RSSP (Rice Sector Support Project) Project to develop the rice in low-lands

Agrarian diagnosis of farming system

Field report

Ghana - Upper East region - Bolgatanga - 2011

Tutor: Olivier Ducourtieux and Gordon Ekekpi

by Lea Farnier and Mariella Mbath

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Abreviations

RS: Rainy season DS: Dry season

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Sommaire

1. Context of the study ...... 4 1.1 General presentation ...... 4 1.2 The methodology of Agrarian analysis ...... 4 2.Agrarian diagnosis: Landscape screening ...... 5 3.Agrarian analysis: the history of the rice in Bolgatanga district ...... 5 4.Agrarian analysis: The place of the rice in farming systems ...... 6 4.1 Varieties ...... 6 4.2 Rice cropping systems ...... 6 4.3 Place of the rice in the society: which priority farmers put on the rice ...... 8 4.4 Competition of rice with other crops: resources allocation ...... 8 4.5 Rice and systems ...... 8 4.6 Value chain of rice ...... 8 4.6.1 Rice Value Chain Development in the Farming System ...... 8 4.6.2 Analysis of Value Chain ...... 9 4.6.3 The Effectiveness and Impact of Technology on Rice value Chain Development ...... 11 4.6.4 Strategic Areas of Intervention for RSSP ...... 12 4.7 Farming systems in Bolgatanga district ...... 13 5.Recommendations for RSSP ...... 13 5.1 ...... 13 5.2 FBO ...... 13 5.3 Is rice the good crop to be developed? ...... 13 5.4 Challenges of the rice farming ...... 13 5.5 Who is interesting to rice? ...... Erreur ! Signet non défini.13

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1. Context of the study

1.1 General presentation We have realized an agrarian system analysis during 6 months in the Upper East region in the district of Bolgatanga. The aim of the following study is to support the implementation of a project, the Rice Sector Support Project (RSSP). This project is financed by the AFD. As rice sector is a strategic sector, RSSP is a mean to increase the income of small scale rice farmers and processors through the reduction of their constraints limiting the quantity and quality of rice.

RSSP is a five years project that aims to improve livelihood of poor farmers through the development of a sustainable economic activity based on the natural potential of the area. RSSP has got three complementary objectives:

1. Strengthen the rice value chain in the northern part of Ghana i.e. Northern, Upper East and Upper West and Volta regions, by lowland development, strengthening of rice sector based organizations and access to credit; 2. Strengthen the national organization of the rice sector by providing some support to the Ghana Rice Inter-professional Group (GRIB) and; 3. Strengthen research activities on improved production techniques to increase productivity which is adaptable to the natural conditions.

The agrarian analysis should be a tool for the coordinating teams to adapt the field activities and the technical and economic proposals to the context of Upper East region and ensure the efficiency of RSSP. It is also a tool to make recommendations taking in account the social changes and tio find solution to assess the impact of this project.

The study describes the current farming systems focusing on rice production and rice processing. It analyzes also the current water and land management.

1.2 The methodology of Agrarian analysis The agrarian analysis is a holistic approach with the following steps:

- Landscape analysis; - Historic evolution of the farming systems focusing on rice; - Typology of farming systems; - Characterization of the strategy of each type of households with regards to rice cropping and processing; - Characterization of the integration of the farmers cropping rice within the value chain; - Technical and economic modeling of the different type of farming systems.

The different steps are more deeply detailed in the figure 1.

In Upper East region, we have met a lot of logistic issues. Thus, instead of a study of five months, we have done a study of three months. At the end of the study, we have worked on the rice value chain with two Ghanaian counterparts Edmund Odjawo and Robert . Now we will present the results of the study.

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2. Agrarian diagnosis: Landscape screening

During this step, we have identified four areas where farmers are cropping rice. The differences between the areas depend on the kind of vegetation and the kind of hydraulic settlements that we can meet. The map on figure 2 presents the areas.

In Bolgatanga district we can find rice on the following :

In the Guinean savanna we can find the big irrigated perimeter of Vea (area 1 = zone 1) with canals and drains, some small irrigated perimeters (area 2 = zone 2 like Kulbia and Gambibigo perimeters) with canals and some places without any hydraulic settlements.

