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Final Report Final Report for Digital Antiquity: Planning a Digital Information Structure for Archaeology Grant Period: July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2008 Submitted to The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Scholarly Communications Program by W. Fredrick Limp University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR 72701 Page 1 Executive Summary In July 2007 The Mellon Foundation Scholarly Communications program awarded $152,000 (and an additional $3,861 in interest accrued) to the Archaeoinformatics Consortium with the University of Arkansas serving as prime contractor. The mission of the consortium was to create a cyberinfrastructure to preserve digital archaeological data in all their forms, along with the metadata that make them meaningful and to provide scholars and the public access to archaeological digital data. In addition to the University of Arkansas (Uark), other initial participants were Arizona State University (ASU), the Penn State University (PSU), Statistical Research Incorporated (SRI), and Washington State University (WSU); in February 2008, the University of York was added to the consortium. The consortium steering committee was: Jeff Altschul (SRI), Keith Kintigh (ASU), Tim Kohler (WSU), Fred Limp (Uark), Julian Richards (York) and Dean Snow (PSU). Over the project period (July 2007‐June 2008) the Steering Committee met bi‐weekly utilizing the AccessGRID video conferencing system. They developed an extensive web site (http://archaeoinformatics.org) and hosted an AccessGRID‐based public lecture series with 10 public lectures. Video of each lecture and associated presentation materials are archived at the web site. A disciplinary survey to define the current “state of the art” and to identify needs was conducted; it had 270 respondents. A Technical and Disciplinary Advisory Board was formed with prominent individuals from the fields of computer science, archaeology, libraries and physical anthropology. Board members represented consulting archaeology, university and museum researchers, various professional organizations and federal agencies. A three day meeting was held in Santa Fe NM in February 2008 that lead to a formal set of recommendations and an assessment of work performed to date. A preliminary plan was presented at the Mellon Foundation All‐Projects meeting in March 2008. Steering Committee members under the director of Keith Kintigh worked closely with Mellon staff to prepare a series of increasingly structured documents defining the technical and organizational elements needed to execute the consortium’s defined mission. A final implementation proposal formalizing the results of the planning process was submitted to the Foundation in October 2008. Individual and summary fiscal reports are provided as appendices. As documented in the appendices the funds allocated were expended consistent with the proposed tasks. For the University of Arkansas distribution a positive balance of $398.09 remains after all expenditures were paid. Minor (positive) variances also exist between budgeted and allocated subcontracts for WSU ($992.73), PSU ($173.51) and Arizona State ($679.66). One substantial deviation between the proposed and expended funds is in the SRI budget. Because of staffing changes during the project at SRI, Dr. Clay Mathers was replaced by Dr. Jeff Altschul. Dr Altschul is the founder and Chairman of SRI and the president of the SRI Foundation. Due to the fiscal structure of SRI, Dr. Altschul’s salary cannot be charged and as a result only $8,289.41 of the total $21,801 initially requested by SRI could be expended, leaving $13,511.59 unexpended. The total remaining amount, from all the sources ($15,755.58), is being held by the University of Arkansas to be returned to the Mellon Foundation or otherwise distributed as directed. Page 2 Organizational History and Structure Over the last few years, a number or previous reports and studies had indentified the lack of a cyberinfrastructure as a key constraint on archaeology, particularly in the Americas. One key report on the problem was Kintigh el al. (2006) who stated: Archaeological insights have enormous potential to contribute to the understanding of long term social and socio‐ecological dynamics. However, the complexities of archaeological datasets, the lack of data comparability across projects, and limited access to primary data have crippled our efforts to understand phenomena operating on large spatial and temporal scales. The fundamental challenge is to enable scientifically meaningful integration and use of the expanding corpus of systematically collected archaeological data. Snow and associates, in an article in Science, (2006): Archaeology often depends on archived data acquired by other researchers for other purposes, often long ago. Differences in recording protocols, terms, measurement units, and language are commonplace. Data are often obscurely archived and difficult to access, and policies regarding confidentiality vary considerably. Even when databases are accessible, they often differ in size, format, structure, and semantics and seem to defy fusion. In archaeology, research on the most important issues in today’s society—the evolution of culture, the growth in population, and the long‐term interaction of cultures with their physical and biological environments—will remain impoverished in the absence of a new generation of cybertools. And Waters emphasizes (2007) that the process is complex: ... discovery is only the beginning of the scholarly process. Scholars then must zero in on the subsets they find—the primary and secondary source objects of interest to their work. They need to pull together these selected subsets for deeper analysis. The process of aggregation at this stage is more difficult and complicated because data need to be reviewed for anomalies, normalized, and prepared in a more rigorous fashion than is likely to be necessary or affordable for the commodity search engines. Provenance and authenticity of the information need to be established; rights need to be cleared; databases and database schemas need to be created; textual objects may need to be translated and marked up for grammatical and structural features, as well as semantically according to certain knowledge structures; numeric data may need conversion to common measures; assumptions and guesswork need to be carefully documented; and provision needs to be made to ensure that the data are maintained and can be reliably cited over time. The maintenance and preservation functions compose what is coming to be known as data curation, but the broader set of computationally‐based research practices define the domain of informatics, which transformed the field of biology beginning in the 1980s and which is gradually being applied in other fields of study today. In Europe generally, and Britain specifically, substantial progress has already been made in the development of key aspects of an archaeological cyberinfrastructure (or e‐infrastructure) , as represented primarily by the Archaeology Data Service (ADS) but also by efforts such as the International Committee for Museum Documentation (CIDOC), the Forum on Information Standards in Heritage (FISH) , the Manual and Data Standards for Monument Inventories (MIDAS), and many others. Page 3 A key premise of the entire effort was that, while it is archaeologists who will be the first to benefit from an improved cyber infrastructure, it is critical to recognize that cultural heritage is central to a people’s identity. Nearly all countries mandate its protection, often through archaeological documentation and interpretation. The curation in perpetuity of irreplaceable archaeological artifacts, field notes, photographs, reports, and analytical data underlies the public’s faith that their heritage is safeguarded for the future. Sadly, we are currently failing to fully meet this responsibility. In a digital age, we must not only care for physical objects, but also the digital data— reports, photographs, laser scans, satellite images, databases from laboratory analyses, and much more— that are a growing part of archaeological collections. Moreover, the data are only important if they are used to help us understand our common past. It is incumbent on the discipline to not simply store digital data, but to find ways of making these data accessible and useful to scholars and the public. (Archaeoinformatics 2007). In the US, between $650M and $1B is spent annually on cultural resource management (CRM) (J. Altschul per. comm.) of which a large proportion is devoted to archaeology. Nearly all of this work is performed to comply with laws that require government agencies to take into account the effect of their actions on cultural and historical resources. On the order of 50,000 field projects a year are carried out by federal agencies under these mandates, with another 50,000 federal undertakings requiring record searches or other inquiries that do not result in fieldwork. Nearly all of the 50,000 annual field projects and many of the additional 50,000 undertakings generate reports that together constitute the "grey literature" whose inaccessibility has long been an issue of major concern. Today these reports (ranging from a few pages to thousands of pages) are generated digitally but are generally not archived digitally; most survive only in their paper forms. A large fraction of projects will produce databases or spreadsheets of primary data and photographs and other sorts of images. Many will generate GIS or CAD files and some will have other kinds of digital
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