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DOI: 10.1057/9781137438775.0011 Index
Abacha, Sani, 47, 50 Babaginda, Ibrahim, 47, 51 Abiola, Moshood, 47 Bakossi people (Cameroon), abortion, 16, 60 13, 15 Acholi people (Uganda), 45 Banda, Hastings, 42, 48, 49, 59 adultery, 11, 14, 16, 17 Bangladesh, 77 African Charter on Human banishment, 10, 13, 14, 16 and Peoples’ Rights, 54, Banjul Charter. See African 67, 97 Charter on Human and African Commission on Peoples’ Rights Human and Peoples’ Barre, Siad, 45 Rights, 7, 47, 67, 68, 70, 84, Belgian Congo, 30 92, 95 Belgium, 30 African Union Convention Benin, 4, 5, 58, 64, 83 on the Prevention and Bio, Julius Maada, 47 Combating of Terrorism, 85 Biya, Paul, 58 Ahidjo, Ahmadou, 42 “black peril” laws, 28 Akan people (Ghana), 14, 16, 19 Bloody Code, 81 Algeria, 4, 6, 25, 30, 35 Bokassa, Jean-Bédel, 46 Alur people (Uganda), 14 Bosch, Mariette Sonjaleen, 84 Amin, Idi, 44, 46 Botswana, 4, 5, 13, 18, 43, 66, 69, Amnesty International, 33, 38, 77, 80, 82, 84, 85, 89, 108 49, 50, 69 constitution of, 80, 82 Angola, 4, 34, 35, 39, 58, 94, 108 Bourguiba, Habib, 45 constitution of, 35 British Institute of apostasy, 11 International and arms offenses, death penalty Comparative Law, 69 and, 92 Buhari, Muhammadu, 52 arms possession, death penalty Burkina Faso, 16 for, 33 Burundi, 4, 30, 67 Arusha Peace Accords, 62 Ashanti people (Ghana), 14 Cameroon, 12, 13, 15, 19, 27, 42, Attorney General v. Kigula, 78, 84 43, 46, 58, 67, 93, 103 Australia, 91 constitution of, 43
DOI: 10.1057/9781137438775.0012 117 118 Index
Canada, 33, 66, 96 economic austerity, 51, 53, 58 Cape Verde, 4, 34, 64 Economic Community of West African Caribbean, Commonwealth. See States Commonwealth Caribbean Community Court of Justice Catholic Commission for Justice and of, 68 Peace v. Attorney General, Egypt, 4, 5, 45 65, 92 Equatorial Guinea, 5, 46 Central African Republic, 46 Ethiopia, 4, 12, 52, 64 Chaskalson, Arthur, 66 Federal Supreme Court of, 64 Chirwa, Orton, 6, 48, 49, 52 European Convention on Human Chirwa, Vera, 48 Rights, 43 civil society, 7, 31, 70 European Court of Human Rights, 67, clemency, 7, 11, 28, 29, 32, 43, 50, 61, 77, 69, 95 81, 82, 84, 86, 91, 94 European Union, 31, 33, 66, 91 mass commutations and, 2 Ewe people (Ghana), 15 Commonwealth Caribbean, 65, 69, 81, exile. See banishment 91, 96 extenuating circumstances. See compensation, 6, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 26, doctrine of extenuating 45, 80 circumstances Congo, Democratic Republic of, 10, 14, extradition, 7, 85, 86, 91 58, 93 extrajudicial executions, 5, 34, 35, Congo, Republic of, 83 44, 64 convict labor, 25, 34, 35 corporal punishment, 26, 35, firing squad, 26, 27, 30, 35, 44, 47, 83 50, 65 France Côte d’Ivoire, 4 constitution of, 42 customary law, 27, 31 Gabon, 4, 30 Dahomey (kingdom), 16 Gadaffi, Muammar, 45 de Klerk, F.W., 32 Gambia, The, 4, 61, 62, 67, 68, 76, 82, death penalty 93, 106 eligible offenses and, 32, 46, 76 Gamo people (Ethiopia), 12 mandatory nature of, 7, 31, 32, Ganda people (Uganda), 10 33, 49, 59, 69, 76, 77, 78, 81, 85, gender, death penalty and, 11, 15, 28, 92, 94 45, 60, 83 Death Penalty Project, 69 Ghana, 4, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 29, 36, 43, decapitation, 16, 83 44, 54, 58, 61, 76, 77, 78, 82, 96, Derg, 64 101, 114 Ditshwanelo Botswana Centre for colonialism and, 29 Human Rights, 69 Commission on Human Rights and Djibouti, 4, 64 Administrative Justice of, 61 DNA testing, 81 constitution of, 82 doctrine of extenuating circumstances, Supreme Court of, 78 7, 32, 33, 77, 79, 80 Gisu people (Uganda), 14 Doe, Samuel, 46 Great Britain, 26, 28, 29 drug trafficking, 51, 62, 76, 85 Guinea, 4, 34, 46, 51, 67
