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Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Precambrian GTS2020 GTS2020 GTS2020 GTS2020 Boundary ages (Ma) Age Epoch Period Era Eon Age Boundary ages (Ma) Sub Age Age Epoch Sub Period Period Era Eon Age Boundary ages (Ma) Sub Age Age Epoch Period Era Eon Age Boundary ages (Ma) Age Sub Epoch Epoch Period Era Eon Age 540 Holocene 0.00 538.80 0.01 550 Changhsingian Late 560 Lt. Pleist. 300 Pleistocene 254.24 570 24 0.13 Late Maastrichtian 580 255 Ediacaran Lopingian 590 Middle 600 0.5 Chibanian Pleistocene Maastrichtian Wuchiapingian 610 0.77 620 70 69.91 630 1.0 Quaternary 635.00 640 Early Maastrichtian 259.55 Calabrian 260 650 660 1.5 Pleistocene 72.17 670 Cryogenian 1.80 Capitanian 680 690 2.0 700 Early Pleistocene Gelasian 710 264.34 Late Campanian 720 720.00 2.5 265 2.58 730 75 740 Wordian 750 3.0 760 Late Pliocene Piacenzian 76.38 770 Guadalupian 780 269.21 3.5 790 3.60 270 Campanian 800 Neoproterozoic 810 Pliocene Middle Campanian 4.0 Roadian 820 830 840 80 4.5 Early Pliocene Zanclean 850 80.64 274.37 860 Tonian 275 Permian 870 5.0 880 Early Campanian 890 5.34 900 5.5 910 83.65 Kungurian 920 930 Late Santonian 280 6.0 84.54 940 Late Cretaceous Santonian 85 Middle Santonian 950 Messinian 85.30 960 6.5 Early Santonian 85.70 970 283.30 980 Late Coniacian 990 7.0 1000 1000.00 Coniacian 87.50 285 1010 7.25 Middle Coniacian 88.09 1020 1030 7.5 Cisuralian Artinskian Early Coniacian 1040 89.39 1050 8.0 90 Late Turonian 1060 90.27 1070 290 1080 290.51 8.5 Late Miocene 1090 Turonian Middle Turonian 1100 Stenian Sakmarian 1110 1120 9.0 92.90 293.52 1130 Early Turonian 1140 93.90 295 9.5 Tortonian 1150 1160 Late Cenomanian Asselian 95 1170 1180 10.0 95.47 Middle Cenomanian 1190 96.24 1200 1200.00 298.89 1210 10.5 Cenomanian 300 1220 1230 Gzhelian 1240 11.0 Early Cenomanian 1250 1260 1270 11.5 303.68 11.63 100 1280 100.50 305 1290 Kasimovian Late Pennsylvanian 1300 Ectasian 12.0 1310 307.02 1320 1330 Mesoproterozoic 12.5 1340 Serravallian 1350 Neogene 310 1360 13.0 Late Albian 1370 Cretaceous Moscovian 1380 105 1390 13.5 1400 1400.00 Pennsylvanian 1410 13.82 Middle Pennsylvanian 1420 14.0 1430 Albian 315 315.15 Miocene 1440 Middle Miocene 107.59 1450 14.5 1460 1470 Middle Albian Langhian 1480 15.0 Bashkirian 1490 110 1500 110.22 320 Calymmian 1510 15.5 1520 Proterozoic 1530 Early Pennsylvanian Early Albian 1540 16.0 15.99 323.40 1550 1560 113.20 1570 325 16.5 1580 1590 Serpukhovian 1600 1600.00 17.0 115 1610 1620 Late Aptian 1630 Late Mississippian 1640 17.5 330 330.34 1650 Aptian Carboniferous 1660 18.0 1670 1680 Burdigalian 118.76 1690 18.5 1700 Statherian 1710 120 Early