We also can meet in the district a forest, managed by the forestry commission, where we can find rice.

In those 4 areas, there are two main ecologies: the low lands and the uplands. The differences between those ecologies are: the altitude and the pedology.

We can find rice only in the low lands, in the four areas, because rice needs places which are able to contain water. Cause of the hydraulic settlements, in the area 1, farmers can crop rice twice (both rainy and dry seasons) a year. In the small irrigated perimeters, there is not enough water in dry season to crop rice. So, in the areas 2 to 4 rice is cropping only one time, during the rainy season.

In order to cover all the diversity of the rice cropping management, we have selected nine communities in the district (Gambibigo, Kalbeo, Kolgo, Kulbia, Nyarega, Sherigu Pumpumgu, Yebongo, Yipala, Zaare). In order to make a comparison, we have selected communities concerning by RSSP (Kalbeo, Kolgo, Gambibigo, Yebongo) and some who are not.

3. Agrarian analysis: the history of the rice in Bolgatanga district

In Bolgatanga district, the rice was introduced during the colonization around the 40’s. At that time only rich farmers were able to crop rice. With manual equipment, it was only the farmers who were able to mobilize labor force that were able to crop rice. Those farmers were the farmers who belong to royal families or families of the tindana, the chief of the land. Cropping rice was a symbol of power. To help those farmers, British people introduce the bullock ploughing.

After the colonization, the government of Ghana has tried to support the rice sector to reduce the importations. During Nkrumah time, tractor and new varieties were introduced. Farmers were able to increase rice production because it was easier to crop rice (ploughing faster). This movement has concerned above all the rich farmers because there was few help of the government.

It’s with the president Acheampong that the rice production increase sinificantly. With the operation “feed yourself”, he has supported intensively the farmers according subsidies for all the inputs. So, small scale farmers were able to start to crop rice.

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In the 80’s, the rice production increase again with the creation of the irrigated perimeter of Vea. Farmers, above all commercial farmers, were able to crop rice twice a year.

4. Agrarian analysis: The place of the rice in farming systems

In Bolgatanga district, the majority of the farmers are cropping rice. The cropping areas are from 0,25 to 20 acres. The average area is 1,5 acres.

Figures 5 and 6 contain information about rice cropping systems.

4.1 Varieties We can find rice only in the low lands. Farmers are using different varieties. Some are adapted to places which are not frequently flooded (low land water logged or close to a stream in the area 3) during the rainy season with a height of water of some centimeters. Others are adapted to places frequently flooded during the rainy season with a height of water of some meters (low land close to the main river in Bolgatanga district in the area 3 or inside the irrigated perimeters).

They are cropping old and new varieties. We can find two old varieties. The red one with a cyle of three months which don’t like excess of water and a white one with a cycle of 4 moths which support excess of water. The new varieties do well anywhere. They are more reactive to a supply of than the old one. It seems that farmers prefer to consume the old varieties. New varieties need more ingredients to be tasty. It’s scarce to find old varieties on the market. So the majority of new varieties are cropping inside the irrigated perimeter of Vea when farmers are able to put frequently fertilizers. The majority of the farmers use several varieties: if one fail they have the other one.

4.2 Rice cropping systems Rice is a very intensive crop that requires hired labour (land preparation, weeding, harvest…). We have identified two farm work schedule: the difference between those farm work schedule depend on the way farmers are sowing (transplantation or bunch sowing). Only farmers who crop in the Vea Dam perimeter are using transplantation as cultivation manner to sow.

Contrary to the other crops, rice residues are not burnt because animals eat them when they are free during the dry season.

The preparation of nursery begins three weeks before the transplantation (January for the DS and June for the RS) and it’s realized by women. During the RS, farmers have to wait frequent rains to transplant. As rice is cropped on clay soil, the preparation of the soil is done with man power or tractor. It’s not possible to use a bullock because in this kind of soil they sink in.

Farmers start to put fertilizers (NPK 15/15/15) two weeks after the transplantation. For some of them, a supply of herbicides is done just after.

