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The Charge of Polish Knights and Infantry at the Battle of Grunwald

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The Charge of Polish Knights and Infantry at the Battle of Grunwald The Charge of Polish Knights and Infantry at the Battle of Grunwald The Battle of Grunwald, considered one of the greatest battles of Medieval Europe, marked its 600th anniversary on July 15, 2010. Known as the Battle of Grunwald in Poland, the Battle of Tannenberg in Germany and as the Battle of Zalgirio in Lithuania, the military clash was one of the largest and longest battle fought during the medieval period. Notably, casu- alties were also among the highest of any battle of that era. It battle also saw one of the earliest uses of cannon on a Euro- pean battlefield. The Battle of Grunwald is considered by historians as the greatest victory in Polish and Lithuanian history. This military achievement of Polish and Lithuanian troops in 1410 had a dramatic impact on the future of Central and Eastern Europe. The battle likewise enhanced the evolving, divergent mythologies for Germanic and Slavic cultures through the centuries and to the present. 2 The roots of the battle can be traced to the 13th century when the Polish Prince Konrad of Mazovia petitioned the Teutonic Knights, a German monastic order of crusading knights, to settle in and around the town of Chelmno in northern Poland. Prince Konrad wanted the Order to assist him fighting the neighboring pagan Prussian tribes. The Knights arrived in 1230 and were subsequently awarded added territories by a Papal Bull along the southern and southeast shores of the Baltic Sea. The Order eventually ex- Marienbourg—Headquarters of the Teutonic Knights terminated the Prussian support of the rebellion. Confronted by this alliance, the tribes and occupied their Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, Ulrich von Jungin- land. It then launched a gen, declared war on both Lithuania and Poland and crusade against the pagan launched invasions of their territories. In the spring of Lithuanians to the east 1410 Grand Duke Vitold and King Wladyslaw II agreed to and southeast. Then dur- combine their armies and conduct a joint invasion of Prus- ing the 14th century the sia to crush the Order. At the end of June, 1410, therefore, Grand Duke Vitold a combined Polish-Lithuanian army under the overall com- of Lithuania Order came into increased conflict with the Polish Crown, raiding and pillaging towns, villages and farm- steads on Poland’s northern frontier. In 1386 Grand Duke Jagiello of Lithuania converted to Christianity and married Queen Jadwiga of Poland. Tak- ing the name Wladyslaw II, he became King of Poland and established a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland under the Jagiello family. The Teutonic Knights, however, re- jected the contention that the Lithuanians had be- come Christian, declaring that the claim was a ruse to protect them from the Knight’s crusading cam- paigns. The Order, there- Memorial to the Polish fallen at Grunwald in Krakow fore continued to conduct raids against the Lithuani- mand of King Wladyslaw II moved north into Prussia to- ans and extended their ward the great fortress of Marienbourg (Malbork), the war to Poland on the capital of the Teutonic Knights and the largest brick castle grounds that the Poles in Europe. The Teutonic Order was surprised by this were protecting and aid- move since they thought that their two enemies would con- ing a pagan nation. duct separate campaigns. To meet this threat, the Grand King Wladyslaw II Master of the Order quickly concentrated his forces in an of Poland In 1409 rebellion broke attempt to set up a defensive line. The Polish-Lithuanian out against the Teutonic Order in Samogitia, a Teutonic army, however, outflanked this defensive line and contin- occupied province north of Prussia. Samogitia, though ued to move toward Marienburg. In response the Grand controlled by the Teutonic Knights, was also claimed by Master shifted his forces so as to position themselves in Lithuania. Grand Duke Vitold Jagiello of Lithuania, there- front of the advancing Polish-Lithuanian army which was fore, pledged support for the rebellion and King Wladys- approaching the Morence River in southern Prussia. law II of Poland, cousin of Grand Duke Vitold, expressing Slavic and dynastic solidarity, also joined Lithuania in The army of the Teutonic Order moved into its positions 3 for the battle during the early hours of the morning of July ers of the Order sweated in their heavy plate or chain-mail 15th, 1410. Their forces were deployed in three ranks fac- armor. King Wladyslaw II was in no hurry to commence ing the southeast in front of a road that ran on a southwest- battle. Even after his forces were aligned and had moved northeast axis from the