Aptian 335 1720 19.0 1730 1740 121.40 1750 1760 19.5 Early Miocene Visean 1770 1780 340 Early Cretaceous Late Barremian 1790 20.0 1800 1800.00 Barremian Middle Mississippian 1810 1820 20.5 20.45 125 125.08 Mississippian 1830 1840 Early Barremian 1850 21.0 126.50 345 1860 1870 346.73 1880 21.5 1890 Aquitanian Late Hauterivian 1900 1910 22.0 1920 Hauterivian 350 1930 Orosirian 129.94 130 1940 22.5 1950 1960 Early Hauterivian Tournaisian 1970 23.0 23.04 1980 132.60 1990 355 2000 23.5 Early Mississippian 2010 Late Valanginian 2020 2030 24.0 2040 135 Valanginian 2050 2050.00 135.40 359.30 2060 24.5 360 2070 Latest Famennian 2080 Early Valanginian Paleoproterozoic 2090 361.78 25.0 2100 137.70 Chattian 2110 Late Famennian 2120 25.5 Late Berriasian 2130 Late Oligocene 365 Famennian 365.06 2140 2150 140 139.92 26.0 Berriasian Middle Famennian 2160 Middle Berriasian 2170 2180 Rhyacian 141.38 367.91 26.5 2190 2200 Early Berriasian Early Famennian 370 2210 27.0 143.10 2220 Late Devonian 371.10 2230 27.29 2240 Late Tithonian Late Frasnian 27.5 2250 373.44 2260 145 145.05 2270 28.0 375 Frasnian Middle Frasnian 2280 Tithonian 2290 376.35 2300 2300.00 28.5 Oligocene Early Tithonian 2310 Early Frasnian 2320 2330 378.90 2340 29.0 Late Givetian 2350 380 149.24 380.31 2360 2370 29.5 150 Middle Givetian Givetian 2380 Late Kimmeridgian 2390 383.06 2400 Siderian 30.0 Early Givetian 2410 Kimmeridgian 152.04 2420 385 385.30 2430 30.5 Rupelian 2440 Late Jurassic Early Kimmeridgian 2450 Late Eifelian 2460 31.0 Early Oligocene 2470 154.78 155 Devonian Middle Devonian 2480 389.62 2490 390 Eifelian 31.5 2500 2500.00 Late Oxfordian 2510 Early Eifelian 2520 32.0 2530 2540 Oxfordian 157.96 2550 32.5 Middle Oxfordian 394.30 2560 395 Cenozoic Mesozoic 159.10 Paleozoic 2570 2580 33.0 2590 160 Phanerozoic Phanerozoic Phanerozoic Early Oxfordian Late Emsian 2600 2610 33.5 2620 161.53 2630 400 400.08 33.90 Late Callovian 2640 34.0 162.65 2650 Neoarchean Middle Callovian 2660 Callovian 163.47 Emsian 2670 34.5 2680 Early Callovian 2690 165 2700 165.29 405 35.0 Late Bathonian Early Emsian 2710 165.83 2720 Middle Bathonian 2730 35.5 Bathonian 2740 166.97 2750 Late Eocene Priabonian Early Bathonian Early Devonian 2760 36.0 168.17 2770 410 2780 410.51 Late Bajocian 2790 Middle Jurassic Pragian Early Pragian 2800 2800.00 36.5 Bajocian 169.74 170 412.40 2810 Early Bajocian Late Lochkovian 2820 170.90 2830 37.0 413.94 Late Aalenian 2840 171.50 415 Middle Lochkovian 2850 Middle Aalenian 37.5 Jurassic Lochkovian 2860 172.70 416.30 2870 37.71 Aalenian 2880 Early Lochkovian 38.0 Early Aalenian 2890 2900 419.00 2910 174.70 2920 38.5 175 420 Pridoli 2930 2940 2950 39.0 422.73 