DOCSLIB.ORG

Thwaites Glacier Programme

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thwaites Glacier Programme Initial Environmental Evaluation National Science Foundation Submitted to the Polar Regions Department, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, as part of an application for a permit / approval under the UK Antarctic Act 1994. Submitted by: British Antarctic Survey Submitted: 29 November 2018 IEE Prepared by: Constantia Consulting Ltd. Christchurch New Zealand 2 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... 13 NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................... 15 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 28 2. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDANCE MATERIAL ..................................................................................... 30 2.1 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................................................................... 30 2.1.1 The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty ............................................................... 30 2.1.2 The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals ................................................................................ 31 2.1.3 The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources .................................................. 32 2.2 NATIONAL REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.1 United Kingdom ............................................................................................................................................. 32 2.2.2 United States of America ............................................................................................................................... 33 2.3 APPLICABLE ATCM MEASURES AND RESOLUTIONS ........................................................................................................... 33 2.3.1 Scientific research in Antarctica ..................................................................................................................... 34 2.3.2 Logistical and operational activities in Antarctica ......................................................................................... 34 2.3.3 Environmental Management in Antarctica .................................................................................................... 35 2.4 COMNAP GUIDANCE MATERIAL ................................................................................................................................... 35 3. SCOPE OF THE INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION ........................................................................................ 36 3.1 AREA AND ACTIVITIES THAT ARE INCLUDED IN THE EIA SCOPE .............................................................................................. 36 3.2 ACTIVITIES THAT ARE EXCLUDED FROM THE EIA SCOPE ....................................................................................................... 37 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANNED ACTIVITIES .......................................................................................................... 39 4.1 RESEARCH PROJECTS .................................................................................................................................................... 39 4.1.1 GHC ................................................................................................................................................................ 39 4.1.2 GHOST ............................................................................................................................................................ 40 4.1.3 MELT .............................................................................................................................................................. 41 4.1.4 TARSAN .......................................................................................................................................................... 41 3 4.1.5 THOR .............................................................................................................................................................. 42 4.1.6 TIME ............................................................................................................................................................... 42 4.1.7 DOMINOS and PROPHET ................................................................................................................................ 44 4.2 SEASON BY SEASON OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................................... 45 4.2.1 2018 – 2019 Season ....................................................................................................................................... 47 4.2.2 2019 – 2020 Season ....................................................................................................................................... 50 4.2.3 2020 – 2021 Season ....................................................................................................................................... 52 4.2.4 2021 – 2022 Season ....................................................................................................................................... 