American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 7-8, July-August 2018 [email protected]

SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

Manuscript info: Received , 2018., Accepted , 2018., Published August 30, 2018.

THE INFLUENCE OF IRANIAN ON THE HOUSE OF QAJAR PERIOD IN TABRIZ (STUDY CASE )

Hadi Javanshir, TarbiatModares University, [email protected] FarhadAbbasi Kaboudan, , [email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2573-5616-2018-8-7

Abstract: In this article, the authors study the influence of Iranian Islamic architecture on the house of qajar period in tabriz (study case amir nezam house) also Amir Nezam house, Iranian Islamic architecture. Considering many old buildings around the world, it is noticeable that there are reasonable relationships between the human way of life and the architecture of the place. The internal form or structure is an organic combination into an integral whole - an architectural object - of the inner, enclosing and outer space. The interior space of the architectural object is its soul, is formed by a function, is evaluated by use. The space protecting the architectural object is its physical body, it is formed by the construction, it is evaluated durably The outer space of the architectural object determines its spirit, is formed by context, is estimated by beauty. Keywords: Iranian history and culture,architecture, design, Amir Nezam House,Residential buildings.

Recommended citation: Ashurova Khurshida Sagdullaevna. Features of cosio-political ideas of jadids. 7-8 American Journal of Research P. 57-64 (2018).

INTRODUCTION: between human lifestyle and the This essay is an attempt to architecture of the place. As discover the place of residential Alexander, who is the writer of houses in Iranian history andculture. architectural books about identity of As a place where they spend a places, has mentioned: The identity significant amount of time there, of old buildings come from each of should be able tofulfill their needs their parts being united with their physically and spiritually as well as environment and, can recognize the satisfying their cultural and forces around it and obeys the religiousaspects of their lifestyles. principle of environment and By looking at many old buildings human nature. [1] around the world, it is noticeable Eastern art is based on spirituality. that there are reasonable relations It pays more attention to traditions,

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57 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 7-8, July-August 2018 [email protected] which has been formed by the crown princess of this dynastyIn people of society.[2]Iranian order to create a harmony within this traditional art can perform climate condition, the vernacular functionally in such a way that aims architect has implemented some to console the human soul. [3] strategies in response to such While architecture attempts to weather, while basing his designs on create an environment that suits environmental concernsand the particular aspects of human life, sustainable interaction between the which respects his believes and human and the environment is personal ambitions, his thoughts and observed. high spiritedness [4] The technique that Iranian In addition to the importance of architects have used in house spiritual issues in architecture, construction has taken advantage of Islamic architects has considered the climate and is in harmony with climate and environment as one the climate conditions in each region. most important factors that generates Traditional Iranian houses in a correlation between the spiritual show that demands of the inhabitants, the the people have been developing environment and the climate, and their homes based on climatic applied these factors to create a comfort in a variety of climatic formal form. [5] conditions. An appreciation of the Tabriz is one of the most architecture of in each region and significant historical cities of period necessitates an awareness of with a history datingback to the pre- its subtle correspondence with its Islamic period.[6] respective climate. [8] The ancient city of Tabriz is located at latitude 38?8? N and at Amir Nezam House: longitude 46?17? E. The area of The construction date of the Tabriz is about 1650 square structure is Qajar period. It consists kilometers. It is 619 km from west of of an exterior and an interior - the capital of Iran - in courtyard. The interior courtyard is North- West of Iran [7]Cold in the eastern front with a brick arch. weather is the main climatic The western part has two stories. It problem in this city. Therefore, the ground floor has several nested major concerns for the traditional rooms. The central building has two builders of these high latitudes were floors and in its south facade is to create a warm and comfortable located a high veranda whose central environment for human activities.At ceiling has Santouriand plaster the beginning of the rule of the Qajar decorations.(Fig. 1) dynasty, Tabriz became the second The central part of this edifice also capital of Iran and was established has two floors and a high ivan as the formal settlement for the supported by sixteen columns with

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58 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 7-8, July-August 2018 [email protected] stone capitals and a pediment located on its sides lead to lateral decorated with stucco-work. Access rooms Access to the basement is to the ground floor is provided by through two main stairways and a means of two staircases located on traverse. The vaulted basementhouses both sides. A reception hall with a large pool room in the middle with lattice sash windows with stained brickwork decoration and stone glass is situated in the central part columns The restoration of this of this floor and two traverses building is now complete. [9]

(Fig. 1), Amir Nezam House, Iran, Tabriz

1. Condensed Urban Fabric: conditions. Therefore, building form The urban fabric in Tabriz was in Tabriz had the following compacted and spaces were enclosed. characteristics: Because, 1. Buildings were adjoined this compacted spaces was utilized buildings for buildings to keep the heat in 2. Buildings were inward oriented the time.(Fig. 2) Moreover, and had a central courtyard spaces would be protected against 3. Low ceiling the winter winds. Buildings forms in 4. Flat roofs for houses this city were also designed 5. Small or no verandas according to the cold climatic 6. Thick masonry walls [8]

(Fig. 2) Section, Amir Nezam house, designed according to the cold climatic conditions

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2. Intervention: openings between interior and it from the moral point of view exterior spaces. By creating some including meanings that have a openings in interiorspaces, it opens tendency toinner feelings and avoid the spaces into a private environment from showing them. Facades have that will be explained fully been presented in Iranian laterprivacy can be achieved by Islamicarchitecture at very modest various external design level? however the interior has been interventions, such as the location decorated in anelegance way. (Fig. 3) and design of entrance doors, the Here, this can be called as placement and sizes of windows and anintrovert architecture. [10]This openings, the control of building types ofarchitecture has applied in heights and balconies, and the many residential houses where there incorporation of internal courtyards isn't any direct connectionor and gendered spaces

