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RI42 Stratigraphy and Depositional History of the Post-Choptank

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RI42 Stratigraphy and Depositional History of the Post-Choptank UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE DELAWARE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS NO. 42 SEISMIC LINE NO. SHOT POINT NO. / DGS I / DS 5 s 300 200 400 300 200 SEA FLOOR 3 -I -<::~_--=--=~-- ::E ____ BASE OF COLUMBIA 2c o 0.1 ~ ~s;;::---_ --.:.. - 2b -- ~ A~~~iII1"~~~~ fiJ STRATIGRAPHY fTl-l 0;:u OF 20 ~:l> CCilnl~r>JlLCHESAPEAKE < POS -- 0.2 fTl r BASE OF S1 MARYS (?) -I s: fTl SCALE o 12 24, 0.3 (IN FEET xlOOOl BY A. Seon ANDRES STATE OF DELAWARE NEWARK, DELAWARE AUGUST 1986 STRATIGRAPHY AND DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF THE POST-CHOPTANK CHESAPEAKE GROUP by A. Scott Andres Delaware Geological Survey August 1986 CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT •• · . 1 INTRODUCTION 2 Purpose and Scope 2 Previous Investigations 2 Acknowledgments •• 5 METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 5 General ..•.•• 5 Well Log Analysis • 5 Seismic Stratigraphy. 6 Seismic Facies Analysis 8 ONSHORE DATA •••••••• 8 Stratigraphy and Lithology. ·. 8 Depositional Framework•• 15 OFFSHORE SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY AND CORRELATIONS WITH ONSHORE CONTROL. • 18 External Form and Gross Correlations. 18 Internal Form and Correlations. 22 Structures. • 24 Seismic Facies. 25 DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY 28 CONCLUSIONS. 30 REFERENCES • ·. 36 ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1. Well and seismic line location map 4 2. Idealized well log facies. 7 3. Cross-section A-A' 9 4. Cross-section B-A' ••• 10 5. Cross-section C-C' ••• 11 6. Base of st. Marys(?) Formation structure contour map •••• 16 i Page Figures 7. St. Marys(?) Fo:r:mation isopachous contour map . 17 8. Base of Manokin·formation··· · ···structure contour map . 19 9. Manokin and Bethany· ··formations····· isopachous contour map. • 20 10. Manokin and Bethany formations· · cumulative sand percentage contour map • 21 11- Generalized geologic and seismic cross-section 23 12. Possible faults····and structural·· · · style 26 1 3. Seismic facies . 27 1 4a. Depositional history-Subsequence· · ······ 2a basin. 31 14b. Depositional history-Subsequence 2b basin. 32 14c. Depositional history-Subsequence 2c basin. 33 TABLES Tables 1­ Geologic and Hydrologic Units••.••••• 3 2. Sequences, seismic facies, and depositional environments.•••••••••••.•• 34 ii STRATIGRAPHY AND DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF THE POST-CHOPTANK CHESAPEAKE GROUP ABSTRACT Onshore and offshore geological and geophysical data were used to investigate the lithostratigraphy, seismic stratigraphy, and depositional history of the late Tertiary age post-Choptank Chesapeake Group rocks in Sussex County, Delaware and adjacent counties in Maryland. The results of this investigation suggest that the st. Marys!?) Formation and the sandy interval of which the Manokin aquifer is a part, are distinct lithostratigraphic units. The Manokin formation is proposed as an informal lithostratigraphic unit that refers to the sandy interval of which the Manokin aquifer is a part. On a regional scale, the section containing the Ocean City and Pocomoke aquifers and adjacent and intervening confining beds is best treated as a single undifferentiated lithostratigraphic unit. The Bethany formation is proposed as an informal lithostratigraphic unit that refers to this section. The seismic data suggest that the post-Choptank Chesapeake Group consists of at least two depositional sequences that are separate from the underlying older Chesapeake Group and overlying depositional sequences. The complex internal structure of the seismic sequences demonstrates that, in Delaware, the lithostratigraphy of the post-St. Marys!?) Chesapeake Group is not correlative with its seismic stratigraphy. The post-Choptank Chesapeake Group was deposited as a wave and fluvial energy-dominated delta complex. The delta complex was deposited in three phases. During the first two phases the delta advanced as two separate lobes onto a shallow marine shelf. During the third phase, a small basin that formed north of the first two lobes was filled. The Manokin formation was deposited in a delta front to lower delta plain setting, probably as wave reworked distributary channel sands and distributary mouth bars The Bethany formation was deposited in a locally variable setting, ranging from delta plain to delta front. 