Zootaxa 4040 (2): 225–235 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4040.2.8 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F41345A5-D0D3-43B6-B99A-3AD8098BB020 Additions to the checklist of the (: Formicidae) of Peru

BENOIT GUÉNARD1,3 & EVAN P. ECONOMO2 1School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 2Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan, 904-0495 3Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract

A recent checklist of the ants of Peru recorded 592 nominal species and 79 genera on the basis of a literature re- view. Here we complement the previously published checklist with the addition of 83 nominal species and six genera, in- cluding three genera recorded only from morphospecies. This increases the list of ants reported from Peru to at least 679 species and subspecies and 85 genera. We also modify the list of species known as endemic from Peru, discuss the histor- ical importance of the Peruvian fauna in myrmecology, and highlight potential research for future studies.

Key words: Formicidae, Peru, checklist

Introduction

The compilation and curation of species checklists for different regions of the world provides important tools for biologists to complete inventories, realize new discoveries, assist taxonomic identifications, but also to mark milestones in the understanding of regional faunas and floras. However the completion of checklists using literature records represents a real challenge as records have been spread across centuries in thousands of publications in various fields of biology (, biogeography, ecology, etc.), in museum collections, and more recently in online databases. In a recent publication Bezdĕčkovā and collaborators (2015) produced a checklist of ant species for a species- rich country, Peru. A list of 592 nominal species and subspecies was compiled based on literature records only, representing an increase of 260 species since the last publication that included Peruvian ants more than 10 years earlier (Fernandez & Sendoya 2004). The 592 nominal species were in 76 genera, and three additional genera were known from morphospecies records, bringing the total to 79 genera. We compared these published results with a newly developed global ant database (GABI), and noted some discrepancies between our database of Peruvian ant diversity and the new published checklist. Based on this comparison, it appears that Bezdĕčkovā et al. (2015) missed some publications of species records for Peru. Here we complete the list of ants of Peru published by Bezdĕčkovā and collaborators, identify records that are potential misidentifications, and correct a few misspellings.

Methods

The records presented here were collected from an extensive global literature search, museum records and records from personal collections compiled into a centralized database GABI (Global Ant Informatics Project). GABI includes nearly 1.7 million records globally from the synthesis of over 8520 publications and has been recently used for the compilation of species checklist from various parts of the world including the Solomons islands (Sarnat et al. 2013) and Yunnan in China (Liu et al. 2015). Visualizations of the GABI data are available through the web-mapping tool antmaps.org.

Accepted by J. Longino: 20 Oct. 2015; published: 10 Nov. 2015 225 A total of 6944 species records specific to Peru were extracted from the GABI database, inclusive of 1013 records from Bezdĕčkovā et al. (2015). Here, are presented only the Peruvian records not mentioned in the latest checklist.

Results

Our literature review added 83 nominal species, two native genera (Trachymyrmex and Stigmatomma), and one exotic (Monomorium) to the latest checklist of the ants of Peru, while two species should be deleted as they most likely represent erroneous records. Furthermore, six more genera have been reported only from morphospecies and should thus also be included. In total, the Peruvian ant fauna includes at least 85 genera from 679 species and subspecies.

Additional species records from Peru

The list of species below should be added to the initial list produced by Bezdĕčkovā et al. (2015). Ex. = Exotic. Numbers correspond to the references mentioning the record and are presented in Appendix 1.

Taxa References Stigmatomma degeneratum (Borgmeier, 1957) Peru (30, 32) Stigmatomma lurilabes (Lattke, 1991) Peru (32)

Dolichoderinae Azteca chartifex Emery, 1896 Madre de Dios (9) Azteca ulei Forel, 1904 Madre de Dios (11) Linepithema piliferum (Mayr, 1870) Cusco (8)

Dorylinae Labidus auropubens (Santschi, 1920) Huánuco (47) Labidus mars (Forel, 1912) Peru (47) Labidus spininodis (Emery, 1890) Peru (47) Neivamyrmex halidaii (Shuckard, 1840) Junín & Madre de Dios (47), Peru (13, 15) Neivamyrmex kuertii (Enzmann, 1952) Peru (17, 27) Nomamyrmex esenbeckii (Westwood, 1842) Amazonas (47) Madre de Dios (1, 9, 10, 47), Peru (48)