The first weeding is done five weeks after the transplantation. Farmers use their own power in order to don’t spoil the rice. When farmers are using herbicides, they just have to make one weeding.

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Two months after the transplantation, farmers apply another time fertilizers (sulfate of ammoniac).

During the dry season, farmers control one time a week the level of water in rice plot. They should never be dried. Water comes from the laterals.

The bottleneck for rice farming is to keep an eye on it. During all the cycle, farmers have to protect rice from birds.

Farmers are supposed to realize very quickly the harvest because with even one heavy rain, the rice goes down on the soil. Moreover, at that time, farmers start to release their animals. Men cut the cobs and women make the threshing. The impurities are eliminated with winnowing: women use the wind to clean rice.

When the rice is not transplant, farmers are using a bunch sowing. In that case, farmers have to sow in July. If they are late they take the risk that the rain will stop on the way. In this farm schedule, farmers make two weeding. They use the hoe for the first one (two weeks after the sowing) and man power for the second one (one month and a half after the first one). When farmers apply fertilizers it’s just after those weeding.

In the forest, rice is sown after those in the area 1 to 3.

We have identified 6 rice cropping systems.

RCS1 This cropping system is made by farmers who have low lands which are not frequently flooded. The reproduction of the fertility is done by the colluviums that rain takes over, the residues and the dejections of animals which are free during the dry season. Those inputs are not enough for a good reproduction of the fertility so farmers integrate a period of fallow in the cycle (the plots are cropped three years and let for a rest one year). Farmers use bunch sowing.

RCS2 Farmers are using this cropping system in the forest. The plots are cultivated ten tears and let in fallow five years. From the second year, the decreasing of the fertility is solved by a supply of fertilizers in small quantity.

RCS3 This cropping system is used by farmers who don’t have enough money to buy fertilizers. We can find it above all in the low lands close to the big river. The reproduction of the fertility is done by the colluviums carried away by the water, residues and animals dejections.

RCS4 This cropping system is the most frequent. With a supply of fertilizers, the farmers are able to obtain average yields. However, the marginal yield due to the supply of one unit of fertilizers is not enough to compensate investments in capital that farmers are supposed to do cause of the price (very high) of fertilizers. So, the added value of this cropping is less high than RCS3. But the majority of farmers are cropping rice in the lowlands close to a stream or water logged. RCS3 is scarce because in most of the case in those ecologies rice is integrated in a rotation with dry season vegetables.

RCS5 We can find this cropping system only in the Vea dam perimeter. He is the most intensive. He requires hired labor and capital. Farmers realize two cycles in a year and use fertilizers in large quantity. They obtain the highest yield of the district. The using of transplantation and a good management of water contribute to those good results. This cropping system is the most competitive.

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4.3 Place of the rice in the society: which priority farmers put on the rice Rice is considering as a food crop and a cash crop at the same time contrary to millet and sorghum which are only food crops, or dry season vegetables which are only cash crops. The rice is consumed two times during a week, so we can define it as a secondary crop. When they have small plot of rice, farmers keep all the production for home consumption. They use the cash flow that they have from the selling of rice to finance the ordinary expenses (school fees, farming expenses at the beginning of a season, ingredients…). Commercial and paternal farmers sell their rice several times in a year in order to not spend all the money they can have. They finish selling the DS one before to start to sell the other one. For the majority they are able to stock rice and wait good price on the market. Subsistence farmers sell it one time a year in general because they lack of cash flow at the end of the DS. The majority of farmers sell only the surplus. In case of lack of food, they start to sell animals and if it’s not enough they sell secondary crops. To conclude, farmers put the priority on staple food (millet, sorghum and groundnut) but rice is more and more important. So with the implantation of rice it seems that this crop can become a staple food with the same importance than groundnut.

4.4 Competition of rice with other crops: resources allocation In Bolgatanga district, rice is in competition with the others secondary crops (maize and groundnut). Farmers start to sow those crops in June. At the same time, they weed the plot with the staple foods. Concerning labor force, the priority is given to the staple food. Concerning the inputs (fertilizers), the priority is given to the secondary crops which are more sensitive to a supply of fertilizers than the staple crops. It seems that maize start to replace rice because it’s a crop which requires less hired labor.

