°S Scolecithricella ctenopus & - 25°N to 20°S S. tenuiserrata Scolecithricella dentata - 10°N and 40°S S. abyssalis - 20°N and 20°S Scaphocalanus curtus - 25°N and 30°S. S. tenuiserrata, S. curtus, S. echinatus and S. dentata in- habit subsurface and intermediate waters, S. bradyi and S. ctenopus surface and subsurface waters. S. abyssalis is a deep water species and its occurrence in the 0 - 200 m may be due to large scale vertical migration. In calanidae family calanidae Calanus minor is a cos- mopolitan species whereas C. australis is confined to the southern Indian Ocean south of 30°S. Canthocalanus pauper and Undinula sp. showed a tropical distribution. N. gracilis and robustior preferred oceanic waters, but N. tonsus was restricted to the vicinity of subantarctic convergence. In Metridinidae, Pleuromamma indica dominates the northernmost area in the upper 500 m and disappears towards south. P. abdominal is and P. xiphias are more abundant in 500-1000 m south of 30°S and gradually surface northwards. P. quandrangulata, with its northern limit around 10°N in the upper 200 m is also found at greater depths towards the south. The distribution of P. borealis which is very abundant in the southern Indian Coast is limited to 30°S. The study affirms that P. indica has evolved in the northern areas of the Ara- bian Sea and can be considered almost endemic to the Indian Ocean. The species survives in an area of high salinity and high phosphate where dissolved oxygen is low and is an instance of isolation and

64 transition of species in the northern area of the Arabina Sea. Analysis of Corycaeidae and Oncaeidae from cyclopoid copepods of the IIOE was made. Species of the sub genus Farranula (Corycaei- dae) were encountered in 46% of the samples. High density was observed during night.

The family oncaeidae constituted the major portion of the cyclopoid population in the IIOE. High density was observed in the equatorial waters during night. Genus Conaea represented by Conaea rapax is recorded for the first time from the Indian Ocean. Mormonella sp. was recorded for the first time from Indian Ocean. Pseudocyclops sp., Peltidium Sp., and Monstrilloides sp., were also recorded for the first time from Laccadive waters. (b) Polychaetes : Monograph on the pelagic polychaetes of the world oceans has been completed and is ready for publication. Altogether 104 species of pelagic polychaetes have been dealt with. The IIOE recorded about 35 species from Indian Ocean of which three are new to science and 15 are new records. (c) Heteropods : Distribution and species composition of the group Carinariidae is completed. Among the four species recorded, Carinaria cithara is the most common species in the Indian Ocean and a typical tropical form. (d) Amphipoda : Geographical coverage and density of distribution of Oxycephalidae (Sub-order Hyperiidea) in the IIOE samples as a whole have been completed. Areas of highest concentration ( > 200 specimens / 1000 m3) of oxycephalids were observed as two patches, one to the south of 20°N latitude towards west coast of Burma and the other to the east of 90°E between 10° and 15°N latitudes. Latitudinal distribution showed maximum concentration of oxycephalids between 10° and 20°N latitudes. Distribution studies of the hyperiid amphipods as a whole showed that while peak density of other hyperiid amphipods was found in the Arabian Sea, that of oxycephalids was found in the Bay of Bengal. Areas of high concentration of oxycephalids were generally found to coincide with areas of high primary and secondary production and intensive upwelling. It is interesting, inspite of the vast changes in hydrochemical properties, Bay of Bengal is a nursery ground for oxycephalids. (e) Fish Larvae : The larval fraction of Bergmacerotidae contributed to about 3.7% of the total fish larvae sampled from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The percentage of larvae collected was higher in

65 Bay of Bengal (5.1%) than in Arabian Sea (2.6%) . In the Arabian Sea the area parallel to the coast had good concentration of larvae. In the Bay of Bengal concentration of larvae was towards the northern half and areas between Malaysia and Sumatra. In general they were recorded during all months of the year, indicating a prolonged breeding season and extensive breeding ground. (f) Hydromedusae : Cridocodon leopoldi Bavillon belonging to the family Corymorphidae obtained from the Kerala and Karnataka coast is a new record, thus extending the distribution of this species also to the Indian Ocean. (g) Mysidacea : Paranchialina secunda sp. nov., Laptomysis longisquama sp. nov. and Doxomysis johnsoni sp. nov. are the new species recorded from southwest coast of Australia. A very interesting species of the genus Spelaeomysis, (Family Lepidomysid) has been recorded from the benthic samples of the Cochin backwaters. Lepidomysids are very primitive group of mysids inhabiting subterranean waters. So far Lepidomysids are known from only four localities, Italy, Africa, Mexico and India. Their distribution is thus discontinuous and has great zoological significance. (h) Other Studies : Analysis of data collected from 8 stations between Cochin harbour and Alleppey showed that the temperature range was generally higher compared to the values before the construction of the Thanneermukkam bund in 1978 with premonsoon values between 31 and 32.6°C as compared to the earlier values of 28.8 and 30.4°C. The salinity variations were also greater after the construction of the bund the respective values being 0.00 - 14.92%o and 0.30 - 9.70%o. A decrease in the zooplankton biomass was also observed. During postmonsoon period the value before and after the construction of the bund ranged from 8.0 - 268.0 mg/m3 and 1.59 - 6.47 mg/m3 and during premonsoon period from 755.0 - 5203.0 mg/m3 and 28.84 - 920.20 mg/m3 respectively. The drastic difference between the values on either side of barrage suggest that the depletion is due to the blocking of sea water entering into the mouth of the barrage. The low value of zooplankton may exert an adverse effect on the fishery resources. (ii) Protozoan associates from Zooplankton : (a) Associates and parasites from Crab larvae : The suctorian, Protozoa, Ephelota gemmipara Hertwig was found infesting the zoea of the pea-crab Porcellana. This epizoic form was found attached all over the body, chiefly on the spines, thoracic region, and even near the eyes. The parasitic epizoan, Ellobiopsis chattoni Caullery was found infesting the first leg of the edible crab.

66 E. gemmipara and E. chattoni from crab larvae are recorded for the first time. (b) Endoparaeitlc ciliates from Chaetognaths : A holotrichous ciliate Metaphyrya saqittae Ikeda was observed from the body cavity of chaetognaths, Sagitta enflata and Sagitta bedotti. It is a new record from the Indian Ocean. (c) Epizoic suctorians from Ostracods : Two new species of suctorians, protozoa, Adneta satyanandani sp. nov. and Paracineta karunakarani sp. nov. belonging to the families Acinetidae and podophryidae were described from the marine Ostracod Cypridina dentate which was the most abundant species confined largely in the neritic areas and off the west coasts of India. (d) Epizoic and ectoparasitic protozoans from Copepods : Ten species of protozoans were observed of which Trochiloides trivialis and Paracineta pleuromammae are new records from Indian Ocean. E. gemmipara as epizoic on copepod is recorded for the first time. Acineta sajirae is a new species belonging to the family Acinetidae. (iii) Foraminifera in coastal waters exposed to industrial effluents : Investigation on the effect of acid waste from an industrial plant (TTP Ltd.) was carried out. The faunal trends at stations receding from the discharge site in relation to the pollution caused by the effluent discharge were investigated with particular emphasis on species diversity index and pH. At polluted sites the diversity, index of foraminifera was somewhat lower ( 0.85 ) as compared to other non-polluted stations with values going upto 0.93. The pollution intolerant species of miliolids were less at the polluted sites and their place is taken by more tolerant forms of Ammonia beccarii. At the discharge point on the beach and also at the outfall area, surface of the calcareous tests is corroded owing to dissolution effect of the effluents with a low pH range from 1.4 to 3.0 . (iv) Study on the benthic macrofauna and zooplankton of the Kavaratti lagoon : A study shows that the fauna comprised gastropods, bivalves, decapod crustaceans, juveniles of shrimps, polychaetes and amphioxus and ocassionally some fish larvae. The animals show three different spatial distribution on the beach. It has been found that the middle zone is more productive than the upper and lower zones. The major constitutents of the middle zone are the bivalves Mesodesma glabratum, the anomuran mole crab Hippa adactyla and species of polychaetes. A general examination of the Bongo collection made from the eastern Arabian Sea revealed that copepods and decapods were abundant in almost all stations, while fish larvae were present in

67 Photo 4 : Acineta satynanandani sp. Nov. on the body of ostracod (See page 67)

Photo 5 :Paracineta Karunakarani sp.Nov.on the body of ostracod (See page 67)

68 about 75% of the collections in small numbers. Ostracods dominated in two stations. Among fish larvae Myctophids, Leptocephalus, Bregmacerotids were the main representatives. In the IKMT collections majority of biomass was contributed by jelly fishes followed by Myctophids, Gonostomatids and Cephalopods. Team : K. J. Peter, B. M. Panikkar, P. N. Aravindakshan, V. T. Paulinose, T. Balachandran, M. Saraswathy, C. B. Lalithambika Devi, K. Kameshwara Rao, T. C. Gopalakrishnan, V. Santhakumari, K. K. C. Nair, P. P. Meenakshi Kunjamma, Saramma U. Pannampunnayil, Rosamma Stephen, George Peter, B. Narayanan and K. V. Jayalakshmy B. Coastal Aquaculture (M. Krishnankutty)

(a) Seed resource survey :

Seed resource survey in the backwaters using 2 m velon drag net recorded average catch per hour of 650 seeds of Penaeus indicus compared to the previous years catch of nearly .1000 seeds per hour. The highest catch was in January (1375 numbers) followed by 1250 in February.

(b) Experimental farming of shrimps :

Experimental stocking of one lakh seeds was carried out in January with the co-operation of a farmer using seeds measuring 14.5 mm on an average. 700 kg of shrimps were harvested after 90 days with an average length of 105 mm. (c) Shrinking backwat system and its impact on the living resources and aquacerulture potential :

The Vembanad Lake, the largest backwater system on the west coast of India had an extent of nearly 36,500 ha in the beginning of this century.

The man-made shrinking by bunding and reclamation for harbour and urban development as well as for aquaculture has reduced this at an alarming rate. Survey conducted during the year revealed that as a result of continuous reclamation for various purposes, only about 35% of its area is left as open backwaters. Estuarine crocodile and Macrobrachium rosenbergii have become extinct in Kerala following the destruction of its habitat.

Team : U. K. Gopalan, T. Balasubramanian, M. Viswakumar and Doyil T. Vengayil. ·

69 C. Marine Microbiological Studies : (M. Krishnankutty) This is a new line of investigation undertaken by the Centre during the current year in view of its importance as an R & D programme. 1. Study of the Biodeterioration of materials in use in marine environment owing to microbial action :

The decay causing fungi from the samples of the dug-out canoe and plank-built country craft has been isolated and characterized.

Comparing the compressive strength of the traditional preservative treated and untreated wood subjected to accelerate fungal decay, it became apparent that the protection afforded by the traditional preservatives is only marginal. However, they do function as water repellants which in the long term would provide increased resistance to fungal decay. Team : Ranu Gupta, N. Prabhakaran and E. V. Rajeevan.

2. Chemical Oceanography and Marine Environmental Studies of the Seas around India.

A. Environment - Pollution and their Control (Ocean). R. V. Unnithan)

(a) Ecological studies of zooplankton in the estuarine systems of Kerala Coast : Variations in biomass, zooplankton abundance and distribution in the major estuarine systems of the Kerala coast over an year was studied. Zooplankton biomass and total zooplankton counts varied significantly between seasons and estuaries. Highest biomass and total numbers of zooplankton were recorded from Cochin backwaters; Korapuzha and Kallai estuaries ranked next. Maximum population was usually observed in April but the month when peak biomass was recorded differed from place to place showing that total numbers and biomass were not always correlated. The composition of species in these estuaries were more or less similar. Variations in the population of different species were also noticeable between estuaries. Copepod was usually the most abundant group followed by zoea larvae and Sergestidae. Carnivorous forms like Hydromedusae, Ctenophora and Chaetognatha whch are present during high salinity months together constituted 4.3% of the total numbers. But their feeding exerted profound influence on other zooplankton groups especially Copepoda. The zooplankton of the estuaries comprise of truely estuarine, euryhaline, marine, a few stenohaline marine and fresh water species. Among the estuarine species three clines - high saline medium saline and low saline - were recognised.

70 Tabl-1 Seasonal averages of biomass (ml/10 m3) at the estuarine mouths.

Season VeIi Neenda- Thotta- Cochin KaI- Bey- Kora- Mahe kara ppally lai pore puzha

Pre- 0.31 0.05 0.005 4.9 0.96 0.40 0.42 0.640 monsoon Monsoon 0.08 0.06 0.003 2.6 0.60 0.11 0.34 0.007 Post- 0.01 0.12 0.0005 1.9 0.45 0.50 0.10 0.030 monsoon

(b) Organic matter and sediment characteristics of some estuaries of north Kerala : The sediment characteristics and organic matter content from four estuaries in the northern Kerala coast, namely Mahe, Korapuzha, Kallai and Beypore were studied. The organic matter content was high at Korapuzha, the annual average being 6.6% . Beypore and Kallai ranked next having an annual mean of 4.85 and 4.66%. Mahe showed lowest value (3.75%). The finer fraction was high at Korapuzha (84.60%). The percentage of finer fractios were 35.98; 58.86 and 65.83 at Mahe, Kallai and Beypore respectively. Sand percentage predominated in Mahe and Kallai during the monsoon. In Korapuzha, a lesser sand percentage was noticed throughout the year. In Baypore the predominance of sand was observed during May and November. The high organic matter content in the Korapuzha and Kallai estuaries may be attributed to the high biomass of primary and secondary producers.

Quantitative occurrence and distribution of indicator bacteria viz. Eschericnia coli and Streptococcus faecalis and the pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus in bottom sediments and surface water at Thottappalli, Ashtamudi and VeIi estuaries of south Kerala for a period of one year have been reported. Ashtamudi surface water gave a positive record of the pathogen V. parahaemolyticus. The highest count of E. coli registered during the period of investigation was 41/gm from Thottappalli sediment while it was 17/ml from water, both in the month of July.

(d) Health of the (beaches : Negative influence of Human use - A Comparative Study : Water quality and bacteriological studies of the beaches along the south-west coast of India suggest the following guidelines :

71 1. Preservation of selected undisturbed beaches as future reference points. 2. Regulation of the fishing activities on the following lines : (i) The landings should be restricted to only certain areas of the beach. (ii) The fish drying should be avoided on the beach sand. However, indigenous methods like wooden platforms may be effectively undertaken in selected localities of the beach. (iii) The washing of the fish landed on the beach should not be in the polluted sea water of the beach. This gives rise to secondary contamination.

(ii) Statistical studies on certain environmental aspects around Cochin backwaters : (a) Regression Models for Benthlc organisms in the Cochin backwaters including an industrially polluted area : Sixteen parameter multiple regression models fitted for the Benthic organisms collected from 9 different stations could not predict the abundance of the benthic organisms very efficiently. But this analysis could clearly list out the parameters in order of their relative importance as salinity, BOD, light intensity, PCh , Nitrite, nitrate, Ammonia, Silt, Clay and organic sediment. The dendrogram drawn for the grouping of the species showed that the major cluster with maximum affinity at 5% level as Ltherralis boa; Odonfosyllis gravelayi, Nematods, Glycera alba; Balanus sp., Eumice tubijex Lumbriconereis simplex, L. notocirrate and Lycastis indica in barmouth which has the maximum number of benthic organisms.

(b) Factor analysis on the environmental parameters of Cochin backwaters : Using Factor loadings for months, the time points could be divided into different groups at each tide at the water table level. These different groups belonged to a continuously variable population since the factor score for the parameters have distributions which are unimodal and skewed, particularly positively skewed.

Sandy beach ecosystems have been recognised as cleaning filters of sea water. In India studies have been undertaken along sandy beaches mainly to understand the influence of the physical and chemical factors on the production of macrofauna. Information is still incomplete regarding general aspects of the ecology of the sandy beaches that border the extensive east and west coasts of India. Hence a detailed study has been undertaken in the sandy beach at Fort Cochin for one year from June 1984 to May 1985 The area of study (Long. 74°14'5"E, Lat. 09°57'58"N) about one km in length,

72 without exception receives perdominantly dead and decaying fishes, decaying weeds like Salvinia, heavy load of sewage and terrigenous deori. Studies on the bacterial population at different tidal levels viz. high tide, mid tide and low tide were undertaken. The various parameters considered were heterotrophic bacterial counts, organic carbon, inorganic phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, salinity, dissolved oxygen and temperature. It was observed that organic carbon was the most important factor affecting the occurence of heterotrophic bacteria in sand, high tide surface and low tide bottom and its abundance was much less correlated with other physical and chemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, nutrients, ammonia, dissolved oxygen etc. (iii) Further Studies on Ecotoxicology : Experiments using axenic algal cultures were conducted with varying concentrations of crude oil, kerosene and diesel oil to study the toxic effects in the laboratory. It was observed that Coscinodiscus sp., Chaetoceors sp., and Skeletonema costatum were killed in 24 hours by 100 μl/l kerosene or diesel oil, although Scenedesmus quadricauda and Synechococcus sp. tolerated concentration up to 1%. Concentrations as low as 0.1 μI/I retarded the rate of cell division and the growth of the more sensitive species like Prorocentrum micans. Experiments with petrol, lube oil-50, aliphatic and aromatic fractions of oil are in progress. (iv) Commercial viability of water Hyacinth for the Production of Oxalic Acid : Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), the most prolific mac- rophyte capable of doubling the biomass every 8 to 10 days in warm nutrient enriched waters often forms huge solid floating mats. It acts as a menace, clogging the water flow and providing breeding grounds for mosquitoes. A potential application of water hyacinth emerging from the present study, is its significance of providing oxalic acid from its petiole. Oxalic acid content was found to be around 11% of the dry petiole. Vast quantity of water hyacinth growing in derlict waters could profi- tably be exploited for oxalic acid production.

