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Impact of Asian Dust Events on Airborne Bacterial Community Assessed by Molecular Analyses Atmospheric Environment 45 (2011) 4313e4321 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Atmospheric Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenv Impact of Asian dust events on airborne bacterial community assessed by molecular analyses Eun Mi Jeon a,c, Heung Joo Kim a, Kweon Jung a, Joo Hyung Kim a, Min Young Kim a, Yong Pyo Kim b, Jong-Ok Ka c,* a Seoul Metropolitan Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul 137-130, Republic of Korea b Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea c Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea article info abstract Article history: Impact of Asian dust events (ADE) on atmospheric bacterial communities was studied using both Received 28 June 2010 cultivation and culture-independent methods. In addition, size-segregated aerosol mass concentrations Received in revised form and their chemical compositions were measured and backward trajectory analysis was performed. 27 October 2010 During the days affected by ADE, culturable bacterial population levels showed significant positive Accepted 30 November 2010 correlations with total suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diame- ter < 10 mm(PM10), whereas no significant correlation was found during non-Asian dust (NAD) days. Keywords: Asian dust seemed to directly impact the airborne bacterial communities, as abrupt changes of dena- Ambient culturable bacteria fi Bacterial loading factor turing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-band patterns and signi cant differences in the 16S rDNA DGGE clone library between ADE and NAD days were observed. In addition, the changes of DGGE patterns were 16S rDNA clone library in agreement with the shift of PM2.5 chemical composition, suggesting that the outdoor bacterial Principal component analysis community was affected by the source and transport pathways of air masses. The isolation sources of clone libraries reflected the sampled air mass transport pathways, which were simulated by backward trajectories. The results of this study revealed that the airborne culturable bacterial concentration was significantly increased and the ambient bacterial community structure was abruptly changed during ADE. Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction transported across the Pacific to the west coast of North America (Kellogg and Griffin, 2006). The dust storms usually occur in the Airborne bacteria enter the atmosphere from practically all kind spring and affect global and regional environment, such as visibility of surfaces (e.g., soil, forest, river, desert, ocean, agricultural area, reduction and change of radiative forcing (Kim et al., 2009). Several road dust) as aerosol particles. Once in the air, the bacteria are studies have reported that these intercontinental dust events can carried upwards by air currents and can remain in the atmosphere be associated with the long-distance dispersal (LDD) of dust- until being removed by precipitation or direct deposition onto associated biological particles including bacteria, fungi and viruses surfaces (Burrows et al., 2009). Because aerosol-associated bacteria (Hua et al., 2007; Kellogg and Griffin, 2006). This far-reaching are carried with the air mass, atmospheric bacterial communities transport comes about the health effects of allergens carried in show strong variations in time according to the physical the dust and the possible transport of pathogens (Kellogg and and chemical changes of the air masses (Fierer et al., 2008; Maron Griffin, 2006). et al., 2005). Because of the potential health effects of bacteria in the atmo- The Asian dust storm, which, aside from African dust, is one of sphere, a number of investigations on airborne bacteria have been the two major global dust transport events, exports huge amount conducted particularly during the days affected by the long range of dusts originating from the Takla Makan and Gobi deserts transport of desert dust (Hua et al., 2007; Polymenakou et al., across China and into Korea and Japan. This can occasionally be 2008). However, most of these studies have been carried out using culturable bacteria (Choi et al., 1997; Griffin et al., 2007). Culture techniques may underestimate the airborne bacterial * Corresponding author. concentration (Heidelberg et al., 1997), since the proportion of total E-mail address: [email protected] (J.