DOCSLIB.ORG

The Crustacean Ecdysone Cassette: a Gatekeeper for Molt and Metamorphosis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Crustacean Ecdysone Cassette: a Gatekeeper for Molt and Metamorphosis Please do not remove this page The crustacean ecdysone cassette: a gatekeeper for molt and metamorphosis Hyde, Cameron J; Elizur, Abigail; Ventura, Tomer https://research.usc.edu.au/discovery/delivery/61USC_INST:ResearchRepository/12126573000002621?l#13127277830002621 Hyde, C. J., Elizur, A., & Ventura, T. (2019). The crustacean ecdysone cassette: a gatekeeper for molt and metamorphosis. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 185, 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.012 Document Type: Accepted Version Link to Published Version: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.012 USC Research Bank: https://research.usc.edu.au [email protected] CC BY-NC-ND V4.0 Copyright © 2019. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The final version is available at DOI:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.012 Downloaded On 2021/10/02 22:23:43 +1000 Please do not remove this page Accepted Manuscript Title: The crustacean ecdysone cassette: A gatekeeper for molt and metamorphosis Authors: Cameron J. Hyde, Abigail Elizur, Tomer Ventura PII: S0960-0760(18)30265-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.012 Reference: SBMB 5202 To appear in: Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Received date: 10-5-2018 Revised date: 21-8-2018 Accepted date: 25-8-2018 Please cite this article as: Hyde CJ, Elizur A, Ventura T, The crustacean ecdysone cassette: A gatekeeper for molt and metamorphosis, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. The crustacean ecdysone cassette: a gatekeeper for molt and metamorphosis Running title: Endocrinology of crustacean metamorphosis Cameron J. Hyde, Abigail Elizur and Tomer Ventura Genecology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 4 Locked Bag, Maroochydore, Queensland 4558, Australia Graphical abstract Highlights: Metamorphosis regulation with emphasis on crustaceans is reviewed ACCEPTED Specific attention is given to the ecdysone MANUSCRIPT pathway and associated nuclear receptors Gaps in knowledge are identified and future directions are suggested 1 Abstract Arthropods have long been utilized as models to explore molecular function, and the findings derived from them can be applied throughout metazoa, including as a basis for medical research. This has led to the adoption of many representative insect models beyond Drosophila, as each lends its own unique perspective to questions in endocrinology and genetics. However, non- insect arthropods are yet to be realised for the potential insight they may provide in such studies. The Crustacea are among the most ancient arthropods from which insects descended, comprising a huge variety of life histories and ecological roles. Of the events in a typical crustacean development, metamorphosis is perhaps the most ubiquitous, challenging and highly studied. Despite this, our knowledge of the endocrinology which underpins metamorphosis is rudimentary at best; although several key molecules have been identified and studied in depth, the link between them is quite nebulous and leans heavily on well-explored insect models, which diverged from the Pancrustacea over 450 million years ago. As omics technologies become increasingly accessible, they bring the prospect of explorative molecular research which will allow us to uncover components and pathways unique to crustaceans. This review reconciles known components of crustacean metamorphosis and reflects on our findings in insects to outline a future search space, with focus given to the ecdysone cascade. To expand our knowledge of this ubiquitous endocrine system not only aids in our understanding of crustacean metamorphosis, but also provides a deeper insight into the adaptive capacity of arthropods throughout evolution. Keywords: Arthropod, Ecdysone, Endocrine, Methyl farnesoate, Molt, Nuclear receptor ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Endocrinology of molting ........................................................................................................................... 9 Endocrinology of metamorphosis ........................................................................................................ 12 Nuclear receptor function ....................................................................................................................... 