Table 2 - Oxalic acid Yield. Dry petiole 50% Nitric acid Yield of Oxalic Oxalic acid Used (gms) used (ml) Acid (gms) (%)

15 150 1.71 11.40 20 200 2.28 11.40 25 250 2.82 11.28 25 250 2.90 11.60 25 250 3.10 12.40

73 (ν) Microbiological studies during RV Gaveshani Cruise 158 : Sixteen stations from four transects between Cape Camorin and Goa coast were covered during the 158th cruise of RV Gaveshani to study the heterotrophic bacterial population. The> highest count i.e. 254/ml was recorded from off Mangalore, at a deep station of 2000 m, while the lowest being 11/ml was from the shallow inshore waters of Cannanore (Depth 45 m). Team : P.S. Gore, P. Haridas, K. Sarala Devi, M. Vijayan, P. Venugopal, O. Raveendran, S. Kumaran and K. Sunitha.

(B) Chemical oceanography (V. N. Sankaranarayanan) (a) Chemical studies in the Arabian Sea : The Northern Arabian Sea north of 15°N Lat. up to 21°N between 61° and 69°E Long, was surveyed during Cruise 12 B of ORV Sagar Kanya. A preliminary analysis of the data indicated a large surface layer ( >100 m depth) which is very poor in nutrients and at some locations this nutrient poor layer is restricted to 25 m. This distribution of deep and shallow poor nutrient layers may perhaps be related to the circulation in this part of the sea. A subsurface nitrite maximum (3 and 4 μmol I-1) is present between 200 and 400 m. Concentration of organic fraction of phosphorus and nitrogen indicated that these fractions are present at all depths. But below 1000 m depth the percentage of the organic fractions were slightly less. (b) Fluoride in the estuarine and fresh water regions of Cochin: Studies of fluoride distribution in the waters of the Cochin backwater and its northern extension in the river Periyar showed high values (>1.5 mg l-1) during December to May and low values ( ~ 0.1 mg l-1) from July to September. In the southern extension of the Cochin backwater and the river Muvattupuzha the concentration was lower ( <1.2 mg l-1) during the months December to May and (< 0.2 mg l-1) during July to September. In the southern extension of the backwater and river Periyar the concentration of fluoride decreased gradually from the higher salinity zone to the fresh water region. Whereas in the northern region this regular feature is absent. This is due to the addition of fluoride into the river by industries. Chlorinity fluoride plots also did not indicate any relationship thereby indicating the contribution from the river. The data collected from the southern region and the river Muvattupzha gave a clear linear relationship between fluoride and chlorinity. Team : Thresiamma Joseph and K.K. Balchandran. C. Coastal Zone Management : (P. Udaya Varma) (a) Studies on coastal ocean dynamics : The study of the dynamics of the Azhikode estuary has been

74 continued. The data are being processed for calculating the salt balance and dynamic structure of the study area. The wave data collected during the Cruise of RV Gaveshani from 18th to 24th June 1984 along the west coast of India from 15° to 8° lat. were processed and spectrally analysed. The peak spectral density varied between 5.27 and 11.97 along the stations between Karwar and Mangalore. South of Mangalore to Cape the. spectral density showed a range of 1.34 to 3.36. The significant wave height varied between 3.00 to 3.44 metres off Karwar coast, and between Mangalore and Cape it varied between 1.66 and 2.6 m (b) The impact of freshwater flow pattern and the tides on certain estuarine characteristics of the backwater : The Cochin backwater system and the lower reaches of the river Periyar were studied in detail to assess the longitudinal extent of salt water intrusion during different seasons of the year and also its effect on the flushing of pollutants introduced by the industries. During the Sw monsoon due to the influx of a large volume of fresh water longitudinal salinity gradient could be noticed only up to a few stations upwards from the barmouth. The chemical parameters measured indicated an accumulation of these between 5 and 11 km from the barmouth. Although the pollutants get diluted by the fresh water influx during the season, their flushing out of the system beyond 5 km from the general discharge area appears to be slow. Any pollutant introduced at the stations further upstream would be diluted by the freshwater influx and will be transported downstream upto Station 5, situated 5 km upstream from barmouth during low tide. When the tide reverses, it will be cradled back upstream. Thus the region around 5 km upstream up to 11 km becomes a nodal area for the deposition of materials and therefore more vulnerable to effluent discharge further upstream. During the post-monsoon season the estuary behaved like a partially mixed estuary with the saline intrusion extending further upstream up to 17 km. In the premonsoon season the intrusion length extended further upstream beyond 21 km. A steady downstream dilution of any pollutant introduced could be expected during both these seasons. (c) Beach studies in Kavaratti Island : Topography of Kavaratti beach and its sedimentary characteristics were studied to understand the stability of these beaches with respect to the changing wave pattern in the coastal region. During the SW monsoon the beach sediments on its western coast are transported from the southern tip of the island to its northern tip. After the monsoon the littoral current reverses and the redistribution of the sediments take place gradually. However it is observed that during the period of study complete recovery of the beach material has not taken place. Team : Abraham Pylee, K. R. Shyam, C. Ravichandran and A. S. Sundaram.

75 4.3 REGIONAL CENTRE. WALTAIR

1. Coastal Studies of Waltair and Adjacent Areas (T.C. S. Rao)

A. R & D PROJECTS 1. Coastal Studies of Waltair and Adjacent Areas : (T. C. S. Rao) (i) Geology & Geophysics : (T. C. S. Rao) Continuous bathymetric and total magnetic field intensity data were collected in the shallow region off Lawson's Bay and the area between Visakhapatnam and Kakinada. In the Lawson's Bay area, these data were collected along 15 profiles parallel to the coast to about 40 m water depth. Between Kakinada and Visakhapatnam, the data were collected along 5 profiles parallel to the coast covering the area upto 50 m water depth. About 45 surface sediment samples were also collected along five profiles located off Annavaram, Pentakota, Uppada and Kakinada. The magnetic data collected in Lawson's Bay has been analysed and interpreted using the two dimensional modelling techniques. These have revealed a basement high extending from the coast into the sea and is interpreted as the folded granitic/gneisic basement that strike nearly perpendicular to the coast. Two charnackite intrusives one each on either side of the basement high were also delineated in this area. Magnetic data collected on board RV Gaveshani has also been analysed and interpreted. The magnetic anomalies recorded between 84°E and 86° along the latitudinal sections between 17°N and 14°30'N are of high amplitude and large wavelength and correlated well from one profile to the other. Two dimensional modelling of the anomalies have revealed a basement high along 85°E which is associated with deeper basement depths on either side which correlate with the 85°E ridge reported earlier. The magnetic anomalies recorded over the continental shelf and slope are of high amplitude (500 - 1000 m) to the north Visakhapatnam and these are very weak to the south of Visakhapatnam. The magnetic anomalies recorded between Kakinada and Visakhapatnam are of short wave length and high amplitude and appear to have been associated with some of the fracture zones that extend from the coast to the sea.

Geophysical investigations comprising of continuous bathymetric, magnetic and shallow seismic were carried out over the inner shelf and shallow bays between Yerrayyapalem and Pudimadaka along the Visakhapatnam coast from January to March, 1986. The data were collected along the profiles placed parallel and perpendicular to the coast and were extended upto 70 m water depth, in total the bathymetric, magnetic and seismic profiling data were collected over 1500,

76 Fig. 12 Two Dimensional Modelling of Marine Magnetic Anomalies off Lawson's Bay, Visakhapatnam

77 1200 and 300 lkm respectively. Detailed surveys were carried out at very close profile intervals in the bay areas and in total 2 bays were covered. The magnetic anomalies with their peak to peak amplitude of more than 400 nT were recorded around 50 m water depth. The seismic profiler data has recorded the dome / ridge structures beyond 50 m water depth. The acoustic basement which is about 10 m below the ocean floor is rugged beyond 50 m water depth which suggests tne erosion during the lowered sea levels period. More than 100 surface sediment samples were also collected. The statistical parameters of the 125 sediment samples collected off Gopalpur suggest the presence of beach and the dune environments. It is observed that the sands to 15 m water depth correspond to dune and beyond 15 m water depth to beach environment. The textural pattern and the bathymetric features suggest relict of dune and beach environments indicating that the beach ridges and channels to 15 m contour are the remenents of the earlier barrier beach submerged during the Holocene transgression. The beach rock samples collected in the Visakhapatnam fishing harbour have been analysed. The magnesium calcite as the cementing material indicates the fresh water origin of the beach rock which is attributed to the probable coastal submergence during the Holocene transgression off Visakha- patnam particularly in the Ramakrishna Bay and Lawson's Bay. The sediment samples collected were analysed for the heavy mineral concentration. The bulk heavy mineral concentration varies from 20 to 40% upto 15 m depth beyond which they progressively decreases to 5%. The high concentration of the heavy minerals occur in the fine sands and are negligible in the coarse sands. Among the heavy minerals magnetite is dominant. The calcium carbonate and the organic matter were estimated for 30 sediment samples collected on board RV Gaveshani off Pentakota, Visakhapatnam and Kalingapatnam. Detailed studies of these samples are in progress. Team : K. S. R. Murthy, M. M. Malleswara Rao, A. S. Subrahmanyam, K. V. L. N. Sarma, S. Kannan, M. K. Premkumar, S. L. Narayana and K. Venkateswarulu (ii) Physical Oceanography : (V. S. Rama Raju) Stability and stratification of the water over the shelf off Visakhapatnam coast disappear as cold saline water characteristic of 60 m depth rise to the surface during March. Tilting of isopycnals and offshore displacement of isohalines suggest surface divergence typical of a coastal upwelling driven by local wind stress. Waters from the deeper shelf depths reach the surface causing considerable fall of temperature near the coast particularly during the premonsoon. The thermal structure variation at the three stations (17°40'N 89°40'E, 19°00N, 89°00'E and 17°30'N, 88°00'E) indicates surface layer at 20 - 50 m depth with positive and negative gradients and thermocline layer below extending to 250 mdepth typical of the monsoon conditions. A sample record of the vertical variation of temperature with time at stat.onary position (17°40'N, 89°40'E) is shown in Fig. 13. Trie posit.ve and negative gradients in the surface layer reflect the alter-

78 nate heating and cooIing processes that might be related to the pulsatory character of the monsoon. Team : T. V. Narasimha Rao and B. Prabhakara Rao

Fig. 13 Variation of temperature in the vertical with time at stationary position 17° 40'N, 89° 40Έ on 18/19th Sept. 1985

(iii) Chemical Oceanography : 1. Tidal cycle and hydrographical characteristics of Visakhapatnam harbour : The analysis of the tidal variations in the physico-chemical parameters in surface waters showed increasing trend during flood tide and decreasing trend during ebb tide in the main channel of Visakha- patnam harbour whereas the reverse trend is observed at the outer harbour (entrance channel). The average value of the tidal prism calculated for the mouth of Visakhapatnam harbour works out to 6.234 x 106m3. Team : V. V. Sarma 2. Hydrographlc studies in the inshore waters of Kakinada : Preliminary investigations of the spatial distribution of the physicochemical parameters salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the inshore waters were made in the postmonsoon season along the three transects off Pentakota, Bhairavapalem and Kakinada. This will form the base Hne data for the area. Preliminary investigations were also made in the inside area of Kakinada port and in the southern region of Gouthami Godavari estuary (Yanam to Guttinedevi) to understand the state of pollution

79 and the riverine influence into these waters. There is an inverse relationship between salinity and silicate in these waters show.ng the influence of the fresh water input in the estuary. In continuation of the above studies, the data collected during May and June, 1983 were interpreted for trace metals in the part- culate matter. The high concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn present in the surface waters indicate the transportation and accumulation of these metals through river run off and land drainage into the coastal waters. However, the concentrations of Cd, Ni and Co are found to be 1 μg/l whereas Pb exists in the range of 1-10 μg/l in tnese waters. Team : V. V. Sarma (iv) Biological Oceanography : 1. Ecology of Benthic Fauna : Density distribution of benthic population was studied in Kakinada port channel and at some selected stations in the coastal waters of Kakinada. Increasing domestic sewage has made the entire channel silty-clayee resulting in the deposition of high organic sediments characterized by poor benthic communities. Macrofauna showed higher densities than meio faunal groups. Macrofauna was dominated by polychaetes and molluscs. Polychaetes were the major group at one station and represented by 518/m2. Meio fauna was dominated by foraminiferans. Rotalia pulchella species dominated at all stations so much so that at one station this species was represented by 208000/m2. 2. Zooplankton studies : Studies were made on variation in zooplankton biomass and composition along three transects one each off Annavaram, Kakinada and Godavari along with the hydrographical parameters. Significant variations in biomass in the three regions were found and biomass varied from 1.33 ml/100 m to 1.72 ml/1003. The mean biomass values in the three regions were 4.16, 6.40 and 9.70 ml/100 m3 respectively. The results reveal that the region off Godavari is more productive than the other two regions. The high biomass values and rich zooplankton indicate the influx of nutrient flow by Godavari river. Team : R. Vijaya Kumar

80 5 OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISES

CRUISES OF R. V. GAVESHANI

Cruise No. Area of Objectives and work done Chief Scientist/ Port & Participants period operation

152 Southwest To study the plankton popu- S. C. Goswami Mormugao coast lation dynamics, seasonal up- NIO - 8 1.4.85 of India welling and evaluation of to hydrocarbon pollution. Hydro- Mormugao graphic data and zooplankton 16.4.85 and sediment samples collected. Spectra of upwelling and downwelling irradiance measured at different depths.

153 Lakshadweep To study the hydrography of V. P. Devassy Mormugao Sea and the the Sea, collect biological NIO - 17 20.4.85 lagoons specimens for investigating ONGC - 1 to their bioactive properties. Cochin Lagoons were surveyed and 4.5.85 the specimens of various species collected.

154 Wadge bank Biological, chemical and V. N. Sankara- Cochin area and the radiochemical studies of the narayanan 8.5.85 shelf and south and south west coast NIO - 9 to slope waters of India. Hydrographic data PRL - 2 Cochin south of from 54 stations and Cochin Univ. - 1 22.5.85 Cochin sediment samples from 20 stations collected.

155 Southwest To study the chemical para- P. V. Narvekar Cochin Bay of meters and to monitor the NIO - 7 26.5.85 Bengal environment for pollution Berhampur Univ. - 1 to studies. Hydrographic Cochin Univ. - 2 Visakhapatnam data, sediment samples and Calcutta Univ. - 2 10.6.85 biological samples and floating tar residues were collected.

156 East coast To decipher the major struc- Victor Rajamanickam Visakhapatnam of India tural features over the con- NIO - 11 14.6.85 tinental margin and to ONGC - 1 to delineate their boundaries. Andhra Univ. - 5 Visakhapatnam Bathymetry and magnetic Osmania Univ. - 1 27.6.85 data were collected on E-W track

81 Fig. 14 RV Gaveshani cruises tracks (152 to 165) (1-4-1985 to 28-3-1986)

82 157 East coast Mineralogical elemental Victor Rajamanickam Calcutta of India studies and Echo-sounding NIO - 5 27.9.85 were carried out. Grab to sampling done at 9 stations. Visakhapatnam 1.10.85

158 Southwest To collect sea truth for L. V. G. Rao Cochin coast of remote sensing applications NIO - 18 22.10.85 India and to study the oceano- to graphic conditions during the Mormugao post monsoon period. MBT, 2.11.85 hydrocasts and wave recorder were operated. Water sampling was done for chemical analysis, chlorophyll and primary productivity.

159 Central and To select drilling sites for N. H. Hashimi Mormugao Southwest underwater rock core drill NIO - 18 7.11.85 coast of on the continental shelf and Mangalore to India upper slope off the Central Univ. - 1 Mormugao and South west coast of 19.11.85 India. Echosounding, subbottom profiling, seismics and side scan sonar surveys were carried out. 5 grab and 2 core samples were collected

160 Bombay high To study (1) the chemical N. B. Bhosle Mormugao area characteristics of microfoul- NIO - 18 22.11.85 ing (2) distribution of ben- ONGC - 1 to thic zooplankton and bacte- Bombay rial biomass and (3) to 9.12.85 reassess oxygen concentration using spectrophoto- metric method. Hydrocasts upto 2000 m. at 9 stations, Microfouling settlement on Aluminium were studied at 24 stations. Van Dorn water- sampler at 16 stations, Benthos samples at 30 stations, Plankton hauls at 19 stations. ZoBeII water samplers at 14 stations were operated.