4.5 Rice and livestock systems Farmers take away the residues of rice to feed during the rainy season. Some of them have enough to sell them. For the pigs they buy waste of rice where they mill it.

4.6 Value chain of rice Farmers describe the rice market as a good market because anytime they want to sell it they can find buyers. The lowest price in the year is at harvest time (September, October). Commercial farmers have enough cash flow to be able to store the rice and wait higher prices.

4.6.1 Rice Value Chain Development in the Farming System

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Fig 1: Schematic diagram of value chain of rice in the Bolga municipality

4.6.2 Analysis of Value Chain

A value chain is a series or range of activities required to bring a product or service to the final consumer. The value chain categorizes the generic value-adding activities of an organization. The primary activities include:

 Inbound operations (production) such as labour, acquisition of seed, , farm equipment, mechanization services etc.  Outbound logistics such as marketing and sales.

The costs and value drivers are identified for each value activity. In reality though, for rice business in Bolga, it is impossible to distinguish clearly processors, collectors or traders as they do all these operations.

The cost (input cost) incurred by the farmer to produce a bag of paddy rice is on the average GHc 20. The paddy rice is sold to the next actors of the value chain i.e. processors such as Non- Governmental Organizations and Bolga market women. The NGO’s include:

 Single Mothers Association (SMA)  Widows and Orphans Ministries  Tradeaid (CenPro)  Gblego Orphanage, Tongo

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These actors buy a bag (84kg) of paddy rice between GHc 40-50 and process the paddy, thus adding value. These NGO’s directly or indirectly deal with farmers or farmer groups - at Vea and Tono dam sites, as well as individual farmers- for the supply of paddy rice for processing, packaging and sale directly to institutions, wholesale or retail shops and consumers.

Tradeaid has contracted 68 farmer groups -averagely 15 per group- from 9 communities that cultivate rice within the catchment area of the Vea dam. These farmer groups supply paddy rice to the Centre for Agro-Processing (CenPro), an autonomous body set up by Tradeaid, which has oversight responsibility of the Nyariga rice mill run by a farmer group called Tomatoes Organization Processing Association of Nyariga (TOPAN). TOPAN consists of 25 members (farmers) and sees to the day-to-day running of the mill. TOPAN supplies approximately 150 bags of paddy rice yearly to CenPro. CenPro in turn buys a bag for GHC 40 from the members as well as the other farmer groups. TOPAN is directly responsible for the processing of the paddy which includes; parboiling, milling and packaging. However, the marketing and sales of the branded product (Bolgatanga Rice) is solely handled by Tradeaid. Profit from sales of rice is shared in three parts;

 One-third to farmer groups; amount distributed is representative of the number of bags supplied by each farmer.  One-third to the community for any desired development project  One-third to Tradeaid for organization of workshops for training and capacity building of farmers.

The Ministry of Food and (MOFA) Seed Unit also facilitates the transportation of paddy rice from the Tono irrigation rice project upon request from the NGO’s. Quarterly requests are normally made by the NGO’s to MOFA to supply paddy rice at a cost from Tono to MOFA Seed Unit, Bolgatanga for subsequent collection. SMA is supplied with 200 bags every quarter of the year whiles the rest with 100 bags or less.

Table 1: Labour and Transportation Cost per 84kg bag Paddy Rice

NGO Quantit Amount Transporta Labour y GHC tion cost per cost per 84kg bag GHc bag bag GHp (paddy rice) 1 1.5 70

Despite this laudable stride, CenPro is unable to buy the entire paddy from the farmers due to lack of funds. The NGO’s exercise prudent fiscal policy of not overspending or procuring loans with rather high interest rates but buy paddy as much as can be afforded. It must be noted however that these NGO’s do not provide any incentive (inputs) to the farmers.

The NGO’s -Single Mothers Association (SMA) and Centre for Agro-Processing (Cenpro) - particularly parboil the paddy after which it is milled. The parboiling process costs GHC 20.