16 Intercepting the ecdysone cassette ...................................................................................................... 19 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................... 25 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 25 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3 1. Introduction Over the past century, model organisms have emerged as a vital tool for exploring physiology, disease and genetics, providing a platform for insights into biological phenomena which can be applied across taxa. The most fruitful metazoan model organism to date is without a doubt Drosophila melanogaster, whose ease of laboratory rearing and abundance of phenotypes made them an ideal candidate for pioneering exploration of gene function in vivo. As knowledge was transferred to other insect species, complimentary insect models arose to represent the physiological and genetic distinctions between the insect orders, such as holometabolous (complete metamorphosis) and hemimetabolous (incomplete metamorphosis) development. This iterative expansion of knowledge and variety of biological perspectives has cultivated a very comprehensive understanding of endocrine pathways and corresponding genes in the insects. The wealth of information accumulated in the insects has provided non-insect researchers with a valuable reference to guide them through novel ventures which would otherwise have been impossible, and a convention arose whereby unexplored species are systematically unravelled through comparison with an appropriate model. This approach is particularly amenable to genetic and endocrine applications, since analogous components are often shared among classes and even across phyla, but its utility is generally limited to the transfer of only fundamental concepts, which must be drawn out and contextualized in the species of interest. For example, a conserved enzyme likely binds a similar substrate to its homolog, but gene expression, specificity and binding kinetics are likely to be different. Phylogenetic analysis has found the Hexapod clade to be an ancient divergent of the Pancrustacea and therefore, evolutionarily speaking, insects can be considered as derived crustaceansACCEPTED [1, 2]. It is surprising then to find thatMANUSCRIPT our knowledge of crustacean endocrine regulation is comparatively sparse, and though much has been inferred from insect models there are frequent anomalies which cannot be explained by these distant relatives. Of course, the advent of ecdysis (molting) long predates the divergence of the Pancrustacean ancestor, and 4 thus the mechanism for molting is common to insects and crustaceans [1, 3]. It is well documented that arthropod molting is regulated by cyclical pulses of the steroid hormone ecdysone [4]. Downstream of the ecdysone receptor, a vast suite of genes are upregulated; the resulting transcriptomic shift coordinates cuticle release, osmotic flux, tissue remodelling and the many other physiological processes which orchestrate the molt. This widespread flux of gene expression is orchestrated by the ecdysone cassette (or ecdysone cascade), and involves many members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, including the ecdysone receptor itself, and its accurate profiling in Drosophila has provided significantly to our understanding of nuclear receptor function [5-9]. Our knowledge of the ecdysone cassette and the NR superfamily in crustaceans is comparatively limited with very few studies making a comprehensive curation of the NR family [10], which in Daphnia (Daphniidae) has been shown to comprise at least 25 genes [11]. Holistic characterisation of ecdysone response components could provide interesting and useful perspectives on steroid hormone function and nuclear receptor interactions, particularly in the context of metamorphosis. In this critical transformation, the ecdysone cassette is modified to instigate organism-wide tissue restructuring as the molt unfolds, and the animal which emerges from its spent cuticle often looks remarkably different than before [12, 13]. Although this adaptation of the ecdysone cassette has
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bad Bugs: Warehouse Beetle