DOI: 10.1057/9781137438775.0012 Index 119
Guinea-Bissau, 4, 34 Kabbah, Ahmed Tejan, 47, 63 Gusii people (Kenya), 13, 14 Kafantayeni v. Attorney General, 78 Kalenjin people (Kenya), 49 Habyarimana, Juvénal, 46 Kalu v. State, 66 Hands Off Cain, 69 Kamba people (Kenya), 12 hanging. See methods of execution, Kargbo, Franklyn, 47 hanging Kaunda, Kenneth, 42 hard labor, 51, 94 Kayibanda, Grégoire, 46 Hausa people (Nigeria/Niger), 11 Kayitesi, Zainabo Sylvie, 67 homicide, 12, 14, 16, 27, 45, 46, 62, 64, Kenya, 2, 4, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 25, 26, 28, 76, 78 29, 30, 35, 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 50, hudud offenses, 11, 76 51, 52, 54, 58, 59, 69, 77, 80, 83, 85, Human Rights Watch, 69 93, 111 constitution of, 2, 43, 59 Ibibio people (Nigeria), 15 Court of Appeal of, 77 Igbo people (Nigeria), 13 Kenyatta, Jomo, 42, 45 Ikwerre people (Nigeria), 13 Kibaki, Mwai, 2, 59 incest, 12, 13, 14, 16 Kikuyu people (Kenya), 49 India, 5, 65, 66, 77, 81, 84, 91, 92 Kwena clan. See Tswana people Supreme Court of, 81, 84 Indonesia, 85, 91 Lango people (Uganda), 45 infanticide, 16 Law and Order Maintenance Act Innocence Project, 96 (Southern Rhodesia), 33 Inter-American Human Rights System, law enforcement, 3, 5, 10, 25, 28, 47, 48, 67, 95 51, 81 Interights (on behalf of Bosch) v. legal aid, 3, 7, 32, 49, 80, 81, 86, 96 Botswana, 68 Lesotho, 69, 77, 80, 93 International Covenant on Civil and Liberia, 4, 46, 52, 58, 63, 64, 93 Political Rights, 62, 64 Libya, 4, 5, 45, 67 Second Optional Protocol to, 62, 64 life imprisonment, 2, 5, 7, 34, 48, 61, 62, International Criminal Court, 95 64, 76, 85, 93, 94, 97 International Criminal Tribunal for Luba people (Democratic Republic of Rwanda, 62 the Congo), 14 International Federation for Human Luo people (Kenya), 15 Rights, 69 International Monetary Fund, 51 Maasai people (Kenya), 12, 13 Islam, 2, 4, 6, 10, 11, 19, 27, 31, 45, 58, Maauwe, Tlhabologang, 70 60, 76, 83, 91 Machel, Samora, 35 Madagascar, 4 Jagbe people (Nigeria), 12 Malawi, 6, 16, 26, 42, 48, 49, 52, 58, 59, Japan, 91 67, 69, 77, 81, 83, 92, 93 Jonathan, Goodluck, 5 constitution of, 48, 59, 81 Judicial Committee of the Privy Constitutional Court of, 78 Council, 29, 33, 69, 81, 95 Malaysia, 85, 91 judicial independence, 3, 6, 44, 70 Mali, 4 juveniles, death penalty and, 60 Maliki school of jurisprudence, 11
DOI: 10.1057/9781137438775.0012 120 Index
Mandara people (Cameroon), 19 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 50 mandatory minimum sentences, 7, 95 Obote, Milton, 44 Mandela, Nelson, 32 Ogoni people (Nigeria), 50 manslaughter, 15, 77 overcrowding and prisons, 83 Mau Mau Emergency, 29 Mauritius, 26, 94 Papua New Guinea, 77 Mengistu Haile Mariam, 52, 64 parole, 7, 61, 93, 94 mercy. See clemency Philippines, the, 91 methods of execution, 7, 16, 30, 83 Ping, Oteng Modisane, 84 hanging, 16, 26, 27, 32, 48, 65, 83, 84 police. See law enforcement lethal injection, 59 political crimes, death penalty and, 29, military rule, 58 31, 35, 48, 63 Minah, Misheck, 47 Portugal, 4, 25, 34, 35, 94 Mnangagwa, Emmerson, 18 Privy Council. See Judicial Committee Mobutu Sese Seko, 44, 52 of the Privy Council Moi, Daniel arap, 2, 43, 49, 58, 59 public defender, 80 Momoh, Joseph, 47 public executions, 11, 26, 30, 45, 47, moratorium on executions, 31, 32, 47, 62, 84 60, 67, 80, 92, 93, 97 Morocco, 4, 11, 31 Qutb, Sayyid, 45 Mossi people (Burkina Faso), 16 Motswetla, Gwara, 70 Rawlings, Jerry, 44, 58 Mozambique, 4, 34, 35, 64, 85, 94 Republic v. Mbushuu, 66 constitution of, 35 repugnancy clause, 25 Msiri (Chief), 10 restorative justice, 17, 19 Mulizi, Bakili, 49 Rhodesia, 6, 25, 28, 31, 33, 35, 36 