54 4.2.4 2022 – 2023 Season ....................................................................................................................................... 55 4.3 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES .................................................................................................................................................. 56 4.3.1 Deployment of Data Collection Instruments and Equipment ......................................................................... 56 4.3.1.1 Glaciological survey ................................................................................................................................................... 56 4.3.1.2 Instrumentation of seals ........................................................................................................................................... 69 4.3.1.3 Autonomous and Tethered Marine Instruments and Equipment ............................................................................. 71 4.3.2 Sampling ........................................................................................................................................................ 82 4.3.2.1 Geological sampling .................................................................................................................................................. 82 4.3.2.2 Marine sediment coring and water sampling ........................................................................................................... 85 4.3.2.3 Ice sampling ............................................................................................................................................................... 91 4.4 LOGISTICAL SUPPORT ACTIVITIES .................................................................................................................................... 92 4.4.1 Ice Drilling ...................................................................................................................................................... 92 4.4.1.1 Hot water drills .......................................................................................................................................................... 92 4.4.1.2 Rapid Air Movement (RAM) drill ............................................................................................................................... 93 4.4.2 Vehicles, Vessels and Aircraft ......................................................................................................................... 94 4.4.2.1 Traverse / Over-snow transport systems .................................................................................................................. 94 4.4.2.2 Air transport .............................................................................................................................................................. 98 4.4.2.3 Marine transport ....................................................................................................................................................... 99 4.4.3 Establishment and Operation of Field Camps .............................................................................................. 101 4.4.4 Fuel Management ........................................................................................................................................ 103 5. ALTERNATIVES ..................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'Landscapes of Exploration' Education Pack
    Landscapes of Exploration February 11 – 31 March 2012 Peninsula Arts Gallery Education Pack Cover image courtesy of British Antarctic Survey Cover image: Launch of a radiosonde meteorological balloon by a scientist/meteorologist at Halley Research Station. Atmospheric scientists at Rothera and Halley Research Stations collect data about the atmosphere above Antarctica this is done by launching radiosonde meteorological balloons which have small sensors and a transmitter attached to them. The balloons are filled with helium and so rise high into the Antarctic atmosphere sampling the air and transmitting the data back to the station far below. A radiosonde meteorological balloon holds an impressive 2,000 litres of helium, giving it enough lift to climb for up to two hours. Helium is lighter than air and so causes the balloon to rise rapidly through the atmosphere, while the instruments beneath it sample all the required data and transmit the information back to the surface. - Permissions for information on radiosonde meteorological balloons kindly provided by British Antarctic Survey. For a full activity sheet on how scientists collect data from the air in Antarctica please visit the Discovering Antarctica website www.discoveringantarctica.org.uk and select resources www.discoveringantarctica.org.uk has been developed jointly by the Royal Geographical Society, with IBG0 and the British Antarctic Survey, with funding from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) supports geography in universities and schools, through expeditions and fieldwork and with the public and policy makers. Full details about the Society’s work, and how you can become a member, is available on www.rgs.org All activities in this handbook that are from www.discoveringantarctica.org.uk will be clearly identified.
    [Show full text]
  • Region 19 Antarctica Pg.781