    Insects Limited, Inc. Pat Kelley, BCE Bad Bugs: Warehouse Beetle complaining customer. That is the nature of the Warehouse beetle. Let’s take a close look at this common stored product insect: The Warehouse beetle prefers feeding on animal protein. This could be anything from road kill to dog food to powdered cheese and milk. The beetle will feed on plant material but a dead insect or mouse would be its preferred food source. You will often find Warehouse beetles (Trogoderma spp.) feeding on dead insects. It is important to empty these lights on a regular basis. The larva (see figure) of the Warehouse beetle is approximately 1/4-inch-long Larval color varies from yellowish/white to dark brown as the larvae mature. Warehouse beetle larvae have two different tones of hairs on the posterior end. These guard hairs protect them against attack from the rear. The Warehouse beetle has about 1,706 hastisetae hairs If there is an insect that is truly a voracious feeder and about 2,196 spicisetae hairs according to a and a potential health hazard to humans and publication by George Okumura. Since a larva sheds young animals, the Warehouse beetle falls into that its hairs during each molt, the damage of this pest category because of the long list of foods that it insect comes from the 1000’s of these pointed hairs attacks. Next to the dreaded quarantine pest, that escape and enter a finished food product as an the Khapra beetle, it is the most serious stored insect fragment. These insect fragments then can be product insect pest with respect to health.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterfly Anatomy [Online]
    02 July 2015 (original version 01 January 2014) © Peter Eeles Citation: Eeles, P. (2015). Butterfly Anatomy [Online]. Available from http://www.dispar.org/reference.php?id=6 [Accessed July 2, 2015]. Butterfly Anatomy Peter Eeles This paper contains a condensed summary on the anatomy of the imago (adult), ovum (egg), larva (caterpillar) and pupa (chrysalis). Many of the features discussed on this page are referred to from the taxonomy section of the UK Butterflies website since they are used in butterfly classification. Imago The body of the adult butterfly is comprised of 3 segments - head, thorax and abdomen. The eyes, antennae, proboscis and palpi are all positioned on the head. The legs and wings are attached to the thorax. The reproductive organs and spiracles are part of the abdomen. All of these features are discussed in detail below and the illustrations below provide an overview of the majority of these features. Chequered Skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon) Photo © Pete Eeles Eyes The head contains a pair of compound eyes, each made up of a large number of photoreceptor units known as ommatidia. Each ommatidium includes a lens (the front of which makes up a single facet at the surface of the eye), light-sensitive visual cells and also cells that separate the ommatidium from its neighbours. The image below shows a closeup of the head of a Pyralid moth, clearly showing the facets on the surface of the eye. A butterfly is able to build up a complete picture of its surroundings by synthesising an image from the individual inputs provided by each ommatidium.
    [Show full text]
  • Territorial Defence in the Speckled Wood Butterfly (Pararge Aegeria) : the Resident Always Wins
    Anim. Behav., 1978,26, 138-147 TERRITORIAL DEFENCE IN THE SPECKLED WOOD BUTTERFLY (PARARGE AEGERIA) : THE RESIDENT ALWAYS WINS BY N. B. DAVIES Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, Oxford Abstract. Males competed for territories, spots of sunlight on the ground layer of woodland, which were the best places for finding females . At any one time only 60% of the males had territories ; the remainder patrolled for females up in the tree canopy . Males continually flew down from the canopy and rapidly took over vacant sunspots . However, if the sunspot was already occupied, then the intruder was always driven back by the owner . Experiments showed that this was true even if the owner had been in occupation for only a few seconds . The rule for settling contests was thus `resident wins, intruder retreats' . Experiments showed that escalated contests only occurred when both contestants `thought' they were the resident . These results support the theoretical predictions of Maynard Smith & Parker (1976) . The reason intruders accept defeat immediately without a serious fight may be that contests are costly and territories abundant. How should an animal behave in a contest and insect contests provide a better scope for situation if it is to maximize its fitness? The this. answer is that it all depends on how the other In this paper I will show, by means of some contestants behave. Maynard Smith & Price simple field experiments, how territorial contests (1973) have shown that the strategy actually are settled in a species of butterfly . The results adopted will be an `evolutionarily stable strategy' are in accord with the predictions of Maynard or ESS.