83 Cruise No. Area of Objectives and work done Chief Scientist/ Port & operation Participants Period

161 West coast To study the coal tar/petro- S. Y. S. Singbal Mormugao of India leum hydrocarbons along the NIO - 11 26.12.85 between oil tanker route and environ- Kerala Univ. - 1 to Cochin and mental studies in the explo- Annamalai Univ.-1 Bombay Bombay ration area for polymetallic 6.1.86 nodules, Temperature, salinity and meteorological observations were recorded at all the 21 stations. Oxygen, nutrients, hydrocarbons, chromium and mercury, petroleum hydrocarbons, phytoplankton and chlorophyll a were studied by analyses of water samples. 162 West Coast For physical oceanographic Y. K. Somayajulu Bombay and geophysical surveys for NIO - 5 17.1.86 NPOL, Cochin. Collection NPOL, Cochin - 4 to of time series and hydro- Mormugao graphic data,' acoustic propa- 29.1.86 tion of studies, current meter mooring and magnetic data 163 Off For geological surveys in the F. Almeida Mormugao Lakshadweep Lakshadweep Sea. Core NIO - 13 31.1.86 samples were collected from Mangalore Univ.-1 to six stations at 15 to 280Om. J. N. U. - 1 Mormugao depths. Echosounding, ORE 14.2.86 and sparker were operated. 164 Southern To carry out the hydro- S. N. D'Souza Mormugao Bay of Bengal carbon studies along the oil NIO - 11 20.2.86 and equato- tanker route and environ- Kerala Univ. - 1 to rial region mental studies in the equa- Karnataka Univ. - 1 Mormugao torial Indian Ocean. Meteo- Annamalai Univ. - 1 11.3.86 rological data were collected Berhampur Univ. -1 at all stations. Nansen cast Calcutta Univ. - 1 at 19 stations and Niskin cast at 15 stations and petroleum hydrocarbon studies, were carried out. Current meter mooring, time 165 Off Karwar M. K. Antony Mormugao Coast series observations of thermal structure and biofouling NIO - 11 14.3.86 NPOL, Cochin - 5 to and corrosion studies. Kerala Univ. - 1 Mormugao Meteorological parameters 28.3.86 were studied in all the 8 stations, Digital bathythermo- graphs and hydrocasts were operated at all the stations.

84 O. R. V. SAGAR KANYA

14 Southern To study oceanic circulation, C. K. Gopinathan Mormugao Arabian ocean boundary layer and NIO - 9 24.3.85 Sea heat budget. Hydrographic IMD - 5 to and surface meteorological CMFRI - 2 Bombay observations at 57 stations CESS - 1 30.4.85 and radio sonde observations NHO, Dehradun -1 at 63 stations were carried out.

15 Off Saurash- To conduct bathymetric G. C. Bhattacharya Mormugao tra in the magnetic surveys off the NIO - 14 24.5.85 Arabian Sea continental shelf of Saurash- CESS, Cochin - 1 to tra Echosounding - 2089 Mormugao 1km, Magnetics 2089 1km, 1.6.85 Seabed sampling at 1 station were carried.

16 Central For monsoon studies 370 B. Nagendra Nath Mormugao Indian surface observations 51 NIO - 7 6.6.85 Ocean and Upper air soundings. Dredg- NGRI - 3 to Arabian Sea. ing, coring and boomerang PRL - 1 Mormugao grab operations at 21 sta- IMD - 5 23.7.85 tions, were carried out. Jadavpur Univ. - 3

17 Western (1) Location of breeding S. C. Goswami Mormugao Arabian grounds of pelagic fisheries, NIO - 20 26.7.85 Sea (2) study of Somali current, IMD - 5 to (Somali (3) evaluation of biological Goa Polytechnic, -1 Mormugao region) production, nutrient distri- C. A. S., 29.8.85 bution and petroleum hydro- Porto Novo - 1 carbons pollution and (4) Meteorological studies. M.B.T, D.B.T, C.T.D, and hydrocasts were operated at different stations. Water samples and zooplankton samples were collected. Petroleum hydrocarbon studies were made at 21 stations. Petterson grab was operated at 9 stations for benthic studies.

85 Fig. 15 O. R. V. Sagar Kenya cruise tracks (14 to 22 A) (25-3-1985 to 19-3-1986)

86 18 Northern To study the meteorological V. S. Rama Raju Mormugao part of conditions over the northern NIO - 7 1.9.85 Bay of part of the Bay of Bengal IIT, New Delhi - 1 to Bengal and the monsoon depressions. IMD - 6 Visakhapatnam Oceanographic parameters NPOL, Cochin - 2 8.10.85 along Visakhapatnam - Port Andhra Univ. - 21 Blair section were also studied. Collection of time series data on temperature and salinity. Radio sonde and sonde ascents were taken at low pressure areas.

19 Bay of Bengal To study the meteorological D. Panakala Rao Visakhapatnam conditions during the with- NIO - 8 10.10.85 drawal phase of southwest IMD - 5 to monsoon and to study the IIT, New Delhi - 1 Mormugao cyclone dynamics, Oceano- IITM, Pune - 4 15.11.85 graphic parameters along NPOL Cochin - 2 88° E meridian and the upper Andhra Univ. - 2 air data were collected.

20 A Off Goa, Testing of marine gravity D. Gopala Rao Mormugao Arabian Sea meter. Collection of NIO - 23 18.11.85 bathymetric, magnetic and to gravity data Mormugao 22.11.85

20 Central Exploration for polymetallic V. P. C. Rao Mormugao Indian sulphides and surveys for NIO - 20 26.11.85 Ocean polymetallic nodules. 303 PRL - 2 to Boomerang grab operations CESS - 1 Mormugao carried out at 53 stations Delhi Univ. - 1 9.1.86 and rock samples collected from the rift valley system. Bathymetric and magnetic data also collected.

87 21 Off West Geophysical studies over D. Gopala Rao Mormugao Coast, the western continental mar- NIO - 23 14.1.86 Arabian Sea gin of India and testing of Tokyo Univ. - 1 to the ocean bottom magneto- IIG - 4 Mormugao meter. Bathymetric megnetic CMC - 1 4.3.86 and gravity data collected ONGC - 6 Indian Navy - 15

22 A Off Cochin, Surveys for location of lost R. R. Nair Mormugao Arabian Sea helicopter of the Indian NIO - 10 10.3.86 Navy. Side Scan Sonar and Indian Navy - 15 to dredging using Hi fix posi- NSTL - 1 Cochin tioning equipment PRL - 2 19.3.86 CESS - 1 Kerala Univ. - 1 Mangalore Univ.-1

88 ANTARCTIC RESEARCH

Three scientists were deputed for the V expedition to Antartica. Of these three, Dr. Vinod Dhargalkar was also named as leader of the wintering team. He will also carry out detailed studies on Marine Algae. The other two scientists Dr. (Ms) Aditi Pant, a marine biologist and Shri T. Sudhakar, Instrumentation Engineer completed the work with the summer team. Dr. X. N. Verlencar a biologist who over wintered in the IV expedition returned, after carrying out extensive work on productivity of Antarctic waters. (Photo 6 on page 95). The data collected during the past expeditions were analysed and the following findings were reported : (a) Antarctic Biology 1. Krill Biomass Data on the occurrence and abundance of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba Dana, collected from 43 stations during the last 4 expeditions to Antarctica, were analysed in relation to environmental conditions, primary productivity, zooplankton production and benthic production. Maximum population density of 1760/1000 m3 was observed along the edge of icy sea shelf. Biomass varied from 19 to 123.5 mg m-3 and the values obtained are higher than reported from Indian Ocean sector of Southern ocean. Maximum length and weight recorded was 62 mm and 521 mg, respectively. Swarming could be delineated between 58°and 63°S latitudes. (Photo 7 on page 95). Team : S. G. Prabhu Matondkar, B. S. lngole, X. N. Verlencar and A. H. Parulekar. 2. Annual Cycle Studies Effect of temperature was studied through winter, summer and spring, under laboratory conditions on 23 microbial isolates from Schtrmacher Oasis, Antarctic lakes and icy sea shelf. Pulses in the microorganism cycle, were observed to be a function of diurnal and temporal variations in the air, soil and water temperature. While psychrophile strains grow over a lower range of -25°C, the mesophiles could grow over an extended higher range of 5-40°C, under laboratory conditions. Diversity indices varied from 1.1 in winter to 3.0 in summer. Similarly generation time, varied from 2.5-4 in spring, 3.5-7.0 in summer and 20-30 hrs. in winter. (Photo 8 on page 95). Lower limit of viability fluctuated from -10°C in Bacillus to -40°C in Micrococcus and Serratia marcescens. Studies on enzyme kinetics indicated that catalase, oxidase and nitrate reductase activity was evident in all the seasons as against the prominance of cellulase in spring only. Nutritionally, glucose was observed to be a versatile substrate with preference shifting from 60% in summer to 80% in winter to 90% in spring. While pigmented and motile forms dominated

89 microorganisms during spring and summer the gram positive form were the redeeming feature of winter flora. Tolerance to exceptionally low temperature upto -40°C, highlights, not only the physio logical adaptability of micro organisms to subfreezing temperatures but also provide an insight into the evolutionary history of polar organisms. Team : S. G. Prabhu Matondkar. 3. Water-moss communities In ten limnetic lakes (Schirmacher Oasis) of Antarctica the fauna mainly comprised of nematodes (22.1%) ciliates (19.7%) turbellarians (15.5%), tardigrades (9.2%), oligochaetes (1.5%), rotiters and acarids (1% each). Invertebrate cysts contributed about 30% of the biota. Maximum faunal density of 304/10 cm2, and minimum of 45/10 cm2, were recorded in the turf and carpet habitat, respectively. Faunal standing crop, exhibited significant correlation with type of organic and inorganic substrate. Team : B. S. lngole 4. Benthic fauna of Zub lake Resting eggs of micro-invertabrates dominated the fauna alongwith nematodes, turbellarians and tardigrades in the Exorheic Zub lake in Antarctica. Bottom deposits covered with primordial vegetation, harboured high fauna) density, whereas the lake bottom devoid of microvegetation showed high incidence of resting eggs and cysts. The concentration of salinity and dissolved nutrients in the top water column, was low. Possible source of organic enrichment was droppings from seabirds. Team : B. S. lngole (b) Antarctic chemistry Oceanographic observations in the polynya and along a section in the southwest Indian/Antarctic Ocean : Hydrographic and hydrochemical observations were carried out at a shelf station off Princess Astrid Coast, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica and at 11 stations along a transect from Antarctica to about 30°S latitude during the Third Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica. The collected data have been processed and interpreted as follows : Significant vertical and temporal variations in temperature and salinity were restricted to the upper 200 m. The water was more or less homogeneous below this depth, probably trapped in the trough and renewed by the winter convection. There was some near-surface thermohaline stratification, especially pronounced in January. Substantial warming of surface waters, occurs from January to February, resulting in a decrease in salinity due to the melting of ice. A sub-surface oxygen maximum is observed in January associated with a maximum in primary production. Oxygen concentrations at all depths exhibit decrease from January to February in conjunction with increase in nutrients except phosphate probably resulting from the oxidation of organic matter following high primary production in January. 90 The Antarctic Divergence is observed appreciably to the south of its previously reported positions around 20°E longitude indicating some variability in its position. No large gradients in the surface temperatures are observed in the Polar front zone, supporting the view that the transition from Antarctic to sub-antarctic waters is less sharp in the area around Crozet Island. Most striking changes in all properties are observed in the transition zone between waters of sub-antarctic and sub-tropical types. An oxygen minimum occurs within the upper deep water in conjunction with the temperature maximum. The layer is also characterized by high phosphate and nitrate concentrations and low pH. The lower deep water identified by a salinity minimum, corresponding to the Antarctic Intermediate water, is occasionally associated with an oxygen maximum. An oxygen maximum and a pronounced thermostad corresponding to the subantarctic mode water however, are not observed at any station, probably due to a weekly-developed subantarctic zone south of the sub-tropical convergence in the area of study. The ratio between the changes in nitrate and phosphate is deduced as N : P = 13.6 : 1 (by atoms) in conformity with some recent data from the Indian Ocean sector of the southern Ocean, suggesting a lower N : P ratio in the biomass than the corresponding oceanic average value (16 : 1). Team : S. W. A. Naqvi

91 7 SPONSORED PROJECTS

Seventeen new sponsored projects were undertaken during the year. Nineteen projects of the previous years were continued and four projects were completed. A summary of the work done under each project is given below : A. SPONSORED PROJECTS

Hydrographic studies off Bombay (estimated cost Rs. 7.8 Lakhs) Sponsored by NPOL, Cochin.

Oceanographic data including currents off Bombay were collected onboard R. V. Gaveshani. The data collected have been handed over to NPOL for data processing and analysis. (Photo 9 on page 96). Pollution studies in Mangalore Harbour (estimated cost Rs. 5.93 Lakhs) Sponsored by New Mangalore Port Trust, Mangalore. Studies on the assessment of environmental pollution in Mangalore Harbour were undertaken. Bimonthly water samples at 6 stations fixed at Mangalore Harbour were collected and analysed for dissolved oxygen, inorganic and total phosphate, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate total nitrogen and for trace metals of waters and sediments. Complimentary physical observations were also taken simultaneously. Studies were also undertaken on chlorophyll distribution, microbiology of water column and the sediments and the benthic biota in relation to the environmental set up of the area. These studies are in progress and are expected to be completed by June 1986. Pollution studies at Kamat Beach and Binaga Bay, Karwar (estimated cost Rs. 5000/-) Sponsored by Karnataka State Pollution Control Board. Fish, sediment and water samples were collected to determine the levels of mercury. Most of the sediment samples showed mercury below detection limit. However, very high concentrations of Hg were found in the sediment at the mouth of a small canal opening in the Binaga Bay. Zinc pollution studies in fishes from Tungabhadra River (estimated cost Rs. 3000/-) Sponsored by M/s. Gwalior Rayon Silk Mfg. (Wvg.) Co. Ltd., Harihar, Karnataka. Several samples of the fish Cirrhina mrigala (Ham), collected near their effluent discharge point in the Tungabhadra river, were analysed to examine the concentrations of zinc. Average value of zinc in the species analysed is 12.8 μ g/g on dry weight basis.

92 Seabed surveys at Sutrapada, Veraval (estimated cost Rs. 9.20 Lakhs) Sponsored by Gujarat Heavy Chemicals Limited (GHCL). Surveys for the above project were carried out from 5th December to 29th December, 1985. Echosounding, side scan sonar and ORE subbottom profiling were carried out at the intake structure and the effluent discharge channel to prepare a detailed bathymetric chart. Profiles and a map showing the distribution of rocks etc. are being prepared from the side scan sonar records. Surveys have also been carried out to map the coast line. Processing of the data is in progress. Position map for site 1 (intake) has been prepared and digitization of echosounding data is in progress. Surveys for settlement of flexible protection works of Kosi Barrage (estimated cost Rs. 2.3 Lakhs) Sponsored by Irrigation Department, Bihar Government. Surveys for Kosi Barrage were carried out in April 1985. The scope of the survey is to determine the exact nature of the settlement of flexible protection zone, using echosounder, side scan sonar and ORE. The results clearly indicate the zones in which remedial measures are initiated and extent of its progress. The map showing levels to which penetration obtained from shallow seismic data has been prepared. The results indicate that the concrete floor has not settled. Seabed surveys for location of SBM terminal and connecting pipeline off Hazira (estimated cost Rs. 10.25 Lakhs) Sponsored by ONGC. Seabed surveys were carried out at Hazira near Surat for location of SBM terminal and identifying the route for pipeline. For the purpose, about 135 1km were surveyed to ascertain sea floor conditions and suitability of route using miniranger, echosounder, ORE subbottom profiler and side scan sonar. The results indicate that most part of the route is above chart datum and therefore subjected to periodical tidal movement as confirmed by presence of sandwaves and ripples. The main features on the routes which require to be considered in designs are presence of 2 channels, a steep slope and a scarp. The depth at the SBM location is about 24 m below chart datum. Environmental baseline studies around offshore structures of ONGC in Bombay High area (estimated cost Rs. 1.44 Lakhs) Sponsored by ONGC. A survey was undertaken to collect the postmonsoon environmental baseline data around ONGC installations in the Arabian Sea. The data thus collected is being analysed and the report is being prepared. Biology and larval rearing of horseshoe crab under natural and captive conditions (estimated cost Rs. 2.90 lakhs) Sponsored by M/s. Unichem Laboratories, Bombay.

93 A project was undertaken to survey and study various aspects of horseshoe crab along the Benyal and Orissa coasts. This included survey of distribution, abundance, ecology, biology, growth, feeding behaviour, migration, reproduction, population dynamics, etc. and possibilities of larval rearing and culturing for sustained supply towards commercial utilization on a long term basis. Field and laboratory studies have been started which are being followed by regular bimonthly collections.

Demonstration scale production of green mussels and oysters by off bottom culture in coastal waters of Goa (estimated cost Rs. 1.12 lakhs). Sponsored by Council of Science, Technology and Environment, Govt. of Goa, Daman & Diu.

To evoke the interest of potential users and popularisation of NIO's technique for commercialisation, two rafts, with transplanted mussels on ropes were floated in January 1986. Fortnightly monitoring is in progress . (Photo 10 on page 96) Wave data collection off Hazira (estimated cost Rs. 15.00 lakhs). Sponsored by ONGC. For the design of the proposed single buoy mooring system this project was undertaken. Continuous time series data on waves was collected for a period of six months from June 1985 to December 1985. Integrated oceanographic studies off Lakshadweep (Grant-in-aid Rs. 6.00 lakhs by Lakshadweep Administration). The main objectives of the project are : (a) Collection of marine organisms and preparation of their extracts for biological screening. (b) Chemical inventigations of some of the extracts exhibiting promising activities. (c) Collection of environmental data on waves, currents and tides for the designing of OTEC plant. A collection cruise was organised by the Diving Cell and about 20 · marine organisms including soft corals, holothurians, sponges, etc. were collected off Kavaratti Island. Two wave rider buoys were deployed one off South Kavaratti and another in the Kavaratti lagoon for collection of wave data. An aanderra weather station has also been installed at Kavaratti for collection of weather data continuously. Analyses of samples from Bombay Harbour for biological characteristics (estimated cost Rs. 1.45 lakhs). Sponsored by Ocean Logistics, Bombay. Samples collected from Bombay Harbour are being analysed to assess biological productivity of the area. Monthly analyses commenced in July, 1985 will be completed in July, 1986.