    Appendix B – Region 19 Country and regional profiles of volcanic hazard and risk: Antarctica S.K. Brown1, R.S.J. Sparks1, K. Mee2, C. Vye-Brown2, E.Ilyinskaya2, S.F. Jenkins1, S.C. Loughlin2* 1University of Bristol, UK; 2British Geological Survey, UK, * Full contributor list available in Appendix B Full Download This download comprises the profiles for Region 19: Antarctica only. For the full report and all regions see Appendix B Full Download. Page numbers reflect position in the full report. The following countries are profiled here: Region 19 Antarctica Pg.781 Brown, S.K., Sparks, R.S.J., Mee, K., Vye-Brown, C., Ilyinskaya, E., Jenkins, S.F., and Loughlin, S.C. (2015) Country and regional profiles of volcanic hazard and risk. In: S.C. Loughlin, R.S.J. Sparks, S.K. Brown, S.F. Jenkins & C. Vye-Brown (eds) Global Volcanic Hazards and Risk, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This profile and the data therein should not be used in place of focussed assessments and information provided by local monitoring and research institutions. Region 19: Antarctica Description Figure 19.1 The distribution of Holocene volcanoes through the Antarctica region. A zone extending 200 km beyond the region’s borders shows other volcanoes whose eruptions may directly affect Antarctica. Thirty-two Holocene volcanoes are located in Antarctica. Half of these volcanoes have no confirmed eruptions recorded during the Holocene, and therefore the activity state is uncertain. A further volcano, Mount Rittmann, is not included in this count as the most recent activity here was dated in the Pleistocene, however this is geothermally active as discussed in Herbold et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute” Russian Antarctic Expedition
    FEDERAL SERVICE OF RUSSIA FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING State Institution “Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute” Russian Antarctic Expedition QUARTERLY BULLETIN ʋ2 (51) April - June 2010 STATE OF ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Operational data of Russian Antarctic stations St. Petersburg 2010 FEDERAL SERVICE OF RUSSIA FOR HYDROMETEOROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING State Institution “Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute” Russian Antarctic Expedition QUARTERLY BULLETIN ʋ2 (51) April - June 2010 STATE OF ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Operational data of Russian Antarctic stations Edited by V.V. Lukin St. Petersburg 2010 Editor-in-Chief - M.O. Krichak (Russian Antarctic Expedition –RAE) Authors and contributors Section 1 M. O. Krichak (RAE), Section 2 Ye. I. Aleksandrov (Department of Meteorology) Section 3 G. Ye. Ryabkov (Department of Long-Range Weather Forecasting) Section 4 A. I. Korotkov (Department of Ice Regime and Forecasting) Section 5 Ye. Ye. Sibir (Department of Meteorology) Section 6 I. V. Moskvin, Yu.G.Turbin (Department of Geophysics) Section 7 V. V. Lukin (RAE) Section 8 B. R. Mavlyudov (RAS IG) Section 9 V. L. Martyanov (RAE) Translated by I.I. Solovieva http://www.aari.aq/, Antarctic Research and Russian Antarctic Expedition, Reports and Glossaries, Quarterly Bulletin. Acknowledgements: Russian Antarctic Expedition is grateful to all AARI staff for participation and help in preparing this Bulletin. For more information about the contents of this publication, please, contact Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute of Roshydromet Russian Antarctic Expedition Bering St., 38, St. Petersburg 199397 Russia Phone: (812) 352 15 41; 337 31 04 Fax: (812) 337 31 86 E-mail: [email protected] CONTENTS PREFACE……………………….…………………………………….………………………….1 1. DATA OF AEROMETEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT THE RUSSIAN ANTARCTIC STATIONS…………………………………….…………………………3 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Exposure Dating Using Cosmogenic
    Surface exposure dating using cosmogenic isotopes: a field campaign in Marie Byrd Land and the Hudson Mountains Joanne S Johnson1, Karsten Gohl2, Terry L O’Donovan1, Mike J Bentley3,1 1British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK 2Alfred Wegener Institute, Postfach 120161, D-27515, Bremerhaven, Germany 3Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK INTRODUCTION SUMMARY 2. HUNT BLUFF Here we present preliminary findings from fieldwork undertaken in Marie • We collected 7 erratic and 2 bedrock surface samples, which are Byrd Land and western Ellsworth Land (Fig.1) in March 2006, during This site is a granite outcrop along currently being processed for 10Be, 26Al and 3He dating. We will visit which we obtained samples for surface exposure dating. This work was the western side of Bear the Hudson Mountains again in 2007/8 for further sampling and supported by helicopters from RV Polarstern, on an expedition to Pine Peninsula, adjacent to the Dotson collection of geomorphological data. Island Bay. Ice Shelf. Lopatin et al. (1974) report an age of 301 Ma for the • Samples from Turtle Rock, Mt Manthe and the un-named island are Surface exposure dating provides an estimate of the time when ice granite. granite/granitoids; from Hunt Bluff we collected a meta-sandstone and retreated from a rock surface, leaving it exposed. Nucleii in rocks are basalt, in addition to granite bedrock. split apart by neutrons produced when secondary cosmic rays enter the In half a day, we found only a few • Erratic boulders at Mt Manthe and Hunt Bluff are scarce; at Turtle atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Air and Shipborne Magnetic Surveys of the Antarctic Into the 21St Century