    [Show full text]
  • Term Review of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 in Relation to Target 3A – Agriculture
    Service contract to support follow-up actions to the mid- term review of the EU biodiversity strategy to 2020 in relation to target 3A – Agriculture Final Report 19th June 2017 Funded by European Commission, DG Environment In collaboration with 2 Disclaimer: The arguments expressed in this report are solely those of the authors, and do not reflect the opinion of any other party. The report as a whole should be cited as follows: Siriwardena, G. and Tucker, G. (eds) (2017) Service contract to support follow-up actions to the mid-term review of the EU biodiversity strategy to 2020 in relation to target 3A – Agriculture. Report to the European Commission, Institute for European Environmental Policy, London. The following individual chapters should be cited as follows: Chapter 2: Siriwardena, G and Pringle, H (2017) Development of a methodology for the assessment of potential agriculture-related drivers on the status of habitats and species. In G Siriwardena & G Tucker (eds) Service contract to support follow-up actions to the mid-term review of the EU biodiversity strategy to 2020 in relation to target 3A – Agriculture, pp 25-48. Report to the European Commission, Institute for European Environmental Policy, London. Chapter 3: Pringle, H, Koeble, R, Paracchini M L, Rega, C, Henderson, I, Noble, D, Gamero, A, Vorisek, P, Škorpilová, J, Schmucki, R, Siriwardena, G, Allen, B, and Tucker, G (2017) Review of data sources and preparation of a metadatabase. In G Siriwardena & G Tucker (eds) Service contract to support follow-up actions to the mid-term review of the EU biodiversity strategy to 2020 in relation to target 3A – Agriculture, pp 49-60.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Radiation Is Improving the Biological Control of Insect Pests
    by Jorge Hendrichs and To Kill a Pest Alan Robinson The use of radiation is improving the biological control of insect pests. he IAEA’s support to Member States in What is Biological Control? the field of insect pest control has mainly Despite centuries of technological development, Tfocused on the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), insect pests continue to exact a very high toll on which is a type of insect birth control, where mass agricultural production and human health. A well- reared and systematically released sterile males established, successful approach to this problem is of the target pest insect mate with wild females the use of natural enemies, called biological control in the field, thereby interfering in an environment- agents, to manage pest populations. The biological friendly way with the reproduction of the pest control agent can be a predator, a parasitoid, a bac- A giant ichneumon wasp population. This approach effectively reduces terium, a fungus or a virus. In this article we will con- adult boring the surface the use of insecticides and has been successfully centrate on predators, which eat the pest (prey), and of fir trunk infested with used to manage, and in some cases eradicate, parasitoids, which parasitize the pest (host) by sting- wood wasp larvae. populations of major pest insects. Nevertheless, ing and thereby laying eggs into it. (Photo: Boris Hrasovec, there are other areas where Member States can Faculty of Forestry, benefit from radiation in the field of entomology. When insects escape their native natural enemies, Bugwood.org) One of these is biological control.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterfly Monitoring Scheme
    BUTTERFLY MONITORING SCHEME Report to recorders 2004 The Butterfly Monitoring Scheme Report to Recorders 2004 J NICK GREATOREX-DAVIES & DAVID B ROY CEH Monks Wood Abbots Ripton Huntingdon Cambs PE28 2LS April 2005 CONTENTS Page SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 Origins, organisation and aims of the BMS 2 Sites gained 2 Lost sites regained 3 Sites lost 4 Distribution of sites 5 UPDATES ON THE CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT OF THE 6 BMS AND TRANSECT RECORDING Development of transect recording 6 New BMS website 7 A new version of Transect Walker 8 SUMMARY OF THE 2001 SEASON 9 Weather summary for 2003 and 2004 9 Review of trends in 2004 9 Overall changes in abundance: another good year for butterflies 9 Overall changes in phenology 10 Changes in individual species: no highestor lowest indices 11 Spring species improved 11 Whites remain unchanged but Brimstone does well 11 Good year for Holly Blue but most other blues declined 12 A good year for fritillaries 12 Small Tortoiseshell fluctuations 12 A poorer year for migrants 13 Relatively small changes amongst the satyrids 13 Tabular summary of changes 2003 to 2004 14 COMPARISON OF THE 29 YEARS OF THE BMS 16 REFERENCES 17 PUBLICATIONS in 2004/5 17 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 18 APPENDIX I Collated indices graphs, 1976-2004 19 Page Figures Figure 1. Fluctuations in the mean index of abundance. 9 Figure 2. Variation in trends of generalist and specialist species measured from over 29 10 years (1976-2004). Figure 3. Trends towards earlier appearance of both spring and summer generations of 10 bi- or multivoltine species.
