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Libro De Ponencias XIII Encuentro (Alicante 2009) Book of abstracts Libro de ponencias XIII Encuentro Internacional de Investigación en Enfermería 13th International Nursing Research Conference Alicante, Spain 11-13 November 2009 Alicante, España 11-13 Noviembre 2009 Patrocinan Sponsor Vicerrectorado de Relaciones Institucionales Escuela Universitaria de Enfermería ISBN: 978-84-692-6611-3 Edita: Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Unidad de coordinación y desarrollo de la Investigación en Enfermería (Investén-isciii). Madrid, 2009 *Este libro recoge íntegra y fielmente los trabajos enviados por los autores. La organización no se hace responsable de las opiniones expresadas en ellos, ni de su contenido, formato, ortografía o gramática. *This book contains entirely and exactly the texts sent by the authors. The organisation is not responsible for the opinions expressed, nor the content or grammar. Libro de ponencias - Book of abstracts Mesa de comunicaciones 1: Cuidadores Concurrent session 1: Caregivers AUTORES/AUTHORS: Juana Robledo Martín, Mª Cristina Martín-Crespo Blanco, Ana Belén Salamanca Castro TÍTULO/TITLE: FACTORES SOCIOCULTURALES DETERMINANTES DE DESIGUALDADES EN SALUD EN INMIGRANTES LATINOAMERICANAS CUIDADORAS DE ANCIANOS España, durante las últimas décadas, ha pasado de ser un país emisor de mano de obra hacia el exterior, a ser un país receptor de esta, de hecho, según datos del Padrón de 2008, los extranjeros han pasado de representar el 2,3 % de la población de España en el año 2000 al 12 % en estos momentos (1). Debido a los vínculos históricos y culturales existentes, España es uno de los destinos predilectos para las personas de países latinoamericanos, siendo ésta una inmigración fundamentalmente femenina, lo que ha propiciado un cambio en la concepción del papel de la mujer dentro del fenómeno migratorio. La mujer, durante las décadas de los 70 y los 80 del pasado siglo, era considerada como reagrupada en el proyecto migratorio de su marido, pero, durante la década de los 90 se reconoció su papel activo en los procesos migratorios, convirtiéndose en las sustentadoras de la familia: fenómeno conocido como ?feminización de la migración? (2). Una de las tareas que con mayor frecuencia desempeñan las mujeres inmigrantes son las relacionadas con el trabajo doméstico y el cuidado de personas mayores, ya que la incorporación de la mujer al trabajo remunerado, junto a la mayor esperanza de vida, ha supuesto la aparición de la llamada ?crisis del cuidador informal?, conduciendo así a la aparición de la figura de los cuidadores no profesionales que prestan sus servicios como externas o internas (siendo en este último caso un sector exclusivo de mujeres inmigrantes) (3). El incremento de la población inmigrante así como el cambio en sus características nos llevó a realizar un estudio financiado por el Ministerio de Sanidad cuyos objetivos eran evaluar, recopilar y difundir la bibliografía existente sobre la influencia de las características socioculturales en la salud de las mujeres inmigrantes latinoamericanas cuidadoras de ancianos en domicilio. Para conseguir los objetivos del estudio se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura existente sobre salud en mujeres inmigrantes latinoamericanas. Teniendo en cuenta que nuestro centro de análisis es la influencia de los factores socioculturales como determinantes del nivel de salud, hemos delimitado nuestro ámbito de actuación a estudios llevados a cabo en el territorio español. Se realizó búsqueda manual en la Biblioteca Nacional, Instituto de la Mujer, Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional. Biblioteca Hispánica, Bibliotecas IUEM, Bibliotecas CSIC, Bibliotecas de la UCM, Bibliotecas de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; y búsqueda virtual en las siguientes bases de datos: CUIDEN, Cochrane, Medline, DIALNET, CINDOC, REBIUN, red de bibliotecas y centros de documentación de mujeres, Observatorio Permanente de la Inmigración, Instituto de Estudios Políticos para América Latina y África, Federación de Mujeres Progresistas, Instituto Universitario de Estudios sobre migraciones de la Universidad de Comillas, TESEO, Catálogo virtual Miguel de Cervantes. Para la búsqueda se establecieron los siguientes bloques de descriptores: - Bloque A: de género (mujer, mujeres, género). - Bloque B: de salud (salud, enfermedad, servicios sanitarios, calidad de vida, bienestar). - Bloque C: de inmigración (inmigrantes, inmigración, migraciones). La estrategia de búsqueda realizada fue en base a estos tres campos: (Bloque A) AND (Bloque B) AND (Bloque C). Se excluyeron los artículos publicados antes de 1998, en idioma diferente al español o que el colectivo inmigrante que se abordara no fuese población latinoamericana. Se realizó una evaluación crítica de los estudios obtenidos en base al planteamiento de