94 Photo 6 : Biological work in progress by NIO scientists at Dakshin Gangotri, Antarctica (See page 89)

Photo 7 : Antarctic krill (See page 89)

Photo 8 : Hydrobiological studies in Antarctic Lake (See page 89) 95 Photo 9 : Mooring of current meter from RV Gaveshani (See page 92)

Photo 10 : Mussel Culture on a floating raft (See page 94) Water quality analysis in Heera field (estimated cost Rs. 30.5 lakhs) Sponsored by ONGC The objective of the project is to identify the best depth for intake of water for injection in oil well. Required parameters on variability of temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, bacteria, chlorine demand, calcium, magnesium, potassium, etc. were determined at a single location at various depths for 10 days. Studies for waste water disposal in Amba estuary near Bombay (estimated cost Rs. 15.247 lakhs). Sponsored by IPCL, Bombay The work is meant to locate a suitable discharge point for the factory effluents and the work is in progress. Marine archaeological studies (estimated cost Rs. 13.86 lakhs Grant-in-aid by Department of Science and Technology). Exploration in Dwarka waters : Underwater excavation of the submerged structures of the ancient city was resumed. Extensive remains of two buildings, 200 to 600 m seaward of the Samudhranarayana temple were discovered in 4 to 7 m water depth. After removing the overburden by adopting the airlift technique the structural remains were photographed and plotted. For the first time underwater colour photographs of exploration have been taken despite swells and currents. The alignment of the structures corresponds to some extent with the"features" noticed in aerial photographs specially taken by the Survey of India for marine archaeological investigations. The mouldings of well dressed beams and pillars suggest that they belong to a temple. The full extent of the submerged township will be ascertained next year and some architectural remains will be recovered for subsequent reconstruction on shore. A few blocks have already been brought to shore. (Photo 11 on page 96) Bet Dwarka (Shankhodhara) As a result of extensive exploration it was possible to determine the boundaries of the submerged city. The northern boundary is indicated by a wall of large building blocks built in 4 courses further north of Balapur Bay. The southern and western limits were made known in 1983 when a toe wall in the sea and a fortification wall {on shore) were discovered. This fortified town was 4 km long and 0.5 km wide and deserved the appellation Nagari. From the point of view of second urbanization in India Bet Dwarka can be taken as a milestone. Antiquities The inscription on the post-Harappan jar found in Bet Dwarka is of great historical importance (vide proceedings of XII Annual Congress of the Epigraphical Society of India). It forges a new link between the Indus Valley writing and Asokan Brahmi script. On palaeographical grounds it serves as a corroborative evidence for submergence in the 14th century B. C. Spectrographic analysis of the 97 iron objects from Bet Dwarka intertidal zone was done by the National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property, Lucknow. The technique of fabrication was also studied. The investigations have highlighted the submergence of ancient townships in Dwarka as well as Bet Dwarka. The date of submergence on ceramic and inscriptional evidence is circa 14th century B.C. The towns were built when the sea level was lower than at present by nearly 5 meters.

B. CONSULTANCY PROJECTS Marine amusement park/complex at Kovalam and Velilake in Kerala (estimated cost Rs. 5,500) At the request of Directorate of Tourism, Govt. of Kerala, feasibility studies in respect of environment, biota and logistic parameters were carried out in October 1985 and a preliminary report submitted to the sponsorers in November 1985. Further work will commence from August 1986. Pollution studies at Sancoale village At the request of Govt. of Goa, Daman & Diu, a survey of some of the wells and nullahs in the Sancoale village was conducted. The water samples were analysed for pH, ammonia, nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate in connection with the suspected damage to paddy crops and some fish mortality in the area. The results of the analysis have been submitted to the Committee constituted by the Government. C. CONTINUING/COMPLETED PROJECTS OF THE PREVIOUS YEARS Studies on portable breakwater system, sponsored by the Salt Commissioner, Govt. of India. Marine algal resources survey along the central west coast of India, sponsored by the Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi. Marine survey for KIOCL submarine outfall at Mangalore, sponsored by the KIOCL, Bangalore. Environmental studies for establishing shrimp hatchery, shell fish farm at Saphala, sponsored by the Development Corporation of Konkan Ltd., Maharashtra. Oceanographic studies in Tapi estuary for waste water disposal from a fertilizer plant, sponsored by the KRIBHCO, Surat. Oceanographic studies off Sutrapada, sponsored by the Gujarat Heavy Chemicals Ltd., Veraval. Environmental quality and dispersion studies off Uran, sponsored by ONGC Bombay. Studies on Biofouling. of offshore structures, sponsored by the ONGC, Bombay

98 Studies on environmental pollution by using fouling organisms as indicators, sponsored by the ONGC, Bombay. Development of microprocessor based rotor current meter, sponsored by the Calcutta Port Trust. Development of microprocessor based instruments. Grant-in-aid project of Electronics Commission of India. Bathymetric and shallow seismic surveys for the development of Karwar Port, sponsored by the Government of Karnataka. Shallow seismic surveys on Vembanad lake, sponsored by the Travancore Cements Ltd., Kottayam. Surficial geology of continental shelf off Cochin sponsored by the NPOL, Cochin Collection of wave data off Daman and Umbergaon on the west coast of India, sponsored by the ONGC, Bombay. Wave data collection off Kakinada and Machilipatnam, sponsored by the ONGC. Wave data collection off Uran, sponsored by the ONGC. Wave data collection at Bombay High, sponsored by the ONGC. Environmental baseline studies in the Gulf of Kutch, sponsored by Central Electricity Authority of India. Seabed surveys for feasibility studies for tidal power project in the Gulf of Kutch, sponsored by Central Electricity Authority of India. Bathymetric and side scan survey of Veraval fishing harbour, sponsored by Gujarat Maritime Board. Surveys along the alignment of the proposed outfall routes at Worli and Bandra, sponsored by Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay. Surveys off Hajee Bandar, Bombay, sponsored by Collector of Customs, Bombay

99 8 INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES

1. Indo-USSR Workshop on Oceanography : The first Indo-USSR Workshop on Oceanography was held at the Institute from 9-13 December, 1985. The main objective of the Workshop was to idenfity the projects for collaboration between the two countries in oceanography. Eight Soviet scientists and thirty three Indian scientists from various organisations participated in the Workshop. Eighteen proposals/reports were presented and discussed at the Workshop. After detailed discussions the following four projects were proposed for collaboration : (a) Air-sea interaction and monsoon dynamics; (b) Space-time variability of equatorial currents; (c) Trans Indian Ocean Geotraversa (TIOG); and (d) Eco-system analysis and basic research in open Indian Ocean. 2. Indo-US Workship on Bioactive Substances from the Indian Ocean: A workshop on 'Bio-active substances from the Indian Ocean' was held from 21 - 13 January, 1986. Eleven Indian scientists (NIO - 6, CDRI - 1, Bose Institute - 2, CSIR - 1 and U. S. Embassy - 1) and four American, scientists participated. Fourteen papers were presented. The participants reviewed the progress of the project (NIO is a participant of the ongoing collaborative project) and discussed on the collection of sub-tidal samples by diving, and problems of taxonomical identifications of bio-activity of substances. 3. Regional Seminar on Handling and Dissemination of Oceanographic Data and Information :

Participants of the UNESCO seminar on data and information

100 A Regional Seminar sponsored by Unesco on Handling and Dissemination of Oceanographic Information and Data was held at the Institute from 17 - 21 March, 1986. Twenty four specialists from India and abroad participated in the Seminar, which included resource persons and participants from Unesco, U. K., Phillipines, Netherlands, Trinidad, U.A.E., Sri Lanka and different organisations within India. The participants discussed and presented papers on various aspects of data and information dissemination and exchanged their views on problems of mutual scientific interest.

101 9 INFRASTRUCTURE

Library : During the year 1120 books and 37 Technical Reports were added. Two hundred journals on subsciptions and 80 journals on exchange/complimentary are being received. The library continued its interlibrary loan and publication of Aquatitles and New Arrivals. A DCM Tandy TRS 80 microprocessor was installed and development of a library data base is under progress. Library activities like Aquatitles and New Arrivals are being computerized. Photography Section : The Photography Section has been taking up divisional jobs in the Institute as well as in the field. The staff is also assisting scientists from Wood Preservation and Marine Archaeology in their programmes. During the year, the Section has completed 370 jobs. The value of the jobs completed is estimated to be about Rs. 36,000/- . Drawing : The Drawing Section completed over 400 jobs in the current year. The value of jobs completed is estimated to be about Rs. 30,000/- . Workshop : About 350 jobs were completed in the current year. The value of jobs completed is estimated to be about Rs. 25,000/- . Prototype : The Prototype Section is responsible for printed circuit board (PCB) layout and wiring of prototype instruments developed in the Division. In addition, students from the College of Engineering and the Polytechnic use this facility for their project work. Facilities added during the year : Chemical Oceanography : FT - Infra red spectrometer Portable air compressors to diving gears. 'Seastar' in-situ water sampler with filtration and ion-exchange assemblies. Geological Oceanography : Benson Digitizer Model 6201, Benson Plotter Model 1332, Benson Magnetic Tape 451/1 and Tandberg TDV 2200-S were installed for various purposes such as digitization of Analog records of bathymetry and magnetics and plotting of processed data.

102 Biological Oceanography : A new pump house, admeasuring 40 sq. ft. built-up area, was added to the running seawater facility in the Aquaculture Laboratory. Housing two 12 BHP each centrifugal pumps with stainless/HDP hermit casing, the new pump house has augmented the supply of uncontaminated seawater for aquaculture studies. Biofouling and Corrosion : Gas chromatograph of Perkin Elmer make (Model 8310). Instrumentation : Multiuser Universal Development System (from M/s Philips, Holland) consisiting of 3 terminals, a 5 Mbyte hard disk, Universal PROM Programmer UNIX operating system, assemblers and debuggers for 8085 and 8086 microprocessors has been commissioned. The system allows programs to be written in HLL, and to be debugged using In-Circuit-Emulation hardware. The system is extendable to 7 users. Computer : (a) Since its commissioning, the following upgrades have been added to ND 520 computer : Hardware : UPS System - one Terminals - three Printers of 200 cps - two Software : Sort Merge utilities Data Base Management System (DBMS) File Handler (b) The Rainbow 100 B machine received under UNESCO Aid has been upgraded to a Rainbow 100 + by installing the following features: Hardware : 6 Mb Winchester hard disk - one Colour graphics control - one Software : Colour graphic software package Workshop : A HMT radial drilling machine was cummissioned in August, 1985. Regional Centre, Waltair : A Side Scan Sonar was procured during the year. Marine Archaeology : Barringer Shallow Water Magnetometer and Nikonos V underwater camera was acquired. The camera was useful in documentation. The Magnetometer will be used when the ship wreck near Alibag is surveyed.

103 10 VISITORS

Dr. L. K. Jha, Adviser to the Prime Minister on Administrative Reforms visited the Institute on 23 August, 1985. Dr. Siddiquie, Director took him round and apprised him with the achievements and activities of the NIO. Dr. Jha evinced keen interest in the research activities and sponsored work of the Institute and expressed his appreciation and satisfaction over the work.

Dr. Siddiquie, Director, explaining the work on deep sea minerals to Dr. Jha. In the foreground are samples of Polymetallic nodules

His Royal Highness the Crown Prince Herald Norway anc Princess Sonja accompanied by senior officials of Norway and Indie visited the Institute on 9 February, 1986. The Royal Couple was welcomed by the Acting Director Dr. T. S. S. Rao who took them round the various laboratories and were shown the activities anc achievements of the Institute. Their visit was significant as the Norwegian Government through NORAD has been assisting the Institute for the last almost ten years in two of the very important areas oi oceanographic research. The Royal Couple therefore keenly observec the achievements and activities with the work done and results achieved under the NORAD programme.

104 Prince & Princess of Norway going through some samples

Dr. A. P. Mitra after taking over as Director-General of CSlR recently, visited NIO and spent two days (19-20 March, 1986) at the Laboratory. During his stay he visited all the Laboratories and apprised himself with the work accomplished and being undertaken by discussing with individual scientists. He was very appreciative of the research progress and working of the Institute. He also addressed the staff of the Institute. During this visit, Dr. Mitra attended and addressed a meeting of experts on Accoustic Tomography System and guided the procceding of the meeting held at NIO to finalise CSlR programme on Acoustic Tomography.

Dr. A. P. Mitra, DG addressing the staff of NIO

105 Other distinguished visitors were : Dr. A. Jankowski, Institute of Oceanology, Sapot, Poland on CSIR - PRS Scientific Exchange Programme. Dr. T. D. Allan, Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, U. K. under INSA - Royal Society Scientists Exchange Programme. Prof. J. R. Griffiths, University of Loughborough, U. K. Dr. D. S. Cronan, Imperial College of Science & Technology, London, U.K. Prof. C. Field, Australia, Prof. F. Blasco, France and Dr. Martha Vanucci of UNESCO, UNDP Project, UNDP - UNESCO Mid-term evaluation Committee. Prof. Hakuya Okada, Shizuke University, Japan. Mrs. lnadomi, Norwegian Embassy, New Delhi. John Saetnan, NORAD. Prof. O. G. Houmb, NORAD. Mr. Tom Ivar, NORAD. Mr. Johannessen Geir, NORAD. Mr. Maelum Ola Houmb, NORAD. Prof. Rais Ahmed, Vice Chairman, UGC and Prof. Ashok Chandra, Educational Advisor (Technical), Ministry of Education, New Delhi. Mr. John Ulrik Tullbero, Sr. Programme Officer, NORAD, Royal Norwegian Emabassy, New Delhi. Mr. and Mrs. Harard Berge, Former Managing Director, Norwegian Hydrotechnical Laboratory, Trondheim, Norway. Dr. Naresh Kumar, ARCO, USA. Dr. A. Prakash, Environmental Protection Service, Canada. Dr. K. Gopalakrishnan, Department of Natural Science, Hono- lulu, Hawai. Dr. Nasima M. Tirmizi, Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi, Pakistan. Dr. S. M. A. Tirmizi, University of Karachi, Pakistan. Dr. P. V. Krishna, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, New Delhi. Admiral A. K. Chatterji, New Delhi. Shri Byre Gowde, Minister for Fisheries and Ports, Karnataka. Mr. L. Lianquing, Ambassador of the Republic of China, Mrs. L. Lianguing, Mr. Liang Baoshan, Second Secretary and Mr. Tuang Shoucheng, Third Secretary.

106 Mr. Roy Carter, British Deputy High Commissioner, Bombay. Rear Admiral C. S. Gill, Director, Medical Services, Navy. Shri. V. S. Deshpande, Lok Ayukta, Govt. of Maharashtra and Former Chief Justice, Bombay High Court. Prof. S. W. Carey, Hobart University, Tasmania, Australia. Prof. R. M. Laws, FRS, Director, British Antarctic Survey, U.K. Mr. D. Kamekar, Ambassador of India to Federal Republic of Germany

107 11 COLLOQUIA AT NIO

Speaker Topic Date

Prof. S. V. Carey Hobart, Expanding Earth 21.05.1985 University Tasmania, Australia „ Primary Structure of the 22.05.1985 Earth

Dr. D. V. Subba Rao, Piccoplankton 29.07.1985 " Arctic production 30.07.1985

Dr. B. A. Biddana, Chemotaxis 19.08.1985 Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, U.S.A.

Prof. R. L. Brahmachary, Development of biology 25.09.1985 Indian Statistical in snails and squids Institute, Calcutta " Chemical communication 30.09.1985 with special reference to Tiger.

Dr. Pierre - Yves Manguin, Nautical Archaeology in 03.10.1985 Ecole Francaise d'Extreme- South-East Asia - Present Orient (French School for state and prospects of a Eastern Studies Paris) new field of studies

Prof. Jayant Narlikar, Cosmic energy resources 26.12.1985 TIFR, Bombay

108 Dr. N. K. Jain Tea from two leaves and 01.01.1986 Director, CSIR Research a bud Complex, Palampur

Dr. Ruth D. Turner, Wood lnslands, thermal vents 04.02.1986 Prof. of Zoology and and sulphide seeps as Curator in Malacology nutrient sources in the deep Harward University, sea U.S.A.

Prof. Brian L. Bayne, International Mussel Watch 11.02.1986 Director and Dr. Michael Programme Norman Moore, Institute for Marine Environmental Research, U.K.

Prof. Arun Heblekar, Halley's Comet 25.03.1986 Post Graduate Centre, Bombay University Mr. Tran. Van Ba, Mangrove Research in 27.03.1986 Vietnamese Scientist Vietnam

109 12 AWARDS, HONOURS AND MEMBERSHIPS

Dr. H. N. Siddiquie Member of the Ocean Science and Technology Board of the Government of India. - Member, Goa, Daman & Diu Council of Science and Technology constituted by the Government of Goa, Daman & Diu. - Member, Planning Board of the Govt. of Goa, Daman & Diu. - Member, High Power Steering Committee on Ocean Energy. - Member, National Council of Science Museums, Calcutta. - Fellow of the Geological Society of India. - Member of the Council of Association of Exploration Geophysicists.