    [Show full text]
  • The Butterfly Handbook General Advice Note on Mitigating the Impacts of Roads on Butterfly Populations
    The butterfly handbook General advice note on mitigating the impacts of roads on butterfly populations working towards Natural England for people, places and nature The butterfly handbook General advice note on mitigating the impacts of roads on butterfly populations including a case study on mitigation for the Marsh Fritillary butterfly along the A30 Bodmin to Indian Queens road improvement scheme Adrian Spalding Spalding Associates (Environmental) Ltd Norfolk House 16-17 Lemon Street Truro TR1 2LS www.spaldingassociates.co.uk ISBN: 1 903798 25 6 This publication was jointly funded by English Nature and the Highways Agency Forward The second half of the last century saw dramatic changes in the countryside of Britain. Our native wildlife continues to be threatened as habitats are damaged or destroyed. Butterflies have probably never been as endangered as they are today following decades of loss of key semi-natural habitats such as flower-rich grasslands. This report is extremely valuable and timely as it concerns an increasingly important habitat for butterflies and other insects. Road verges can help conserve butterflies and other wildlife as they are an opportunity to provide suitable breeding habitats for many species, and provide crucial links between the patches of habitat that remain. Butterflies are highly sensitive indicators of the environment and we know that conservation measures for this group will help many other less well-known components of our biodiversity. Road verges already provide valuable habitats for a wide range of species but this report shows how they can be made even better and contribute an ever more important role in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies and Day Flying Moths of the Malvern Hills
    Butterflies and Day andDay Butterflies the Malvern Hills the Malvern Flying Moths of Mothsof Flying fl ying mothsoftheMalvern Hillstoencourage ‘A fullcolourguidetothebutterfl ‘A people toget outrecordingandtoidentify what theyfi nd.’ ies andday Photographs by David Armitage, Bridget Olesky, David Green and Alan Barnes Acknowledgements CONTENTS PAGE Compiled and edited by Susan Clarke and Jenny Joy, helped by many colleagues from Butterfl y Conservation, English Nature, Malvern Hills Introduction 3 AONB Offi ce, Malvern Hills Conservators as well as volunteers, landowners, Management of the Hills 4 The butterfl ies of the Malvern Hills 5 butterfl y and moth recorders, transect walkers and others who provided What are butterfl ies and moths? 5 material, information, advice and commented on the draft. Many thanks to: Why look for butterfl ies and day-fl ying moths? 5 David Armitage, Mike Bradley, Trevor Bucknall, Colin and Helen Dolding, Life cycle 6 Ian Duncan, David Green, Dr Gilbert Greenall, Cherry Greenway, Michael How to identify 7 Harper, Ian Hart, Rob Harvard, Peter Holmes, Chris Johnson, Richard When and where to look 7 Flight periods of butterfl ies and moths 9 Newton, Bridget Oleksy, John Tilt, Trevor Trueman, Gordon Whiting, Mike Sites to visit 10 Williams and Digby Wood. (map centre pages) Recording your sightings 11 Butterfl y research 12 Transect information 12 Species accounts 15 Small Skipper 15 Large Skipper 16 Brimstone 16 Large White, Small White & Green-veined White 16 Orange-tip 17 Green Hairstreak 17 White-letter Hairstreak 18 Small Copper 18 Common Blue 18 Holly Blue 19 Red Admiral, Small Tortoiseshell, Peacock & Comma 19 High Brown Fritillary 20 Silver-washed Fritillary 21 Speckled Wood 21 Marbled White 21 Grayling 22 Small Heath 22 Gatekeeper, Meadow Brown & Ringlet 23 Six-spot Burnet 24 Drab Looper 24 Hummingbird Hawkmoth 24 Scarlet Tiger 25 Cinnabar moth 25 Burnet Companion 25 Important information.
    [Show full text]
  • The Behaviour and Wing Morphology of The
    RADAR Research Archive and Digital Asset Repository The behaviour and wing morphology of the meadow brown butterfly (Maniola jurtina L.) in Britain: the influence of weather and location Celia Maier (1998) https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/5aa9edb0-b9dc-4819-bf36-72f5d3ba1f52/1/ Note if anything has been removed from thesis: published paper at end of thesis Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this work, the full bibliographic details must be given as follows: Maier, C (1998), The behaviour and wing morphology of the meadow brown butterfly (Maniola jurtina L.) in Britain : the influence of weather and location PhD, Oxford Brookes University WWW.BROOKES.AC.UK/GO/RADAR THE BEHAVIOUR AND WING MORPHOLOGY OF THE MEADOW BROWN BUTTERFLY (MANIOLA JURTINA L.) IN BRITAIN: THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHER AND LOCATION CELIA MAIER A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Oxford Brookes University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 1998 British Butterflies. w.s. Coleman, 1868 "THE MEADOW BROWN BUTTERFLY (Hipparchia Janira) Perhaps of all our butterflies this is the least attractive, being too common to excite interest from its rarity or difficulty of attainment, and too plain and homely to win regard.