murder. See homicide unilateral declaration of Murungi, Kiraitu, 59 independence and, 33 Museveni, Yoweri, 58 right to a fair trial, 32, 68, 76, 78 Mutiso v. Republic, 78 Royal Commission for Capital Punishment, 26 Namibia, 4, 6, 32, 52, 58, 60, 69, 80 Royal Dutch Shell Petroleum, 50, 51 constitution of, 35, 60 rule of law, 3, 34, 44, 52, 53, 64 Nandi people (Kenya), 13 Rwanda, 2, 4, 16, 30, 45, 46, 52, 58, 62, Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 45 63, 67, 94, 102, 109 Netherlands, the, 96 genocide and, 63 Nguema, Macías, 46 Nguni people (South Africa), 18 Sachs, Albie, 18 Niger, 11, 30, 50 Salazar, Antonio de, 34 Nigeria, 4, 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 26, 27, 42, 43, São Tomé e Principe, 4, 34 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 66, 68, 76, 77, 80, Saro-Wiwa, Kenule, 6, 48, 50, 52 81, 83, 93, 96 Senegal, 4, 58, 60 Supreme Court of, 66 constitution of, 60 Norway, 49 sentencing disparities, 32, 80, 95 Nuer people (South Sudan), 15 sentencing guidelines, 78 Nyasaland. See Malawi Sétif uprising, 30
DOI: 10.1057/9781137438775.0012 Index 121
Shona people (Zimbabwe), 18 Taylor, Charles, 54, 63 Sierra Leone, 47, 52, 58, 63, 80, 93 Thailand, 85 constitution of, 63 Timbuktu, 11 Singapore, 85 Tiv people (Nigeria/Cameroon), Court of Appeal of, 82 12, 27 Sirleaf-Johnson, Ellen, 64 Togo, 4 slavery, death penalty and, 16 Tolbert, William, 46 socialism, 42, 45 torture, 11, 16, 19, 26, 44, 46, 47, 51, 94 solitary confinement, 46, 83, 94 Touré, Sékou, 46 Somali people, 45 treason, death penalty for, 2, 16, 32, Somalia, 4, 5, 45, 58, 76 34, 45, 47, 48, 49, 60, 61, 62, 63, constitution of, 45 68, 76 Sotho people (Lesotho), 17, 18 trial by ordeal, 16 South Africa, 2, 4, 6, 26, 31, 32, 33, 35, Tsela v. Rex, 78 52, 58, 64, 66, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, 85, Tswana people (Botswana), 13, 16, 17, 18 92, 94, 96, 114 Tuareg people (West Africa), 30 apartheid and, 4, 32, 35, 64, 77, 80, Tumbuka people (Malawi), 16, 17 91, 95 Tunisia, 4, 31, 45, 93 constitution of, 66, 80 Turkana people (Kenya), 12 Constitutional Court of, 2, 17, 18, 33, Tutsi people (Rwanda), 45 66, 78, 82, 83, 85, 92 South Korea, 91 ubuntu, 17 South Sudan, 4, 8, 15, 93, 116 Uganda, 4, 10, 14, 44, 46, 58, 66, 69, 77, South West Africa. See Namibia 78, 80, 82, 84, 92, 94, 115 Soviet Union, 44, 58 constitution of, 59, 82 Spain, 46 Supreme Court of, 78, 94 Special Court for Sierra Leone, 63 United Kingdom, 96 state collapse, 5 United Nations General Assembly, 60 State v. Makwanyane, 38, 66, 92 United Nations Human Rights Stevens, Siaka, 47 Committee, 48, 84, 95 structural adjustment, 51 United Nations Human Rights Sudan, 4, 5, 76, 83 Council, 60 suicide, 12, 13, 16, 48 United States, 33, 44, 51, 66, 77, 78, 85, summary executions, 46 91, 92, 96 Swaziland, 43, 59, 67, 69, 71, 77, 78, 80 Wade, Abdoulaye, 60 constitution of, 43, 59 Wamwere, Koigi wa, 6, 48, 49, 52 people of, 15 witchcraft, 12, 17, 25, 46, 79 Supreme Court of, 78 Witwatersrand Justice Project, 96 Woodson v. North Carolina, 77 Tagoe, Bernard, 96 Working Group on the Death Tamba, Lang Tombong, 62 Penalty (African Commission), 8, Tanganyika, 25 67, 116 Tanzania, 4, 62, 65, 66, 77, 83 World Bank, 51 Court of Appeal of, 66 wrongful convictions, 96 Tarok people (Nigeria), 15 wrongful executions, 3
DOI: 10.1057/9781137438775.0012 122 Index
Yeke Kingdom, 10 Zanzibar, 11 Zimbabwe, 4, 18, 31, 34, 59, 60, 65, 66, Zaire. See Congo, Democratic 73, 76, 77, 80, 83, 92 Republic of constitution of, 59, 60 Zambia, 4, 17, 42, 43, 48, 58, 67, 76, 77, Supreme Court of, 36, 37, 38 80, 83, 93 Zulu people (South Africa), 14, constitution of, 80 17, 18
DOI: 10.1057/9781137438775.0012