Dr. T. S. S. Rao - Coordinator, Marine Sciences Department, Goa University. Dr. B. N. Desai - Member, Research Advisory Council of the Department of Environ- ment, Govt. of India. - Member, Environment, Energy, Science and Technology Task Force, Andhra Pradesh. Dr. J. S. Sastry - Member, Board of Studies, Faculty of Physics, Goa University. - Member, Board of Studies, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Berhampur University. Dr. R. Sengupta - Member-Secretary of Indian National Committee for SCOR of INSA. - Member of Board of Studies on Oceanography of Cochin University. - Judge at the final of the National High School level debating competition, ' We and the Oceans' organised by the National Council of Science Museums. Dr. S. R. Rao - Was awarded "Rajyaprasasti" and a gold medal by the Karnataka State Government for excellence in Archaeology. Dr. M. Krishnankutty

- Nominated as Member by the Kerala Government for Science & Technology and Environment Committee to work under Task Group 16 - Aquatic Resources.

110 Dr. M. G. A. P. Setty - Member, Sub Committee, Central Geological Programming Board. - Member, Board of Post Graduate Studies, Goa University. Dr. E. Desa - Member, Board of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Studies in Physics, Bombay University. Member, Sea Level Studies, Goa Government. Member, Selection of Computer for Goa Computer Centre. Dr. A. B. Wagh - Recognised as Research Guide in Marine Science by Goa University. Dr. A. H. Parulekar - Member, Task Force, "Project Skylark", Indian Navy, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India. Member (Oceanography), Commission for Scientific and Techno- logical Terminology, Ministry of Education and Culture, Govt. of India. Member, Expert Committee on productivity from Aquatic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India. - Member, Editorial Board, Indian Journal of Marine Science. Member, Foreign Advisory Board, Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan. Founding Member, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines. - Consultant, Marine Parks, Directorate of Tourism, Govt. of Kerala. - Recognised as M.Sc./Ph.D. Research Guide by : Karnataka University (Marine Biology), Goa University (Marine Sciences) and Cochin University (Marine Sciences). Dr. V. N. Sankanarayanan Member, Board of Studies, M.Sc. Oceanography, University of Cochin. - Member, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Cochin. Dr. U. K. Gopalan - Member, Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad. - Member, Samastha Kerala Sahitya Parishad. - Member, Malabar Flora & Fauna Society Member, Consultative Committee, Akasavani, Trivandrum. Dr. D. Chandramohan Member, Board of Studies in Microbiology, Rani Durgavathi Viswa- vidhyalaya, Jabalpur, M.P. Member, Board of Studies in Microbiology, Goa University. Dr. S. R. Shetye - Member of the Task Team of Experts on the Global Sea Level Observing System, IOC - UNESCO, Paris. - Member of the Committee on Basic Physics of the Monsoon, DST, New Delhi. 111 Smt. Lalithambika Devi - Life Member of Society for Ecological Conservation & Develop- ment. Dr. L. V. Santhakumari - Life Member, Marine Biological Association of India - Member, Society of Fisheries Technologists (India).

Dr. A. L. Paropkari - Elected Fellow of the Geological Society of India. Shri O. S. Chauhan

- Elected Fellow of the Geological Society of lndia Shri O. Raveendran Member, Society of Fisheries Technologists (India) Dr. A. Sarkar - Won the NOCIL Award of Rs. 1000/- in cash and a citation of merit for his paper entitled "Bio-degradational and anti-cholenes- terase activities of methyl isocyanate in the aquatic environment of Bhopal" presented at the 'International Conference on Pesticides, Toxicity, Safety and Risk Assessment', held at ITRC, Lucknow.

Award of M.Sc. and Ph.D :

Name Title of thesis University Guide Year

D. Gopala Marine Geophysi- Andhra Prof. V. 1985 Rao cal studies of Bhaskara Rao basement off and Dr. H. N. Bombay Coast, Siddiquie India - Ph.D.

P. M. A. Primary produc- Bombay Dr. S. Z. Qasim 1985 Bhattathiri tion and some physical and chemical parameters of Lacca- dive and Andaman Sea - Ph.D.

N. M. Free span vibra- Trondheim, Prof. AIf Torum 1985 Anand tions of submarine Norway pipelines in steady and wave flows - Ph.D.

112 V. P. Plankton ecology Kerala Dr. S. Z. Qasim 1985 Devassy of some estuarine and marine regions of the west coast of India - Ph.D.

S. G. Biostatistics of Bombay Dr. A. H. 1985 Dalal marine populations Parulekar - Ph.D.

L. Krishna Ecological and Bombay Dr. Vijaya 1985 Kumari biochemical Lakshmi R. Nair studies with special reference to pollution on selected species of molluscs from Bombay - Ph.D.

C. L. Community struc- Poona Dr. A. H. 1985 Rodrigues ture of intertidal Parulekar fauna at Dona Paula Beach, Goa (India) - Ph.D.

S. S. Studies on some Bombay Dr. A. B. Wagh 1985 Sawant aspects of biofouling in the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries - M.Sc.

113 13 DEPUTATIONS

Name Venue Duration Purpose

1. Dr. H. N. Siddiquie U. S. S. R. 7 to 14 Member, Indian Delega- June, 1985 tion on Oceanography.

" West 17 to 20 Member of CSIR Direc- Germany November, 1985 tors delegation.

" Switzerland 30 November to To participate in the 6 December 1985 meeting of Four Pio- neer Investors.

2. Dr. T. S. S. Rao Russia 27 May to To participate in the 5 June, 1985 international conference "Pacem in Maribus".

" Paris 6 to 13 March, To attend the 19th se- 1986 ssion of the Executive Council of the Inter- governmental Oceano- graphic Commission.

3. Dr. R. Sengupta United 21 August to For discussions under States 4 September, the Indo-US project on 1985 Bioactive substances from the Indian Ocean.

4. Dr. B. U. Nayak Norway, 26 August to Under the NORAD Pro- Netherlands, 8 October, 1985 ject France and U.K.

5. Shri L. V. G. Rao United 24 to 27 March, To participate in the Kingdom 1985 4th session of WOCE Scientific Steering Group Meeting, IOC- UNESCO.

" China 20 to 27 April, To participate in the 1985. consultative meeting of Experts on Climatic Oceanographic Data Management.

114 Name Venue Duration Purpose

6. Dr. A. B. Wagh West 9 August to Under reinvitation pro- Germany 1 November, gramme of German 1985 Academic Programme (DAAD).

7. Dr. M. D. Zingde Denmark 1 April to To participate in one 6 July, 1985 training course on "Industrial water pollution and Environmental Control".

8. Dr. A. G. Phillipines 6 to 9 April, To participate in Untawale 1985 UNDP/UNESCO project document meeting.

Australia 17 to 24 May, To participate in 1985 "International Mangrove Symposium".

Phillipines 17 to 20 June, To participate in 1985 "international Mangrove Symposium".

9. Dr.(Miss) Aditi Australia 17 May to To attend the interna- Pant and Papua 2 June tional mangrove New Guinea symposium and the UNDP/UNESCO workshop on "Mangrove Eco- system Research".

10. Dr. S. R. Shetye Paris 2-6 December To attend the meeting 1985, of Task Team of Ex- perts on the Global Sea Level Observing System.

11. Dr. (Miss) Subha Italy 30 September To participate in an Satyendranath to 12 October, International Workshop 1985 on the "Physiology and Ecology at Photosynthe- tic picolankton"

12. Shri M. P. Tapaswi U.S.A. 14 October to To participate in the 1 November , workshop on "Marine 1985 Information Systems".

115 Name Venue Duration Purpose

13. Shri Z. A. Ansari Denmark September 1985 Under IOC-DANIDA to June, 1986 fellowship for research and training in fish breeding and larval rearing.

14. Shri M.V.M. Wafar French 27 May to To participate in the Polynesia 1 June, 1985 International Coral Reef Congress and present a paper, "Nitrogen Uptake by Phytoplankton and zooxanthalle in a Coral Reef.

15. Dr. V. K. Antarctica 30 October, Participated in the Dhargalkar 1985 to March V Expedition and conti- 1987 nuing his stay for wintering studies.

16. Dr. V. V. Sarma Denmark 5 August to To participate in the 25 October, training course on 1985 "industrial Water Pollu- tion and Environmental Control" arranged by DANIDA.

17. Shri J. I. Goes U. S. A. and 20 November, Under the Indo-US Mexico 1984 to 20, Collaborative Project February, 1985 "Bio-active substances from the Indian Ocean".

18. Shri V. Khedekar, Bombay 9 to 20 For training at the K. L. Naik and December, 1985 Institute for Design of B. U. Rao Electrical Measuring Instruments.

19. Shri G.H. Sainekar Bangalore 17 to 10 For Training Course on April, 1985 Reprographics.

116 14 PARTICIPATION IN SEMINARS/SYMPOSIA/MEETINGS

Name of Symposia/Seminar Title of paper/lecture Venue Participant attended presented/deli vered and (Authors in brackets) Date

Dr. T. S. S. Workshop on Environ- Studies on environmental Khat- Rao mental Impact Assess- impact due to man-made mandu ment changes along the Indian NEPAL Coast - an assessment 28.12.85 to 1.1.86.

1. Dr. B. N. Desai Envirotech '86 Studies on coastal and Bombay 2. Shri G. International Conference estuarine pollution in 24.1.86. Narayana Swamy India (1 & 2)

Dr. J. S. Sastry 7th Meeting of the lndo- New US Subcommission on Delhi Science and Technology 8.4.85 to 10.4.85.

1. Dr. J. S. Sastry Effect of Air Sea lnter- Ahmeda- 2. Shri. L. V. G. action on Monsoon bad Rao Prediction 24.2.86 3. Dr. (Ms.) Shubha to Satyedranath 28.2.86. 4. Dr. N. Bahulayan 5. Dr. S. R. Shetye

1. Dr. B. U. Nayak Dock and Harbour Evaluation of estuarine Bombay 2. Shri P. Engineering Conference environment of Mandovi 27.12.85 Chandramohan river mouth with reference to 3. Shri S. G. Diwan to beach erosion. (1 & 2) 29.12.85

4. Shri A. K. NIO's experience in data- Suryavanshi well wave rider buoy. 5. Dr. R. Mahadevan (3, 4 & 1)

Correlation studies between speeds and significant wave heights off Kakinada east coast of India. (2 & 1)

Numerical prediction of shoreline adjacent to breakwater. (5, 2 & 1)

117 Name of Symposia/Seminar Title of paper/lecture Venue Participant attended presented/delivered and (Authors in brackets) Date

Dr. R. Sengupta The Development of Lecture delivered Bombay Legislation for water 21.5.85. Pollution Control

" Environment Lecture delivered Bihar 6.11.85 to 9.11.85.

1. Dr. A, H. Biology Utilization and Aquaculture in Mangrove Kolha- Parulekar Conservation of ecosystem - State of pur 2. Dr. A. G. Mangroves art and perspectives(1) 18.11.85 Untawale to 3. Shri T. G. Jagtap Status of mangrove 20.11.85 4. Ms. Nalini research in India.(2). Radhakrishnan Studies on the associate flora in the mangrove environment.(3)

Structure and composition of mangrove forest along the Goa coas:.(3)

Studies on the mangroves along the central west coast of Achra. (4)

1. Dr. A. H, Environmental Biology Cause and effect studies Mangalore Parulekar in coastal ecosystem. (1) 21.11.85 2. Dr. A. B Wagh to 3. Shri D. T. Biofouling of offshore 22.11.85 Vengayil structures. (2)

1. Dr. A. H. Indo-USSR Workshop on Quantitative analysis in Goa Parulekar Oceanography marine ecology. (1) 9.12.85 2. Dr. V. P. Devassy to 3. Dr. D. Trichodesmium blooms(2) 13.12.85 Chandramohan 4. Dr. S. C. Goswami Microbiology of the Indian Ocean. (3) 5. Dr. S. Y. S. Singbal Zooplankton studies in the Indian Ocean. (4)

118 Name of Symposia/Seminar Title of paper/lecture Venue Participant attended presented/delivered and (Authors in brackets) Date

Dr. A. H. Statistical Ecology Marine environmental Pune Parulekar stresses and impact 16.12.85 assessment to 22.12.85

" Indo-US Workshop on Marine faunal systems - Goa Marine Bioactive Indian Scene. 21.1.86 Substances to 23.1.86.

1. Dr. M. Krishnan Futurology Workshop on Trivan- Kutty Science and Technology drum 2. Dr. P. Sivadas inputs for Lakshadweep 30.1.86. 3. Dr. V. N. Sankara- narayanan 4. Dr. R. V. Unnithan 5. Shri P. Udaya Varma

Dr. M. Prospects of Small — Cochin Krishnankutty Scale Industries 25.2.86.

Dr. E. Desa Investment Opportunities - Goa in Electronics in Goa 15.2.86 to 17.2.86.

Shri L.V.G. Rao US India Symposium cum - Ahmeda- Workshop on Remote bad Sensing Fundamentals 11.3.85 and Applications to 15.3.85 " Working Group on Reco- " New mmendations of Task Delhi Force on Oceanography, 18.4.85. Marine Resources Management and Coastal Studies

" Utilisation of ERS-I " Ahme- dabad 27.1.86 to 28.1.86.

119 Name of Symposia/Seminar Title of paper/lecture Venue and Participant attended presented/delivered Date (Authors in brackets)

„ Temperature Measure- Temperature measure- New ment ment in the sea. Delhi 26.2.85 to 28.2.85

Dr. M. G. A. P. lntertidal Ecology Foraminiferal ecology of Waltair Setty zones along west coast 14.2.85 to of India 16.2.85

Shri U. K. Marine Mineral Re- - Cochin Gopalan sources of Lakshadweep 1.4.86. Sea

" Seminar on Fisheries - Trivandrum 18.5.85

Technology for Rural New Delhi development 29.8.85

" Training and Education - Cochin for Marine Fisheries 28.1.86 Management and Development

1. Shri R. M. S. Handling and Dissemi- Data and Information Goa Bhargava nation of Oceanographic Dissemination. (1) 17.3.86 to 2. Shri. J. S. Information and Data 21.3.86 Sarupriya 3. Shri M. P. Tapaswi 4. Shri G.V. Reddy Background paper on 5. Shri S. J. D. INODC (2). Varaprasad 6. Shri S. R. Bhatt A system for data 7. Shri K. A. Gosh management (2). 8. Mrs. R. Thomas 9. Mrs. S. H. Oka Oceanographic Library 10.Shri Andrew and documentation with Menezes reference to NIO (3). 11.Shri K. Raghavan 12.Shri G. N. Sainekar

120 Name of Symposia/Seminar Title of paper/lecture Venue and Participant attended presented/delivered Date (Authors in brackets)

Shri G. Narayana On-site Training on Physical oceanographic Bombay Swamy Marine Outfall parameters required for 1.4.85 marine outfall design and 3.4.85 launching field determination of the physical parameters and their analysis.

1. Shri Q. Narayana Basic Principles of Some physical factors Goa Swamy Industrial Waste Water deciding the fate of 19.9.85 2. Dr. S. Y. S. Treatment effluents in rivers and Singbal estuaries (1)

Shri V. Josanto Second World Conference New Delhi on Engineering and 7.12.85 to Environment 9.12.85

Dr. (Mrs.) V. R. Development of Legisla- - Bombay Nair tion for Water 20.5.85 to Pollution Control 21.5.85

International Conference Monsoon regime in the Amster- on Pelagic Biogeography lndian Ocean and dam Ne- zooplankton variability ther lands 29.5.85 to 5.6.85

Dr. S. Y. S. Environmental Develop- - Goa Singbal ment and Management 14.10.85to in Goa 18.10.85

Dr. S. R. Shetye Basic Physics of Monsoon Lecture on causes of Pune Committee Meeting No.2 SST variability in the 2.7.85 Arabian Sea

1. Dr. S. S. Nath 6th Asian Conference on Polarisation of the ref- Hyderabad 2. Shri P. V. Sathe Remote Sensing lected light as function 21.11.85 3. Shri M. Ramesh in remote sensing of to Kumar the sea-state. (1 & 2) 26.11.85 4. Shri N. K. Viswambaran Monte-carlo simulation 5. Dr. L. V.G. Rao of radiation transfer in the Sea. (2 & 1)

SST variability over Indian Ocean during southwest monsoon - a study of two contrasting seasons. (3, 1, 4 & 5)

121 Name of Symposia/Seminar Title of paper/lecture Venue and Participant attended presented/delivered Date (Authors in brackets)

1. Dr. D. Chandra- Marine Biodeterioration Studies on the associa- Goa mohan tion of marine fungi on 16.1.86 to 2. Dr. S. Raghu- timber panels treated 20.1.86 kumar with preservatives 3. Dr. L. N. (2, 3 & 4). Santhakumaran 4. Dr. Chandralata Biodegradation of cal- Raghukumar careous shells of window 5. Ms Smitha Pathak pane oyster by shell 6. Dr. Renu Gupta boring cyano 7. Dr. A. B. Wagh. bacteria (4, 2 & 5) 8. Shri A. C. Anil 9. Shri T. V. Some aspects of develop- Raveendran ment of biofouling community in zuari estuary (7 & 8).

Studies of wood boring organisms in coastal and offshore waters of western India. A com- prehensive account (9&7).