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Table 2: Cost of Parboiling

Paddy Rice Processing Cost per bag GHc Water and firewood 10 Parboiling 5 Milling and destining 5 Total 20

The parboiled rice is packaged into 3kg, 20kg or 25kg and 50kg bags. A 50kg bag is sold at GHc 66 to wholesalers. Consumers buy a bag at GHc 70. SMA on the average sells 1100 bags of rice yearly with the majority (800 bags) sold to institutions such as Bolgatanga Boys Secondary School, wholesalers and directly to consumers.

Parboiled rice from these institutions –SMA and Cenpro- are rarely available on the market in Bolga. Indeed, most market women interviewed have either little or no knowledge of these institutions. SMA and Cenpro do not have agents or outlets in the market. The relationships between the actors within the different channels are critical; vertical linkage (coordination between different functional actors) especially between local processors (NGO’s) and retailers/wholesalers is greatly disjointed.

The preponderance of farmers in the Bolga municipality are subsistent farmers who directly mill their paddy for personal consumption or sell to market women who mill and sell at the market. The inability of the Bolga farmers to meet the high demand for rice has created a deficit which has duly been satisfied by rice from Northern region.

Market women - approximately 15- mostly from Walewale amply supply rice to Bolga market every third day of the week. The rice is bought at GHc 3.0-3.2 mostly from rice mills at Walewale, Windua, Lamgbesi and Nalegu in the Northern region. On market days, rice from these places is sold for GHc 3.4-3.5. On the average, these market women individually sell between 5-6 bags on every market day (approximately 900 bags of milled rice is sold monthly by these market women). Rice from the Bolga market supply smaller daily markets like the Zuarungu market.

Foreign rice imports form a smaller percentage of the rice consumption in the Bolga municipality. A bowl of foreign rice sells between GHc 5-6. Interview with market women who sell foreign rice reveal that they are able to sell between 3-4 bags monthly.

4.6.3 The Effectiveness and Impact of Technology on Rice value Chain Development

Parboiling vessels: vessels introduced by SMA and Cenpro for paddy rice processing reduces the time for parboiling. Parboiling removes odour and makes rice more nutritious.

Rice mills: Two high capacity modern rice mills with destoners at Nyariga and Zuarungu also owned by these two NGO’s has fast tracked the processing procedure of the paddy rice resulting in rice without stones. These modern facilities provide additional source of income to the NGO’s who parboil and mill rice for private individuals and organizations that engage their services. Although the facilities are running below their capacities at the moment, it provides an opportunity for expansion in the future.

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Impact: This new technologies serves as source of employment and income largely to women. The processing of rice –parboiling, milling and packaging- at SMA and Cenpro is done by women (mostly farmers or basket weavers) who have undergone training.

The availability of two rice mills (no destoners) at the Bolga market has facilitated brisk business for market women and farmers alike who purchase or bring their paddy to the market mostly on market days to mill and sell directly to consumers. Another rice mill near the Zuarungu market is mostly patronized by farmers who mill for home consumption.

4.6.4 Strategic Areas of Intervention for RSSP

Increased production: a huge deficit created by the ever increasing demand for rice has been filled by market women particularly from the Northern Region underscoring the fact that there is a ready market for sale of rice once farmers in the Bolga municipality increase their production.

Financial Services: Access to finance is often a critical constraint for agricultural production and comes into play at each step – especially at producer and processor phases-of the value chain. Overall, there is relatively little finance being provided by financial institutions into the rice. Indeed actors in the value chain prefer not to procure loans because of relatively high interest rates. Financial institutions do not provide discounts for agricultural purposes.

Cooperative training services: Bolga farmer cooperatives are generally weak, built to be recipients for subsidized agricultural services/products rather than real producer organizations that seek out commercial providers of services/products that their members need. Horizontal linkages (relationships between actors within the same function) between the farmers are weak. Strong cooperative training services are necessary for the long term development of channels with more ―balanced governance structures, which will propel farmers to produce more. These services need to be developed.

Mill-Level: Mills –SMA and Cenpro- face significant challenges in overcoming the consumer perception that domestic (Bolga) rice is of inferior quality vis a vis foreign imports and that its price should be much lower because of its local production.