2960 Late Toarcian 2970 Bartonian Ludfordian 2980 39.5 425 Ludlow 425.01 2990 Gorstian 3000 Mesoarchean 3010 40.0 426.74 Toarcian 3020 179.82 180 3030 Middle Toarcian 3040 40.5 Homerian 3050 181.17 430 Wenlock 3060 430.62 3070 41.0 41.03 Silurian 3080 Early Toarcian Sheinwoodian 3090 3100 432.93 41.5 3110 184.20 3120 435 3130 42.0 185 Telychian 3140 3150 Domerian 3160 42.5 3170 Llandovery 3180 438.59 3190 43.0 Aeronian 3200 3200.00 188.00 440 440.49 3210 Pliensbachian Middle Eocene 3220 43.5 Early Jurassic Rhuddanian 3230 3240 190 443.07 3250 Archean 44.0 Carixian Hirnantian 3260 3270 445 445.21 3280 44.5 Paleogene Lutetian 3290 3300 192.90 3310 45.0 Eocene 3320 Katian 3330 3340 450 45.5 Late Sinemurian 3350 195 3360 3370 46.0 3380 Sinemurian Late Ordovician 452.75 196.37 3390 3400 Paleoarchean 46.5 3410 455 Early Sinemurian Sandbian 3420 3430 47.0 3440 3450 199.46 458.18 3460 200 47.5 3470 Hettangian 3480 460 3490 201.36 3500 48.0 48.07 3510 3520 3530 48.5 3540 Rhaetian Darriwilian 3550 465 Ordovician 3560 49.0 3570 205 3580 Middle Ordovician 3590 49.5 205.74 3600 3600.00 3610 469.42 3620 50.0 470 Dapingian 3630 3640 471.26 3650 50.5 3660 3670 3680 210 Sevatian 51.0 Floian 3690 475 3700 3710 51.5 3720 477.08 3730 3740 52.0 Early Eocene Ypresian 3750 3760 214.03 480 3770 52.5 3780 Early Ordovician 3790 215 Tremadocian 3800 Eoarchean 53.0 Alaunian 3810 3820 Norian 3830 53.5 485 3840 217.49 3850 3860 54.0 486.85 3870 3880 3890 Age 10 3900 54.5 220 Late Triassic 490 3910 3920 491.00 55.0 3930 Furongian 3940 Jiangshanian 3950 Lacian 55.5 3960 494.20 3970 495 3980 56.0 56.00 Paibian 3990 4000 4000.00 225 497.00 4010 56.5 4020 4030 Guzhangian 4040 Triassic 4050 57.0 500 227.30 500.50 4060 4070 4080 57.5 Thanetian Drumian 4090 Miaolingian 4100 4110 58.0 504.50 Late Paleocene 4120 230 505 Tuvalian 4130 4140 58.5 Wuliuan 4150 4160 Carnian 4170 59.0 509.00 4180 59.24 4190 510 233.60 4200 59.5 4210 Age 4 4220 235 4230 60.0 Julian Cambrian 4240 4250 Selandian 514.50 4260 60.5 515 Epoch 2 4270 237.00 4280 Hadean 4290 61.0 Middle Paleocene Paleocene Longobardian 4300 Age 3 4310 4320 Ladinian 61.5 239.48 4330 61.66 240 520 4340 Fassanian 521.00 4350 62.0 4360 241.46 4370 4380 62.5 Illyrian 4390 4400 Middle Triassic 525 Age 2 4410 243.33 63.0 Pelsonian 4420 4430 Anisian 244.24 Bithynian 4440 63.5 245 244.99 4450 4460 529.00 Danian Aegean 4470 64.0 530 4480 246.70 4490 4500 Terreneuvian Early Paleocene Spathian 64.5 4510 Olenekian 248.10 4520 4530 Fortunian 65.0 Smithian 4540 535 4550 250 249.88 4560 Dienerian 4567.00 65.5 Early Triassic 250.50 4570 Induan 4580 Griesbachian 4590 251.90 66.0 66.04 4600 Paleo...* Permian Lopin...* Changhsingian.
