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Sport As an Institution for Gender Stereotype Challenge and Women Empowerment: a Reflection on Nigerian Elite Sportswomen at the Olympics

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Sport As an Institution for Gender Stereotype Challenge and Women Empowerment: a Reflection on Nigerian Elite Sportswomen at the Olympics SPORT AS AN INSTITUTION FOR GENDER STEREOTYPE CHALLENGE AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT: A REFLECTION ON NIGERIAN ELITE SPORTSWOMEN AT THE OLYMPICS Dr. Ifeanyichukwu C. Elendu and Dr. Tammy T. Orunaboka ABSTRACT This paper is a documental research based on literary review on the role of sport in challenging gender stereotype and serving as an institution for women empowerment in Nigeria. Women are always looking for how to address certain social issues and problems that affect them. Women empowerment is a social issue which women all over the world are clamoring for. Women have initiated and are still initiating movements geared towards ensuring that they have control over their socio-economic and political lives. Women have adopted several strategies including education to ensure that they achieve their goals. One of the strategies that could be used for women empowerment is sports. Sport is an empowerment avenue for all. Sport has also challenged gender stereotype that women are weak and inferior in social organizations. Among the areas that reflect one's empowerment are physical, economic, and social lives of the individuals. Sport empowers its participants including women physically by enhancing their strength, endurance, flexibility, power, agility; economically through salaries, match allowances as officiating officials and match commissioners, endorsement fees, and socially through interpersonal relationships, self-efficacy, friendship, among others. Among the challenges facing women empowerment through sports in Nigeria that were discussed include sexual harassment of women in sports; poor media coverage of women in sports; inadequate, substandard, and poor condition of sports facilities and equipment for women; poor funding of women's sports; inadequate motivation of women in sports; societal negative attitude towards women participation in sports, among others. Recommendations were made to improve the sports atmosphere for women, which will ensure women's maximization of the opportunity of being empowered through sports. Keywords: Women empowerment, Sports, Gender stereotype. INTRODUCTION sport, meaning of empowerment and This paper is a documental women empowerment, levels of research based on literary review of empowerment, and Nigerian elite the role of sport in challenging gender sportswomen at the Olympics. The stereotype and serving as an paper is equally subdivided into the institution for women empowerment role of sport in physical, social and in Nigeria. The subdivisions of the economic empowerment of women, paper are introduction, meaning of and problems confronting women gender, stereotype and gender empowerment through sports in stereotype, gender stereotype and Nigeria (poor media coverage of 57 The Shield (ISSN-1991-8410) Vol. 06, 2011 women in sports; sexual harassment Hargreaves (1999), argued that sport of women in sports; inadequate social is an oppressive activity instead of an support for women sports; gender empowering activity for individuals inequity and inequality in sports in the minority group (such as leadership positions; inadequate, women), many sports scholars substandard, and poor condition of (Blinde, Taub, & Han, 1993; Blinde, sports facilities and equipment for Taub, & Han, 1994; Pohl, Borrie & women; poor funding of women's Patterson, 2000) maintained that sports; inadequate motivation of women personally can make sport or women in sports, and societal other physical activities a very negative attitude towards women empowering experience. participation in sports). Empowerment, according to In a patriarchal society, gender Czuba and Nanette (1999) is a multi- dominance, discrimination and in- dimensional social process that helps equity are encouraged. Patriarchy people gain control over their lives. relations manifest in heterosexual Sport sociologists have affirmed sport women’s economic dependence on as a tool for empowerment. Realizing men (Hartman, 1997). The worldwide the empowerment potentials of sport, women's movement over the past Fasting (1996) noted that some thirty years has emphasized that women of all ages pursue their females be treated as human beings interest in sports. Sports, in sport when they have opportunities to sociology perspective, according to develop their intellectual and physical Coakley (1998), are institutionalized abilities (Fasting, 1996). Women's competitive activities that involve struggle for empowerment could be vigorous physical exertion or the use seen in their series of conferences, for of relatively complex physical skills instance, the fourth world women