    TECTO-125389; No of Pages 10 Tectonophysics xxx (2012) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Tectonophysics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto Air and shipborne magnetic surveys of the Antarctic into the 21st century A. Golynsky a,⁎,R.Bellb,1, D. Blankenship c,2,D.Damasked,3,F.Ferracciolie,4,C.Finnf,5,D.Golynskya,6, S. Ivanov g,7,W.Jokath,8,V.Masolovg,6,S.Riedelh,7,R.vonFresei,9,D.Youngc,2 and ADMAP Working Group a VNIIOkeangeologia, 1, Angliysky Avenue, St.-Petersburg, 190121, Russia b LDEO of Columbia University, 61, Route 9W, PO Box 1000, Palisades, NY 10964-8000, USA c University of Texas, Institute for Geophysics, 4412 Spicewood Springs Rd., Bldg. 600, Austin, Texas 78759-4445, USA d BGR, Stilleweg 2 D-30655, Hannover, Germany e BAS, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK f USGS, Denver Federal Center, Box 25046 Denver, CO 80255, USA g PMGE, 24, Pobeda St., Lomonosov, 189510, Russia h AWI, Columbusstrasse, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany i School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 125 S. Oval Mall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA article info abstract Article history: The Antarctic geomagnetics' community remains very active in crustal anomaly mapping. More than 1.5 million Received 1 August 2011 line-km of new air- and shipborne data have been acquired over the past decade by the international community Received in revised form 27 January 2012 in Antarctica. These new data together with surveys that previously were not in the public domain significantly Accepted 13 February 2012 upgrade the ADMAP compilation.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacial Rebound and Plate Spreading: Results from the First Countrywide GPS Observations in Iceland
    Geophys. J. Int. (2009) 177, 691–716 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04059.x Glacial rebound and plate spreading: results from the first countrywide GPS observations in Iceland ∗ T. Arnad´ ottir,´ 1 B. Lund,2 W. Jiang,1 H. Geirsson,3 H. Bjornsson,¨ 4 P. Einarsson4 and T. Sigurdsson5 1Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjav´ık, Iceland. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavagen¨ 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden 3Physics Department, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjav´ık, Iceland 4Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjav´ık, Iceland 5National Land Survey of Iceland, Akranes, Iceland Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/177/2/691/2023257 by guest on 30 September 2021 Accepted 2008 December 10. Received 2008 December 5; in original form 2008 June 12 SUMMARY Iceland is one of the few places on Earth where a divergent plate boundary can be observed on land. Direct observations of crustal deformation for the whole country are available for the first time from nationwide Global Positioning System (GPS) campaigns in 1993 and 2004. The plate spreading across the island is imaged by the horizontal velocity field and high uplift rates (≥10 mm yr−1) are observed over a large part of central and southeastern Iceland. Several earthquakes, volcanic intrusions and eruptions occurred during the time spanned by the measurements, causing local disturbances of the deformation field. After correcting for the largest earthquakes during the observation period, we calculate the strain rate field and find that the main feature of the field is the extension across the rift zones, subparallel to the direction of plate motion.
    [Show full text]
  • Office of Polar Programs
    DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SURFACE TRAVERSE CAPABILITIES IN ANTARCTICA COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION DRAFT (15 January 2004) FINAL (30 August 2004) National Science Foundation 4201 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, Virginia 22230 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SURFACE TRAVERSE CAPABILITIES IN ANTARCTICA FINAL COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Purpose.......................................................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation (CEE) Process .......................................................1-1 1.3 Document Organization .............................................................................................................1-2 2.0 BACKGROUND OF SURFACE TRAVERSES IN ANTARCTICA..................................2-1 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................2-1 2.2 Re-supply Traverses...................................................................................................................2-1 2.3 Scientific Traverses and Surface-Based Surveys .......................................................................2-5 3.0 ALTERNATIVES ....................................................................................................................3-1
    [Show full text]
  • Antarctic Peninsula