objetivos, definición de población de estudio, selección de la muestra, forma de recogida de información, tratamiento de datos, discusión y adaptación a los objetivos propuestos por el estudio. En cuanto a los resultados podemos señalar que el perfil de la población son mujeres de 27-39 años, con hijos y con un nivel formativo medio-alto. Un tercio de ellas están empleadas en servicio doméstico, generalmente, como internas. Forman parte de redes sociales cerradas y consiguen su trabajo a través de éstas. Conciben la salud como la ausencia de enfermedad. XIII Encuentro Internacional de Investigación en Enfermería. Alicante, Noviembre 2009 - 13th International Nursing Research Conference. Alicante, November 2009 Pág. 1/518 Libro de ponencias - Book of abstracts Desde la asistencia esta población se percibe como joven y sana, muy demandante de servicios sanitarios, que acude a demanda dificultando las labores de seguimiento y prevención. Su trabajo como internas les dificulta el acceso a la consulta programada (acuden a demanda). Consultan, principalmente por somatizaciones debidas al estrés por el traslado, la soledad y su situación social, además de demandar prácticas sanitarias habituales en sus países de origen. El pertenecer a redes sociales cerradas limita mucho sus posibilidades de cambio de ocupación y acceso a otro tipo de información sanitaria o social. Concluimos que existe una barrera cultural que dificulta la comunicación entre el profesional sanitario y la mujer inmigrante latinoamericana, que incluso a veces llega a ser también lingüística, no comprendiendo en ocasiones el diagnóstico o la necesidad de acudir a consulta con una determinada frecuencia. El concepto de salud de la población inmigrante difiere del nuestro, nosotros entendemos la salud como un bien de consumo y sin embargo el inmigrante ve la salud como un bien de uso que les permite mantener su actividad laboral. En su mayoría entienden la salud como la ausencia de enfermedad y esto va a determinar en gran medida la dificultad que refieren los profesionales sanitarios con respecto a la implantación de medidas preventivas en el colectivo de personas inmigrantes. El proceso de inmigración supone la elaboración de un duelo por todo aquello que han dejado atrás, su familia, amigos, costumbres, etc. La elaboración de este duelo, en función de las características de acogida en nuestro país y de su situación personal, puede determinar trastornos mentales, que ocasionan un elevado número de visitas no sólo de índole mental sino mayoritariamente correspondientes a diversas somatizaciones. Consideramos que tener en cuenta las características socioculturales de este colectivo permitirá a los profesionales planificar sus acciones de forma más efectiva, facilitando el mutuo entendimiento y mejorando así la calidad asistencial. BIBLIOGRAFÍA/BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. Padrón municipal 2008. Instituto Nacional de Estadística [online] [acceso el 29 de junio de 2008]. Disponible en: http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=/t20/e245/&file=inebase 2. Parella Rubio S, Mujer, inmigrante y trabajadora: la triple discriminación, Anthropos, 2003 3. Sánchez Gallo F, ?Atención a las mujeres mayores desde un ayuntamiento? en Maquieira D´Angelo V, Mujeres mayores en el siglo XXI. De la invisibilidad al protagonismo. Instituto de Migraciones y Servicios Sociales (IMSERSO), 2002. XIII Encuentro Internacional de Investigación en Enfermería. Alicante, Noviembre 2009 - 13th International Nursing Research Conference. Alicante, November 2009 Pág. 2/518 Libro de ponencias - Book of abstracts AUTORES/AUTHORS: Victoria Delicado Useros, Carmen Ortega Martínez, Francisco García Alcaraz, Antonia Alfaro Espín, Eduardo Candel Parra, Antonio Alcarria Rozalén, Teresa Copete González, Susana García Molina, Ana Barnés Martínez TÍTULO/TITLE: Autoestima, apoyo familiar y social en cuidadores familiares de personas dependientes OBJETIVOS: 1.Describir el perfil sociodemográfico de las cuidadoras y las características del cuidado que prestan. 2.Conocer la autoestima de cuidadores familiares de personas dependientes. 3.Determinar el apoyo familiar y social de las mismas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: -Naturaleza y tipo de estudio: Observacional, transversal y descriptivo. -Población objeto de estudio: Cuidadores-as informales de personas dependientes del área de salud de Albacete. La muestra está formada por 59 personas identificadas como cuidadores primarios por los profesionales de AP. Criterios de exclusión: Cuidadores-as retribuidos, mayores de 80 años y profesionales sanitarios. -Captación: A partir de los listados de los programas de pacientes inmovilizados y terminales del área de salud de Albacete. Se estableció un censo de cuidadores primarios a los que se les ofertó participar en el estudio. El trabajo de
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