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Hatfield Conference o Trencherfield Mill engine o Boar's Head Mills o awards Rhode lsland o Svalbard ropeways o Pontcysyllte Aqueduct o regional news AIA Hatfield Conference 2OO4

The 2004 conference, 'Hertfordshire and the Lea maltings - the area was pafticularly rich in these, Valley', was held at the University of but because the majority were timber-framed, they Hertfordshire's de Havilland Campus in Hatfield had a poor survival rate. After coffee, Dr Richard INDUSTRIAL on l3-19 August, Thanks are especially due to Hills spoke on paper-making in Hertfordshire, Tim Smith and Malcolm fucker with their fellow which was very much a local industry due to the ARCHAEOLOGY conspirators Bob Carr and Mary Mills, and of abundance of water supplies. Then Brenda course to conference organiser Tony Parkes. Buchanan gave an erudite explanation of the early NEWS 131 Thanks also to Tony Jervis and John Brown for application and manufacture of gunpowder at Winter 2OO4 contributions to this report. Waltham Abbey. This closed as a factory at the conclusion of WW2 but continued as a research

Honorary President Roger Ford facility until the 1 990s. Prof Angus Buchanan There was a choice of three visits on the 13 Hensley Road, Bath 8A2 2DR Chairman 112 Saturday afternoon. The Apsley Paper Trail started Chairman AIA Mike Bone welcomed Prof Marilyn Palmer delegates to the 2004 Conference on the Friday with a visit to John Dickinson's Frogmore Mill, School of Archaeological Studies, The University, evening, after the daytime seminar (to be reportin which still produces specialist papers. We saw Leicester LEI 7RH in lA News 134. All lectures were held in a paper made from all sorts of vegetable sources, Vice-Chairman lVike Bone curiously designed theatre, which featured easily including elephant droppings (euphemistically Sunnyside, Avon Close, Keynsham, Bristol 8531 2UL the worst slide production I have ever seen (and labelled'elle pooh'). They have a Foudrinier Secretary the ugliest ceiling). For the lectures from the next machine of 1896, installed second-hand in 1907. Barry Hood day a 'normal' projector set up The concluded with a wonderful spread 7 Loch Way, Kemnay, Inverurie, Aberdeenshire AB51 5QZ onwards slide was afternoon Treasurer and the built-in facilities not used. of home-made cakes laid on at the beautifully Richard Hartree Tim Smith gave the introductory lecture on restored Redbournbury Watermill. The second visit Stables Cottage, Sibford Fenis, Banbury 0Xl 5 5RE the Hertfordshire area, followed by Dr Jim Lewis was to the Leighton Buzzard narrow-gauge lA Review Editor (built Dr David Gwyn on the Lea Valley. A short burst of members' railway for sand conveyance), where closed Nant y Felin, Llanllyfni Road, Pen y Groes, contributions rounded off the evening, first with coach no, 12 was reserved for AIA delegates, with Caernarfon LL54 6LY Derek Bayliss showing slides from the 1970s ordinary visitors in a separate vehicle. Loco 'PC. lA News Editor Leighton Buzzard railway, Erian Allen' hauled the train and time was allowed to Dr Peter Stanier taken at the 49 Breach Lane, Shaftesbury Dorset SP7 8LF Adams followed on the Rafael Salaman tool see Stonehenge works, loading sidings and quarry. Aff iliated Societies Off icer collection (all of which have now been displaced The third trip was to the Ware Maltings, Prof Ray Riley by mechanisation), then Paul Sowan on the visiting a series of sites on the River Lea, The town 8 Queen's Keep, Clarence Parade, Southsea P05 3NX a the Conference Secretary discovery of Reigate stone blocks built into of Ware was a major malting centre for Tony Parkes Roman tile kiln, and finally John Crompton gave a London trade, at one time having nearly I00 malt 60 School Lane, Hill Ridware, Rugeley W51 5 3QN thorough analysis of an early rail trip by Queen houses. The annual conference dinner was held in Endangered Sites Officer Victoria, starting at Watford and foraying via the evening. Dr Mike Nevell University of Manchester Archaeology Unit, University Drayton Manor to Chatsworth and Belvoir. As is now traditional, Sunday morning started of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester lvl'13 gPL The first of Saturday morning's lecturers were with presentations of the AIA Awards, reported Librarian and Archivist Herrfordshire planning officer Jonathan Smith, on elsewhere, followed by the AGM when the main John Powell year Bone c/o lcN4I lronbridge Telford, Shropshire TF8 7DQ the planning process and lA, and Amber Patrick on change this was a swap between Mike Publicity Officer Jonathan Briggs 46 Anowsmith Drive, Stonehouse GLl 0 2QR Recording Awards Officer Dr Victoria Beauchamp 3 Parsonage Court, Parsonage Crescent, Walkley, Sheffield 56 5BJ 5ales Officer Roger Ford Barn Cottage, Bridge Street, Bridgnorth WV1 5 6AF Council Members Christine Ball Dr Robert Carr (BA Awardt Dr Paul Collins (Partnerships) David Lyne (Conservation Award) Michael lVessenger Dr Mary l\4ills Peter Neaverson (AlA Abstracts; Book Review Editor) Honorary Vice-Presidents Sir Neil Cossons John Hume Stuart B. Smith Liaison Officer

5tmon I nomas AIA Office, School ofArchaeological Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LEl 7RH I 01 1 6 252 5337, Fax: 01 1 6 252 5005 e-mail: [email protected],uk Website: www industrialarchaeology.org uk

COVER PICTURE This model of a pre-war Comet aeroplane serves as an inn sign outside the Comet Hotel, Hatfield. fhe hotel was opened in 1936 and is close to the de Havilland Explanation of the Colossus Mark 2 rebuild at Bletchley Park site venue for the AIA Conference Photo:RJMCarr Photo.RJMCan

2 INDUSTRIAL AR.HAE)L)GY NEWS 131 Edge nill at the James Pulham Terracotta Works, The Clock Mill, Three Mills, Bromley-in-Bow Colin Bowden takes over by gefting the man in charge at Broxbourne Photo: Marilyn Palmer Frognore paper mill to measure the flywheel of the stean Photo: M Harrison ensine, since he was not attowed in tlfJT!,ffiill. n,r*

and Prof. Marilyn Palmer - Marilyn now becomes Chairman and Mike becomes Vice-Chairman. Christine Ball was voted onto Council. Dr Alison Sheridan also spoke briefly to remind delegates of the prestigious British Archaeological Awards which are the'Oscars' of archaeology and are held every two years. They include the AIA lronbridge Award for the best adaptive, innovative re-use of any historic or industrial building. Details of this A|A-sponsored award are given on the AIA website. The Rolt Memorial Lecture was delivered by Dr Denis Smith on 'Landscape with Writers: Engineering and the Industrial Landscape in English Literature'. He was assisted by Sonia Rolt, who gave prose and poetry readings to illustrate the lecture, When published in lndustrial Archaeology Reviewlhis should widen members' reading tastes!

The AIA adnires Station X at Bletchley Park Photo: M Hanison On Sunday afternoon one visit went to Waltham Abbey Gunpowder Mills, many of the remains of which were viewed from a tractor- pulled 'land train' (though it is hoped to re- commission the narrow gauge railway that supplemented the site's canal transport system, which has left behind some very fine cast-iron aqueducts. The second tour first saw Whitewebbs Road Transport Museum where, in addition to the vehicles, there is a 200-feet deep well sunk into the chalk, designed to top up the'New River' by means of two compound beam engines, removed in 1950, though the valve house remains. The remnants of the New River were visited in the grounds of Myddelton House, and then a visit was paid to the Flash Lane aqueduct, constructed in

1 820 to shorten the course of the New River by taking it over the Cuffley Brook. The third visit took a walk around the hat-making district of Luton (many of these small manufactories are still going on), with a visit to the Luton Museum which, amongst other interesting things, contains qold Visiting the King George V Punping Station at Enfield Photo: M Harrison a wonderful Roman hoard of and silver

INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 131 3 took a canal walk to Bullbourne workshoos, where wooden lock gates were crafted from 1848 until March 2004. Both groups eventually reunited at Pitstone Green Museum, where such delights as a brush-maker's shop, plumber's shop, shoemaker's shop and a wheelwright's shop are housed in farm buildings. The second party spent the morning at the RAF Museum at Hendon, where the Grahame White building was opened especially for us. This contains WWI aircraft, some genuine, some recreated. After lunch we took a walk around the restored site of the Royal Small Arms factory at Enfield Lock, then on to see the Royal Gunpowder Mills at Waltham Abbey. Evening lectures were by Lindsay Collier on the Museum of Industry of the Lea Valley at Waltham, and Tom Ridge on the surviving industrial buildings on the west bank of the River Lea close to Bow Locks. Wednesday's trips went to the Lower Lea Valley and the Central Lea Valley. The Lower Valley visit suffered from very bad traffic Canal and bridge at the Royal Gunpowder Mills, Walthan Abbey Photo'M Harrison congestion, the first 15 miles taking 1% hours! The first port of call was Sir Joseph Bazalgette's coins, all struck during a short 30-year period of aided by Peter Jervies at Bletchley Park where 'temple to sewage' pumping station at Abbey British history, Enigma, a replica Eombe machine, and the soon- Mills, then on to Three Mills for a thorough tour, Evening lectures featured Phillip Birtles on to-be-finished reconstruction of Colossus took and finally around Old Ford and Hackney Wick. the history of early aviation under de Havilland, centre stage. The Central Lea Valley tour commenced with whose first successful flight took place in 1910. In the first evening lecture GLIAS secretary a walk around Boxbourne, followed by inspection Having sold Hendon Airfield to the British Brian Strong gave a brief history of the London of the preserved steam pumping engine at government for f400, the company moved in Distilling industry and the site on Three Mills Turnford. Next, a really spectacular feature, to the 1934 to the campus site we were on. Then Hugh lsland in the River Lea where the grain was Humphrey engines at Enfield which pumped the Davies gave an absolutely outstanding lecture on prepared. He was followed by a dissertation on 420-acre 2.7 million gallon King George V Bletchley Park, the Enigma machine and the the Grand Union Canal system from Alan Reservoir. Denis Smith was on hand to explain world's very first, top secret, computer called Faulkner, who has written three books on the how these almost unique (no pistons, gearing or Colossus. subject. The last commercial cargoes were barrels rotative parts) producer-gas engines functioned The all-day trips started on the Monday, with of Rose's lime juice shipped until 1981. until 1968/9. After a further visit to the Royal either the Stort Valley Maltings, with lunch at Tuesday was marred by heavy showers. One Ordnance Buildings, where Lee Enfields were Harlow. a trio around the area centred on party went to West Hertfordshire, starting at manufactured, the party adjourned close to Stansted Airport, visits to Great Dunmow Frogmore Mill on the paper trail, then dividing Tottenham Hale to visit a Woolf compound beam Maltings, and French & Jupp's maltings at into two groups at Startops End where lunch was engine used to pump sewage. lt was a very dodgy Stansted; or Luton (as on Sunday) followed by a taken.One group walked around the reservoirs at area. To quote Dr Bob Carr: 'this place started as further enthusiastic session with Huqh Davies, Tringford pumping station, while the other group a Victorian sewage works and has gone down hill ever since.' However, there was a very high standard of graffiti! Finally, to Low Hall Pump House Museum, as described by Lindsay Collier on the previous evening. The final two lectures on the conference on the Wednesday evening took in Garden Cities, by Mervyn Miller, and watercress growing by Stevie Fletcher. Next day we all explored the former concept, starting with an interesting conducted tour of Letchworth which included the beautifully restored ballroom on the top floor of the Spirella corset factory the rest of which is offices, and a selection of architect-designed houses. The Garden City was developed prior to WWI to the philosophical concepts of Ebenezer Howard who considered that towns should combine the best of the urban environment and the best of the country. After lunch, to Stevenage (dire), concluding the conference visits in the industrial zone of Welwyn Garden City. The 2004 Conference will be remembered for some outstanding field trips - for my money Bletchley Park was especially memorable - which more than made up for the university's sadly

Crossley diesel engine of 1932 at Redbournbury corn mill Photo: M Harrison unimaginative catering.