1. Dr. N.H. Hashimi 5th Convention of Clay and minerals in the Hyderabad Indian Association of different sedimentary 27.12.85 2. Shri M. V. S. Sedimentologists environments ona to Gupta tropical shelf (1) 30.12.85 3. Dr. R. Nigam Processes affecting the biogenic sediment in the Arabian Sea. (2)

Foraminifera and environment - A study from the west coast of India. (3) Quaternary Carbonates 1. Dr. N. H. and Pleistocene carbonates Ahmeda- Hashimi Miliolite Problems of of the western conti- bad 2. Dr. D. B. Barole Gujarat nental shelf of India (1) 4.2.86 to 6.2.86

Shri R.G.P. Desai Intel Design Seminar - Bangalore 17.6.85

Dr. E. J. D' Sa Parallel Processing and - New Delhi VLSI Architectures 23.7.85 27.7.85 122 Name of Symposia/Seminar Title of paper/lecture Venue and Participant attended presented/delivered Date (Authors in brackets)

Dr. E. J. D'sa IETE Tech. Convention Multichannel ship borne New Delhi digitizer system 15.2.86 to 17.2.86

1. Smt. C. B. L. Environmental Problems Influence of salt water Alleppey Devi of Kuttanadu Region barrage on the distri- 5.6.85 2. Smt. P. P. M. bution and abundance of Kunjamma zooplankton in Cochin backwater.

Smt. C. B. L. Modern Trends in Food Fishery resources poten- Trivandrum Devi Processing tial and the need for 31.12.85 new fish processing technology

1. Smt. K. Seminar on Mussel 13.2.86 to Sarala Devi Watch 14.2.86 2. Shri T. Vengayil 3. Shri M. Vijayan

Dr. A. L. Petroleum Geochemistry Environmental controls Dehradun Paropkari and Exploration in the on the distribution of 25.11.85 Afro-Asian Region organic matter in the to sediments of western 27.11.85 continental margins of India.

Shri P. V. Sathe Remote Sensing in Cochin Marine Resources 17.4.85 to 18.4.85

Shri M. R. Indo-USSR Joint Working Bangalore Ramesh Kumar Group Meeting 28.3.85 to 30.3.85

Shri S. P. Pollution Control - Bombay Fondekar Workshop 17.1.86 to 18.1.86

Dr. M.M. Sabnis AAS and its Applications Bombay 29.10.85

Dr. A. N. Kadam Safety in Chemical Bombay Industry 26.4.85

1. Dr. (Ms.) Chan- Biology of Fungi Fungal pathogens of Pune dralata marine algae. (1) 3.12.85 to Raghukumar 6.12.85

123 Name of Symposia/Seminar Title of paper/lecture Venue and Participant attended presented/delivered Date (Authors in brackets)

2. Dr. S. Raghukumar Ecology of the thraustro chytrid marine fungi.(2)

Shri J. I. Goes Working Group Meeting - Calcutta under the Indo-US 3.5.85 to Project 4.5.85

Ms. Nalini Research frontiers and Pune Radhakrishnan Methodology of field 15.12.85 testing in environmental 22.12.85 Sciences

Ms. G. V. Biology of Algae Coeloseira compressa Pune Deshmukhe Hollenb - A new marine 8.2.85 to algal species from Goa 10.2.85 Ahmeda- Shri M. V. Rao Preliminary Analysis of bad SALYUT-7 Space Photography 12.2.85 to 13.2.85 Shri L. U. Sankar Marine lntertidal Waltair Ecology 14.2.85 to 15.2.85

124 15 PUBLICATIONS

Research Papers

Abidi, S. A. H., B. N. Desai and O. S. Gautam. The length-weight relationship in Sardinella sirm wal from the Andaman Sea. J. Ind. Fish. Assoc., 8 & 9 : 15-19, 1985. Achuthankutty, C. T. and A. H. Parulekar. Distribution of penaeid prawn larvae in the coastal waters of Goa. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 15(1) : 45-47, 1986. Anto, A. F. and Y. K. Somayajulu. Structure of the oceanic mixed layer in western Bay of Bengal during MONEX. Mausam, 36(4) : 519-524. Anthony, M. K., C. S. Murthy, G. V. Reddy and K. H. Rao. Sub-surface temperature oscillations and associated flow in the western Bay of Bengal. Estu. Coast. Shelf Sciences, 21(6) : 823-834, 1985. Bahulayan, N. and V. V. R. Varadachari. Determination of vertical velocities in the equatorial part of Western Indian Ocean. Ind. J. Mar. Sci., 14(2) : 62-65, 1985. Chandramohan, P., B. Prabhakara Rao, D. Panakala Rao and T. V. Narasimha Rao. Studies on coastal processes in the vicinity of Gangavaram Bay, east coast of India. Proc. of First Nat. Cong, on Dock and Harbour Engg., V.2, : E157-E169, 1985. Chatterji, A., B. S. lngole, Z. A. Ansari, A note on the length weight relationship in Dolphin fish, Coryphaena hippurus L. Mahasagar - Bull. net. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(3) : 425-427, 1985. Chatterji, A., B. S. lngole, Z. A. Ansari and A. H. Parulekar. Studies on the length weight relationship of giant oyster, Crassostrea gryphoides (Schlothein). Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceano- gr .. 18(4) : 521-524, 1985.

Desai, B. N. Changing ecology of our coastline. Proceedings of the Gujarat Academy of Sciences, 1985.

Desai B. N. and G. Narayana Swamy. Studies on coastal and estuarine pollution in India. International Conference ENVIROTECH - 86, Symposium on Water Pollution, Bombay : 1-5, 1986. Desa, E. Unmanned weather stations in Antarctica. 'Growing Focus on Antarctica' Ed. by RC Sharma, Rajesh Publications, New Delhi: 79-85, 1985.

125 Desai, R. G. P. and E. Desa. Transducers and microprocessors in oceanographic applications. Mahasagar - Bull. nat. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(2) : 347-364, 1985. Desa, E. J. A microprocessor-based Magnetic Tape Drive Interface. IETE Tech. Rev., 3(1) : 26-28, 1986. De Sousa, F. P. and Dalal. V. N. Kamat. A study of bromide in the Mandovi-Zuari river system of Goa. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Sciences, 21(10) : 601, 1985. Dhargalkar, V. K. Studies on photosynthesis and respiration in some marine macroalgae of the Goa coast. 'In Marine Plants' (Eds. V. Krishnamurthy and A. G. Untawale). Proc. Seaweed Research and Utilization Association, Madras, : 97-98, 1985. Gajbhiye, S. N., Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, P. V. Narvekar and B. N. Desai. Accumulation and toxicity of some metals on zooplankton from the nearshore waters of Bombay. India. J. mar. Sci., 14(4) : 181-183, 1985. Gajbhiye, S. N., Vijayalakshmi R. Nair and B. N. Desai. Diurnal variation of zooplankton off Versova Bombay, Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 17(4) : 203-210, 1984. Gopalkrishna, V. V. and J. S. Sastry, Surface circulation over the shelf off the east coast of India during the southwest monsoon. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(2) : 62-65, 1985. Gopalan, U. K. Appropriate technologies for rural development through coastal aquaculture - Case studies from Kerala. Proceedings of the Seminar on Technology for Rural Development. Indian Asso- ciation for advancement of Science, New Delhi, Sept. 1985. Working Session IV, 7 pp. Gopinathan, C. K. and D. Panakala Rao. Surface temperature pattern of the Indian Ocean before summer monsoon. Mahasagar - Bull, natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(2) : 281-292, 1985. Goswami, S. C. Secondary production and zooplankton abundance in the coastal waters from Vengurla to Malpe, West Coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(1) : 85-92, 1985. Goswami, S. C. Zooplankton standing stock and composition in coastal waters of Goa, West Coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(4) : 177-180, 1985. Goswami, Usha & S. C. Goswami. Karyology of genera Calanopia and Pontellina with a note on cytotaxonomical and evolutionary relationship in family Potellidae. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(3) : 433-438, 1985.

Gupta, M. V. S. Distribution of calcareous nannoplankton from the sediment of the northwestern continental shelf of India. J. Geol. Soc. India, 26(4) : 267-874, 1985. Guptah, M. V. S. and N. H. Hashimi. Fluctuation in glacial and interglacial sediment discharge of the river Indus as seen in a core

126 from the Arabian Sea. Indian Jour. mar. Sci., 14(2) : 66-70, 1985. Harkantra, S. N. and A. H. Parulekar. lntertidal community ecology of sand dwelling macroinvertebrates of Goa beaches, in biology of marine benthic organisms : Techniques and Methods as applied to the Indian ocean, (Ed : R. Nagbhushanam) 156-163 (Oxford & IBH Pub1. Co., New Delhi). Husain, N. and M. V. S. Guptha. Ooids in deep sea core from the western continental margin of India. Indian Jour. mar. Sci., 14(3), : 123-126, 1985. lngole, B. S. and G. A. Shirgur. Studies on the regeneration of Macro- stomum orthostylum (BRAUN) (turbellaria : Macrostomida), Indian Jour. of Animal Reproduction 6(1) : 73-78, 1985. Jagtap, T. G. Studies on littoral flora of Andaman Islands. In Marine Plants (eds. V. Krishnamurthy and A. G. Untawale) Proc. Seaweed Research and Utilization Association, Madras. 43-50. 1985. Jagtap, T. G. 1985. Major metabolities from Monostroma sp. Thuret and Porphyra vietnamensis Han. et. Ho. In: Marine Plants (eds. V. Krishnamurthy and A. G. Untawale) Proc. Seaweed Res. and Utilization Association, Madras, pp. 89-92, 1985. Jayasree, V., Solimabi Wahidullah and S. Y. Kamat. Distribution of tocopherol (vitamin E) in marine algae from West Coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(4) : 228, 1985. Joseph, A. Alphanumeric character graphics on a strip chart recorder. IETE Tech. Rev., 2(3) : 59-62, 1985. Jasanto V. and R. V. Sarma. Coastal circulation off Bombay in relation to waste water disposal. Mahasagar, Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(2) : 333-345, 1985. Kameshwara Rao, K., M. Krishnan Kutty and B. M. Panikkar, Frequen- cy distribution of foraminifera off Trivandrum, west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14 : 74-78, 1985. karisiddaian, S. M. Mineralogy and chemistry of manganese nodules from the southern part of the Carlsberg Ridge. Jour. Geol. Soc. India 26(6) : 402-406, 1985. Krishnan Kutty, M. Remote sensing as a tool for the research and development activities of the National Institute of Oceanography. Proceedings of the Seminar on Remote Sensing Techniques and its Applications held at Trivandrum on 9.8.1984 by the User Cell Agency (NNRHS), Kerala State Land Use Board 41-45, 1985. Krishnan Kutty, M. Recent advances in oceanography and new perspectives in fisheries management. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. oceanogr., 18(2) : 219-229, 1985. Kumar, Dileep M., K. Somasundar and A. Rajendran. Stability of phosphorus species in seawater. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(1) : 20-23, 1985.

127 Kumar, Dileep M. and C. V. G. Reddy. Thermodynamic metastability of chromium (III) and chromium speciation in natural waters. Indian J. mar, Sci., 14(3) : 151-155, 1985. Loka Bharathi, P. A. and D. Chandramohan. Sulfate reducing potential in an estuarine beach. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(4) : 187-191, 1985. Mahadevan, R. and A. A. Fernandes. Empirical orthogonal function description of beach profiles. Proc. 1st Nat. Confer. Dock Har- bour Engg., 2, E107-111, 1985. Murthy, T. V. R. and V. V. R. Sarma. Heat transfer inflow past a continuously moving porous flat plate with heat flow. Waime-Und Stafubertragung 20(1) : 39-41, 1986. Murthy, P. S. N., A. L. Paropkari and Ch. M. Rao. Geochemistry of zinc in the sediment of western continental shelf and slope of India. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. 0ceanogr.,.18(2) : 187- 197, 1985. Nair, R. R. and N. H. Hashimi. Influence of estuaries on shelf sediment texture. Jour, Coast. Res., 2(2) : 199-203, 1986.

Nagvi, S. W. A. and R. Sen Gupta. 'NO' a useful tool for the estimation of nitrate deficits in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research, 32(6) : 665-674, 1985.

Nayak, M. R. Contributing author of Satellite Communication from Antarctica in the Book Growing Focus on Antarctica Ed. by R. C. Sharma, Rajesh Publications, New Delhi, 69-77, 1985. Nayak M. R. Digital links free the air waves to Antarctica. Communi- cation System UK. : 42-43, 1985. Nayak, M. R. Satellite communication links India with Antartic Re- search Station. Points and Positions (USA) 3(2) : 1-7, 1985. Parulekar, A. H. Benthic Watch : A case study of biological monitoring of marine environment. Biological Memoirs 11(1) : 99-103, 1985. Parulekar, A. H. Role of water quality in seafarming. Proc. of Semi- nar on Sea Water Quality Demands Published by : Research Dev- lopment Organisation, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India. 17.1-17.7, 1985. Parulekar, A. H. Antarctic Biology : Indian Contribution and Perspec- tives. In Growing Focus on Antarctica Ed. : R. C. Sharma (Rajesh Publications, Delhi) : 181-186, 1985. Parulekar, A. H., Z. A. Ansari, S. N. Harkantra and C. L. Rodrigues. Long term variations in benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages off Bombay. In Biology of Marine Benthic Organisms : Techniques and Methods as Applied to the Indian Ocean Ed. : R. Nagbhusha- nam : 118-131 (Oxford & IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi), 1985.

128 Peter, K. J. Myctophid resources of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Harvest and Post-harvest Technology of Fish. Society of Fisheries Technologists : 83-84, 1985. Prabhu Matondkar, S. G. and A. H. Parulekar. Study of krill and related aspects during Indian Expeditions to Antarctica (1981-85) Biomass Newsletter : 7-9(A SCAR (IOC) Publication), 1984. Rao, T. S. S. and A. H. Parulekar. Biological monitoring for conservation of marine living resources along the Indian coast - An Uneasy Experience. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(2) : 249-255, 1985. Rao, T. C. S. and V. Bhaskara Rao. Geophysical studies over the continental margins of the east coast of India. Mar. Geol. V 67 : 151-161, 1985. Rao, T. C. S., K. Mohana Rao and S. L. Narayana. Geological and Geophysical surveys of Visakhapatnam coast. Mahasagar - Bull, natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(2) : 257-264, 1985. Rao Ch. M. Distribution of suspended particulate matter in the waters of eastern continental margins of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(1) : 15-19, 1985. Rao, D. P. and M. V. Rao. Exchange of fluxes across the air-sea interface during the onset phase of southwest monsoon Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(2) : 203-210, 1985. Ramesh Babu V., M. V. Rao and Y. Sadhuram. Relation between Arabian Sea surface temperature and monsoon rainfall on the west coast of India. Ocean Atmosphere Newsletter, 31 : 5-7, 1985. Ramesh Kumar, M. R. and Y. Sadhuram. vertical structure of the boundary layer - a comparison between land and sea. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(4) : 501-506, 1985. Ranu Gupta and C. T. Samuel. Some fungal infestations of dried fishes in Cochin market. Fishery Technol, 22(2) : 132-134, 1985. Ranu Gupta and C. T. Samuel. Aspergillus flavus infection preserved eel (Thysoidea macrurus) Fishery Technol., 22(2) : 143, 1985. Sadhuram Y. Seasonal variability of with wind speed direction and stability. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 34 : 99-101, 1986. Santhakumari, V. and N. Balakrishnan Nair. The ciliate fauna from marine wood boring isopod Spnaeroma. Indian J. Fish. 32(2) : 115-123, 1985. Santhakumari, V. The effect of salinity on some endocommensalic ciliates of ship worms. J. Fish. Tech. 22(2) : 66-69, 1985. Santhakumari V. Distribution of ellobiopsidae, parasitic protozoa, from Indian Ocean. Mahasagar - Bull, natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(4) : 517-520, 1985.

129 Santhakumari, V. A. Holotrichous ciliate from the coelom of chaetognaths. Curr. Sci., 55(1) : 42, 1986. Sastry J. S., D. P. Rao, P. S. N. Murthy, Y. V. B. Sarma, A. Surya- narayana and M. T. Babu. Watermass structure in the Bay of Bengal. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(2) : 153-162, 1985. Sastry J. S., S. Narasimhan and P. Vethamony, Model studies on tethered float breakwater system. Proc. 1st Nat. Conf. Dock Harbour Engg. vol. 2, E227-287, 1985. Sastry J. S. and V. Ramesh Babu. Summer cooling of the Arabian Sea- A review. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet Sci.), 94(2) : 117-128, 1985 Shetye Satish R., B. Sateesh Chandra Shenoi, M. K. Anthony and V. Krishna Kumar. Monthly-mean wind stress along the coast of the north Indian Ocean. Proc. Indian. Acad. Sci., (Earth Planet. Sci.) : 129-137, 1985. Sawant S. S, A. C. Anil and A. B. Wagh. A device for biofouling studies in estuaries in relation to the tidal cycle. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr. 18(1) : 67-70, 1985. Sen Gupta, R. and S. Y. S. Singbal. Water quality of the rivers Mandovi and Zuari during 1977-78. In Earth Resources for Goa's Development. A collection of seminar papers. Published by the Director-General of Geological Survey of India : 549-554, 1985. Sen Gupta R. and Qasim, S. Z. The Indian Ocean - an environmental overview. In : The Oceans, Realities and Prospects, edited by R. C. Sharma, Rajesh Publications, New Delhi, : 7-40, 1985. Setty, M. G. A. P. and R. Nigam. Benthic foraminifera as indices in a modern clastic shelf regime, off Bombay, India (Eds. Thompson, M. F., R. Sarojini and R. Nagabhushan) In Indian Ocean-Biology of benthic marine organisms. Techniques and methods as applied to the Indian Ocean. Proc. 283-288, 1985. Shirodker, P. V. and R. Sen Gupta. Chemistry and behaviour of B, Ca and Mg in interstitial water of sediments from the coastal and estuarine regions of Mandovi river along the west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(4) : 196, 1985. Shirodker, P. V. and S. P. Anand. Behaviour of Boron in Mandovi estuary (Goa), Mahasagar - Bull, natn. Inst. Oceanogr., 18(4): 439-448, 1985. Siddiquie, H. N., A. R. Gujar, N. H. Hashimi, A. B. Valsangkar and B. Nagendernath. Mineral resources of the Indian Ocean and related scientific research - Workshop on Regional Cooperation in Marine Science in the Central Indian Ocean and Adjascent Seas and Gulfs, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1985. Siddiquie, H. N., D. G. Rao and K. H. Vora. An appraisal of the seabed conditions on the Northwestern continental shelf of India. Proc. 17th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas '. 83-92, 1985.

