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Get to Know the Finnhorse

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Get to Know the Finnhorse Get to know the F i n n h o r s e Leena Alerini The Finnish horse The small and speedy native horse used ronment. The actual Finnhorse has come by us Finns has travelled along with us to being since 1907. Before then the de- throughout centuries. Originally the hors- scendance of horses was unclear as they © City of Hämeenlinna historic museum es were selected for haulage and car- were kept in large common pastures and riages according to their purpose: fast, no consistent register was kept of them. tenacious and efficiently feed exploiting individuals were best suited for our envi- 1817 First trotting races on the ice of the Aura River Farm work horse, height 1700 in Turku 1200 Pope Gregory scolds the at most 140 cm, weight merchants of Gotland 300 kg. Most of the best 1830-1870 Crown stallions in for selling horses to the horses were left to the Southern Finland, heathen Finns Russians in the peace 1500 Gustavus Vasa forbids exports and fam- treaty of Isoviha (The the export of horses and ine diminish the Great Wrath) establishes stud farms population 1800 Some horses were mixed with Finn1300 Olausho Magnusrs e Russian military horses. Cross- 1900 Average height praises the qual- breeding experiments with 1600 Cavalry horse for the Hakka- close to 150 cm ity of the Finnish Ardennes and Norfolk trotters peliittas in Europe horse 1867-68 The Great Famine 1835 1500 The Vasa kings as The national epic Kalevala. rulers of Sweden 1809 Finland becomes an au- 1870 Nationalism, Fi1300nlThe Crusadesan end.d tonomous Grand Duchy Carelianism First fortified castles of Russia 1710-1721 Isoviha (The Great Wrath), period of Russian occupation 1618-1648 Thirty Years’ War between catholics 1150 The Crusades begin. Finland becomes and protestants a Swedish province Foreword The Finnhorse is the only native horsebreed granted. Industrialization and increase in draught horses have new forms of events in Finland. Throughout the centuries in the global trade have resulted in severe battles based more on technique than strength. At harsh forest pastures of the North it has de- to preserve the breed. In just a few dec- the same time the amount of people devot- veloped into a tenacious companion, sure ades since the 1950’s the amount of horses ed to the Finnhorse has turned to a delight- on its feet, safe at work and recreational ac- collapsed from nearly half a million to less ful increase. tivities. than 15 000. Even during the hardest years The preservation of the future of 20 000 Working together in the fields and woods the Finnhorse Trotting Championships re- Finnish horses is the main goal for all Finn- and later on in recreation has raised the mained the biggest outdoor sports event in ish horse associations. The realization of Finnhorse to the level of other important na- Finland. this interesting and challenging task con- tional landmarks – together with the sauna In the third centennial, a tight support- stantly requires new people, who have the and ”sisu”, perseverance. ing network of associations and individuals respect for the versatility and independence Our horse has both primitive, wild strength has been formed to support the Finnhorse. of our own horse breed in common. This and calm determination – traits that are easy They have achieved races such as the Ol- guide is meant to help them get started in for Finns to identify in themselves. ympic Trotting Races with significant prize- their work. Welcome to the world of the The preservation of the esteem for the money and a modern image, in the riding Finnhorse, our common friend! Finnhorse has not always been taken for section there are breeder’s prizes, and © Palomuseo 1970 Population has diminished to 15 000 as the need for farm labor has col- 1939-45 the Finnhorse serves in lapsed. Studbook sections for riding the war, 22 000 of the horses and small pony-sized horses 2005 nearly 20 000 60 000 horses at the are established Finnhorses. The front were killed © Hevosurheilu amount is slightly increasing 2000 The Finnhorse is approx. 