4 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 131 The Trencherfield Mill Engine Restoration

The impoftance of the Trencherfield Mill engine adaptations. As with archaeology in general the obvious, in the corliss valve gear linkages and the at Wigan has long been recognised as being an context is historically as important as the object. internal (and external) heavy 'knocking' was almost unique survivor of such significant size The engine had a hard working life since its ominous to say the least. and still in its original location and still in stean. installation in the new Trencherfield Mill in 1907 jonathan Minns soberingly presented the Various attempts were made at restoration over and was in such a critical condition that further flywheel options in his original report on the the years but although intentions were good, running would have proved to have had engine. These were to dismantle the assembly (in resources could never be found to carry out the catastrophic results with at least three potential fact two flywheels with a half inch air gap depth of restoration required. Finally the engine massive failures. This called for a challenging between) and remove the parts through the roof was deened unsafe to run two years ago. approach to the restoration and a clear focus was using, as Jonathan put it, a 'serious crane' to Fortunately, the Heritage Lottery Fund stepped in maintained from the outset on the ethos that allow proper assessment of the crankshaft and to help Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council would be maintained throughout the works. lt any damage done by the flywheel(s) 'rolling' on who saved the mill some years ago to ensure the was decided that evidence of previous attempts their two sets of six staves. lt was decided to go engine was at last extensively restored. The at restoration should be carefully assessed and for his second option, that of supporting the restoration began in )ctober 2003 and was differentiated from the ongoing repairs that are structure and removing the staves on Helen, conpleted for opening in September 2004. The the feature of any engine through its working life. which, as it was discovered, had suffered the author and Project Manager is Engineering To that end extensive replacement of parts, most damage and the tightening of the staves on Director of Heritage Engineering based in although inviting on a cost basis, was stoically Rina. Glasgow. avoided in favour of good-quality repair of the To properly assess the problem the flywheel original components, thus adding to the history of was rotated after disconnection from the J.5. Mitchell the engine rather than wiping it out. This connecting rods then dial gauges attached to its resolved, we were faced with a project that was face and periphery. lt was found that Helen's Engine builders J. & E. Woods of Bolton were technically challenging but ethically simple: bring flywheel was 'tumbling' on the crank to an already in decline when they built their greatest the engine back to close to new condition so that alarming degree and the subsequent damage removed staves (each over 2 feet engine in 1 906-7. In five short years they would it could continue to be steamed with the found on the close with uncompleted engines on their shop minimum possible risk to the integrity of the long and weighing over 100 kilos) rendered them floor. lt could be argued thatWoods had taken the object and indeed ensuring that its future beyond repair. New staves were made with the corliss engine principle to its zenith in their own condition was maintained to the highest measured one-degree taper and each fitted by distinctive way with their unique valve gear and engineering standards. bluing and filing to an individual fit. trip mechanlsm. The 2,500 hp Trencherfield Between ourselves as contractors and To achieve the above a special lifting frame engine embodies their art in its finest form. A few Richard Gibbon (NRM retired), as the technical had to be designed, itself weighing 5 tonnes, larger engines have been built but few survive consultant for WMBC, challenging decisions had which allowed the support and minute and next to none in their original location. This is to be taken with the agreed ethos in mind as each positioning of the flywheels using four critical as something is lost when an engine is component was removed, evaluated, catalogued synchronised 20-tonne hydraulic jacks to moved. They are parted from their fine, often and reported on. There were several major issues facilitate the removal and refitting of the staves. purpose-built engine houses, lifted from their that gave some concern to the client before work Woods had a unique design with the valves massive stone or concrete beds - stained with began: (1) the 70-ton flywheel was known to be placed below the cylinder. This prevented the risk 100 years of cylinder oil matted in cotton dust, adrift on the common crankshaft between the of 'hydraulicing'the engine, with further waxed and glazed for posterity. Indeed the engine two engines, Rina and Helen; (2) vacuum was protection provided by relief valves on each port. (of builder's art can be seen in the installation, the almost impossible to maintain when the engine 0n removing the corliss valves which the low well-rectified mistake, and the ingenious was steamed; (3) the significant play, visibly pressure ones measure over 1.5m long) it was found that the valve bodies had been oscillating within their bores and effectively'tooling out' the bores to a conical oval. This called for in situ re' boring and a challenging decision as to the best

course of action to follow regarding the 1 6 valve bodies. Richard and I decided, when confronted with this large proportion of the engine laid out on the bench, that there was really no choice and that the comparatively'easy' course of pattern maklng and recasting was not an option. Each finished bore was measured, its valve body measured and a set of cast iron repair pieces engineered into each. The centre was carefully offset and the whole machined to fit the new bore. This process can be explained more fully should any reader be interested. See the Heritage

Engineering advert on page 1 7 for contact details. The rather massive air pumps (for drawing vacuum) were removed to our Glasgow workshops where their constituent parts were found to be completely worn out. Each set of valve olates and rubbers was refurbished and in one case the air pump piston rod was found to be wasted beyond repair and replaced. 0n the steam piston trains we found a 'good The fully restored Trencherfield Mill engrne Ph oto : Heiltage E ng i neeri ng

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 131 5 news/bad news' situation with all four cylinder bores remaining relatively free from pitting and still concentric. However, the hefty bronze and babbited piston slippers (fitted below the piston rings to support and centralise the weight of the piston) were worn down to the bronze and beginning to scrape out a trough in each cylinder. We believe that had the engine been run for much longer serious damage would have been imposed on at least two of the cylinder bores. Pistons and rings were completely serviceable and replaced. The metallic rod packing was an education in itself, with each cylinder set repaired to the point that each was individually different to the next and indeed one 'home made' set defying our capability to understand how it could possibly have worked (it didn'0. lt was decided that the babbited sets (completely destroyed) would not survive if refurbished due to the oitted rod condition and so one bronze set that had survived in good condition was copied in special cast iron and standardised throughout the engine - without any alterations to the packing housings. One set of comoonents offered us no choice if the engine was ever to run again. The 'small Taken aoart: restoration underwav on the Trencher{ield Mill enoine Photo: Heritage Engineering end' and 'big end' bearings on both engines had been completely fractured due to running out of wrongly adjusted valve gear itself, ushering The above gives a very brief summary of the adjustment and were a major source of the steam straight through the LP cylinders to the more significant milestones of the restoration but 'knocking' to be heard when the engine ran. condenser causing volcanic eruptions in the there were a olethora of smaller but vital tasks These were replicated in phosphor bronze (pb1) arrpumps. from restoring the (largely non-functioning) when analysis of the originals revealed an alloy of Paintwork restoration provided the recurring pressure lubrication system (the reason for such a uncertain pedigree ! dilemma of what period or colour to restore to, high rate of component failure) to building a rig The crankshaft main bearings, each mitigated to some extent by poor adhesion of all to clear the corliss valve operating lever oil seal comprising of a lower white metalled bronze the layers to the iron and intermediate layers put system using oil at 40,000 pounds to the square section and two cheek bearings, were removed down on greasy surfaces, in effect, making the inch to clear blockages. for inspection, again using our jacking frame. On decision for us. Sampling proved the original We believe that the depth of restoration removal of Helen's lower bearing the white metal scheme had been green and cream, indeed carried out in this case is unusual (along with cascaded to the floor in a dramatic impersonation matching a band of similarly coloured glazed some of the techniques developed) and will no of shattered glass. These triple-pieced bearings brick around the engine house. There was no doubt add to the long running debate about how had to be re-babitted and machined using almost alternative but to remove all the oaint from the far to go in such cases but we have learned a 0.5 tonnes of high tin content (95%) white metal. engine and clean the cast iron sur{ace to allow tremendous amount about this engine during the Loss of vacuum was due in part to the failing good adhesion. The original colour scheme was restoration. We would suggest that an engine air pumps but the most significant cause was the restored. under steam, with a comprehensive maintenance regime and intensive training of the operating staff in good engineering practice established, along with a good conservation record, will survive in good condition beyond those allowed to stand idle with dubious internal 'mini environments' creating havoc below the probably gleaming exterior. Thus knowledge of the engine as a working entity is passed on. WMBC is justifiably proud of its engine (as Heritage Engineering are in having been involved) and are establishing a volunteer group to complement the full time staff The engine became operational again in September but has been open to the public throughout the restoration. Not wishing to enter the fray of 'biggest' and'best', here are some statistics for the reader's interest: Tandem twin triple expansion with one high pressure cylinder, one intermediate cylinder and two low pressure cylinders, 25ins, 40ins and 44ins diameter respectively. Stroke 60ins Power 2,500 hp at 65 rpm Flywheel diameter 26ft 6ins, weight 70 tons. Gleaning brass fittings for the Trencherfield Mill engine Photo : Heritage E ng i neeri n g Rope speed 90 feet per second.

6 INDUSTRIAL AR.HAE)L)GY NEWS 130 Boar's Head Mills, Darley Abbey

The Boar's Head cotton mills at Darley Abbey on the nofthern outskirts of Derby have long been inaccessible to industrial archaeologists, but now the site has been subjected to a detailed suruey by English Heritage. The buildings have been found to be of special interest for their demonstration of the use of innovative fireproof constructional techniques. The author is Senior lnvestigator and Team Leader in the York office of English Heritage.