    Hucke-Gaete, R, Torres, D. & Vallejos, V. 1997c. Entanglement of Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, by marine debris at Cape Shirreff and San Telmo Islets, Livingston Island, Antarctica: 1998-1997. Serie Científica Instituto Antártico Chileno 47: 123-135. Hucke-Gaete, R., Osman, L.P., Moreno, C.A. & Torres, D. 2004. Examining natural population growth from near extinction: the case of the Antarctic fur seal at the South Shetlands, Antarctica. Polar Biology 27 (5): 304–311 Huckstadt, L., Costa, D. P., McDonald, B. I., Tremblay, Y., Crocker, D. E., Goebel, M. E. & Fedak, M. E. 2006. Habitat Selection and Foraging Behavior of Southern Elephant Seals in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006, abstract #OS33A-1684. INACH (Instituto Antártico Chileno) 2010. Chilean Antarctic Program of Scientific Research 2009-2010. Chilean Antarctic Institute Research Projects Department. Santiago, Chile. Kawaguchi, S., Nicol, S., Taki, K. & Naganobu, M. 2006. Fishing ground selection in the Antarctic krill fishery: Trends in patterns across years, seasons and nations. CCAMLR Science, 13: 117–141. Krause, D. J., Goebel, M. E., Marshall, G. J., & Abernathy, K. (2015). Novel foraging strategies observed in a growing leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) population at Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Animal Biotelemetry, 3:24. Krause, D.J., Goebel, M.E., Marshall. G.J. & Abernathy, K. In Press. Summer diving and haul-out behavior of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) near mesopredator breeding colonies at Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Mammal Science.Leppe, M., Fernandoy, F., Palma-Heldt, S. & Moisan, P 2004. Flora mesozoica en los depósitos morrénicos de cabo Shirreff, isla Livingston, Shetland del Sur, Península Antártica, in Actas del 10º Congreso Geológico Chileno.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Cenozoic Glaciation of Antarctica Induced by Declining
    letters to nature 17. Huang, Y. et al. Logic gates and computation from assembled nanowire building blocks. Science 294, Early Cretaceous6, yet is thought to have remained mostly ice-free, 1313–1317 (2001). 18. Chen, C.-L. Elements of Optoelectronics and Fiber Optics (Irwin, Chicago, 1996). vegetated, and with mean annual temperatures well above freezing 4,7 19. Wang, J., Gudiksen, M. S., Duan, X., Cui, Y. & Lieber, C. M. Highly polarized photoluminescence and until the Eocene/Oligocene boundary . Evidence for cooling and polarization sensitive photodetectors from single indium phosphide nanowires. Science 293, the sudden growth of an East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) comes 1455–1457 (2001). from marine records (refs 1–3), in which the gradual cooling from 20. Bagnall, D. M., Ullrich, B., Sakai, H. & Segawa, Y. Micro-cavity lasing of optically excited CdS thin films at room temperature. J. Cryst. Growth. 214/215, 1015–1018 (2000). the presumably ice-free warmth of the Early Tertiary to the cold 21. Bagnell, D. M., Ullrich, B., Qiu, X. G., Segawa, Y. & Sakai, H. Microcavity lasing of optically excited ‘icehouse’ of the Late Cenozoic is punctuated by a sudden .1.0‰ cadmium sulphide thin films at room temperature. Opt. Lett. 24, 1278–1280 (1999). rise in benthic d18O values at ,34 million years (Myr). More direct 22. Huang, Y., Duan, X., Cui, Y. & Lieber, C. M. GaN nanowire nanodevices. Nano Lett. 2, 101–104 (2002). evidence of cooling and glaciation near the Eocene/Oligocene 8 23. Gudiksen, G. S., Lauhon, L. J., Wang, J., Smith, D. & Lieber, C. M. Growth of nanowire superlattice boundary is provided by drilling on the East Antarctic margin , structures for nanoscale photonics and electronics.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Disc Resources
    An early map of the world Resource D1 A map of the world drawn in 1570 shows ‘Terra Australis Nondum Cognita’ (the unknown south land). National Library of Australia Expeditions to Antarctica 1770 –1830 and 1910 –1913 Resource D2 Voyages to Antarctica 1770–1830 1772–75 1819–20 1820–21 Cook (Britain) Bransfield (Britain) Palmer (United States) ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ Resolution and Adventure Williams Hero 1819 1819–21 1820–21 Smith (Britain) ▼ Bellingshausen (Russia) Davis (United States) ▼ ▼ ▼ Williams Vostok and Mirnyi Cecilia 1822–24 Weddell (Britain) ▼ Jane and Beaufoy 1830–32 Biscoe (Britain) ★ ▼ Tula and Lively South Pole expeditions 1910–13 1910–12 1910–13 Amundsen (Norway) Scott (Britain) sledge ▼ ▼ ship ▼ Source: Both maps American Geographical Society Source: Major voyages to Antarctica during the 19th century Resource D3 Voyage leader Date Nationality Ships Most southerly Achievements latitude reached Bellingshausen 1819–21 Russian Vostok and Mirnyi 69˚53’S Circumnavigated Antarctica. Discovered Peter Iøy and Alexander Island. Charted the coast round South Georgia, the South Shetland Islands and the South Sandwich Islands. Made the earliest sighting of the Antarctic continent. Dumont d’Urville 1837–40 French Astrolabe and Zeelée 66°S Discovered Terre Adélie in 1840. The expedition made extensive natural history collections. Wilkes 1838–42 United States Vincennes and Followed the edge of the East Antarctic pack ice for 2400 km, 6 other vessels confirming the existence of the Antarctic continent. Ross 1839–43 British Erebus and Terror 78°17’S Discovered the Transantarctic Mountains, Ross Ice Shelf, Ross Island and the volcanoes Erebus and Terror. The expedition made comprehensive magnetic measurements and natural history collections.
