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UK Zoonoses Report 2015

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UK Zoonoses Report 2015 Zoonoses Report UK 2015 June 2017 Zoonoses Report About Public Health England Public Health England exists to protect and improve the nation’s health and wellbeing, and reduce health inequalities. We do this through world-class science, knowledge and intelligence, advocacy, partnerships and the delivery of specialist public health services. We are an executive agency of the Department of Health, and are a distinct delivery organisation with operational autonomy to advise and support government, local authorities and the NHS in a professionally independent manner. Public Health England Wellington House 133-155 Waterloo Road London SE1 8UG Tel: 020 7654 8000 www.gov.uk/phe Twitter: @PHE_uk Facebook: www.facebook.com/PublicHealthEngland For queries relating to this document, please contact: [email protected] © Crown copyright 2017 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0. To view this licence, visit OGL or email [email protected]. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Published June 2017 PHE publications PHE supports the UN gateway number: 2017098 Sustainable Development Goals 2 Zoonoses Report Contents About Public Health England 2 Contents 3 Preface 5 Executive summary 7 Anthrax 7 Hantavirus 7 Bovine TB 7 Gastrointestinal infections 8 Swine influenza 8 Introduction 10 Notification and reporting of zoonotic diseases 10 Surveillance and recording of zoonotic diseases 11 Risk assessment and control of animal associated threats to public health 12 Feature Article 1: Northern Ireland’s Brucella-free status 14 Feature Article 2: Anthrax in cattle 16 Feature Article 3: Hantavirus in pet ‘fancy’ and commercial rats bred for reptile food 18 Feature Article 4: Whole Genome Sequencing and Salmonella surveillance 20 Zoonoses A-Z 23 Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) 23 Avian and animal influenza 23 Bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) 26 Brucellosis (Brucella spp.) 29 Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter spp.) 31 Chlamydiosis and psittacosis 35 Ovine chlamydiosis (Chlamydia abortus) 35 Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci) 36 Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.) 37 Echinococcosis 40 Alveolar echinococcosis (Echinococcus multilocularis) 40 Cystic hydatidosis (Echinococcus granulosus) 40 Hantavirus 42 Hepatitis E 43 Leptospirosis (Leptospira interrogans serovars) 45 Listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes) 48 Lyme Borreliosis (Borrelia burgdorferi) 50 Pasteurellosis (Pasteurella spp.) 51 Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) 52 Rabies (Rhabdoviridae) 54 Bat rabies (European Bat Lyssavirus) 55 Salmonellosis (Salmonella species) 57 3 Zoonoses Report Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) 64 Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) 67 Trichinellosis (Trichinella spp.) 69 Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in animals 70 Yersiniosis (Yersinia spp.) 71 Appendix 1: Notifiable zoonotic diseases in humans 73 Appendix 2: Notifiable and reportable diseases in animals which are potential zoonoses in the UK 75 Appendix 3: Laboratory-confirmed cases of zoonotic disease in humans, 2006-2015 77 United Kingdom 77 England & Wales 78 Northern Ireland 79 Scotland 80 Appendix 4: Government laboratory-confirmed cases or incidents of zoonotic infection in animals, 2006-2015 81 United Kingdom 81 England 82 Northern Ireland 83 Scotland 84 Wales 85 Key to all other tables in appendix 4 86 Appendix 5: Food vehicles associated with foodborne gastrointestinal outbreaks in 2015 in the UK, in relation to Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, and STEC O157 89 Appendix 6: Animal population 90 Number of livestock in the UK in 2015 90 Number of pets owned in the UK in 2015 91 Appendix 7: Further reading 92 General further reading 92 Disease specific further information: 93 Appendix 8: List of Abbreviations/ Acronyms 94 Appendix 9: Acknowledgements 96 4 Zoonoses Report Preface This annual report on zoonoses in the United Kingdom (UK) includes reported cases of zoonotic infection in humans and animals during 2015. The data have been compiled from statutory notifiable or reportable disease reports, national scanning surveillance systems, national laboratory reporting, control programmes, research programmes and from data submitted to the European Community via the Trends and Sources Report under the Zoonoses Directive 2003/99, by agencies contributing to the Report. This report is a collaborative publication produced by: • Public Health England (PHE): lead organisation for this year’s report • Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) • Food Standards Agency (FSA) • Department