Adam Menuge

The large Boar's Head complex of cotton mills, developed by the Evans family from 1782, takes its name from the Evans family crest, which was also adopted as the company trademark. The complex has been of interest to industrial archaeologists for many years, but as it has West Long, Middle and East Mills in 1975 remained in industrial use throughout its life Photo: English Heritage (albeit not for textile manufacture since 1970) interest the buildings at Darley Abbey lies there have been few opportunities to explore its suffered a serious fire late in 1788 and was the of on the development of development in detail. Historians have been rebuilt the following year. At 17 bays and five in the light they shed (a techniques, either hampered by the loss of many of the company storeys plus an attic, it is large for its date fireproof constructional the from Strutts or developed in records, and Jean Lindsay's 1950 article on the reflection of the ample power afforded by borrowed the partnership with ironfounders increasingly skilled business history, capitalising on the period up to Derwent) though it is not as large as Arkwright's in the necessary techniques. 1810 for which the surviving documents are most almost contemporary Masson Mill. A substantial extensivq has remained a solitary exception addition, now known as Middle Mill, is difficult to The earliest application of the new was land made available to the (Business History Review, 34 (1 960), 277 -301). date precisely; it followed the re-routing of the technology on north mill by the re-routed leat. Here a A pioneering investigation by Arnold Pacey original mill leat between 1798 and 1800 and of the principal and Stuart Smith in 1968, deposited in the may be the 'New Wheel House' for which wood yard was established in which the National Monuments Record, identified the accounts survive in 1804-5. lt was badly damaged building, built in two phases between 1797 and as a rare surviving example of existence of an important early iron roof in West by fire in 1947, as a result of which it was re- 1801, has emerged proto-fireproof constructional technique Mill. A brief inspection by the RCHME in 1988 floored and re-roofed. the more by pioneered by William Strutt in the 1790s. The refined Pacey and Stuart's analysis, distinguishing The Evans family were distinguished technical technique was well documented by H.R. Johnson two forms of roof in West Mill, and offering a their business acumen than by the Skempton prior the major mill tantalising glimpse of 'fireplates' sheathing the prowess in which both Arkwright and the Strutts, and A.W. to clearances Derby, Belper and Milford (see timbers of the earlier Long Mill. In spite of these in different wayt excelled. Nevertheless, much of at advances the site remained much less well known, at least in detail, than Arkwright's complex at Cromford, or the Strutts' at Belper and Milford. Given the early origins and extensive survival of the buildings at Darley Abbey, this has been a source of some regret, and has stood in the way of a more rounded appreciation of the early development of the cotton industry in the Denrvent Valley. The decision to seek World Heritage Site status for the Derwent Valley was a spur to action. Through the generosity of the present owners and occupiers, and with the support of Derby City Council and the Arkwright Society, the whole site was investigated and surveyed by English Heritage in 2000. As a result we are now in a position to judge more precisely the significance both of the site as a whole and of the individual buildings. The Evans family had extensive industrial interests long before they embarked upon textile manufacturing, with a portfolio that included metals, paper and banking. They were acquainted socially and in business with Richard Arkwright, and they also acquired the custom of the Strutts, with whom they intermarried. Their first mill, now 1782-3, but known as Long Mill, was built in West and Long Mills Photo: English Heritage

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 130 7 Transactions of the Newcomen Society,30 (1955- 57), 119-2051, but until recently there were thought to be no extant examples. The brick vaults of the ground-floor ceiling spring from timber skewbacks attached to timber beams, and the undersides of all three features are covered with plaster. Cast-iron columns, of the same rounded cruciform sectional form as the Strutts used at their fully iron-framed North Mill, Belper (1803-4), support the beams at mid-span. As originally built, the Wood Yard building consisted of two storeys, with the five brick- vaulted bays placed centrally within conventionally floored two-bay ends. The upper floor was sufficiently well lit to function as a workshop, but on the ground floor the two outer fireproof bays conespond to cart openings in both the front and rear walls, and are walled off from the three remaining bays as well as from the two-bay ends, each of which incorporated a chimney stack against the gable wall. Such a complicated differentiation of internal spaces suggests a highly specific range of functions, which, howeve1 remain conjectural. As a result of the recent investigations at the Boar's Head Mills this building is now llsted Grade ll* for its technological interest. Subsequently another The iron roof in West Mill Photo: English Heritage example, dated by documentary evidence to the period 1798-1811, has been identified as the former Bump Mill of Hewitt & Bunting, now part in turn slightly amended during the two-phase conventional construction. All the evidence, of the Walton Works on Chatsworth Road, construction of West Mill (one phase bridges however, points to their being secondary and Chesterfield. This differs in having the timber wheel-pits in a second mill leat). A number of perhaps as late as the construction of West Mill skewbacks sheathed in metal as a further other iron roofs followed between the 1820s and from 1821 onwards. protection against fire. the 1850s. That of the three-storey North Mill, The Boar's Head Mills are important for a A major chapter in the development of the built cl 835 following another diversion of the variety of reasons, not least for their very Boar's Head site commenced in 1818 with the first leat, is recognisably descended from the considerable integrity of survival. Most of the construction of East Mill, adjoining Middle Mill. West Mill roof. buildings erected between the 'l 780s and the The five-storey extension is built in iron-framed A feature of both North and West Mills is the middle of the nineteenth century remain, fireproof construction and is particularly use of metal plates to protect the timber ceilings including ancillary buildings such as the bobbin noteworthy for the form of its cast-iron roof. This separating the top floor from the roof-space. shop and two of the coppice barns used to store has a king-post mounted on a low-set collar and Plates are also found protecting all the exposed and dry timber. The English Heritage survey employs simple iron-keyed joints at the foot of timbers (beams, joists, lintels and roof timbers) in (Historic Buildings & Areas Research Department the king-post. The roof has stood the test of time, Long Mill. Since there is some variation in size it Report Series 8100212003) will help to place the but when West Mill was begun just three years is not impossible that those in Long Mill represent buildings more firmly within their regional and later an entirely different form was adopted, an early expedient, along the lines of Hartley's technological context. mixing cast- and wrought-iron elements. This was fireplates, designed to safeguard a mill of

The Wood Yard building Photo. English Heritage

8 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAE)LOGY NEWS 131 Understanding the Workplace: an agenda for lA in Britain ln lune 2004, a two-day seninar entitled Two sessions followed on 'The Workplace' Consultancy Services took as his title 'Talking 'Understanding the Workplace: an agenda for and'lndustrial Settlement'. In the first, Ray Riley Sport or Talking Balls? Realising the value of the industrial archaeology in Eritain' was held in (University of Portsmouth) bravely tackled the sports heritage', describing a pilot project mostly Cripps Hall in Nottingham University. Funded by topics of production and consumption, while lan concerned with football stadiums originally AIA with a subsidy from English Heritage, its ain Mellor of the University of York looked at the use undertaken for English Heritage. Not to be was to provide a research context for work on the of spatial and access analysis in understanding outdone, Shaun Richardson (Ed Dennison historic environnent by the statutory heritage the use of space in textile mills. In the second, Jim Archaeological Services Ltd, Beverley) discussed organisations and archaeological units in Britain. Symonds from ARCUS (University of Sheffield) cinema-going under the title of 'Welcome to the had offered a paper on recording industrial cheap seats: cinemas, sex and the landscape', Marilyn Palmer & Peter Neaverson archaeology in an urban environment, but was at using oral as well as building evidence to the last minute unable to attend. His paper will, elucidate what was once a major social activity of Back in 'l 991, AIA published a document called however, be included in the publication. Geoffrey the twentieth-century workforce. Religious life lndustrial Archaeology: working for the future. Timmins from the University of Central Lancashire was also important to them, and Stephen Hughes The result of widesoread consultation with a looked at landscapes of outworking, while described the work undertaken by RCAHM Wales range of specialist groups, this attempted to Eleanor Casella of the University of Manchester on the many churches and chapels in Welsh recommend priorities for research and described her work on twentieth-century industrial settlements. Dr Sarah Tarlow (University conservation in industrial archaeology. More than settlement at Alderley Edge in Cheshire and of Leicested appropriately concluded the seminar ten years latef, AIA Council felt there was a need pointed out the value of excavation even in such with a comprehensive paper on 'Death and to revise this document and to join other a recent context. commemoration', looking at the evidence of specialist groups in producing a research agenda The after-dinner slot was filled by the AIA churchyards and cemeteries for what she has for our discipline. President, Professor Angus Buchanan, with a described as'the archaeology of emotion'. Archaeology underwent a radical change retrospective from his long experience in the This packed programme left little time for during the 1990s, with an increasing emphasis on discipline as well as his thoughts for the future. formal discussion, but a brief paper for comment developer-funded activity. This prompted English He was joined by Keith Falconer, Head of will be circulated to all those who attended the Heritage to sponsor a programme designed to Industrial Archaeology in English Heritage, to talk seminar prior to the publication of the papers. provide local authority archaeologists with a about spreading the boundaries of industrial This will take the form of an extended issue of framework for making judgements about the archaeology beyond the confines of Britain. lndustrial Archaeology Review ediled jointly by relative imoortance of the sites on which work is Animated discussions of all these papers took the present and past editors of the journal in the being undertaken. Such research agenda have olace afterwards in the bar! course of 2005. Meanwhile, we would like to already been published at the national level for The subject of transport got a brief thank all soeakers for their enthusiastic the lron Age and the Roman periods, while the consideration on Sunday morning, with two participation in the formulation of a research production of regional research agenda is also quaintly titled papers - David Alderton of AIA on agenda for industrial archaeology, and English well under way. The scope of industrial the role of transport in a rural area, called 'The Heritage and The National Trust for their support. archaeology, too, has undergone changes, with chicken or the egg? Industry and transport in East considerably more emphasis being placed on the Anglia', while David Gwyn (Govannon social and economic as well as the technological Consultancy, Caernarfon) looked at North Wales context of the development of industry. in his presentation,'Closely observed trains: the The two-day seminar in June 2004 was landscape of the Vale of Festiniog'. The question attended by over 60 people, the majority from the of the relationship between industry and archaeological community in the regions as well landownership occupied the remainder of the as the major heritage bodies. They heard 22 Sunday morning, with a paper from Michael papers on a diverse range of topics, given by Nevell (University of Manchester Archaeology members of English Heritage, the Royal Unit) on the 'Manchester Methodology' Commissions in Scotland and Wales, contract and developed by himself and John Walker for local authority archaeologists and university studying the industrial growth of Tameside. This e academics. was followed by Marilyn Palmer (University of The first session provided the framework, Leicested looking at the role of technological including an introduction on 'Research innovation on the nineteenth-century country 2005 frameworks in industrial archaeology' by Marilyn house estate and David Crossley (University of Palmer (University of Leicester) and a paper by Sheff ield) on the important role played by in Shane Gould (English Heritage) on the difficult woodland in industrial processes, Justine Bayley topic of the changing statutory framework in of English Heritage, whose paper on the role of Derbyshire which archaeologists work. Paul Belford of the archaeological science in industrial archaeology lronbridge Gorge Museum Trust outlined the role could not be included in the seminar, has offered based at of the archaeological consultant, while Helen to submit this for the oublication. The session Gomershall of WestYorkshireArchaeology Service ended with a paper from Paul Barnwell, also of Nottingham has since offered to supplement this with a paper English Heritage, on agriculture as industry, 2 8 September 2005 on the role of the curatorial archaeologist. David looking especially at the farmsteads in the - Thackray, the chief archaeologist for The National uplands of northern England and southern (which great Scotland. Trust owns a many industrial sites) Details when available from discussed the place of statements of significance The final sessions considered the in assessing their importance, while Miles archaeological evidence for the lifestyles of the AIA Liaison Officer oglethorpe of RCAHM Scotland talked about the workforce engaged in industrial activity, an area (address on page 2) role of industrial heritage in defining national of research which has excited considerable identity. interest in recent years. Jason Wood of Heritage