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  • First Strebloceras (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Caecidae) from the Middle Pleistocene of Japan

    First Strebloceras (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Caecidae) from the Middle Pleistocene of Japan

    豊橋市自然史博物館研報 Sci. Rep. Toyohashi Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 30, 1–19, 2020 1 First Strebloceras (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Caecidae) from the middle Pleistocene of Japan Takuma Haga* 中部更新統渥美層群豊橋層産ミジンギリギリツツガイ科（軟体動物門：腹足綱）の 1 新種 芳賀拓真* （Abstract） A caecid gastropod of the small genus Strebloceras recovered from the middle Pleistocene Toyohashi Formation, Atsumi Group, was newly described as S. kobayashii n. sp. It is the first record of the genus in Japan and is the geochronologically youngest fossil that fills a large time gap of approximately 5 Myr after the middle Miocene. Strebloceras kobayashii n. sp. is characterized as having a large shell that is up to approximately 5 mm long and a dorsally or ventrally depressed teleoconch. It is interpreted to be a rare, extinct fossil species that lived exclusively in the warm-temperate conditions during interglacial periods in the middle Pleistocene. Although the geochronological occurrence of Strebloceras apparently matches well with the hypothesis of the eastward migration from the Tethys to the Pacific in Miocene times, the origins of the Pacific members may be explainable by overlap of both the Tethys and original Pacific lineages. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:883F3DA9-D8BC-4CE9-B3BB-2FD96AB900E8 Introduction include the surfaces of substrata such as algae and rocks, gravels (e.g., Ponder and de Keyzer, 1998), underneath Members of the family Caecidae Gray, 1850 are small to pebbles (Tatara, 2011), and underneath rocks and wood in minute caenogastropods with characteristically tusk-shaped sulphide-rich reducing environments (Kano and Haga, 2011). to tubular or depressed trochiform to almost planispiral shells The Caecidae comprises three subfamilies: Caecinae (e.g., Ponder and de Keyzer, 1998).
  • Pliocene-Pleistocene Stratigraphic Paleobiology at Altavilla Milicia (Palermo, Sicily): Tectonic, Climatic and Eustatic Forcing

    Pliocene-Pleistocene Stratigraphic Paleobiology at Altavilla Milicia (Palermo, Sicily): Tectonic, Climatic and Eustatic Forcing

    TO L O N O G E I L C A A P I ' T A A T L E I I A Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 59 (1), 2020, 57-83. Modena C N O A S S. P. I. Pliocene-Pleistocene stratigraphic paleobiology at Altavilla Milicia (Palermo, Sicily): tectonic, climatic and eustatic forcing Stefano Dominici*, Marco Benvenuti, Vittorio Garilli, Alfred Uchman, Francesco Pollina & Arpad David S. Dominici, Museo di Storia Naturale, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, I-50121 Firenze, Italy; [email protected]* corresponding author M. Benvenuti, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via La Pira 4, I-50121 Firenze, Italy; [email protected] V. Garilli, Paleosofia-APEMA Research and Educational Service, Viale Principessa Jolanda 29, I-90149 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] A. Uchman, Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Institute of Geological Sciences, Gronostajowa 3a, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] F. Pollina, Paleosofia-APEMA Research and Educational Service, Viale Principessa Jolanda 29, I-90149 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] A. David, Debrecen University, Department of Mineralogy and Geology, 4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary; [email protected] KEY WORDS - Mollusca, ichnology, facies analysis, calcareous nannoplankton, Mediterranean Sea, climate change. ABSTRACT - The integration of sedimentary facies analysis, ichnology and benthic mollusc quantitative paleoecology allowed interpretation of factors that have controlled the deposition of the alluvial to marine succession outcropping in Northwestern Sicily (Southern Italy) at Altavilla Milicia, near Palermo (Imerese Basin). Two main marine units are recognised, labelled CNM and ALT, separated by an angular unconformity and formed by elementary depositional sequences (CNM1-4, ALT1-5).