    [Show full text]
  • North Wales Branch Newsletter 2017
    North Wales Branch Newsletter 2017 2017 Contents Page 3 A Message from our Chairman Page 4 25 Years of Daily Moth Records Page 5 Glanville Fritillary Page 8 Adventures in North Wales Page 9 Home-made Moth Trap Page 10 Welsh Garden Moth Scheme Page 12 Branch Communication Page 13 Events Listings (Optional centre-spread pull-out) Page 16 AGM and Members’ Day Information Page 17 Finance Statement Page 18 Butterflies of Mynydd Marian Page 20 Eyarth Rocks Reserve Page 21 Cistus Forester Page 22 Why not make your nature walk count? Page 24 Studying the moths of bird nests Page 25 It’s an ill wind Page 27 Butterfly and Moth Recorders Page 28 Contacts Cover photos (Mark Sheridan) Top - The Mint Moth (Pyrausta aurata) Middle – Gatekeeper (Pyronia tithonus) Bottom – Merveille du Jour (Griposia aprilina) This newsletter is published by the North Wales Branch of Butterfly Conservation. Please note that the opinions expressed in this newsletter are not necessarily those of the Society or the Branch Registered Charity No.254937 2 2017 A Message from our Chairman Firstly, I would like to take this opportunity to thank Julie Horner, who has recently stepped down as our Newsletter Editor, for the time, effort and dedication she has devoted towards this task for the last six years. This has been a substantial undertaking on Julie’s part and we are extremely grateful for the contribution she has made towards the success of North Wales Branch. As many of you know, Julie is an accomplished artist and a selection of her beautiful butterfly paintings can be seen (and purchased!) from the display of her work at Pensychnant.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterfly Report 2019 Hengistbury Head
    Hengistbury Head Butterfly Census Annual Report 2019 Written by Venetia Powell There are around 59 species of butterfly present in the UK according to the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (UKBMS); 25 of these species have been recorded around Hengistbury Head. The number of species in the UK are monitored in order to be able to assess and keep track of the change in climate. UKBMS are able to monitor climate change using the populations of butterfly and by looking at the living conditions of specified areas (habitats) and whether the populations increase or decline. For example, butterflies do not cope well in cold temperatures and therefore thrive more in warmth; they are more likely to seek shelter in colder climates to be able to restore their optimum body temperatures. This is because butterflies are cold blooded, meaning that they are unable to produce their own heat and therefore, would lack the energy they need to be able to fly. To be able to generate energy, they absorb heat from the sun hence why they cope better in warmer climates. Butterflies are important to the environment as they pollinate plants, the nectar providing them with energy. Method: For the past 41 years, Hengistbury Head have conducted a weekly butterfly transect walks during the breeding season. This transect consists of pathways dissecting various habitats. Data is recorded between the weeks of 1st April and 30th September due to the butterflies being more frequent during warmer temperatures; they tend to go into hiding and try to find shelter to keep warm in cooler conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team
    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control September 12-16, 2005 Mark S. Hoddle, Compiler University of California, Riverside U.S.A. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2005-08 Department of Service September 2005 Agriculture Volume I Papers were submitted in an electronic format, and were edited to achieve a uniform format and typeface. Each contributor is responsible for the accuracy and content of his or her own paper. Statements of the contributors from outside of the U.S. Department of Agriculture may not necessarily reflect the policy of the Department. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Any references to pesticides appearing in these papers does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of them by the conference sponsors, nor does it imply that uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated by state and federal laws. Applicable regulations must be obtained from the appropriate regulatory agency prior to their use. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish and other wildlife if they are not handled and applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices given on the label for use and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status.
    [Show full text]