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 131 9 AIA NEWS

Marilyn Palmer to The President's Award hammer!). Alan R. Wardle (published by the 100% of donations will go to Surrey Industrial History Group); receive SHAs Award of After some considerable delay, AIA the Bulgarian Partners Trust, which Saddleworth Villages, by Neil Secretary Barry Hood presented the Merit supports humanitarian work in that Barrow (published by 2002 conference's President's et al country. I am Hon. Secretary. Saddleworth Historical Society); Prof. Marilyn Palmer, who took over Award to the Summerlee Heritaqe annual Geoff Wallis Where shall we build the as AIA Chairman at the Centre on 22 September. conference. has been selected to waterworks? A Waterworks receive the Society for Historical AIA AWARDS 2OO4 Museum adventure in science, Home Counties geography and history Archaeology's Award of Merit for The winners of AIA-soonsored technology, correspondent for secondary school pupils, years 9 the year 2005. The award recognises awards were announced and job (published the her role in ensuring the acceptance Phil Monis is handing over the oresented at the time of the AGM at and l0 by Wateruvorks Museum, Hereford) and of industrial archaeology as an oI lA NewsHome Counties Regional the Hatfield Conference. academic discipline, her services as Representative, and we thank him A Guide to the lndustrial History of Dorothea Award a Commissioner with the RCHME for his input over recent years. His the Borough of Waverley, ed. by The Swannington Heritage Trust and on committees concerned with successor is Henry Gunston, who is Glenys Crocker (also published by project to restore Hough windmill lA for English Heritage and the a member of the Vale of White Horse the Suney Industrial History Group). was this year's winner of the AIA- National Trust. and her work to lA Group, which is based in The winner was A Guide to the Dorothea Award for Conservation. integrate lA within mainstream Wantage. Henry has a variety of lndustrial History of the Borough of Denis Baker, Chairman, and Martin archaeology. Her research and research interests, including the Waverley, ed. by Glenys Crocker.This Bird, volunteer and producer of their publications on buildings and development of railways in East booklet was an enlarged and up- excellent printed brochure were at landscapes have set new theoretical Africa and the history of weirs, dated version of one published in the Conference to receive their and methodological horizons and sluices and other engineering 1985 and is the eleventh in a award. The derelict tower mill in have heloed to make historical and structures on inland waterways and uniform series of guides issued since Leicestershire was bought in 1994 industrial archaeology respected reservoir dams. Henry will be 1991 which cover the whole county and has been carefully restored with elements of academic archaeology pleased to receive current of Surrey. The Award was presented help from the National Heritage in the UK. The society from the USA information on lA-related activities to the Editot Glenys Crocker; by our Lottery Fund. is holding its conference in York, within Bedfordshire, Berkshire, President, Professor Angus England, in January 2005, where the Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire Essays Awards Buchanan at the AIA Conference award will be presented. (Henry's'county of origin') and There were just two entries in the held at Hatfield in August. Oxfordshire. His address is: 6 Student category and this year's In the Newsletter category no A tax message from the Clement Close, Wantage, Oxon winner was Tegwen Roberts, on entry was received and only one 0x12 7ED. twentieth-century company archives. entry was received in the Regular Treasurer An abstract from this essay will be Journal category for which no award Congratulations to those members The Dorothea oublished in the next issue of // was made. who responded to last year's appeal News. Entry forms for the next to sign a Gift Aid declaration. We conference puzzles Publications Awards comoetition will be mailed to AIA- obtained over 1 00 new declarations. Mystery objects for the The entries for the 2004 competition affiliated societies in due course. many of which were from members entertainment conference of were as follows. There were five Please submit your entries. of long standing. Our claim from delegates this year were provided entries in the Occasional Publication Peter Neaverson lnland Revenue was for a total of jointly by myself and Tony Parkes. category covering a wide variety of f4,300 of which about f3,000 was The 'box with handle' was bought Fieldwork and topics and the judges were back-dated claims related to these recently in a flea market in Bulgaria. presented with a difficult problem in Recording Awards long standing members. I know that It is beautifully made but I have no the selection of the winner. The This year there were five entries for there are still well over 'l 00 idea what it is. The seller had no entries were: Driven by the Dane: the Fieldwork and Recording members who have not made Gift idea either! 0ne delegate was nine centuries of waterpower in Awards. Three were entered for the Aid declarations. We shall appeal positive that the curious 'ball and South Cheshire and North Main/lnitiative Awards and two again to them this year and I hope ring' tongs were for leading a bull Staffordshire, by Tony Bonson Student entries. As usual they their response will enable us to by the lips having 'seen one in use'. (published by the Midlands Wind & covered a diverse range of subjects. achieve an even larger cheque from It must have been one very angry Water Mills Group); The Wey The main award went to Mike Inland Revenue next year. The bull! lt was in fact for distorting Navigations: an historical guide, by Nevell and John Roberts of the response will be important in our shoes to make room for bunions. A review of the subscriptions for 2006. respectable looking piece of hand- Secondly, there is Income Tax powered engineering equipment Relief in respect of Membership was clearly some form of boring Subscriptions. This is important to machine, but no-one guessed its use members who have income from correctly. lt is a 'boxing engine'used professional lA work. We have now by a wheelwright to bore the hole received a letter from lnland through a newly assembled wheel Revenue telling us that AlAs name to take the tubular bearing or 'box' will be added to the list of approved which ran on the axle. bodies when it is updated later this Tony Parkes provided what is year. lf you wish to claim before our believed to be either a 'vernacular' name is on the list tell your Tax rug-making hook, a device for Inspector that the letter of approval securing a clothesline after hoisting was dated 7 September 2004. up loaded with washing, and a Richard Hartree precision machinists"go/no-go' gauge, possibly (or a toffee )ne of the Conference puzzles (the thing, not Geoff)

1O INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 131 AIA NEWS

University of Manchester Archaeology Unit for the Park Bridge Industrial Archaeology Landscape Project that was funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, Oldham MBC and Tameside MBC. This included a number of reports including those on the Tramway at Ashton, Top Forge, Coke Ovens, Bright Shops, Rocher Vale nineteenth-century pumping Engine, Fairbottom Bobs (two nineteenth-century cottages), a Newcomen type atmospheric engine, Bottom Forge and a desktop survey of the Park Bridge lronworks. There was also a summary of the AIA President Angus Ruchanan presents Stanley Challenger, winner of The Initiative and Lifetine's Achievenent Award for his work excavation and survey works from Thonas Saul Crawshaw with the Student on fhe lancashire Textile Project, is seen with Recording Awards Officer, Dr Victoria 1999-2002 and a published book Award for his work on Manchester Reauchamp entitled Park Eridge lronworks and ceneteries and graveyards Photo. Jonathan Brioos the Archaeology of the Wrought Photo: lonathan Briggs lron lndustry in North West England association of the ironworks with (More information can be found at about domestic life during the 1600-1900 (tsBN 1871324 270 the Lees family and the remains of www.oneguyfrombarlick.co.uk, or industrial revolution.' This was an available University of from the Park Bridge site including the from Stanley himself at Stanley@ original piece of work whose Manchester Archaeology Unit for colliery and tramway. The judges barnoldswick.f reeserve.co. uk). theories have potential when f1 0). concluded that this was a very The Student Award went to assessing domestic sites of the According to Owen Ashmore in impressive body of work and Thomas Saul Crawshaw for An industrial period. The report was 1969, Bridge ironworks Park 'considerably advances the standard archaeological consideration of the based on the excavation of Hagg complex was the largest surviving of the detailed study of a regionally condition and heritage of the burial Cottages, built in the 1740s and example in the county and an important site.' The popular spaces of Manchester from the late adlacent to the Alderley Edge mines. industrial community based on publication was also much praised nineteenth onwards'. Section 1 The report looked at what bottles engineering. The ironworks was as it made the soecialist material in looked at the differences between a might be able to tell us about food established in the 1 780s due to the the reoorts more accessible. graveyard and cemetery, Section 2 and drink consumed, the type of availability of waterpower and the The lnitiative Award went to looked at three disused burial medicines available in the period demand for textile machinery in the Stanley Challenger Graham for The soaces in the Cheetham Hill area of and how far these products were nearby cotton tor,vns of Ashton and Lancashire Textile Project. The result Manchester (5t Luke's, 5t Mark's and travelling. Through a questionnaire 0ldham and later local coal supplies of 30 years' work, much of it a Wesleyan Burial ground) and the author tried to assess the impact and imorovement in communication voluntary, is a huge archive of Section 3 assessed the condition of brand names in the mid years of routes helped the site expand to primary material that details the and problems faced by municipal the twentieth century. Some remote parts the into the of lives and work exoeriences of cemeteries in Manchester. The first assessment was also made of the Medlock Valley. The works is Lancashire textile workers. Stanley, a site St Luke's, after support from firms that produced these products. unusual that continued to in it former engineer at Bancroft Shed Manchester's Georgian Group, The final entry was from Simon specialize in wrought iron products was responsible for running the Victorian Society, Civic Society, Underdown and Robert Smith for a into the late nineteenth century. The steam engine, realized that the Friends of Friendless Churches and Building Survey and Photographic works closed in 'l 963 and several industry was dying and began to English Heritage was saved an has Record of the former Malthouse. parts were demolished in the early record it. The project was funded by become a wildlife garden for an Kerrison Road, Norwich. Surveys 1970s. ln 1971 the Medlock Tame the Department of the Environment adjacent school. 5t Mark's is were carried out to the RCHME Valley Conservation Association was and based at the Pendle Heritage neglected and continues to Level 3 and included olans and formed to orotect the area. Most of Centre. Before Bancroft Mill closed deteriorate and the Wesleyan site is photos. The building dates from remaining buildings show the the buildings and the working now under a retail park. The report 1824 and consisted of a malthouse common design features associated practices were recorded using sound documents the problems of with long germination room, two with buildings of the engineering recording and photography. A redevelopment and people's furnace kiln towers and malters' industry and are primarily function. comprehensive social life reactions to exhumation and re- cottages. The report provides a good Most common are single-storey, questionnaire covering household, interment. The report finally record of the building and is multi-gabled glazed roof sheds. The housing and housework, clothing, concludes that burial sites are at risk therefore part of the overall picture work on the Fairbottom Bobs engine family life, social life outside the from vandalism, lack of finances and of the development of the malting sites illustrates just how much can home, politics, education, health, manpower, and from the weather. To industry and Norwich's part in it. be learnt sites have still from that work and marriage resulted in save them and record them The winners attended the AIA been dismantled a long time ago. transcripts that record for prosperity Crawshaw suggests that conference at Hatfield and gave The reports contain information the life of mill workers in the early local/national government and poster presentations of their work. A on the physical setting of the site, and mid twentieth century. The historical archaeologists must big thank you to the judges, Amber the archaeological and historical project is accessible via three CD become involved and as a nation we Patrick. Keith Falconer and Jim setting, detains significant of ROMs that contain all the should cease to take burial sites for Symonds for their time and effort in remains potential remains as and transcripts, 500 photographs and granted. marking the entries, Entries for next well as background data and memoirs, articles and other A Highly Commended certificate year should be submitted by 1 sources. book documentary The supporting documents. As a result it was awarded to Alice Hall for her March 2005. assesses industry the the iron of was decided to award Stanley with student entry 'What can bottle Victoria Beauchamp North West prior 1900, the to a Life Time Achievement Award. evidence from Alderley Edge reveal