1 INTRODUCTION Purpose and Scope This report documents the results of an investigation of the post-Choptank Chesapeake Group, defined herein as the st. Marys(?) Formation, and the overlying Upper Miocene Aquifer Complex as described by Hansen (1981). The Aquifer Complex has traditionally been subdivided into the Manokin, Ocean City, and Pocomoke aquifers, and intervening fine-grained aquitards (see Table 1). The Aquifer Complex currently supplies water to many of the coastal communities and is the probable source of water for future development. An understanding of the geologic framework will aid future hydrogeologic investigations by more clearly defining the relationships between aquifers and confining beds and by identifying potential hydrologic boundaries. A map of the study area with well and seismic line locations is shown in Figure 1. Onshore and offshore geologic and geophysical data were used to investigate the lithostratigraphy, seismic stratigraphy, and depositional history of the late Tertiary age post-Choptank Chesapeake Group in Sussex County, Delaware and adjacent counties in Maryland. The data include three 24-fold common depth point (CDP) stacked seismic reflection profiles collected for the Delaware, Maryland, and U. S. Geological surveys, drill-hole geophysical and lithologic logs, and published outcrop and paleontologic evaluations. The combination of seismic and well­ log data provides a perspective of the subsurface not available from either data set alone. Previous Investigations Previous work has largely been water resources oriented and has focused on the occurrence and availability of fresh ground water (e.g., Rasmussen and Slaughter, 1955; Sundstrom and Pickett, 1969; Miller, 1971; Cushing et al., 1973; Weigle and Achmad, 1982; Hodges, 1984). Geologic~ata were usually obtained as a by-product of water resources investigations. As a result of this emphasis on hydrogeology, the core samples necessary for completing detailed geologic evaluations have not been available, and much of the geologic knowledge is limited to interpretations of the distribution of the fresh water-bearing aquifers. This approach has evolved a confusing hybrid stratigraphy, in which units are defined according to hydrologic and lithologic criteria. 2 r. U Hydrologic Units 0 Geologic Units a. (Weigle and Achmad,1982) U.I (used in this report) Unnamed beds of I CD ~c marine, estuarine, and OCD ::J:U continental origin ('-- IIII 11111111111111111 CD C 0 CD Omar Formation U :Qa. 0 e:::S III :d~ -CD oC) Beaverdam Formation Pleistocene aquifer U Q. ---------- Upper confining bed Pocomoke aquifer Bethany formation Lower confining bed Ocean City aquifer Lower confining bed CD c CD Manokin formation Manokin aquifer U 0 -:E Sf. Marys (1) Formation ? I ?"'IIIIIIII'? Choptank Formation Frederica aquifer ~---------_.. ----------- Calvert Formation Table 1. Geologic and hydrologic units. 3 ! DELAWARE \ tbl!5-Z9• BAY i /14,22:-4• \ i ~eI3-3 i, 'GREENWOOD NC4a-2• Nf\4-2 Ng1-17 70'4"! O.I~-I 3.'40'+ i Od24·1 • Of 34.2 09l2-3 Oc~-3 •• Od22-1 \ ••0\131"1 i GEOflGETOWN Pc211-14 PI24~'• \ Pc\4!5-3 Pc •43- P'i4-4 \ .LAUf;lEL Q142-2 \ Q,52-2 c'.l • • O<lrOhlH• ! ... L'--~-------_Q~~~I!.E_-----_~~~. ":_~':~~IL__ ~ARYLANO Wor A~19 Wor Af30 WICU85 WiC,S2 W1id6!S • WICh38 • Wore,3'• WIOd23• 7S'4!5' 75'00' +38'15' +38'15' EXPLANATION • DATA POINT Som :93 'No.OdGD• 111115-1 WELL/BORING NUMBER 200 ~_JU~.JJ 1SEISMIC LINE AND t;J IOoj SHOTPOINT NUMBER ---- STATE BOUNOARY Som Oe28 A I--IA' LINE OF CROSS SECTION • FIGURE I. WELL AND SEISMIC LINE LOCATION MAP Figure 1. Well and seismic line location map. Several recent interpretations of the geology of the Chesapeake Group are presented in Owens and Denny (1979), Hansen (1981), Newell and Rader (1982), Kidwell (1984), Ward (1984), and Mixon (1985). Woodruff (1977) presents preliminary interpretations of the seismic reflection data used in this report. One interpreted marine multichannel seismic reflection profile used in this report is presented in Weigle and Achmad (1982). Field (1979) presents the results of a single channel sparker and acoustipulse seismic reflection investigation. Acknowledgments Thanks are expressed to Richard N. Benson, Kenneth D. Woodruff, John H. Talley, and Robert R. Jordan of the Delaware Geological Survey for their discussions of the interpretation of geologic and geophysical data. Harry J. Hansen (Maryland Geological Survey), and Kenneth D. Woodruff, John H. Talley, Richard N. Benson, and Robert R. Jordan (Delaware Geological Survey) are thanked for critically reviewing the manuscript. sandra Dunn drafted the figures for this report. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION General The principles and procedures of sedimentary basin analysis presented in Miall (1984) and Galloway and Hobday (1983) were used to evaluate the bedding geometry and spatial relationships within and among lithologic units of the post-Choptank Chesapeake Group. The approach generates information that can be used to predict the subsurface distribution and gross textural characteristics of sand bodies. This information is useful in ground-water expforation. Well Log Analysis Lithostratigraphic units were defined based on the occurrence of similar geophysical log characteristics and lithologies both in individual drill holes and on a regional scale. There was no chronostratigraphic intent in the designation of the lithostratigraphic units. 5 Semi-quantitative measurements
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