village of Grunwald on the west to out from the forest onto the open fields facing the troops of the village of Steban (Tannenberg), 2 miles to the north- the Teutonic Order he waited as the morning advanced. east. Their forces were deployed in three lines facing the The left side of his army, under the command of Grand southeast. Before them lay open rolling fields before end- Duke Vitold consisted of 15,000 light Lithuanian cavalry, ing in woods and marshes that boarded the west bank of about 3,000 Crimean Tartars, Russian (vassal troops from the Morence River that flowed to the north. The Order’s Smolensk), and Ukrainian light cavalry. The left side of forces consisted of ap- the joint army consisted of Polish heavy cavalry of around proximately 20,000 20,000 knights and retainers, aligned in three ranks of lines heavy cavalry of with reserve cavalry to the rear. There was also approxi- knights and their retain- mately 5,000 well armed and trained infantry from Bohe- ers. Only 250 of these mia, Morovia, Moldavia and Wallachia which were spread were professed knights along the entire front of the Polish-Lithuanian army facing of the Order while the the Order’s infantry. Finally there was a 5,000 man Polish remaining were brother peasant infantry hidden in the woods to the rear of the bat- knights of the Order, tle field. The numbers of this peasant infantry is not usu- mercenaries, and inde- ally included in the count of Polish forces because they pendent volunteer were not a regular part of the army. They were vassals knights from through- who were brought along by their landlords as part of their out the Holy Roman levy. They had no armor, had no combat training and Empire. The rest of were armed only with their personal farm implements that their army consisted of were improvised to serve as weapons, such as axes, clubs, approximately 10,000 or scythe blades stuck on poles. They remained in the well armed mercenary woods throughout most of the battle and did not enter the and allied infantry that conflict until its outcome had been decided. The combined included archers, cross- Polish-Lithuanian army, therefore, numbered approxi- bowmen, pike men, and mately 43,000 men. artillerists. The Order also provided training At around 9:00 in the morning skirmishing broke out be- and weapons to their tween the light cavalry of both sides. On the Teutonic Or- servants. To support der’s left side (Polish-Lithuanian right flank) Tartar Grand Master of the Teutonic these Forces the Order mounted archers, using their traditional tactics from the Order, Ulrich von Jungingen had 100 bomards which southern steppes, repeatedly rode forward toward the Or- were an early primitive der’s lines, let loose volleys of arrows and returned to the type of field artillery. This artillery was positioned to the Lithuanian lines. front of the Order’s cavalry with most of their batteries on their left flank. In addition, lines of infantry were placed Around noon Grand Duke Vitold ordered the Lithuanian along the entire front of the Order’s positions with light cavalry to charge the left side of the Teutonic Order’s trenches for protection against cavalry. The Teutonic position. This attack was supported by several banners of Knights divided its cavalry to the right and left in three heavy cavalry from the extreme right end of the Polish ranks with reserves to the rear. Their more lightly armored line. As the Lithuanian cavalry galloped over the open heavy cavalry, wearing mainly chain-mail rather than plate field, the Teutonic bombard artillery attempted to fire on armor, were placed on their left flank. The right side of the advancing cavalrymen, but their gunpowder had been their army consisted of the remainder of their heavy cav- dampened by an early morning rain and they were only alry. The army of the Teutonic Knights, therefore, num- able to fire several scattered ineffective rounds. The bered around 30,000 men. Lithuanian cavalry rode over and through the artillery po- sitions and swept its infantry support before them, driving As the sun rose the Teutonic Order’s Army was in position toward the left side of the Order’s heavy cavalry which awaiting battle but the Polish-Lithuanian forces were well had launched its own countercharge. The Order’s infantry, to their front and still in the process of deploying their attempting to flee from the charging Lithuanian cavalry, units in the wooded area just west of the Morence River. ran into the front line of their own charging cavalry. The morning grew increasingly hot and humid after an Caught between the two cavalry charges the Order’s infan- early morning rain so that the mounted knights and retain- try on their left flank was virtually wiped out. 4 After about an hour of fierce fighting the Lithuanians im- to the ground.
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