Vertical linkage (coordination between different functional actors) especially between local processors and retailers/wholesalers is greatly disjointed. Central market women seem to be unaware of the cheaper price of SMA and Cenpro branded rice (GHC 66-70/50 kg) in comparison to foreign imports (GHC 140/ 50kg)

Mechanization services: Utilization of mechanization services remains quite low, owners of tractors prefer to travel (longer) distances to plough larger acreage than the field a smallholder farmer.

Improved technology: although SMA and Cenpro do have mills with destoners, they lack colour sorters and rice graders. These facilities will bring their processed rice at par with foreign imports.

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4.7 Farming systems in Bolgatanga district We have identified 13 farming systems which are subdivided in others groups cause of the level of fertility on the staple food plot (millet and sorghum). For each farming system, you can find in the figure 8 which rice cropping system use farmers. In Bolgatanga district, we can find three big kind of farmers: small scale farmers who are cropping to feed the family, commercial farmers (very few in the district) who are cropping in order to sell and patronal farmers who mix the two aims of the others farmers.

Farming systems FS2, FS3, FS4, FS5, FSF5.1 who represent small scale farmers are impacted by the project RSSP. It seems that the best systems for RSSP are FS2, FS3, FS4 because for those farmers land it’s not a problem. For the other ones, help from RSSP should be higher.

5. Recommendations for RSSP

5.1 Land tenure In Bolgatanga district, the majority of farmers own small plots of rice which don’t have regular shape. To build bones RSSP should necessarily group plots of different farmers. It means that several stakeholders will interact as we can find in the block farm. For a successful management (bonds maintenance, support farm activities, sharing of harvest…), RSSP should take in account the social background and include the chiefs of the land in the organization. In fact the chief of the land has to solve the conflicts. Sometimes in one community we can find several tindana. Another problem is that limits of plots are not very clear. It will be difficult to pull together all the stakeholders. The project success will depend on its ability to reach an agreement with this set of actors. A solution should be to create contract for one year.

5.2 FBO Nowadays, no real FBO are organized for the rice in Bolgatanga district. Thus, farmers don’t have a real weight inside the value chain. In fact, they sell the majority of the production to the Bolgatanga market women who have a strong organization which decide the selling price for farmers. It seems that the development of strong FBO could be very helpful for farmers in order to negotiate good prices. Concerning the processors, RSSP can help those stakeholders to find solution to eliminate the stones that we can find in the local rice.

5.3 Is rice the good crop to be developed? Farmers prefer to develop maize than rice because rice farming is more difficult. Farmers have to do two weeding with the rice and only one with maize. Besides, the time that farmers spend to weeding is higher with rice. Finally, the selling price is quite the same for both. So it seems that to develop rice farmers need a specific help.

5.4 Challenges of the rice farming

RSSP give a priority to the water management. For that the project plan to build bonds around rice plots. Even if bonds could be harmful for rainy season, for farmers it’s not the main priority. Rice is an intensive work who required hired labor force and cash flow to start to farm. So, farmers 13 said that the priority should be given to a financial support to pay labor force and buy inputs (as fertilizers). Regarding to what it is done with block farm, RSSP could give loans to farmers to hire labor force and put in place subsidies for fertilizers who are actually very expensive. This work should be done with the NGO’s. Actually there is only informal farm credit with very high interest rate.

Concerning bonds themselves, they are often destroyed by heavy rain because farmers are not able to open them because they are inaccessible. Thus rice is spoiled. So RSSP have to work on the solidity of bonds.

The availability of tractors is also a problem to solve in the Bolgatanga district.

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RSSP (Rice Sector Support Project) Project to develop the rice in low-lands

Agrarian diagnosis of farming system

Field report - Figures

Ghana - Upper East region - Bolgatanga - 2011

Tutor: Olivier Ducourtieux and Gordon Ekekpi

by par Lea Farnier and Mariella Mbath

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Figure 1 : agrarian diagnosis methodology ...... 3 Figure 2 : bolgatanga localization ...... 4 Figure 3 : precipitations et temperatures of bolgatanga district (2009) ...... 4 Figure 4 : presentation of the study area ...... 5 Figure 5 : data concerning rice farming systems (1) ...... 5 Figure 6 : data concerning rice cropping systems (2) ...... 7 Figure 7 : data concerning maize cropping systems ...... 8 Figure 8 : farming systems in bolgatanga district ...... 9

