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Regeneration of Thyroid Follicles from Primordial Cells in a Murine

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Regeneration of Thyroid Follicles from Primordial Cells in a Murine Laboratory Investigation (2017) 97, 478–489 © 2017 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0023-6837/17 Regeneration of thyroid follicles from primordial cells in a murine thyroidectomized model Junguee Lee1, Shinae Yi2, Joon Young Chang2, Yea Eun Kang2, Hyun Jung Kim3, Ki Cheol Park3, Keum-Jin Yang3, Hae Joung Sul1, Jong Ok Kim1, Hyon-Seung Yi2, Xuguang Zhu4, Sheue-yann Cheng4 and Minho Shong2 The functional unit of the thyroid gland, the thyroid follicle, dynamically responds to various stimuli to maintain thyroid hormone homeostasis. However, thyroid follicles in the adult human thyroid gland have a very limited regenerative capacity following partial resection of the thyroid gland. To gain insight into follicle regeneration in the adult thyroid gland, we observed the regeneration processes of murine thyroid follicles after partial resection of the lower third of the thyroid gland in 10-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. Based on sequential observation of the partially resected thyroid lobe, we found primitive follicles forming in the area corresponding to the central zone of the intact lateral thyroid lobe. The primitive thyroid follicles were multiciliated and had coarsely vacuolated cytoplasm and large vesicular nuclei. Consistently, these primitive follicular cells did not express the differentiation markers paired box gene-8 and thyroid transcription factor-1 (clone SPT24), but were positive for forkhead box protein A2 and leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 4/GPR48. Follicles newly generated from the primitive follicles had clear or vacuolar cytoplasm with dense, darkly stained nuclei. At day 21 after partial thyroidectomy, the tall cuboidal follicular epithelial cells had clear or vacuolar cytoplasm, and the intraluminal colloid displayed pale staining. Smaller activated follicles were found in the central zone of the lateral lobe, whereas larger mature follicles were located in the peripheral zone. Based on these observations, we propose that the follicle regeneration process in the partially resected adult murine thyroid gland associated with the appearance of primitive follicular cells may be a platform for the budding of differentiated follicles in mice. Laboratory Investigation (2017) 97, 478–489; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2016.158; published online 23 January 2017 The thyroid gland maintains systemic metabolic homeostasis immature endoderm lineage-committed progenitor cells, through the production of thyroid hormones in follicular which are reprogrammed from mature cells, are the major epithelial cells, which adapt to various physiologic and contributor to follicle regeneration.4 Regeneration involving pathologic stimuli. Growth of the adult thyroid gland reprogramming and dedifferentiation of cells has been characterized by hyperplasia and hypertrophy of thyroid demonstrated in the lens and retina,5 skeletal muscle,6 follicular epithelial cells is a chronic adaptive process to cope adipose tissue,7 and renal tubules.8 Toda et al9 demonstrated with the demand for thyroid hormones. However, regenera- new follicle formation from pre-existing follicles in three- tion of thyroid follicles following removal of part of the adult dimensional collagen gel cultures of thyroid tissue fragments. thyroid gland is minimal or insufficient to recover endocrine They observed three types of pre-existing follicle-derived function. To investigate the regeneration processes, several folliculogenesis, namely, solid nest, budding, and lumen- studies observed the regeneration of thyroid follicles using dividing. This type of folliculogenesis has been observed in mice that had undergone partial resection of the thyroid the early stage of embryonic thyroid morphogenesis10 and in gland.1–3 Based on these observations, two models of thyroid the generation of new follicles in nodular goiter and regeneration have been proposed. One model proposes that hyperplastic Graves’ disease.9,11,12 These observations suggest 1Department of Pathology, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 2Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; 3Clinical Research Institute, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea and 4Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institut, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA Correspondence: Dr M Shong, MD, PhD, Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea. E-mail: [email protected] Received 5 December 2016; accepted 14 December 2016 478 Laboratory Investigation | Volume 97 April 2017 | www.laboratoryinvestigation.org Thyroid regeneration after thyroidectomy J Lee et al that pre-existing follicle-derived folliculogenesis is a plausible The other model proposes that activated adult-resident model of thyroid regeneration; however, it has not been stem/progenitor cells participate in thyroid regeneration.13 demonstrated in an in vivo model of thyroid resection. Several studies provide clear evidence that the adult thyroid 6.0 ** 800 * 600 4.0 400 2.0 200 serum fT4 (μg/dl) serum TSH (ng/ml) 0 0 Control PT Control PT Figure 1 For caption see page 480. www.laboratoryinvestigation.org | Laboratory Investigation | Volume 97 April 2017 479 Thyroid regeneration after thyroidectomy J Lee et al gland does indeed contain stem/progenitor cells, although the cytoplasm and large vesicular nuclei in the partially resected origin of these cells has not been determined. Side-population adult murine thyroid gland. Consistently, the primitive cells in the mouse thyroid gland highly express stem cell follicular cells did not express the differentiation markers marker genes and exhibit stem/progenitor cell-like PAX8 and TTF-1 (clone SPT24), but were positive for FOXA2 characteristics.14 When thyrospheres generated by culturing and LGR4/GPR48. We propose that the follicle regeneration fresh surgically derived human thyroid specimens are seeded process in the partially resected adult murine thyroid gland into collagen gels in differentiation medium, follicle-like associated with the appearance of primitive follicular cells structures form.15 The initial thyroid precursor, thyroid may be a platform for the budding of differentiated follicles primordium, fuses with the ultimobranchial body (UBB) in mice. around E14.5 of mouse gestation. Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1, also called Nkx2.1) is one of the transcrip- MATERIALS AND METHODS tion factors that are critical for regulating the expression of Animals genes involved in thyroid organogenesis.16 TTF-1 is expressed Twenty-five, 10-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were anesthe- in the thyroid primordium and the UBB.17 Forkhead box tized with ketamine and subjected to partial thyroidectomy to protein A2 (FOXA2) is required for proper development of remove the lower third of the right and left lobes (Figure 1a). endodermal-derived organs such as the liver, pancreas, lung, Mice were stabilized in a warm setting for 24 h to prevent and thyroid gland, and is thus considered to be a master death from hypothyroidism shock or bleeding. At post- regulator of early endoderm formation and endoderm lineage operative days 7, 10, 21, and 28, the thyroid glands were establishment.18 FOXA2 is an embryonic marker of the dissected en bloc with the trachea and surrounding tissue for pharyngeal endoderm, lateral thyroid anlagen (UBB), and C histological assessment. This study was approved by the cells. However, FOXA2 is specifically excluded from follicular Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Clinical progenitors in the median thyroid bud and is not expressed in Research Institute, Daejeon St Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic thyroid follicles.19 Paired box gene-8 (PAX8) regulates University of Korea. Animals were housed under pathogen- maintenance of the phenotype of differentiated thyroid free conditions and received humane care in accordance with follicular cells, in which it controls and activates transcription the criteria outlined in the Guide for the Care and Use of of the main proteins responsible for follicular cell function, Laboratory Animals prepared by the Institute for Laboratory including thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroperoxidase, and sodium/ Animal Research, National Academy of Sciences. iodide symporter.20 PAX8, like TTF-1, is first expressed in the median thyroid primordium. PAX8 is also expressed in the Histological Analysis thyroglossal duct and the UBB.21 Although the thyroid- Dissected tissues were fixed individually with 10% neutral- specific transcription factors TTF-1 and PAX8 are essential buffered formalin for 24 h at room temperature. After for development of the thyroid gland in both mice and fixation, tissue blocks were embedded in paraffin. Paraffin humans, the role of these factors in regeneration remains to blocks were trimmed to an optimal cutting surface including be determined. Furthermore, to determine the role of resident the thyroid gland. Paraffin-embedded whole thyroid gland- stem/progenitor cells, specific markers are required to define containing blocks were cut into slices of 4 μm in thickness at the pool of potential cells that exhibit stemness in the thyroid intervals of 50 μm. Tissue slices were
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