    [Show full text]
  • A NEWS BULLETIN Published Quarterly by the NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY (INC)
    A NEWS BULLETIN published quarterly by the NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY (INC) An English-born Post Office technician, Robin Hodgson, wearing a borrowed kilt, plays his pipes to huskies on the sea ice below Scott Base. So far he has had a cool response to his music from his New Zealand colleagues, and a noisy reception f r o m a l l 2 0 h u s k i e s . , „ _ . Antarctic Division photo Registered at Post Ollice Headquarters. Wellington. New Zealand, as a magazine. II '1.7 ^ I -!^I*"JTr -.*><\\>! »7^7 mm SOUTH GEORGIA, SOUTH SANDWICH Is- . C I R C L E / SOUTH ORKNEY Is x \ /o Orcadas arg Sanae s a Noydiazarevskaya ussr FALKLAND Is /6Signyl.uK , .60"W / SOUTH AMERICA tf Borga / S A A - S O U T H « A WEDDELL SHETLAND^fU / I s / Halley Bav3 MINING MAU0 LAN0 ENOERBY J /SEA uk'/COATS Ld / LAND T> ANTARCTIC ••?l\W Dr^hnaya^^General Belgrano arg / V ^ M a w s o n \ MAC ROBERTSON LAND\ '■ aust \ /PENINSULA' *\4- (see map betowi jrV^ Sobldl ARG 90-w {■ — Siple USA j. Amundsen-Scott / queen MARY LAND {Mirny ELLSWORTH" LAND 1, 1 1 °Vostok ussr MARIE BYRD L LAND WILKES LAND ouiiiv_. , ROSS|NZJ Y/lnda^Z / SEA I#V/VICTORIA .TERRE , **•»./ LAND \ /"AOELIE-V Leningradskaya .V USSR,-'' \ --- — -"'BALLENYIj ANTARCTIC PENINSULA 1 Tenitnte Matianzo arg 2 Esptrarua arg 3 Almirarrta Brown arc 4PttrtlAHG 5 Otcipcion arg 6 Vtcecomodoro Marambio arg * ANTARCTICA 7 Arturo Prat chile 8 Bernardo O'Higgins chile 1000 Miles 9 Prasid«fTtB Frei chile s 1000 Kilometres 10 Stonington I.
    [Show full text]
  • Isotopic Oxygen-18 Results from Blue-Ice Areas
    Isotopic oxygen-18 results Tongue blue-ice field ranges in 8180 from –40.7 to –58.8 parts per thousand. In a 200-meter transect with a sample every 10 from blue-ice areas meters, a 60-meter area of "yellow" or "dirty" ice has an av- erage 8180 value of –42.8 ± 1.4 parts per thousand, while the average for the blue-ice is –54.4 ± 0.3 parts per thousand. P.M. GROOTES and M. STUIVER Lighter 8110 values seem also to be associated with the me- teorite-carrying ice. Detailed sampling on five large sample Quaternary Isotope Laboratory blocks showed no signs of sample contamination and enrich- University of Washington ment. Seattle, Washington 98195 The observed i8O range is more than triple the glacial/in- terglacial 8180 change and the isotopically light ice, therefore, We measured the oxygen isotope abundance ratio oxygen - must have originated in the high interior of East Antarctica. 18/oxygen-16 in three sets of samples from blue-ice ablation The most negative value of –58.8 parts per thousand is, how- areas west of the Transantarctic Mountains. Samples were col- ever, still lighter than present snow accumulating at the Pole lected at the Reckling Moraine (by C. Faure), the Lewis Cliff of Relative Inaccessibility (-57 parts per thousand, Lorius 1983). Ice Tongue (by W.A. Cassidy, submitted by P. Englert), and If this ice had been formed during a glacial period, the source the Allan Hills (by J.O. Annexstad). Most samples were cut area could be closer to the Transantarctic Mountains.
    [Show full text]