by individuals whose participations conference held in Beijing China, from are motivated by combination of 4 - 15 September, 1995. physical enjoyment and external rewards. Women always anchor on Sports scholars like Nelson (1994), the outstanding performances of Kane (1998); Pohl, Borrie, and sportswomen at international Patterson (2000) rightly observed that competitions to contest and argue one issue concerning women and gender stereotype in the traditional sport has been sports ability to society. Commenting on women deconstruct traditional gender sports performance, Dada (2005) stereotyping, norms, and behaviours stated that Nigerian women athletes through the empowerment of have won more medals than their women. As Birrell and Richter (1987); male counterparts. Women medal 58 Sport as an Institution for Gender Stereotype profile at international sports compe- Meaning of Gender, Stereotype and titions such as Olympics which Gender Stereotype challenges the gender stereotype where women are seen to be weak, According to Igbuzor (2006), independent, emotional, and non- gender is the socially and culturally competitive. constructed roles for men and women. Stereotype refers to a fixed The feminist scholars advocate for idea or image that many people empowerment in the personal have of a particular type of person qualities gained by women to aid in or thing, but which is often not true betterment of their lives at individual, in reality (Hornby, 2005). Hence, group, and societal level. Personal or gender stereotype is a fixed idea or individual empowerment is a image that people have about men prerequisite for group and societal or women which is not often true. It empowerment. Pensgaard and Sore- is the socio-cultural expectations nsen (2002) noted that empowerment from men and women in a given in sport has mostly been studied at the society. Highlighting the stereo- individual level. This could be because typical expectations of men and empowerment at individual level is women, Fiebert and Meyer (1997) foundation for empowerment at other stated that women are expected to levels. Even at the sports sector, be gentle, sensitive, emotional, and individual sportsmen and women are talkative; while men are to be empowered before the group and competitive, independent, unemo- societal empowerment. Empower- tional, and objective. ment easily reflects on physical, economic, and social lives of The Nigerian society is not an individuals including women. Gibson exception in gender stereotyping. In (1991) noted that the development of the society, women are seen to be qualities such as positive self-esteem, weak, incompetent, unskilled, perceived competence, self-efficacy, an unintelligent, too emotional, not internal locus of control, personal objective for public social positions satisfaction, a sense of connectedness, but only good at domestic activities and an improved quality of life in the family and home. Due to facilitate empowerment at the gender stereotyping, according to personal level. This paper therefore Tavris (1994) women have been express how sports had challenged known to feel inadequate, worth- gender stereotype and discussed the less, trapped, and overall have low role sports can play in physical, self-esteems. This situation necessi- economic, and social empowerment of tated Nigerian women and their women in Nigeria. colleagues worldwide to strive 59 The Shield (ISSN-1991-8410) Vol. 06, 2011 towards violating and disproving to be aggressive, competitive, and the societal norms. Nigerian confident, and so forth to be successful. women's popular saying that "what There is a link between successfulness a man can do, woman can do it and empowerment. better" is geared towards showing Sport experts (Blinde, Taub, & that they are not weak and inferior Han, 1993; Nelson, 1994) noted that even in the area of sports. stereotypes of women as less Gender Stereotype and Sport capable, less physically skilled, weak, helpless, and lack decision In the sport context, societal making skills that are necessary for norms are challenged and violated for organized physical activity lead women to be successful and many women to ignore sport or to empowered. Sport is an empowering believe that they were not institution for athletes irrespective of physically able to participate. In gender. Sport is a ground that has sport, women were able to display, been used to disagree with the what at the time were considered societal stereotyping norms as many inappropriate gender behaviours women have gone outside the limits such as aggression, competitiveness, of the norms. Many women have and independence. Women were proved to be objective, competitive, allowed to sweat, get dirty, get hurt, and independent at national and be muscular and physically fit while international sports competitions participating in sport. Sport served such as National sports festivals and as a place where women could Olympics. For an
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