156 cm in height and weighs 550 kg 1907 The Finnhorse studbook is founded 2007 Celebration year 1995 the Finnhorse is recog- of the Finnhorse nized as a native breed 1910 the number of Finnish in the European Union horses exceeds 200 000 1950 400 000 Finnhorses 1924 the FinnhorseTrot- ting Champion- ships begin 1960 Population moves to 1995 Finland joins the EU the cities, agricultural 1917 Declaration of Independence 2011 mechanization Turku as European Capital of Culture 1946-56 Time of rebuilding 1990 Bank crisis, with repercussions throughout the 90’s 1929-34 the Great and war reparations Depression 1907 First parliamentary elections 1939-45 Winter War and 2002 EU’s common currency, euro, into use Continuation War 1973 Oil crisis, economic recession 5 Competitive native breed 6 The stamina of the transport horse 7 Wiser than the cab driver 8 Running talent, a pleasure and an advantage 9 National treasure History Daniel Nyblin, Vapriikin kuva- arkisto 10 Studbook 100 years 11 Typical multi-purpose horse in type 12 Four breeding sections Johanna Rantanen Breeding Pulling capacity: 21 I.P. Sukkula, elite of the mares 14 Strength and technique Rideability: Leena Alerini 15 New forms of competition 22 Cavalry men in galloping races Speed: 23 Secure jumper 16 From stars to super trotter 24 High level dressage horse 17 National Trotting Championships 25 500 meters a minute are a feast for everybody 26 Safe hiking partner 18 Important family trees 27 Versatile recreational horse 19 Heroes for everybody Size: 20 Viesker wins it all Characteristics28 Pony-sized horse 29 The aim: a top horse 30 Free-running stables become more popular 31 Networking brings results 32 Shows are marketing events Margit Ticklén Breeding 33 Challenges for the Finnhorse 33 Future possibilities 34 Finnish Horse Associations 35 List of references Competitiveness Margit Ticklén © Hevosurheilu Competitive native breed n Finland horses have been used for trans- of Mongolian origin which had spread to the treme colds. As early as the 14th century portation and haulage for more than two Finnish Gulf with the migration of peoples. the area in easternmost Finland was given thousand years. There are numerous find- No matter what the original form was, it a nickname “Mare Carelia”, an indication ings in swamps and graves with horse shoes was in frequent use and apparently well of strong and professional horse breeding. and parts of sleds and harnesses used for taken care of. For example, it was com- Carelian horses were in demand both in haulage and transportation. It is also known mon to take horses inside beside the door Russia and Sweden. Ithat the Finnish horse was well-respected to keep them warm during ex- Finnish horses were exported to Central since its last resting place often lies beside Europe as the Hakkapeliitta cavalry made its owner. Where the horses came from two them known in Germany in the 1630’s. They thousand years ago and what they were like were looked down upon at first as originally, is a more mysterious matter. they were pony-sized, but during In studies in the beginning of the 20th the Thirty Years’ War Finnish hors- century it was found out that in the east- es proved to be durable, coura- ern parts of Finland there were horses geous and easy to take care of. with broad foreheads and short muz- In the 16th and 17th century zles, resembling a northern European they wanted to increase the horse breed. They have been thought size of military horses from to descend from the tarpan group of the ”sturdy Finnish native” wild horses. Formerly researchers 110-120 cm. Therefore had thought that the Finnhorse was some Friesian mares were imported to crown mansions from Holland. A hundred years later some Arabian stallions and southern Swedish draught horses were in- troduced to the breed. The import of horses to the area that now constitutes Finland was however minimal compared to exports. Some words in the Finnish language related to the horse have been in use for several centuries. Such as “var- sa” (foal), “hepo,hevonen” (horse), ”tamma” (mare) and ”uve”, a Carelian word for stallion. Also “aisat” (shafts) and several har- ness parts such as ”länget” (collar) used around the neck, ”suitset”, “päit- set” (bridle) and their “kuolaimet” (bits) are some of the oldest words in the Finnish language. History 5 Since snow was very deep in the forest dur- ing the winters, the horses suitable for logging sites were to have longer legs than field hors- es. A good logging horse was considered to be higher than 165 cm. Prices could be very high for these horses, even though they rarely lasted longer than one winter at the logging sites. Work days were 10-12 hours long, and the horses’ shelter was built of twigs. Even with a rug on, the sweaty horse was hardly ever too warm. Horse carriage at Aulanko in Hämeenlinna in the beginning of the 1900s. © City of Hämeenlinna historic museum The stamina of the transport horse n Finland horses were required to have a horses that were used for two to four trans- good temper and a speedy gait since dis- portations a day. The horses were used to tances were long and roads were scarce travel by sled or phaeton 40 to 160 kilome- in the inner parts of Finland up to the 19th tres per horse a day. Even the speed was century. In the 14th century separate inns regulated by the 19th century: 10 kilome- were told that the horse needs new shoes.
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