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 131 11 NEWS

A report from Rhode Massachusetts, or the Pawtuxet museums, bridges and World War 2 American timber, slow-burning, Valley. The Blackstone Valley shipyards in Richmond, California, system of mill building. Cast-iron lsland running up to Worcester in while others had a less clear focus. columns were sometimes used but The Annual Conference the of Massachusetts, was heavily Papers included a presentation by elsewhere columns were of wood. Society for Industrial Archeology industrialised. The Pawtuxet Valley Mark Watson of Historic Scotland on Compared with Lancashire mills, was held at Providence. Rhode was a lesser valley but also heavily the TICCIH list of textile sites: Sara New England mills were much lsland, USA, on 1 0-1 3 June 2004. As industrialised with a large Wermiel on heavy timber framing in narrower to accommodate throstle, much of the state faces onto concentration of textile mills and New England, distinguishing or later ring, f rames but where Nanaganset Bay, Rhode lsland has this was the tour I selected. We between the 'slow-burning' system mules were used they were installed always had a strong maritime focus. started at the Scituate Reservoir and used in mills and'warehouse' longitudinally rather than But textiles formed a major part of water treatment works before construction: and Charles Parrott on transversely thus also fitting into the economy the nineteenth in proceeding to Hope village where tall factory chimneys. The day was narrower mills. Looms were also century and the story of Samuel we had hoped to go inside the Hope rounded off by an evening cruise installed in multi-storey mills, Slater who took Arkwright's cotton Mill, which is partly used for narrow down Narragansett Bay with on- although some north-light sheds spinning technology to the United fabric weaving and still uses two board buffet, forming a most were built in the early twentieth States in 1 790 and established what 1894 turbines. Unfortunately the acceptable alternative to the slightly century when a mode of is considered to be America's first owner had been called away so had formal Conference Dinner we have construction had been develooed cotton spinning mill, at Pawtucket, is to be content with viewing the at the AIA conferences. which could withstand heavy snow well known. As the industry exterior. However, later in the day Finally on Sunday, there was a falls. expanded in the nineteenth century, we were able to go inside Arctic choice of tours covering iron making Roger N. Holden diverse engineering industry a Mitl, a multi-storey spinning and or 'lA and Environmental History'. developed its wake. But the in weaving mill dating largely from The latter was really a tour of the textile industry went into decline Svalbard ropeways 1865, although no longer used for Lower Blackstone Valley looking from the 1920s and much of the textiles. This mill also used turbines particularly at the way water protected state's industrial base followed. Very for power generation and electricity supplies had been used to power On the Arctic archipelago of little of the old industries now is still generated on site from a industry. To this end we visited a Svalbard there survive the physical survive, but we were able to visit turbine installed in 1984. We had a number of mill sites including remains of a hundred years of coal- two surviving textile companies. more comprehensive tour round Pawtucket, Central Falls, Lonsdale, mining. The most visible artefacts Slater Mill in Pawtucket, still Anthony Mills where the spinning Georgiaville and Allendale, finishing are the lines of timber pylons of the stands and is a designated Historic mill of 1872 is now largely empty, back in downtown Providence ropeway system which transported Site housing a museum of textile enabling us to study its structure, where the courses of the two rivers the coal across the ice and snow machinery, while the adjoining while the weaving mill of 1909 is which meet here have been from the mines to the stockoile at Wilkinson Mill of 181 0 houses a occupied by Concordia, another subjected to considerable alteration the loading quay, to await the display of historic machine tools. The surviving textile firm. Concordia over the years. summer thawing of the sea ice and opening reception of the Conference have survived by specialising in So, as last year at Montr6al, the anival of the shios. I described was held here on the Thursday twisting and doubling of filament water power was a malor theme. the system in 'The industrial evening. We were allowed to yarns for medical and industrial Although mills and other industries archaeology of Spitsbergen', wander freely round the exhibits, purposes. We did pass a number of did use steam engines, with lndustrial Archaeology Review Vol. rather than being taken on a guided other mills en route which, Providence being home to some XXIV No.l, May 2002, 23-36, and tour as public visitors are, and staff regrettably, we had not time to stop major engine builders, the that paper referred to the were available to tell us about the and photograph except for the availability of abundant supplies contradictory views on the one hand exhibits. But, as with certain Lippitt Mill of 1809. We also stopped meant that water remained an of those would oreserve these prominent museums in this country, to view the Arkwright Bridge, a Platt important source of industrial power important historical relics of the staff seemed to know truss bridge of 1 888, and visited the long after it had ceased to be so in remarkable human endeavour. and remarkably about the little New England Wireless and Steam this country. Indeed water is still on the other of those who would machinery in their care and could do Museum. This museum has a being harnessed for industrial sweep away the industrial 'eyesores' little more than 'spin yarns' about collection of mill engines, which are power The various mills visited gave in an attempt to return to a pristine the hardships of children working in run on steam, together with a opportunity to understand the Arctic wilderness. the mills. For those who had anived collection of early electronic earlier on Thursday there a had been equipment and a fully operational choice of a walking tour around wireless telegraph station of 1907. Providence or a visit to Cranston This is a museum created and run by Print Works. Cranston Print Works is enthusiasts who are knowledgeable one of the surviving textile firms in about the machinery in their care; New England anC operates on two see their informative web-site at sites, at Cranston which houses the http://user.ids.netfnewsm. The design studio and engraving works, evening was devoted to 'Show-and- while printing of cloth is carried out Tell', the SIA's equivalent to the at Webster on a site established by AIA's'Members Contributions', held Samuel Slater 1812. The cotton in in the former Union station building cloth used is largely imported from now occupied by the Rhode lsland China. Foundation. Friday was devoted to all day Saturday was paper sessions, tours, with choices covering marine with parallel sessions so you had to industries military sites, or choose which to go to. Some excursions to the Upper and Lower papers sessions comprised devoted Ropeway central at Longyearbyen, Svalbard, now preserved by the Norwegian Government Blackstone Vallevs. into south-east to one clear theme. such as Photo: Ken Catford

12 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAE)L)GY NEWs 131 NEWS

This dichotomy was expressed clearly in the 2002-03 annual report of the Polar Heritage Committee of DORO]ITHEA lC0M0S (lnternational Council on ):1,411::l Monumerits and Sites) which highlighted the extent of the RESTO] IONS argument,i under the simple title: 'Polar heritage - rubbish or relics?' UTD Even important relics from the heroic age of exploration and discovery in Antarctica are apparently under threat from those more extreme environmentalists whose ambition is that the polar regions should be swept clear of anything and everything man-made. It therefore comes as a relief to Recent contracts include:r signs for an atmospheric industrial archaeologists, and no railway, and a replica ste t,,locomotive, restoration of doubt to the dismay of some The branch ropeway fron Mine 5 in l8C lead sculptures, r :i nd gilding of the Albert Endalen, Svalbard environmentalists, to learn that the Memorial work on Photo: Ken Catford bronze tconservation Norwegian Government has come Tlrrbinia, Lion, Sans pu i[;' Locomotion, and even down firmly on the side of catafalque! preserving the mining relics of were found in the dilapidated mill Svalbard. The Directorate for building in l994. Restoration began proceeded Cultural Heritage has passed a law in 1995 and in stages, Over advice from the Mills protecting some 1Okm of ropeway wlth Section of pylons, as well as the structure of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings and with financial 'ropeway central' at Longyearbyen which housed the ingenious support for different stages from the Surrey Historic Buildings Trust, Mole interchange,mechanism to direct Valley District Council, BAA the coal buckets between the the Gatwick Environmental Grants different branch lines of the Scheme and the Enterprise Grant ropeway system. This structure is Scheme of DEFRA. stated to be 'both architecturally The mill is located in the garden and technically an important symbol of Dr Ferns' house. which dates from for Longyearbyen and the 1713 and was for generations the development of activities in home of the estate carpenters of the Svalbard. lt is a unique piece of the Cast-iron olates were bolted high standard of workmanship was Buckland Court Estate. lt was the totality of high Arctic cultural together to form the trough observed when the trough was site of a commercial steam-powered heritage.' measuring 11ft l0ins wide and iron dewatered. The works at Pontcysllte sawmill from 1892 to 1950. Both Ken Catford supports in its bed support the 4ft have included refurbishment of the the mill and the house are listed 8ins wide towpath, leaving a width Trevor canal basin, hopefully Grade ll. For further details, see Buckland Windmill of 7ft 2ins for the boats. The ensuring the survival ofthe canal for www.bucklandsurrey.net or contact ironwork was provided by William another 200 years. receives Conservation Dr Ferns on [email protected]. Hazeldine's foundry and cast at his Four miles south of Pontcysllte, Award or I 01737 843388. Plas Kvnaston works near Trevor. The Telford and Jessoo had decided on The Surrey Industrial History Group has been making annual Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Conservation Awards to restoration revealed projects in Surrey since 1983. The During the winter 200312004, 2004 Conservation Award of 5lHG extensive refurbishment work was has been oresented to Dr Duncan undertaken, under the guidance of Ferns for his restoration of the Cadw: Welsh Historic Monuments, Buckland Windmill, at Buckland on the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, which near Reigate in Suney. The award canies the Llangollen Canal across was commemorated by the the Dee Valley linking the villages of presentation of a plaque to Dr Ferns Trevor and Froncysyllte. The by Prof. Alan Crocker, President of aqueduct is a masterpiece in civil the Surrey Industrial History Group engineering, built in 1805 to the at a ceremony on Saturday 1 7 luly. design Thomas Telford, who took The Buckland Windmill is over as company engineer from unique in that it powers a sawmill William Jessop. The 19 sandstone and wood-working machinery and is piers and cast iron trough tower believed to have been originally above the meadowland, carrying constructed in the 1860s or early the canal for a distance of 1.007ft at An unfamiliar view of the famous Pontcysyllte aqueduct's iron trough, revealed when the waterway was 1870s. Many of its components 1 27ft above the river. drained during recent refurbishnent work in January 2004 Photo: Pat Frost