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STEPS MEANS OUTPUTS

DESK STUDY General and specific bibliography (West Africa, First hypotheses on the specificities of the ASD within Ghana, RSSP, local areas) the RSSP To adapt the Agrarian system diagnosis Methodological (ASD) to the RSSP context and goals Satellite data Identification of the main issues framework Introduction to the stakeholders and discussions Agreement on the approach, steps and outputs of the on their expectations methodology

LANDSCAPE SCREENING Screening and analysis of the landscape Agro-ecological zoning Global (vegetation, hydrography, pedology, climatology, zoning To delimit homogeneous agroecological topology, , geology…) areas in order to identify primary components of the relevant zone Open and semi-structured interviews with local Synthesis maps people especially farmers

HISTORY INTERVIEWS Open and semi-structured interviews with elderly Socio-economic zoning people To understand the current rural situation and its dynamics in the light of the analysis of the agrarian history Agrarian history of the area Chronology and draft typology Mid-term FARM HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS Rational sampling : selection of a relevant Set up of the typology. Each type of farming system results surveys sample includes: presentation To understand how the farmers make use of resources and to find out about the In-depth semi-structured individual interviews:  Surfaces and land tenure Final typology rational features of the households’  Productions and link to the market behaviour  Technical assessment: characterization of  Technical itinerary cropping system and livestock system and  Labour force interactions And to identify relevant indicators to  Equipment  Economic surveys: characterization of the  Economic performance Provisional assess the impacts of the RSSP level of income according to the level of Set up of a range of indicators indicators equipment Analysis of the technical, economic and Final results sociological data presentation

GLOBAL ANALYSIS Economic and technical modelling of the Final report including the final indicators and typology recommendations for the RSSP To provide a global comprehension of the Final report agrarian system as a tool of monitoring Comparison of the types of farming systems Presentation and discussion of the conclusions and management of the RSSP Writing of the final report agglomerating all the previous outputs Final indicators Final report delivery

Figure 1 : Agrarian diagnosis methodology

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Figure 2 : Bolgatanga localization

Figure 3 : Precipitations et temperatures of Bolgatanga district (2009)

Erreur ! Liaison incorrecte.

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Figure 4 : Presentation of the study area

Figure 5 : Data concerning rice farming systems (1)

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Man-day/acre Cultivation manners CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 CS5 CS6 Rice DS CS6 Rice RS Nursery 3 5 Cleaning of the land Manure and compost Bullock or tractor ploughing 2 2 2 2 2 Hoe 15 15 Transplantation 20 20 Sowing 18 18 18 18 18 Fertilizers 1 1 First weeding 20 20 20 20 20 35 35 Fertilizers 6 6 1 1 Second weeding 25 25 25 25 25 Fertilizers 3 3 Harvest 21 21 21 21 21 22 20 Water management 18 Watching for animals 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 Total 131 140 140 131 131 160 142

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Figure 6 : Data concerning rice cropping systems (2)

Selling price : 40 GHC RS Yield for DS Yield for VAB VAB (GHC) Man - VAB (GHC) VAB (€) Rotation Fertilization Ploughing rice rice (€) /acre day/acre /h-j /h-j (bag/acre) (bag/acre) /acre RS Fertilizers (1 bag/acre Bullock CS1 Rice//Fallow NPK, 1bag/acre Sulfate 3 40 20 140 0,3 0,1 ploughing of ammoniac) Residues and animals Bullock CS2 Rice//Fallow 2 70 35 131 0,5 0,3 fees ploughing RS Fertilizers (2 Bullock bags/acre NPK, CS3 Rice//Rice ploughing and 4,3 52 26 131 0,4 0,2 1bag/acre Sulfate of Tractor (1//1) ammoniac) Residues and animals Bullock CS4 Rice//Rice 3 110 55 140 0,8 0,4 fees ploughing DS and RS Fertilizers (3 Bullock DS Rice / RS Rice // sacs/acre NPK, 3 CS5 ploughing SP et 6,3 6,3 230 115 302 0,8 0,4 DS Rice / RS Rice sacs/acre Sulfate of Tractor SS ammoniac) RS Fertilizers (2 Bullock RS Rice/ DS Tomato// bags/acre NPK, CS6 PM ploughing SP et 3,1 1545 772,5 381 4,1 2,0 RS Rice/ DS Tomato 1bag/acre Sulfate of Tractor SS ammoniac) RS Fertilizers (2 Bullock CS6 RS Rice/ DS Tomato// bags/acre NPK, ploughing SP et 3,1 1545 772,5 411 3,8 1,9 Bucklet RS Rice/ DS Tomato 1bag/acre Sulfate of Tractor SS ammoniac) RS Fertilizers (2 Bullock RS Rice /DS others vegetables// RS bags/acre NPK, CS7 PM ploughing SP et 3,1 550 275 381 1,4 0,7 Rice /DS others vegetables 1bag/acre Sulfate of Tractor SS ammoniac)