-O. Ka). outdoor bacteria that can be culturable is variable (Lighthart and 1352-2310/$ e see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.054 4314 E.M. Jeon et al. / Atmospheric Environment 45 (2011) 4313e4321 Tong, 1998; Peccia and Hernandez, 2006) and some bacteria bacterial concentration. The plates were incubated at 30 C for 4 d. exposed to the air may remain viable, yet lose the ability to form All colonies visible to the naked eye were then counted and the colonies due to harsh environment. To overcome this problem, counts were corrected using the manufacturer’s positive hole molecular methods such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis conversion table MAS-100. The concentration of bacteria was (DGGE) can be used to detect and enumerate unculturable bacteria calculated as the number of colony forming units per cubic meter of À in air samples (Heidelberg et al., 1997). Only a few studies (Lee et al., air (CFU m 3). Since the low cutoff size of the sampler is 2 mm, there 2009) have assessed the effects of Asian dust events on distribution is a possibility that a sizable fraction of bacteria-containing particle and changes of airborne bacterial communities by resolving the of which diameter smaller than 2 mm be excluded in the sample. genetic diversity and structures. Moreover, the attempts to inte- Thus, this study result should be a low limit of the bacterial grate these molecular data with the characteristics and sources of concentration. the air fluxes were scarce. Heavy dust storms originating from Inner Mongolia and the Gobi The aim of this study is to find the effects of ADE and air masses desert had affected Seoul, Korea, from the evening of May 29 to May À3 on the dynamic changes in the properties and qualities of airborne 31, 2008, during which the PM10 concentration reached 933 mgm . bacterial communities. Both culture-dependent and independent Twelve samples of TSP for DNA extraction were collected for 20 days methods were used to assess the changes in airborne bacterial at SIHE and at the Guro air monitoring station. A high-volume air characteristics. The airborne culturable bacterial concentrations sampler (Andersen Instrument, USA) was used to collect TSP on were monitored and TSP was sampled during ADE and NAD days 1 mm pores 8 Â 10 inches track-etched Poretics polyester membrane À for the molecular methods. DNA was extracted directly from TSP to filters (GE, USA) at rates of 700e800 l h 1 for 4 h. Before sampling, perform DGGE and to construct the 16S rDNA clone library for the instrument filtering areas were washed thoroughly with 70% assessment of the bacterial composition and diversity. In addition, ethanol. The 12 samples, except May 30 of ADE day, in which TSPs backward air mass trajectories, air quality monitoring data and the were sampled two times, were collected daily during the daytime. chemical composition of PM2.5 were used to interpret the cultur- Ten of the 12 samples were collected at SIHE and 2 samples were able bacterial concentrations and molecular data from DGGE and collected simultaneously at the Guro air monitoring station. These the16S rDNA clone library. two sampling sites are approximately 13 km apart. After sampling, the sample filters were transported and cut into 47 mm disks using 2. Materials and methods sterile scissors and tweezers, which were put in a sterile Petri dish and stored in a freezer at À20 C until the DNA was extracted. 2.1. Aerosol sampling 2.2. Characteristics and backward trajectories of air masses Samples for the airborne culturable bacterial concentrations and molecular analyses (TSP) were collected from the rooftop of the The air quality and meteorological data were obtained from the Seoul Metropolitan Research Institute of Public Health and Envi- Seochogu air monitoring station, which is in the same local area ronment (SIHE), which is located in a suburban environment in the and is 5 km from the sampling site. Hourly TSP, PM10 (particulate southern region of Seoul (Republic of Korea). The site is suited well matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 mm), PM2.5 (particulate for the assessment of the Asian dust effect on the ambient bacterial matter with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 mm), SO2,NOx and CO diversity and change, while ruling out the most of direct effects of (Horiba, Japan) data were produced, and all of these data of the fugitive dust, because it is about 10 m above ground and is not near same sampling time were chosen for comparative analysis with from industrial and commercial complexes and construction sites. culturable bacterial concentrations. Samples for culturable bacterial concentrations in the atmo- Continuous real time monitoring data for element carbon (EC) sphere were taken 85 times from May, 2008 to March, 2010 and organic carbon (OC) were obtained from carbon Aerosol þ (26 times during ADE and 59 times during NAD days). All of the Monitor (SOCEC4, Sunset Lab. Inc, USA). Eight ion species, (i.e., Na , þ 2þ 2þ þ 2À À À data were grouped into ADE and NAD days based on the “Asian dust K ,Ca ,Mg ,NH4 ,SO4 ,NO3 ,Cl )inPM2.5 were analyzed by an Ò Occurrence Reports” from the National Institute of Environmental ADI 2080 Ambient air monitor (MARGA, Applikon , Netherlands). Research, Korea. Most samples were taken once per day. During Hourly data were selected for the 22 days from May 20 to June 10, the Asian dust days, however, several samples were taken at during which the TSP for DNA extraction were collected.
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