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 131 13 NEWS an aqueduct at Chirk to cany the Bridge over River Eden gorge on the visitors. lt is to be hoped that the days of festivities. In England, the canal over the Ceiriog Valley. The southern outskirts of Kirkby oresent restorations will attract Stillingfleet Colliery near Selby, Ceiriog Aqueduct was completed in Stephen. more visitors away from the Yorkshire, closed on 30 July. 1 801, extending 700ft at 70ft above Both viaducts are sturdy established museum sites to explore the river and meadowland. The structures in local stone and are the lesser-known eastern end of the Chris reads the News aqueduct was the proto-type for the dramatic features in the landscape. lronbridge Gorge. Congratulations to Chris lrwin who larger Pontcysllte structure. They were designed by Cumbrian Paul Viaor appears be the only diligent Although similar in construction, the engineer Sir Thomas Bouch, whose to reader of lA News He is the sole AIA aqueduct at Chirk has ashlar walls reputation was later ruined by the Coal mines close in member to have pointed out to your surmounting the piers, and the walls collapse of the first Tay Bridge in France and England the 'deliberate mistake' in were backed by brick. 0nly the floor 1819. editor // Houve mine Creutzwald, News | 30.0f course, the caption for of the canal was formed by The Trust's limited funds have La at Lorraine, was reported have the funnel photograph on page 10 Hazeldine's cast iron plates. The come entirely from grants and to closed on 23 April. The end of French should read 5S Great Eastern. nol existing full cast-iron trough was donations. Funds are now needed coal mining was marked by three Great Britainl added in 1869. for future maintenance and to Pat Frost complete the Podgill footpath to make a circular walk suitable for wheelchair Northern viaduct appeal access. lnformation on how to make a donation can be The Northern Viaduct Trust owns obtained from Michael Pettigrew, two Grade ll* listed viaducts on the Secretary to the Trustees, The former 1861 railway across the Northern Viaduct Trust, Remlane Pennines from Barnard Castle in House, 25-27 Hagley Road, County Durham Tebay in to Stourbridge, West Midlands DY8 Cumbria. Smardale Gill Viaduct, 1 QH. with 14 arches and 90 feet high, was rescued from demolition in Double decker at 1989 and the award-winning viaduct now carries a footpath Coalport across a remote valley through a Coalport Bridge (rebuilt in iron nature reserve. Podgill Viaduct, c.l818) is cunently being restored acquired in 2000, has 1 1 arches and and a temporary footbridge has is 84 feet high. lt forms part of a been erected to maintain the link. new mile-long footpath created by Work is due to finish in December the Trust on the bed of the old 2004. Coalport Bridge is railway. The footpath is reached by overshadowed by the lron Bridge The double-decker structure erected to maintain a footbridqe link while restoratton work is the new Stenkrith Millennium and tends to be overlooked by undertaken at Coalport Bridoe across the Severn Photo P H Vigol

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Ihe Editor welcomes correspondence on all matters of interest to our readers

Casting the lron Bridge Coalbrookdale, Bedlam, and for Whitechurch and reads 'Blandford 4 Dorset members of the Milestone

made minute 1 Has Paul Vigor.(Letters, lANews 1301 those as last Dorchester 2 on the front and XXVI Society are working hard to increase alterations, putative mis-read my lron Bridge paper in the air furnace Sarum lV Blandford Xll to this number. Full details of The Square. reports lndustrial Archaeology Review, in the There are Dorchester on the rear. Milestone Society can be found on covering Volume XXVI:l, 2004? Surely the this and much more, It has been suggested that a the website at wwwmilestone- commissioned English Heritage sentence at the top of page 7 makes by good reason for the milestones society.co.uk where you can find from us, that in due course will be clear the I also believe the large being turned round and re-cut is details of how to contact your local oublished. castings were 'cast at a riverside that the roman numbers were not so regional co-ordinator. David de Haan foundry - probably Bedlam' and not easy to read from a horse-drawn .lohn Tybjerg Programme Director in the Square. This assumption is vehicle travelling at speedl lt is Do rset Reg io n co-o rd i n a tor, lronbridge lnstitute based on the practical evidence we quite possible that the damage is The Milestone Society Deputy Director gathered in the Timewatch more recent than the change in 27 Fernwood Close, 5t lves lronbridge Gorge Museum Trust experiment plus the supporting lettering style. The Harnham, Ringwood BH24 2NQ [email protected] Rochefoucauld ouotation. lt is the Blandford & Dorchester Trust deck plates that I think might have expired in 1879, well before any Skills, society and song More re-used been cast in an air furnace in the motorised vehicle was around to Nice try Tim! (lA News 130)Butyou Square, but only because the milestones bump into the milestone. The prove the point. Had the local logistics make sense to move these The re-used Dorset milestone biggest cause of this sort of damage technologist and his skilled castings as much on the level as described in lA News 130, page 12, today is the dreaded tractor mower, technician not produced the possible. I do not claim to have any is one of three that I know of, the The milestone mentioned is one shadouf, the village writer would evidence for this yet. Someone has other two being on the A354 of 223 currently surviving in Dorset have had to help with the inigation built the Tontine Inn and the Market Dorchester to Blandford road. The and is along one of the eight in order to earn his daily bread. He buildings over the site, so doing a first is one mile southwest of turnpikes that ran into Dorchester would therefore have had neither dig to discover any remains is Winterborne Whitechurch and reads and on which milestones still exist time nor energy to spend listening problematic. Typological evidence of 'Blandford 6 Dorchester 10' on the today. Well restored milestones can to and making the appropriate the radials, however, does suggest front and XXV|ll miles to Sarum X to be found along the Dorchester to record of the'song'. they may have come from three Dorchester Vl to Blandford on the Blandford route. Several other Peter M. Hughes different furnaces - for which the rear. The second is one mile individual milestones around the 6 Ungwood Close prime candidates must be northeast of Winterborne county have been restored and the New Mill, Holmfirth HD9 7NN

BELGIUM BECKONS

'Belgium In April 2005, beckons' to oval iron-working complex was mining began as early as 1838. This new boat lift at Strepy Thieu. the AlA, when the lesser-known but developed, planned with workers' also features a planned workers' Also included: a glance at the fascinating area in the south of housing round the edge, which was community with a newly restored blue stone industry at Soignies, Belgium around Mons and Charleroi unique in Europe at that time. '5alle de F6tes' originally built in which could include a visit to the will be explored. We give below a Steel working was a major 1 854. quanies and Couillet, the home of sample of the sites to be visited. The industry in the Charleroi area and Le The tour will include a number the first soda factory developed by trip by coach will start from the UK Mus6e de l'lndustrie in the industrial of significant canal sites: Les Ernst Solvay after 1865. and take in sites on the way suburb of Marchienne au Pont, Fontinettes, a boat lift built in 1888 The tour will leave the UK on The coal and steel industry in housed in an old forge, tells the at Arques in France, as well as the Monday 18 April and returns on this area has dwindled in recenr story of iron and steel working in World Heritage Site, with four lifts, at Friday 22 April 2005. years but the group will be finding the region. la Louvidre in Belgium on the historic For further details please out what remains, including the Two important former mining Canal du Centre. Other canal sites contact Paul Saulter. 80 Udimore early nineteenth century site at Le sites will be visited, including Bois- will include the famed incline olane Road, Rye, Sussex, TN31 7DY or

Grand Hornu. Here a remarkable du-Luc in the Borinage, where at Ronquidres and the enormous www. heritageof i ndustry.co. uk

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 130 15 REGIONAL NEWS

Wales Since October 2003, Castlering Archaeologists have been active Archaeology have also been programme monitoring and recording a number monitoring a of coal extraction reclamation prior of industrial sites in Wales over the and to development past year. In the autumn of 2003, future on the former site Brymbo Steelworks being Castlering Archaeology undertook a of watching brief during the undertaken by Brymbo construction of a new entrance to Develooments Ltd. The site Graig Park Country Club, Meliden, comprises 8.7 hectares of industrial Flintshire, on land occupied in the land. The long history of iron and nineteenth century by the Talargoch steel oroduction dates back to the Mining Company. The mining eighteenth century, when John Wilkinson, purchase complex includes the Grade ll listed following his of Brymbo Hall Estate in 1 opened Clive Engine House, which stands as 794, pits an imposing three-storey building coal and ironstone and built the furnace adjacent to the Country Club site. first blast on site. Over the Considerable excavations were next 200 years, the site was undertaken north of the engine continually expanded south and house in an attemot to locate and east of Brymbo village. assess the stability of a probable The Brymbo Steel Company was circular shaft which was recorded formed in 1884 and the first basic on the 1889 0.S. mao. These Open Hearth Furnace in Great production excavations helped locate the Britain was in in 1885, limestone rubble walls of a capstan, continuing until the 1 940s. The flues a rare mining feature in the North- of the ooen hearth furnaces are currently part East Wales ore field. A stone slab in being uncovered as of the centre included a series of the reclamation scheme. Post WWll. circular rectangular slots where Guest Keen & Nettlefolds took over steelworks developed fixing bolts held machinery. This and the into biggest structure northwest of the engine one of the all electric steel making plants in house is presumably the capstan the country being the first to feed hot metal from the refened to in the 1 883 Catalogue of fhe position of the recently discovered capstan foundation close to the Clive Engine House Plant and Machinery which refers to open hearth furnaces into the at Graig Park, Flintshire Photo : C astl ering Arch aeology '240yds of steel wire rope to attach electric furnaces. to a capstan.' Structural evidence of In 1990, the last steel was poured at Brymbo and the plant was programme has lead mining in North-East Wales is recorded successive Cambrian Archaeological scant due to the low value fully decommissioned. The current phases of industrial activity, Projects report that a large scale works on site involve opencasting attributed to industrial remains in including the foundations of the watching brief and detailed the past, which has led to for coal, followed by a programme coking plant established in the recording has been undertaken on considerable loss of the physical of reclamation, which will enable a 1 890s and the more recent concrete the charging area behind the mix of housing remains. The caostan has been and light industry to foundation of the Billet Mill and its furnaces at Blaenafon lronworks, preserved in situ, although buried be developed on the site. The early cooling pits and fume extraction Gwent, on behalf of Cadw. (The under archaeological supervision. iron works site has been set aside as plants added to the site in the refurbishment of the site was a heritage area. The monitoring 1 980s. reported in lA News 130, page 10). The excavation revealed two working surfaces, the later one composed of hard-packed ash covered with a limestone soread and in parts supplemented by cast- iron plates. lt is suggested that the original working surface area of the charging platform was later reinforced by the addition of a limestone soread and when this began to suffer degradation it was supplemented by the addition of cast-iron plates. That these plates only appear outside Furnaces 4 and 5 may be evidence that these two furnaces were the last in oroduction. It is believed the plates were made from the cast-iron loading platforms from the tops of previously demolished furnaces, possibly numbers 1 or 3. Short lengths of

Excavations reveal how part of the Graig Park capstan foundation had been cut through by a water nain in 1963 cast-iron tram tracks were found rn Ph oto : Ca stleri ng Archa eo I ogy silu on the charging area.