FertilizersSP (2 bags/acre Bullock CS7 RS Rice /DS others vegetables// RS NPK, 1bag/acre Sulfate ploughing SP et 3,1 550 275 411 1,3 0,7 Bucklet Rice /DS others vegetables d'ammoniac) Tractor SS

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Nb homme-jour/acre

Cultivation manner CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 CS5 et CS6 Cleaning of the land 6 6 6 6 6

Bullock or tractor ploughing 2 2 2 2 2 Sowing 8 8 8 8 8

First weeding 10 10 10 10 10 Figure 7 : Data concerning maize cropping systems Fertilizers 4 4 6 Second weeding 10 10 10 10 10

Fertilizers 4 4 6 Harvest 15 15 15 15 15 51 59 51 59 63 Prix de vente 45 GHC RS Yield for VAB (GHC)/ VAB (€)/ Man - VAB (GHC)/ VAB (€)/ Rotation Fertilization Ploughing Maize acre acre day/acre man-day man-day CS1 Residues and animals fees Bullock ploughing 3 125 62,5 51 2,5 1,2 Maize//Fallow RS Fertilizers (2 bags/acre NPK, CS2 Bullock ploughing 4,7 127 63,5 59 2,2 1,1 1bag/acre Sulfate of ammoniac) Maize//Fallow Bullock ploughing and CS3 Residues and animals fees 2,8 120 60 51 2,4 1,2 Maize//Maize Tractor (1//1)

RS Fertilizers (2 bags/acre NPK, Bullock ploughing and CS4 4,5 60 30 59 1,0 0,5 Maize//Maize 1bag/acre Sulfate of ammoniac) Tractor (1//1) RS Fertilizers (2 bags/acre NPK, Bullock ploughing and CS5 PM RS Maize/ DS Tomato// 4 1600 800 313 5,1 2,6 RS Maize/ DS Tomato 1bag/acre Sulfate of ammoniac) Tractor (1//1) CS5 RS Fertilizers (2 bags/acre NPK, Bullock ploughing and RS Maize/ DS Tomato// 4 1600 800 343 4,7 2,3 Bucklet RS Maize/ DS Tomato 1bag/acre Sulfate of ammoniac) Tractor (1//1) RS Maize/ DS other RS Fertilizers (2 bags/acre NPK, Bullock ploughing and CS6 PM vegetables// RS Maize/ DS 4 605 302,5 313 1,9 1,0 1bag/acre Sulfate of ammoniac) Tractor (1//1) other vegetables RS Maize/ DS other RS Fertilizers (2 bags/acre NPK, Bullock ploughing and CS6 vegetables// RS Maize/ DS 4 605 302,5 343 1,8 0,9 1bag/acre Sulfate of ammoniac) Tractor (1//1) Bucklet other vegetables

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Erreur ! Liaison incorrecte.

Erreur ! Liaison incorrecte.

Figure 8 : Farming systems in Bolgatanga district

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Representation of each FS in Bolga district (%) FS1A 6 FS2B 3 FS3 12 FS4 3 FS5 24 FS6C 12 FSF2 0,5 FSF3 0,5 FSF4 0,5 FSF5.1 20 FSF5.2 0,5 FSF6.1 17,5 FSF6.2 0,5

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