130 Siddiquie, H. N., M. Veerayya and L. V. Subba Raju. Seabed surveys for the development of ports and harbours - case studies from Tuticorin and Mangalore, India. 1st Nat. Conf. Dock and Harbour Engg. Bombay, C193-C208, 1985. Singbal S. Y. S. : Environmental study of the waters of Mandovi-Zuari estuarine complex, Goa. In : Earth Resources for Goa's Develop- ment. A collection of seminar papers. Published by Director- General of Geological Survey of India : 530-548, 1985. Untawale, A. G. The occurrence of the red alga Banqia fuscopur- purea (Dillwyn) Lyngbye (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) from the Malvan Coast (Maharashtra) India. In: Marine Plants (eds. V. Krishnamurthy and A. G. Untawale) Proc. Seaweed Research and Utilization Association, Madras, : 99-102, 1985. Unnithan, R. V., P. S. Gore, P. Venugopal, G. Raveendran and K. Sarala Devi. Health of the beaches : Negative influence of human use : a comparative study. Proc. 1st Indian Conf. of the International Society of Applied Biology, Lucknow 1315 Febru- ary. Biol Mem., 11(1) : 104-112, 1985. Unnithan, R. V., P. S. Gore, and P. Venugopal. Monitoring of coastal environment. Abstract. Report of Seminar on Environmental Education and Training, under the joint auspices of Sciences & Technology Cell and Lakshadweep Sahitya KaIa Academy, Kava- ratti, Sagara KaIa, 2(2) : 3-5, 1985. Veerayya, M., S. S. C. Shenoi and C. S. Murthy. Morphology and grain- size characteristics of a log-spiral beach at Nagwa (Diu), west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(3) : 127-132, J985. Verlencar, X. N. Urea as nitrogen source for phytoplankton production in coastal waters of Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(2) : 93-97, 1985. Verlencar, X. N. and S. Z. Qasim. Particulate organic matter in the coastal and estuarine waters of Goa and its relationship with phytoplankton production. Estua. Coast Shelf Sci., 21(2) : 235-243, 1985. Vethamony P. and J. S. Sastry. On the characteristics of multipeaked spectra of ocean surface waves. Civil Engg. Div., J. Inst. Engg. (India), 66 Part CI 3 & 4 : 12-132, 1985. Wafar, S. Observations on the foliage production in some mangrove species of Goa. In : Marine Plants (eds. V. Krishnamurthy and A. G. Untawale) Proc. Seaweed Resarch and Utilization Asso- ciation, Madras, 245-252, J985. Wafer, M. V. M.,V. P. Devassy, G. Slawyk, J. Goes, D. A. Jayakumar and R. Rajendran. Nitrogen uptake by phytoplankton and zooxanthellae in a coral atoll. Proc. Fifth International Coral Reef Congress Tahiti, 6 : 29-37, 1985. Wagle, B. G. Distribution and dispersion of turbid waters on the western continental shelf of India - An interpretation of LAND-

131 SAT imageries Internet. Jour. of Remote Sesnsing 6(11) : 1681- 1684, 1985. Zingde, M. D., P. Sharma and M. M. Sabnis. Physico-chemical investigations in Auranga River Estuary (Gujarat). Mahasagar - Bull. natn. Inst. Oceanogr. 18(2) : 207-321, 1985.

Popular Articles Bhargava, R. M. S. Oceanography, NIO and Goa, The Marine Times Goa Liberation Supplement, Bombay, Dec. 14, 1985 : 18-19. Bhargava, R. M. S. NIO-making oceanography serve modern man's needs. Indian Shipping & Transport News, Bombay, Dec. 19, 1985 : 4 Bhargava, R. M. S. Gaveshani gives impetus to our oceangraphy work. Indian Shipping & Transport News, Bombay, Feb. 8, 1986 :1 & 6 Bhargava, R. M. S. Ten successful years of R. V. Gaveshani, The Ma- rine Times, Bombay, Feb. 8, 1986. Parulekar, A. H. Marine resources - A paradoxical biology. world Fo- cus, 6(2) : 12-14, 1985. Parulekar, A. H. Mohim Fathe. Balbharathi (Text Book for Marathi). Vol. VI : 36-44. (Published by : Maharashtra State Text Book and Curriculum Research Directorate, Govt. of Maharashtra), 1985. Parulekar, A. H. Sagari Udyan (Marine Park) : Aghadi : 5-9. (SpI. . publication on Development and Conservations of Marine En- vironment), 1986 . Gopalan, U. K. Mermaids that deserve conservation - (Malayalam). Kerala Sreyas Monthly, Feb. 1985 : 6-9 . Gopalan, U. K.. Fishery resources and environmental conservation. Booklet published by Beach Blossoms, Calicut, 12 pp.

Kadam, A. Katha Hi Sigaretchya Filterchi (Marathi). Daily Loksatta, April 7, 1985.

Kadam, A. Shitpeyache Antarang. (Marathi). Daily Mumbai Sakal, Ap- ril 28, 1985. Nair, S. R. Sreekumar. The seaside Rendezvous. The Navhind Times of 27 October, 1985 . Chatterji, A. Hamare TaI Ki Prasidh Machchli, Mackerel (Hindi). Vigyan Pragati, 34(5) : 206-207, 1985. Prabhu Matondkar, S. G. Antarctic expeditions - An Indian experience World Focus, 6(2) : 21-23, 1985. Ansari, Z. A. Dolphin - hairat - angez behri zanwar (Urdu), Science - ki - Duniya, July-Sept. 1985, 16-18 .

132 Book Reviews Setty, M. G. A. P. Gulf of Aquaba : The ecological micropaleontology. Eds. Rciss, Z and L. Hottinger. Indian J. Mar. Sci.,14(4) : 235-236 . Parulekar, A. H. Observations on the ecology and biology of western Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts. Eds. John, S. Davis and Daniel Merriman. Indian J. mar. Sci., 14(4) : 233-234, 1985. Naqvi, S. W. A. and R. Sen Gupta. Geochemistry of organic matter in the Ocean. Ed. Romankevish, E. A., Springer Verlag, Berlin, Indian J. mar. Sci. 14(4) 237. Technical Reports and Other Publications Sarupriya, J. S. and T. V. Narasimha Rao. NIO/TR-1/85, Oceanogra- phic tables for practical salinity. Varkey, M. J. NIO/TR-2/85. A method for computation of surface wind field of storms from surface isobars.

Suryavanshi and B. U. Nayak. NIO/TR-3/85. Some salient features of deep sea instrumented moorings, their deployment and retrieval techniques. Sarkar, A, R. Sen Gupta and T. W. Kureishy, NIO/TR-4/85 On biodegradation and anti cholinesterase activities of methyl isocyanate in the aquatic environments of Bhopal. Somayajulu Y. K., T. V. Ramana Murthy and S. Prasanna Kumar. NIO/ TR-5/85 Compilation of eigen rays, source - receiver confi- guration and path lengths in tomographic layers. D'Sa, E. J. NIO/TR-6/85. Design of a single board computer. Jankowski,A. and A. Suryanarayana. NIO/TR-7/85. Numerical modelling on wind driven circulation with application to a shallow water basin/lake. Mahadevan, R., P. Chandramohan and T. V. Narasimha Rao NIO/TR- 8/85. Numerical simulation of shoreline evolution adjacent to a breakwater. Varkey, M. J. NIO/TR-1/86 Some oceanographic sub-programmes. Desai, R. G. P.. O. D'Souza and E. Desa. NIO/TR-2/86. Meteorological data acquisition system on board R. V. Gaveshani. A Bibliography on quaternary paleoclimatic studies in the oceans. - Library, NIO, DOSS-11.

133 16 ANNEX - I BUDGET

Head of Expenditure Actuals 1985-86 Non-Plan Plan Total

A. RECURRING P1 Pay of Officers 23.500 4.500 28.000 P2 Pay of Establishment 15.190 1.114 16.304 P3 Allowances 77.970 11.081 89.051 P6 Maintenance 1.320 3.343 4.663 P7 Chemicals and Glassware 20.970 9.213 30.183 P8 Boat operation 72.320 80.022 152.342

TOTAL A 230.950 122.313 353.263

B. CAPITAL P5 (1) Works - 7.369 7.369 P5 (2) Services - 9.850 9.850 P5 (3) Equipment - 91.264 91.264 P5 (4) (i) Furniture - 2.885 2.885 (ii) Lib Books 8.790 0.500 9.290 (iii) Vehicles 1.259 - 1.259 (iv) Models and Exhibits - 0.805 0.805

TOTAL B 10.049 112.673 122.722

TOTAL A + B 240.999 234.986 475.985

134 ANNEX - II COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS COMMITTEES OF NIO

RESEARCH ADVISORY COUNCIL

1. Dr. S. Z. Qasim, Chairman Secretary, Department of Ocean Development, Mahasagar Bhavan, C. G. O. Complex, Block No. 12, Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110 003.

2. Dr. D. Srinivasan, Member Director, Naval Science & Technology Laboratory, Visakhapatnam - 530 006.

3. Prof. M. N. Sastry " Department of Chemistry, Andhra University, Waltair - 530 003. (A.P.)

4. Dr. S. Aditya " Director, Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, 9, Kaulargh Road, Dehradun - 248 001.

5. Vice-Admiral K. K. Nayyar, PVSM AVSM , A.D.C. " Vice Chief of Naval Staff, Naval Head Quarters, New Delhi 110 011.

6. Prof. V. S. Raju, " Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras - 600 036.

7. Prof. Supriya Roy, " Department of Geology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta - 700 032.

8. Prof. R. Natarajan, " Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology, Porto Novo, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, (Tamil Nadu). 135 9. Prof. M. P. Singh, Member Centre for Atmospheric Research, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi - 110 016.

10. Dr. E. V. Chitnis, Director, Space Application Centre, Jodhpur Tekra, Ahmedabad - 380 053, (Gujarat).

11. Dr. E. G. Silas, Central Institute of Brackish water Aquaculture, No.1, Karmeshwar Koil Street Mylapore, Madras 600 002.

12. Dr. R. P. Sarkar, " Director General, India Meteorological Department, Lodi Marg, New Delhi - 110 003.

13. Prof. (Mrs.) T. R. Doctor, " Head, Department of Microbiology, M. V. College, Andheri (West) , Bombay - 400 058.

14. Director General, Member SIR or his nominee. (ex-officio)

15. Director, " National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa.

16. Prof. V. K. Gaur, " Director, National Geophysical Research Institute Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 7 .

17. Dr. T. S. S. Rao. " Deputy Director National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004 18. Dr. N. Balakrishnan Nair, Member Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, (ex-officio) University of Kerala, Kerala.

136 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

1. Director, Chairman National Institute of Oceanography, Goa.

2. Prof. M. Gadgil, Member Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore - 560 012.

3. Prof. Supriya Roy, " Prof, of Geology, Deptt. of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Calcutta.

4. Prof. M. P. Singh, " Centre for Atmospheric Research, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi - 110 016.

5. Dr. J. S. Sastry, Deputy Director, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa.

6 Dr. M. D. Zingde, " Scientist-in-Charge, N. I. O. Regional Centre, Sea Shell, Seven Bungalows. Varsova, Bombay

7. Dr. A. B. Wagh, " Scientist, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa.

8. Administrative Officer, Member National Institute of Oceanography (ex-officio) Goa.

9. Sr. Finance & Accounts Officer, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa.

137 CRUISE PLANNING AND PROGRAMME PRIORITIES COMMITTEE FOR R. V. GAVESHANI & O. R. V. SAGAR KANYA

1. Dr. S. Z. Qasim, Chairman Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Ocean Development, Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No.12, C. G. O. Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110 003.

2. The Director General, Member Scientific and Industrial Research, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rafi Marg, New Delhi - 110 001.

3. Shri K. N. Johri, " Head, International Scientific Collaborations, Rafi Marg, New Delhi - 110 001.

4. Dr. R. K. Datta, " Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rafi Marg, New Delhi - 110 001.

5. Rear Admiral D. S. Paintal " P-7. Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110 016.

6. The Deputy Director General (Marine Geology) " Geological Survey of India, Ratnakar Building, 4, Chowringhee Lane, Calcutta.

7. The Adviser, » Legal and Treaties Division, Ministry of External Affairs, Patiala House, Tilak Marg, New Delhi.

8. The Secretary, " Department of Mines, Shastri biavan, New Delhi.

138 9. The Chairman, Member Commission for Addl. Source of Energy, c/o CASE, D. S. T., Shastri Bhavan, New Delhi.

10. The Chairman, " University Grants Commission, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi.

11. The Director (Operational), " Coast Guard Head Quarters, Ministry Defence, E. Block D. H. Q. P. O., New Delhi.

12. The Director, " Naval Physical Oceanography Laboratory , Naval Base, Cochin - 682 004.

13. The Director, " Naval Science and Technology Laboratory, Vigya Road, Visakhapatnam - 530 006.

14. The Director, " National Geophysical Research Institute, uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 007.

15. Shri. J. C. Seth, " Shipping Corporation of India, 229/232, Madam Cama Road, Bombay - 400 021.

16. The Director General, " India Meteorological Department, Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110 003.

17. The Chief Hydrographer, " Naval Hydrographic Office, Rajpur Road, Dehradun - 248 001.

18. The Chairman, " Oil and Natural Gas Commission, TeI Bhavan, Dehradun.

139 19. The Member Offshore, Member Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Express Towers, Nariman Point, Bombay.

20. The Director, Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, 9, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun - 248 001.

21. The Director, Centre of Earth Science Studies, Saikrishna Building, TC No. 9/1421, Sasthamangalam, Trivandrum - 10.

22. The Director, " Central Electrical Authority, Government of lnaia, Bikaner House, New Delhi - 110 011.

23. The Wireless Adviser, " Ministry of Communication, Sardar Patel Bhavan, New Delhi.

24. Adviser Ports. " Ministry of Shipping & Transport, Transport Bhavan, New Delhi.

25. Shri B. S. V. Rao, " Industrial Adviser, Director General of Technical Development, Udyog Bhavan, Maulana Azad Road, New Delhi. - 1 10 001.

26. Shri Vijay K. Nambiar, " Director (UNP & NAM), Ministry of External Affairs, South Block, New Delhi - 110 001.

27. Shri S. Ramanathan, " Deputy Adviser (S & T), Planning Commission, Yojana Bhavan, New Delhi - 110 001.

140 28. Dr. Pranav Desai, Member Deputy Head, Meteorology Division, Space Applications Centre, Jodhpur Terka, Ahmedabad.

29. Shri K. R. Sachar. " General Manager (C & P S Division), Shipping Corporation of India, 245, Madam Cama Road, Bombay - 400 021.

30. Dr. M. N. Nerurkar. " Joint Secretary, Department of Electronics, Lok Nayak Bhavan, New Delhi - 110 016.

31. Dr. M. N. Qureshy, " Adviser (ES) Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi - 110 016.

32. Dr. S. N. Dwivedi, " Director, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, J. P. Road, Andheri (West), Bombay - 400 058.

33. Dr. P. K. Pant, Project Manager, Bombay Off Shore Project, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, Bank of Baroda Bldg., Parliament Street, New Delhi - 110 001.

34. Shri V. M. K. Nair, Deputy Secretary (Land Customs). Central Board of Excise & Customs, Room No. 47-A, North Block, New Delhi - 110 001.

35. Commandor Narender Singh, " Director, Department of Non-Conventional Sources of Energy, CGO Complex, Block No. 14, New Delhi - 110 003.

141 36. Shri S. Gopalan, Member Director (Designs), Ministry of Shipping & Trasnport, Parivahan Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi - 110 001.