16 INDUSTRIAL ARCHAE)L)GY NEWS 131 REGIONAL NEWS

The other notable features mentioned in documents in 1938. uncovered were the flues. The gas Within the walls of the north-west tunnel running underground, along bay arches, a few bricks have their the length ofthe platform has been maker's name showing, 'E.J & J known for some time. indeed a PEARS0N'. The roof of the kiln ffintrRrrTAGE section of it has been exposed to the appears to have been stripped of V ENGINEERn(G south of Furnace 2. lts purpose was insulation material and several to collect gas, from the rear of each modern gas jet regulators were still Preseruina Our Heritaae For Future Generations furnace, and feed it across the site in in place, having replaced the earlier overhead cast-iron pipes to the method of coal stoking. The earlier Our dedicoted 35 strong teom provide steam engine house, where the stoke-holes had been bricked up. turnkey solutions in the Heritoge including highly flammable gas was burned as A third project by Cambrian a supplement to the coal normally Archaeological Projects was a Mechonicol Engineering used by the engines, thus saving on watching brief at Genwen Quarry Arc hileclurql Melolwork fuel costs. A section of the gas Bynea, Carmarthenshire (55 546995) tunnel behind the remains of when site investigation and Timber Engineering Furnace 6 was investigated and landscaping works were carried out found to contain a vertical shaft, adjacent to Genwen Engine House. Technicol Consulting exiting the stone retaining wall 4 m Coal mining had started at Bynea Conservolion Workshops above ground level between around 1766 but the existing beam Furnaces 6 and 4. Since they engine house was built in 1805-6 for Recenl projecls :2001 12002 connect to the gas tunnel these a 52-inch cylinder Boulton & Watt restorotion of world's oldest workinq flues are clearly associated with this pumping engine. The engine house system but their actual function was altered in 1837 when a larger steom enginJ remains one of some conjecture. engine was installed and the quarry I 5m timber woterwheel construction Local historian John Evans has established at Bynea. Four trenches newcomen engine technicol osessment suggested that the structures should exoosed a number of walls and brick design & build of lorgest cost iron structure not be seen as flues, but more as vaults near the engine house, which erected in the lost 80 yeors safety valves. He points out that may be associated with a railway during the smelting process the terminal or ground stabilisation and 22-24 Cotmyle Avenue, Glosgow. Scoffond, G32 8HJ material within each furnace was the mineshaft entrance. The entrance Tel +0044 | 41 763 0007 Fox +0044 | 41 76i 0583 often subject to sudden and violent to the adit was also revealed. [email protected] www.herilogeengineering.com slumping as the ore moved down the Pat Frost Incorporating Walter MacFarlane & Company Ltd furnace and new loads placed on top. This slumping could easily cause a North of England gas large volume of to enter the The last year has seen tvvo old coal (NY The second site come up for tunnel system and run a serious risk mining pumping houses come up for into housing and work units to lt was run by the Langley auction was much smaller of rupturing the pipes. In this sale. The first was the Stublick 827612\. the pumping house (NY 660586) on the eventuality an escape mechanism for Colliery site (NY 833605), sold at Barony Fireclay Company who be specialised production of Hartleyburn Colliery. This was sold in the surplus gas charge would auction 30 September 2003 and in the glazed sanitary ware. Sinks July 2004. When viewed from the required and the'flues' would appear unfortunately the North Pennine white were sold under the trade name of 4689 this building looks like a small to be able to fulfil this function well. Heritage Trust were unable to acquire BARONITE and were exported to field barn, but closer examination Cambrian Archaeological the site. Prior to the sale the site Argentina, and Arab reveals it to be a house for a small Projects also recorded buildings at consisted of a pumping house, which Brazil the you follow the footpath beam engine.Ihe house is built into a the Emlyn Colliery and Brick Works probably contained a Newcomen states. lf (SN prior The along access road the bank with a tvvo-storey room, which 582134) to demolition. engine with a probable Cornish the to a the large retaining wall housed the steam engine and the buildings were identif ied as boiler, a sawmill building and two brickworks shed, a examoles the single storey back room for the former locomotive brick kiln, square chimneys. All of the structures has numerous of joinery built into it. chimney. The wall supporting the bob and a smithy shop, all appear to be in original condition various wares associated with the colliery and and are well preserved. They have brickworks. The brick kiln may date been listed as Grade ll* as examples 191211915. 16- from around lt is a of Victorian colliery buildings. transverse- chambered'Hoffmann' The coals from this colliery were arch kiln with a chimney stack raised by a series of horse gins and approx. 25m high. The state of the adits along the valley. The water kiln was essentially one of recent raised by the pumps was fed into abandonment, with bricks scattered the large reservoir at NY 824610, 'down around in a tools' fashion. which then provided power to the bricks Stacks of fired and unfired two smelt mills at Langley. Very little its filled the kiln gallery in all remains of the smelt mill site but the northern chambers. A few unfired long flue with its unique bridge to bricks were settled on the conveyor carry it over the Hexham to system that surrounds the kiln. The Allendale railway and the l6rge bricks were all blank, other than chimney at NY 841612 are some newly fired bricks stamped preserved. The village of Langley 'L0ND0N'. There is evidence of also had a large brickworks, which Hatleyburn Colliery pumping house is set to become a holiday cottage probably that repair work, at present is undergoing conversion Photo: Grahan Rrooks

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 131 17 REGIONAT NEWS

sawmill, which is reported present locations do not allow for elsewhere in this issue. restoration work. Furthermore, as The Fourneyron turbine, the trams had priority for covered originally installed at Catteshall Mill storage, Southampton's collection of near Godalming, was moved from historic buses is now stored in the its'temporary' site near Guildford to open. A search is under way for the lronbridge Gorge Museum on 25 more suitable accommodation. July 2004, where it will be installed Asbestos has also caused Droblems outside 'Enginuity', the new for the Twyford Waterworks Trust, as engineering interactive centre. this has been found to be oresent in The Rural Life Centre at Tilford, the boiler-house, which has been near Farnham, celebrated the 30th taken out of use and can no longer anniversary of its opening in 2003. provide steam to run the engine. Starting with a single plough in Some storage and workshop 1967, the collection has grown to accommodation has also been lost. some 40,000 exhibits of agricultural A German motor toroedo-boat The Middlesbrouoh tower stands alone at the docks Photo: Grahan Rrooks machinery, tools, vehicles, (known to the RN as an E-boat) has workshops and equipment, shops been towed from Germany to the is l07cm thick and has a small square converted to wool. lt continued to and their goods and several British Military Powerboat Trust's hole for the beam to pass through. operate until 1 975 and the weaving buildings recovered from other sites base at Marchwood for The building stands on the side shed to the rear are still used by and rebuilt at the Centre. lt is now refurbishment. lt is thought to be of Lord Carlisle's private railway Linton Tweed. one of Surrey's principal museums, the only survivor of the 100 boats although it predates the railway. The The chimney next to the mill was supported by a strong volunteer built almost in its original condition. railway was only extended to the originally 320 ft high and at the time support group, the 'Rustics'. The The BMPT has to leave Marchwood mine after the Earl of Carlisle leased of construction was claimed to be Amberley Working Museum in West in September 2005, and an the site in 1835. When James the highest in the world. About 20 ft Sussex celebrates another alternative site is being sought. Thompson took over the Earl's have been removed from the top at anniversary in 2004 - its 25th year. Some possibilities are as far away as mining concerns in 1838 the list of various times over the last century. The President of the Museum, Prince Glasgow and Dartmouth. assets included a steam-pumping Graham Brooks Michael, opened a new Railway In the lsle of Wight the 80-ton engine at Hartleyburn, which had a Exhibition Hall on 26 May. hammerhead crane installed at the cylinder ins a of 16 diameter and South East England Also in Sussex. the restoration Cowes shipyard of J. S. White & Co in stroke of 36 ins. The boiler was 18 ft The Suney Industrial History Group of the Wey & Arun Canal and the 1911112 has been listed Grade ll. long by 4 ft diameter. This would continues its tradition of making an Arun Navigation continues. This ensures its preservation only as nicely fit into this building. Planning annual Conservation Award, and the Following the opening of the new long as it is working, but it does permission has been granted for the 2003 award went to David Lloyd Drungewick aqueduct in June 2003 create a basis on which the loW conversion of the building a to Leisure for its conversion of the it is hoped that a six-mile stretch of Council and others may formulate a holiday cottage but with no external former Pumping Station and Electric the canal will soon be open from policy for its future preservation. alterations allowed. Light Works of the Horton Hospital Loxwood to Newbridge, which Elsewhere in the lsle of Wight, Staying in the north Pennines it into part of a leisure centre, including would amount to more than a the early roller mill installed at has also been announced that the restoration of the pump-room quarter of the canal's original length Calbourne in 1 895 has been Wrights bus garage in Nenthead is to and its machinery which now form a of 23 miles. Another stretch of the preserved as a complete working be demolished. This building in the visual feature at the entrance to the canal, originally part of the Arun system covering three floors, with centre of the village was originally centre. This is the third time the Navigation, was opened in May the basic machinery in working the lower part of the Vielle Montagne building has been converted to 2004 at Lordings (also known as order. The mill was originally Zinc Company five-storey gravity mill another use since electricity Orfold) lock near Wisborough intended to be driven by a erected in 1909. The majority of the generation ceased in 1935. Green. A unique scoop-wheel has waterwheel, but this proved to be site was demolished in 1965 The Horton Hosoital was one of been rebuilt at this site. The wheel, inadequate. After a brief period of Middlesbrough Dock Tower (NZ the five great mental hospitals l aft (4.2m) in diameter; works as an drive by an oil engine, a steam 504209) has now been renovated, established in Epsom in the early undershot waterwheel using the engine was installed which was in but unfortunately lt stands alone in years of the twentieth century by flow of the River Arun, but the its turn replaced by the gas engine middle of the recently reclaimed the London County Council. At their downstream sides of the paddles there today. The mill ceased full- Middlesbrough docks awaiting the peak they accommodated over are curved to form scoops to raise scale production in 1955. Roller building of new houses, offices and 8,000 patients, but they have now some of the water about 10ft (3m) mills reolaced the traditional stone hotels. This red brick tower with its been largely demolished and are in into the summit level of the Arun grinding mills towards the end of clock turret has sat on the docks for the process of being converted into Navigation. The pumping rate at 2 the nineteenth century. Their greater about a century but very little is housing estates. Little has been rpm is 1000 gal/h (8,1001/h). output and improved extraction of known of its history. written about the history of these In Hamoshire, the restoration of fine white flour ultimately resulted In Carlisle planning permission hospitals. Being largely outside the three trams under the 'Tram 57' in the demise of traditional mills. has been granted to convert the scope of industrial history or project has ceased for the time Alan Thomas seven-storey stone-built Shaddongate archaeology, all that a group such as being because they have had to be mill (NY 394555) into housing. The S|HG can do is to endeavour to moved out of the Transco building along with its chimney encourage someone, preferably with warehouse which has been their dominate Carlisle skyline. the a medical background, to take up home for 24 years because the Originally built in 1835 as a cotton- the task. building is to be demolished on spinning mill by Peter Dixon & Sons, The 2004 Conservation Award account of the insurance oroblems the factory was taken over by Robert was presented to the Buckland of asbestos-clad buildings. The Todd & Co. in 1883 and the mill was Windmill, a unique wind-powered collection is now dispersed and the