of Health (DH) • Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) • Health Protection Scotland (HPS) • Scottish Government (SG) • Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC) • Food Standards Scotland (FSS) • Agri Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) • Public Health Agency (PHA), Northern Ireland • Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA, Northern Ireland) • Public Health Wales (PHW) • Welsh Government (WG) Occasional corrections and amendments to the data, many of which are derived from dynamic databases, may occur following publication and will result in minor changes to subsequent annual reports. We would very much appreciate comments and suggestions for items in future reports. Please send these to [email protected]. 5 Zoonoses Report 6 Zoonoses Report Executive summary Executive Summary This year’s UK Zoonoses Report continues to include feature articles which highlight human and animal incidents and issues of public health significance which occurred during 2015, as well as a summary of reported cases of zoonotic infection in humans and animals. As usual, the report highlights significant trends in a number of zoonoses, and whilst these will continue to be monitored, they also emphasise the need for continued surveillance and collaboration between veterinary and human health practitioners. Interpreting trends in veterinary data in particular needs to be done with care, as the number of submissions to the various Government laboratories involved in supplying data for this report may vary from year to year for a number of reasons. These may include weather conditions, concerns about disease or financial factors, and are likely to affect the various livestock sectors and types of submissions in different ways. Anthrax During 2015, the first cases of anthrax in animals in the UK since 2006 occurred at a farm in Wiltshire. Human cases of anthrax are very rare and the risk to human health was considered to be very low, but all potential contacts were offered public health advice. A risk assessment considered animal and human health, and potential sources of the infection. Since anthrax had been confirmed on the farm previously (most recently in 1996), the local environment was considered to be the most likely source. Some specific restrictions on farm management have been implemented to reduce the likelihood of further cases. Hantavirus Hantavirus infections associated with pet rats have been highlighted in previous years, but in 2015 a cluster of locally acquired hantavirus infections occurred in south Wales. Three acute cases were epidemiologically linked by the transfer, breeding and husbandry of fancy and/or breeder/feeder rats. In addition, of 14 individuals identified through contact tracing, eight were seropositive for hantavirus and several reported a previously undiagnosed viral illness compatible with hantavirus infection. Bovine TB Bovine TB (bTB) continues to be one of the most serious animal health problems for the cattle industry in the UK. A total of 6,534 new bTB incidents were recorded in the UK during 2015, an increase from 6,115 new bTB incidents reported in 2014. The majority of incidents were reported in England (3,960), whereas Wales recorded the 7 Zoonoses Report lowest number of new bTB incidents since 2008 (836). A total of 47,251 cattle in the UK were slaughtered as tuberculin skin or interferon-gamma (blood) test reactors in 2015, an increase of 12.9% from 2014 (n=41,869). In 2015, there were 42 human M. bovis cases diagnosed in the UK, a slight increase from 39 in 2014. Gastrointestinal infections Gastrointestinal infections in humans showed some interesting trends in 2015. Laboratory reports of Campylobacter in the UK (63,292) showed a decrease of 10% when compared with 2014, and the reporting rate decreased from 109.2 per 100,000 population in 2014 to 97.2 per 100,000 in 2015. This decrease was particularly noted in England where the rate of reported Campylobacter infections has decreased to the lowest since 2008. Northern Ireland continues to report rates lower than the rest of the UK. The FSA surveys to assess Campylobacter contamination of fresh chickens at retail, found that for the period Oct-Dec 2015, 59% of skin samples were positive for Campylobacter and 11% of chickens on sale had high levels of Campylobacter (over 1,000 cfu/g). These figures show statistically significant reductions in comparison to 74% and 19% respectively over the same period in 2014. The number of cryptosporidiosis cases reported in the UK was greatly increased in 2015, with 6,149 cases. This is a 33.7% increase on 2014. This increase was observed across the UK and represented an excess of C. hominis cases between July and September, of whom a greater proportion than expected had travelled to Spain. There
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