(Fig. 3), Amir Nezam house, Decorated interior facades 3.Vernacular materials: inside and outside of the buildings. In Tabriz they use the material Traditional builders in this region with highquality thermal capacity. used the local materials, which were Moreover, residents in such a cool available and accessible. Therefore, climate attempt to protect the most of the walls are made by stone buildings from cold winds and also and also they use and thatch keep the thermal heath inside of for covering the ceiling and roofs. [11] the buildings. 4.Courtyard: Walls absorb the heath form the In extroverted houses the sun radiation during a day and they courtyard runs all around the preserve the heat till the night time. building on four sides. In general Consequently, thickness of the wall during this era, courtyards are four- and fewer openingsprevent the sided in shape and lie vertical to the exchanging of the heat bet ween constructed parts of the building on

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60 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 7-8, July-August 2018 [email protected] one or two sides.The other sides gives life to buildings in a dry climate border plain walls or blind arcades. and few greenery. Water in the They lie at a lower level than the courtyard not only smooth the air entrance and this level difference is but also creates a good perspective. bridged by a number of steps or [12]Sound of water coming from through a platform and steps.A water work and the reflection of light central pool is located in the middle on it can all add a dynamic quality of the courtyard around which to the space, while water and light flower beds are placed. [9] are two aesthetical parameters in Courtyards are the main core of Islamic architecture.[13] social gathering in Iranian culture. Amir Nezam house consists of It provides outdoor activity and two courtyards, private and public, privacy. A family can get together of which the former is located to in the evenings and water the the north of the complex with its gardens and enjoy the small frontdoor opening to the alley on environment and beauty provided the eastern side. The eastern part of inside their house in a private and the private courtyard is decorated comfortable atmosphere. Courtyard with brickwork blind arcades.(fig. 4,5)

(fig. 4), Ground floor plan,1- public courtyard 2-private courtyard

(fig. 5), Basement plan, 1- public courtyard 2-private courtyard

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5.Orientation and Seasonal building in different geographic Function: widths, Olgyay studied the intensity Generally in cold climates and of sunlight on vertical surfaces in high latitudes where the weather is different geographical directions usually cold, the building should and different and times. He be in a direction that receives measured the radiated energy on the maximum sunlight throughout the vertical surface with difference of year. On the other hand, in warmer 30 degrees around a circle and areas and in low latitudes, the recorded in the table. According to building should be in a direction that this test, the building optimum is exposed to minimum sunlight direction in the cold climate of throughout the year. To determine mountainous areas is as shown in the most suitable direction for Figure 6. [14]

Figure 6. Building optimum direction in cold and mountainous climate of Tabriz In Tabriz city, the main parts of the buildings were constructed on the north direction of the courtyard. In so doing the rooms, which are located on the north canget a lot of benefit from sun radiation. Furthermore rooms, which are not significant,situated on the east and west directions.[10]

(fig. 7), Amir Nezam house direction

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6.Privacy and Hospitality: should not be seen or accessible by The concepts of privacy and guests. As walking from the entrance hospitality have had a great impact towards the interior spaces, there on home culture and house are usually two different corridors; formation in Iranian Islamic first one is facing to the exterior part architecture.[15]Theentrance and and the second one, which is usually the main spaces of the houses were longer curvy, facing to the interior not directly vision because of the part. This pattern of spatial Islamic culture. configuration is by no means Iranian family both needs to have accidental, it is a carefully considered privacy as wellas social contact with response to balance needed relation neighbors'. In order to achieve this between hospitality and social aim, the hierarchy of spaces starts contact as well as providing privacy with a public space and it continued throughout the house. with a semi-public space, semi- private and at last a private space. Conclusion: Spatial configuration to manage this Residential buildings in Iranian divided the whole house into spaces Islamic architecture have been withdifferent characteristics such as designed based on culture, religion, the entrance, the exterior (guest traditions and in response to climate room) and the interior (private and environment of each region and rooms). In Iranian houses the lifestyle. This architecture could entrance were extremely important create forms which is able to and sequences as well. The intention generate a correlation between these of the entrance was to block direct parameters. Old residential houses in sight to the interior. Vestibule or Iran despite of having a simple outer "" was designed as a stopping shell or facade, they were providing point and could be used as a a complex inner shell in order to temporary reception room for those create an elegance and comfortable who did not need to enter the quest atmosphere for its residence. In spite room.reception area or exteriorroom of the rich history of Iranian Islamic is a part of the house into which male architecture of traditional houses, guests can enter.[16] This room is a today residential buildings are not main space in house where has been designed as carefully as before. They well decorated.[17] at the same time are mostly designed by focusing marks the economic condition of the more on its appearance or its outer family. This room is situated in the shell rather thancreating a complex main ax of the yard and has the best and comfortable interior. As lifestyle view to the courtyard with double in Iran has been changed quite fast height ceiling. Its interior is the most recently. this has evoked new private part of the house where it demands. It is the responsibility of has been designed in a way that contemporary architects to realize

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63 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 7-8, July-August 2018 [email protected] them and achieve a comprehensive houses in Iran can introduce a new understanding of these needs in path to architects that how those order to be able to response to the traditional houses could find suitable new conditions. They can design responses to people's demands at spaces and create forms adapted to that time and lead them to create a the new lifestyle and be able to satisfy better architecture appropriate for these requirements. Studying of this period of time. history of architecture in residential

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