37. Shri A. P. Tewari, Department of Mines, Shastri Bhavan, New Delhi.

142 ANNEX - III 18 APPOINTMENTS /TRANSFERS /PROMOTIONS /RESIGNATIONS

New Appointments :

Shri Hanumantha Rao Kalluri as Senior Research Fellow w.e.f. 1 May, 1985. Kum Jivexa Patel as Senior Research Fellow w.e.f. 7 May, 1985. Kum. Vijaya D. Ambiye as Junior Research Fellow w.e.f. 10 May, 1985. Kum. Prita R. Shirvaikar as Junior Research Fellow w.e.f. 15 May 1985. Shri S. Upadhyay as Research Fellow w.e.f. 17 May, 1985. Dr. (Smt.) M. S. Shailaja as Research Associate w.e.f. 27 May, 1985. Dr. Unnikrishnan as Research Associate w.e.f. 5 August, 1985. Dr. M. Subba Rao as Research Associate w.e.f. 2 November, 1985. Shri Vitoba Estrocio as Mali w.e.f. 4 March, 1986. Shri Mukund G. Gauns as Safaiwala w.e.f. 5 March, 1986. Shri Mahadeo Barreto as Store Bearer w.e.f. 5 March, 1986. Shri Kexova Gaunco as Farash w.e.f. 5 March, 1986. Shri Dattaram Gauns as Safaiwala w.e.f. 5 March, 1986. Smt. Santana Ratos as Safaiwala w.e.f. 5 March, 1986. Smt. Ana Francisca Vaz as Peon w.e.f. 5 March, 1986. Transfers : Shri Lakhbir Singh, Administrative Officer was transferred as Deputy Secretary to CSIR, New Delhi on 16 October, 1985. Shri. R. V. Sharma from RRL, Hyderabad joined the Institute on transfer as Administrative Officer on 10 February, 1986. Shri. R. K. Nair, Stores & Purchase Officer, Gr. Ill after 32 years of service in CSIR retired on 31 January, 1986 on attaining the age of superannuation. He joined NIO on 25 February, 1972. Promotions : Scientist 'C' to 'E-I' : Dr. Ch. Madhusudana Rao w.e.f. 16 August, 1984 (AN). Shri R. M. S. Bhargava w.e.f. 16 August, 1984 (AN), Shri. V. P. Devassy w.e.f. 16 August, 1984.

143 Dr. D. Panakala Rao w.e.f. 17 August, 1984. Dr. A. G. Untawale w.e.f. 18 August, 1984. Dr. P. Sivadas w.e.f. 20 August, 1984. Shri P. Udaya Varma Thirupad w.e.f. 22 August, 1984. Scientist 'B' to 'C' : Dr. K. S. R. Murthy w.e.f. 22 April, 1984. Shri V. Ramesh Babu w.e.f. 6 August, 1984. Dr. S. G. Dalal w.e.f. 24 December, 1984. Shri Prabhu Desai w.e.f. 13 March 1985. Shri Jaswant Singh Sarupria w.e.f. 31 March, 1985.

Shri A. A. Fernandes as Scientist 'B' w.e.f., 1 February, 1985, JDO to Gr. IV(2) : Shri M. P. Tapaswi w.e.f. 17 May, 1984. Shri. M. S. S. Sarma as Scientist 'A' w.e.f. 1 February, 1985. Shri R. B. Shettigar as Sr. Gest. Operator Grade Il w.e.f. 25 May, 1984. Shri Mohammed Gawas as Mason Gr. Il w.e.f. 1 September, 1984. Shri R. P. Shett as Staff Car Driver Gr. Il w.e.f. 16 August, 1984. Shri Sonnu K. Surlekar as Driver Mechanic Grade Il w.e.f. 1 July, 1984. Shri Sheik AIi Karim as Photographic Asst. Gr. Il w.e.f. 6 April, 1984. Shri Baboi B. Toraskar as Jr. Deckhand Gr. Il w.e.f. 20 January, 1985. Shri Pramod Pawaskar as Tracer Gr. Il w.e.f. 20 January, 1985. Shri Dennis Rodrigues as Fine Mechanic Gr. Il (3) w.e.f. 24 January, 1985. Shri Peter Fernandes as Sr. Fitter w.e.f. 24 January, 1985. Shri R. Uchil as Tracer Gr. Il w.e.f. 24.2.1985. Shri S. N. Arlekar as Tracer Gr. Il w.e.f. 28.1.1985. Shri V. B. Naik as Workshop Asst. Gr. I (4) w.e.f. 2 February, 1985. Shri A. D. Rodrigues as SLA w.e.f. 9 March. 1985. Shri Chandrakant Sirvoicar as Book Binder Gr. I (3) w.e.f. 28 Novem- ber, 1984. Resignations : Shri N. K. Viswambharan, Research Fellow w.e.f. 26 July 1985. Shri A. Mascarenhas S. L. A. w.e.f. 27 April, 1985. Shri C. Uthay Sankar J. T. A. w.e.f. 3 January, 1986.

144 19 ANNEX - IV SCIENTIFIC. TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF (The staff upto the level of JTA/Assistant as on 31st March, 1986) Director

Dr. V. V. R. Varadachari (upto 30th June, 1985) Dr. H. N. Siddiquie (from 1st July, 1985)

Rear Admiral O. S. Paintal, Adviser at New Delhi.

A. Headquarters

1. Physical Oceanography Division Junior Technical Assistants Head of the Division Shri K. Santanam Dr. J. S. Sastry " D. Sundar " M. T. Babu Scientists " A. M. Almeida Shri L. V. G. Rao " G. S. Michael Dr. C. S. Murthy " V. Krishna Kumar " D. P. Rao Shri M. J. Varkey Research Associate " C. K. Gopinathan Dr. M. Subba Rao Dr. N. Bahulayan "" S. R. Shetye Pool Officer " S. S. Nath Shri. V. Ramesh Babu Dr. A. S. Unnikrishnan Dr. M. K. Antony Shri V. Kesava Das Senior Research Fellow " A. F. Anto Shri D. Sen Gupta " A. D. Gouveia " P. V. Sathe 2. Chemical Oceanography Division " R. J. K. Charyulu Head of the Division " Y. K. Somayajulu Dr. R. Sen Gupta " D. V. Rama Raju " V. V. Gopalakrishnan Scientists " M. R. Ramesh Kumar " V. S. N. Murthy Shri S. P. Anand " S. Prasanna Kumar Dr. S. Y. S. Singbal Dr. S. Shenoi Dr. S. Y. Kamat Shri A. Suryanarayana Dr. A. Rajendran Dr. Y. Sadhuram " C. G. Naik Shri P. Vethamony " S. N. D'Souza " Y. V. B. Sarma Shri S. W. A. Nagvi Dr. T. V. Ramana Murthy Dr. S. Wahidullah. Shri M. S. S. Sarma Shri M. D. George " A. A. Fernandes Dr. S. P. Fondekar Dr. M. D. Rajgopal Senior Technical Assistant Mrs. C. D'Silva Mrs. S. Sardessai Shri G. Nampoothiri Dr. T. Kureishy

145 Miss S. Sanzgiri Shri N. H. Hashimi Shri M. Dileep Kumar " F. Almeida " P. S. Parameswaran " M. V. S. Gupta " P. V. Narvekar " L V. Subba Raju " S. T. Kannan Dr. A. L. Paropkari Mrs. A. M. Mesquita Shri G. C. Bhattacharya Dr. K. Sawkar Dr. R. Nigam Dr. F. P. De Souza " S. M. Karisiddaiah Shri M. Manoharan Shri A. R. Gujar Mrs. M. L. D'Souza " M. V. Ramana " A. Mascarenhas Senior Technical Assistants Dr. A. B. Valsangkar Mrs. C. M. Dias Shri V. Subramanyam " N. P. C. Reddy Mrs. B. Das " Shri R. Nagarajan B. N. Nath Miss J. Pratima Junior Technical Assistants Shri V. P. C. Rao " V. K. Banakar Dr. P. V. Shirodkar " M. S. Prasad Mrs. K. A. Rao " G. H. Ranade Shri D. A. Jayakumar " R. Mukhopadhyaya " D. A. Algarswamy " V. N. Kodagali " K. Soma Sundar " Shyam Murti Gupta Miss C. Suguna " T. Ramprasad " R. Banerjee Research Associates " M. Sudhakar Dr. M. S. Shailaja " R. K. Sharma Dr. A. Sarkar " S. Afzulpurkar " S. Nagendra Senior Research Fellow " P. S. Rao " V. Ramaswamy Miss Jivexa Patel Dr. D. V. Borole Mr. G. Upadhyaya Shri K. A. Ramesh Raju Mrs. Jayashree Ghosh " Iyer Sridhar " O. S. Chauhan Junior Research Fellow " P. D. Naidu Mr. J. Bhattacharya " A. V. Mudholkar " B. Chakraborty 3. Geological Oceanography Division " K. Sree Krishna Head of the Division A. K. Chaubey Dr. H. N. Siddiquie N. H. Khadge " M. C. Pathak Scientists " E. C. A. Dias K. A. Kotnala Dr. M. G. A. P. Setty Shri P. S. N. Murthy Senior Technical Assistants Shri R. R. Nair Dr. Ch. M. Rao Shri P. A. Marathe " D. G. Rao " S. K. Nanyasi " M. Veerayya " N. V. Ambre Shri B. G. Wagle " K. H. Vora

146 Junior Technical Assistants Scientists Shri A. S. Muralinath Dr. A. H. Parulekar " P. G. Mislankar " A. G. Untawale " B. Rama Lingeshwara Rao " V. P. Devassy " B. Vijayakumar " Aditi Pant " G. Janakiram " S. C. Goswami " F. Vijayan " S. Vijayaraghavan " R. Venkatesan " P. M. A. Bhattathiri " V. S. Rajaraman " D. Chandramohan " G. M. Phadte " Loka Bharathi " Tony Thottam " R. A. Selvakumar " K. V. Durgaram " M. Madhupratap " B. U. Rao " C. T. Achuthankutty " T. Sudhakar " S. N. Harkantra " D. G. Gracias " J. Royan " Y. Satyanarayana Raju Shri S. R. S. Nair " P. R. Vijayan Dr. Z. A. Ansari " P. Ganesan ." L. Krishnakumari " K. M. Sivakholundu " M. V. M. Wafar " N. Athiaman " A. K. Chatterji " N. Prabhakaran Shri N. Ramaiah " A. Gosh Dr. V. K. Dhargalkar " S. S. Gaonkar " R. Menezes " G. A. Walker " X. N. Verlenkar " R. C. Agarwal Mrs. S. Wafar " G. Parthiban Shri B. S. lngole " S. S. Pattenshetty " S. G. P. Matondkar " C. Prakash Babu Dr. S. Raghukumar " D. K. Naik Dr. L. Raghukumar " K. L. Naik Shri T. G. Jagtap " R. A. A. Luis Dr. U. Goswami " K. Srinivas Mrs. S. Achuthankutty

Junior Mechanical Assistant Senior Technical Assistant Shri A. V. Sonawane Shri V. Subramaniam

Radio Operator Junior Technical Assistants Shri S. De Almeida Shri J. I. Goes " J. M. Roy Senior Research Fellows Shri M. Suresh Raj Senior Research Fellow " B. Janardhan Reddy Miss Helga Gomes

Junior Research Fellow Junior Research Fellows Miss Aradhana Rao Miss Geeta Deshmukh 4. Biological Oceanography Division Mr. C. R. K. Reddy Head of the Division Miss Vijaya Ambhiye Dr. T. S. S. Rao Miss P. Shirvoicar

147 5. Biofouling and Corrosion Section Shri E. J. D'Sa Head of the Section " A. Joseph Dr. A. B. Wagh " T. Suresh " Arvind Ghosh Scientist Mrs. V. B. Peshwe Dr. N. B. Bhosle Senior Technical Assistants Junior Technical Assistant Shri A. P. Selvam " Md. Wahidullah Shri S. S. Sawant " V. M. Date

Senior Research Fellows Junior Technical Assistants Shri A. C. Anil Shri Andrew Menezes " T. V. Raveendran " K. Raghavan " V. P. Venugopalan " L. K. Bhat Senior Mechanical Assistant Junior Research Fellows Shri S. B. Tengali Shri K. Nandakumar Junior Mechanical Assistant 6. Ocean Engineering Division Shri V. N. Chodankar Head of the Division Dr. B. U. Nayak Fine Mechanic Shri D. Rodrigues Scientists Dr. N. M. Anand Junior Research Fellow Shri S. G. Diwan Shri R. Y. P. Desai " P. Chandra mohan " S. Mandal " A. K. Suryavanshi 8. Publication & Information Division " K. Ashok Kumar Head of the Division " Ravi Kottur Shri R. M. S. Bhargava Junior Technical Assistants Scientists Shri H. C. Mandal " P.S. Pednekar Shri S. J. D. Varaprasad " K. C. Pathak " S. R. Bhat Senior Technical Assistants 7. Marine Instrumentation & Computer Division Mrs. R. Thomas Head of the Division Dr. E. Desa 9. Training Division Head of the Division Scientists Dr. B. N. Desai Shri M. R. Nayak Dr. E. S. Desa Scientist Shri J. S. Sarupriya Shri G. N. Swamy " R. G. P. Desai " G. Venkata Reddy

148 10. Planning Cell Section Officers Scientists Shri C. M. Dias Dr. S. G. Dalal " M. Krishna Murthy Shri G. Benerjee " P. V. S. S. R. Sarma Assistants Shri Joslin D'MeIIo Junior Technical Assistant " M. G. Dalvi Mrs. S. Simon 14. Stores and Purchase Section Senior Stores and Purchase Officer 11. Library Shri M. R. Gurumurthy Senior Documentation Officer Shri M. P. Tapaswi Assistants

Senior librarian Shri T. C. Fernandes " G. K. Gaur Mrs. S. H. Oka " P. Gopinathan " K. S. Naik Library Assistant " T. K. Ramankutty Shri G. N. Sainekar Junior Technical Assistant 12. Establishment and General Shri Blasco Fernandes Sections Administrative Officer Shri Lakhbir Singh (upto October 15. Works Section 16, 1985) Civil Engineers Shri R. V. Sharma (October 17, Shri T. N. Sharnappa 1985 onwards) Shri George Philip

Section Officers Junior Engineers Shri K. P. Rajaram Shri R. B. Kubsad " K. R. Das " K. B. Kulkarni " K. Ramamoorthy " Mathew P. Chacko

Senior Personal Assistant 16. NIO Dispensary Shri V. N. N. Menon Resident Medical Officer Dr. Lakshmi V. Bhandare Assistants 17. Boats Shri Peter D'Silva Bosum Shri R. K. Duggal Shri R. R. Garudi " Paul D'Souza Mrs. Nancy Mascarenhas

Senior Stenographers Miss Milagrine Cardozo Mrs. Juliana Pinto

13. Accounts Section Senior Finance & Accounts Officer Shri A. Rajachandran

149 B. Regional Centres

1. Regional Centre, Bombay Dr. G. Peter Scientist-in-Charge Shri P. Venugopal Dr. M. D. Zingde Senior Scientific Assistant Scientists Shri K. S. Purushan Shri V. Josanto Dr. V. R. Nair Senior Technical Assistants Dr. K. Govindan Shri S. Kumaran Shri M. M. Sabnis " K. K. Balachandran " R. V. Sarma " K. R. Shyam Dr. S. N. Gajbhiye Dr. A. N. Kadam Senior Personal Assistant Junior Technical Assistants Shri C. S. Krishna Pai

Miss P. D. Gore Senior Stores and Purchase Shri P. Sharma Assistant " A. V. Mandalia " J. Ram Shri P. V. Raphael " M. A. Rokade Senior Draughtsman 2. Regional Centre, Cochin Shri V. N. Mohanan Scientist-in-Charge Dr. M. Krishnankutty Senior Stenographer Scientists Shri K. K. Gopinathan Dr. R. V. Unnithan " V. N. Sankaranarayanan Assistant " P. Sivadas Shri P. B. John " P. U. Varma " U.K. Gopalan Precision Mechanic " K. J. Peter " B. H. Panikkar Shri T. R. Valson " M. Saraswathi " P. N. Arvindakshan Pool Officer " V. T. Paulinose Dr. M. Vijayan Mrs. C. B. L. Devi Dr. V. Santhakumari Research Associate (DOD) Shri K. Kameswara Rao " K. K. C. Nair Dr. Renu Gupta Dr. T. C. Gopalakrishna " T. Balachandran Senior Research Fellows Shri P. S. Gore Shri M. Viswakumar Mrs. U. P. Saramma Smt. K. Sunitha Mrs. P. P. M. Kunjamma Mrs. R. Stephen Research Fellows (DOD) Mrs. K. V. Jayalakshmi Dr. P. Haridas Shri Doyil T. Vengayil Shri T. Balasubramaniam Mrs. K. S. Devi Junior Research Fellows Mrs. T. Joseph Shri N. Prabhakaran 150 Shri C. Revichandran " E. V. Rajeevan " A. S. Sundaram

3. Regional Centre, Waltair Scientise-in-Charge Dr. T. C. S. Rao

Scientists Shri V. S. Rama Raju Dr. G. V. Rajamanickam Dr. K. S. R. Murthy Shri M. M. M. Rao Shri A. S. Subramanyam " T. V. Narasimha Rao " B. P. Rao " K. M. Rao

Senior Scientific Assistants Shri P. V. Rathod " K. V. L. N. S. Sarma

Junior Technical Assistants Shri M. R. Premakumar " S. Kannan " S. L. Narayanan " K. Venkateshwarlu

* * * * * * * *

151 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY DONA PAULA — 403 004, GOA, INDIA

Grams : OCEANOLOGY. PANJIM Telephones : 6253, 6254, 6255, Telex : 194-216 NIO IN 6256 & 5988 0194-314 MG IN 4612 (Director's Off.) 4909 (Director's Res.)

REGIONAL CENTRES National Institute of Oceanography Regional Centre Telephones : 573773, 574807 Sea Shell Buildings Grams : OCEANOLOGY Seven Bungalows BOMBAY Versova Bombay 400 061. National Institute of Oceanography Regional Centre Telephones : 30306, 39384 Pullepady Cross Road Grams : OCEANOLOGY Post Box No. 1913 ERNAKULAM Cochin — 682 018. National Institute of Oceanography Regional Centre Telephones : 64634, 63992 B-l-70 Bonanza Grams : OSTECHLAB Peda Waltair WALTAIR Visakhapatnam - 530 017