18 INDIJSTRIAL ARCHAE)LjGY NEWS 131 PUBTICATIONS

Local Society and other periodicals received Books Received Abstracts will appear in lndustrial Archaeology Review. The {ollowing books have been received for review in lndustrial Archaeology Review. Museum of Bath at Work Newsletter, Winter, Spring & Summer 2004 Brewery History,l l4, Spring 2004 The Archaeology of twentieth century Tameside, by Michael Nevell & Brewery History Society Newsletter,2S, Summer 2004 John Walker. Ashton-under-Lyne: Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council, Construction History Society Newsletter, 65, February 2003 2004. 1 1 5 pp, illus. |SBN 1 871 324 20 7. Cumbria lndustrial History Society Bulletin,56, 57, 58 & 59, August & This is the final volume in the History and Archaeology of Taneside December 2003, April & August 2004 series, published jointly by the Council and the University of Manchester GLIAS Newsletter,2l3 & 214, August & October 2004 Archaeological Unit. lt uses the physical evidence of the last 1 30 years to lndustrial Heritage, 3012, Summer 2004 chart the emergence of the twenty-first century landscape ofTameside. From lndustrial Heritage Association of lreland Newsletter,22, June 2004 new urban communities to changes in the rural landscape and industry the Lancashire History Quarterly, 8/2, Summer 2004 book describes how modern Tameside was created. Manchester Region lndustrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 108, August 2004 End of Voyages: The Afterlife of a Ship, by Michael Stammer. Stroud: The Mundling Stick (Lion Salt Works Trust), 10/2, Summer 2004 Tempus Publishing, 2004.192 pp, 150 illus. |SBN 0 7524 2999 X. f17.99. Museum of Bath at Work Newsletter, Summer & Autumn 2003 This book looks at the shipping industry from a new angle and considers

PHEW Newsletter, 102 & 1 03, June & September 2004 the question 'what happens to a ship when it is no longer needed for its SAVE Britain's Heritage Newsletter, October/November 2003 & April original purpose?' There are sections on ship breakers' yards and the 2004 remains of shipwrecks around the coasts of the world. There are ships which Scottish lndustrial Heritage Society Bulletin,33, August 2004 have been preserved or have been converted to take on a new life, while Somerset lndustrial Archaeological Society Bulletin, 96, August 2004 salvaged fittings including figureheads are found in many unlikely places yet Suffolk lndustrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, l4l, September are all part of the archaeology of shipping through the ages. The author is 2004 curator of the Merseyside Maritime Museum. Suney lndustrial History Group Newsletter, 140, July 2004 flCClH Bulletin,25, Summer 2004 fhe Metropolitan Railway, by David Bownes. Stroud: Tempus Publishing, fhe Vision: The newsletter for the Friends of Newport Transporter 2004.128 pp, 200 illus. ISBN 0 7524 31 05 6. 1 2.99.

Bridge, 1 /04, February 2004 In 1863 the Metropolitan Railway showed that underground travel was WaterWords, (News from Hereford Waterworks Museum), Summer 2003, a viable alternative to the congested streets of London. lt was a world first Winter & Spring/Summer 2004 and came to create the suburban sprawl known as 'Metro-land', reaching Worcestershire lndustrial Archaeology & Local History Society almost 50 miles into the countryside and allowing thousands to work in the Newsletter, 25, Winter 2003 City and live in modern homes in rural sunoundings. The modern day Yorkshire Archaeological Society, lndustrial History Section Metrooolitan line still boasts the furthest destinations on the London Newsletter, 60, Spring 2004 Underground. The author is senior curator of photographic collections at Yorkshire History Quarterly,9/4, June 2004 London's Transoort Museum.

ANNOUNCING THE THREE FIELDWORK AND RECORDING THE AWARDS FOR 2OO5 The AIA Fieldwork Award scheme exists to encourage recording of BOOK the physical remains ofthe industrial period to high archaeological standards. The awards are open to both amateur and prolessional freld workers, and have been operating successfully for over a decade. HOUSE Work submitted may already have been published or, if not, entrants may be encouraged to publish. The leading industrial archaeology booksellers since As well as the main award there is also the Initiative Award for 1963 - books on all aspects of technology & transport innovative projects, e.g. those from local societies. To encourage the Lrsrs rssuED Fnee SEARCH SERVIcE future industrial archaeologists, there is also a Student Category. -

THE CTOSING DATE FOR ENTRIES IS Our new shop is now open, near the top of the village street, adjoining Fallowfield 1ST MARCH 2()()5 The Book House, Fallowfield, Ravenstonedale, Successful Entries will be notified in July Kirkby Stephen, Westmoreland CA17 4NG The successful authors will be invited to attend the AIA annual conference in Nottingham to collect their award in September Telephone and Fax: 015396-23634 e-mail : mail@the bookhouse.co.uk Further details from: Fieldwork and Recording Awards, AIA Liaison Oflicer, School of Open daily except Sunday & Tuesday: lOam-5pm Archaeological Studies, The University, Leicester LEl 7RH or visit our bookstall at many IA conferences

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS 131 19 DIARY

13 NOVEMBER 2OO4 18-22 APRTL 2005 8-10 JULY 2005 LANDSCAPE OF THE MINES BELGIUM BECKONS NAMHO CONFERENCE 2OO5 at the University of Stirling, the AIA tour of Belgium. Details are at Juniper Hall Field centre, Forth Naturalist & Historian's 30th given on an inside page. Please Mickleham, near Dorking, 5urrey, annual Man and the Landscape contact Paul Saulter, 80 Udimore organised by the Wealden Cave & Symposium, in collaboration with Road, Rye, Sussex, TN3l 7DY or see Mine Society with the assistance of

Scottish Industrial Heritage Society. www. heritageof ind ustry.co. u k the Chelsea Speleological Society, The theme is the rise and fall of coal Kent Underground Research Group 23 APRtt 2005 mining and its impact on the and Subterranea Britannica. A SOUTH EAST REGION IA landscapes central Scotland. programme lectures, of CONFERENCE of Booking enquiries to: Man & the underground and surface trips, at Chertsey Hall, Heriot Road, Landscape Symposium Registration, focusing primarily on medieval and Chertsey, 5urrey, hosted by Surrey M Scott, Pathfoot C4, University of post-medieval underground Industrial History Group. Advance Stirling, Stirling FKg 4LA, 01786 building-stone quanies, chalk mines I notice only. 467 269, emai l: [email protected] and underground quarries, and the 3-6 JULY 2005 Wealden ironstone mines. For 5-10 JANUARY 2OO5 EXPLORING DEVON'5 website: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE details see the INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE http://namho2005.wcms.org.uk and at York University, the Society for at Dillington House, llminster, e-mail: Historical Archaeology's Annual for further enquiries Somerset, a course examining the Conference of [email protected] on all asoects evidence for past industries in east historical archaeology or 8 01737 243912, or write to from the Devon, with lectures and two field fifteenth present Robin Albert, 13 Beaufort Road, century to the day. watermills, visits to textile sites, Reigate RH2 9DQ. Conference Chair: Harold C. Mytum, breweries, lost railways, canals and Department of Archaeology, other industries on the edge of 2-8 SEPTEMBER 2OO5 University of York, The King's Manor, Dartmoor including the famous AIA DERBYSHIRE York, England, United Kingdom CONFERENCE 2OO5 Haytor granite quarries, once a Y01 7EB email: [email protected],uk. Advance notice only. Watch these supplier for London Bridge. Details pages for more information. 2-3 APRtt 2005 from Dillington House, llmrnsteI AIA IRONBRIDGE WEEKEND Somerset TA1 9 gDI, I 01 460 52426, at the lronbridge Institute, e-mail: [email protected], PLEASE VIEW THE AIA Coalbrookdale, on the theme of website www.dillinqton.co.uk WEBSITE'S DIARY SECTION INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS (formerly AIA Bulletin |SSN 0309-0051 railway structures. Advance notice FOR THE LATEST NOTICES ) tssN 1354-1455 only. Full details will be sent with OF CONFERENCES AND the next mailing. MEETINGS Editor: Dr Peter Stanier

Published by the Association for lndustrial Archaeology. Contributions should be sent to the Editor, Dr Peter Stanier, 49 Breach Lane, Shaftesbury, Dorset 5P7 8LF. News and press releases nay be sent to the Editor or the appropriate AIA Regional Correspondents. The Editor may be telephoned on 01747 854707 or e-mail. aianewsletter@yahoo co uk

Final copy dates are as follows:

1 January for February mailing 1 April for May mailing 1 July for August mailing 1 October for November mailing

The AIA was established in | 973 to promote the study of lndustrial Archaeology and encourage improved standards of recording, research, conservation and publication lt aims to assist and support regional and specialist survey groups and bodtes involved in the preservation of industrial monunents, to represent the interests of lndustrial Archaeology at national level, to hold conferences and seminars and to publish the results of research, The AIA publishes an annual Review and quarterly News bulletin Fufther details may be obtained from the Liaison Officer, AIA )ffice, School of Archaeological Studies, University of Leicestet Leicester LEI 7RH. 8 01 | 6 252 5J37 Fax. 0l I6 252 5005.

The views expressed in this bulletin are not necessarily those of the Association for Industrial Archaeology.

20 @ Association for Industrial Archaeology, November 2004 Registered in England under the Companies Act 1948 (No. 1325854) and the Charities Act 1960 (No. 27751 1) Registered office: c/o IGMT, Coach Road, Coalbrookdale, Telford. Shropshire TF8 7DQ