Ectatomminae acuminata (Emery, 1896) Loreto (34), Madre de Dios (34) Gnamptogenys fernandezi Lattke, 1990 Madre de Dios (34) Gnamptogenys kempfi Lenko, 1964 Madre de Dios (34), Peru (36) Gnamptogenys minuta (Emery, 1896) Peru (33) Gnamptogenys moelleri (Forel, 1912) Huánuco (34), Madre de Dios (2, 34, 50) Gnamptogenys mordax (Smith, 1858) Huánuco (34), Madre de Dios (2, 34) Gnamptogenys relicta (Mann, 1916) Madre de Dios (2) Gnamptogenys sulcata (Smith, 1858) Madre de Dios (34) Gnamptogenys triangularis (Mayr, 1887) Huánuco (34, 37), Madre de Dios (10) major Santschi, 1923 Pasco (31)

226 · Zootaxa 4040 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press GUÉNARD & ECONOMO Acropyga goeldii Forel, 1893 Peru (20) Camponotus ager (Smith, 1858) Peru (14) Camponotus amoris Forel, 1904 Madre de Dios (50) Camponotus bidens Mayr, 1870 Madre de Dios (41) Camponotus blandus (Smith, 1858) Peru (29) Camponotus cameranoi Emery, 1894 Peru (29) Camponotus geralensis Emery, 1920 Ocobamba (Cusco or Apurímac) (26) Camponotus iheringi Forel, 1908 Madre de Dios (10) Camponotus koseritzi Emery, 1888 Peru (14) Camponotus simillimus indianus Forel Madre de Dios (50) schumanni Emery, 1890 Peru (12), Loreto (22)

Heteroponerinae mucronata (Roger, 1860) Peru (16), Madre de Dios (28)

Myrmicinae Apterostigma auriculatum Wheeler, 1925 Madre de Dios (50) Apterostigma jubatum Wheeler, 1925 Huánuco (35) Apterostigma manni Weber, 1938 Huánuco (35), Madre de Dios (35) Apterostigma robustum Emery, 1896 Huánuco (35), Madre de Dios (35) Apterostigma urichii Forel, 1893 Huánuco (35) Atta colombica Guérin-Méneville, 1844 Madre de Dios (9, 10) laminatus (Smith, 1860) Loreto (23, 40) Cephalotes oculatus (Spinola, 1851) Madre de Dios (9, 10) Cephalotes pallens (Klug, 1824) Loreto (23, 40) Cyphomyrmex minutus Mayr, 1862 Madre de Dios (2) Hylomyrma praepotens Kempf, 1973 Madre de Dios (2) Megalomyrmex acauna Brandão, 1990 Madre de Dios (3) Megalomyrmex emeryi Forel, 1904 Loreto (7) Megalomyrmex poatan Brandão, 1990 Madre de Dios (7) Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus, 1758) Ex. Lima (54), Peru (18) Mycetosoritis sp. Madre de Dios (3) Myrmicocrypta occipitalis Weber, 1938 Junín (49) Ochetomyrmex semipolitus Mayr, 1878 Madre de Dios (50) Pheidole deima Wilson, 2003 Madre de Dios (50) Pheidole midas Wilson, 2003 Madre de Dios (2) Pheidole nitella Wilson, 2003 Madre de Dios (50) Pheidole sensitiva Borgmeier, 1959 Madre de Dios (2) Protalaridris sp. Madre de Dios (52) Sericomyrmex sp. Madre de Dios (3, 52) Strumigenys alberti Forel, 1893 Amazonas, Huánuco, Loreto (6) Strumigenys beebei (Wheeler, 1915) Madre de Dios (3) Strumigenys cordovensis Mayr, 1887 Madre de Dios (6) Strumigenys elongata Roger, 1863 Loreto, Madre de Dios, Pasco (6)

ANTS OF PERU Zootaxa 4040 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 227 Strumigenys longispinosa Brown, 1958 Madre de Dios (2) Strumigenys precava Brown, 1954 San Martín (6) Strumigenys trinidadensis Wheeler, 1922 Madre de Dios (2) Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846) Ex. Huánuco (4), Peru (5) Trachymyrmex farinosus (Emery, 1894) Madre de Dios (50) Tranopelta subterranea (Mann, 1916) Madre de Dios (39) Xenomyrmex sp. Madre de Dios (3, 53)

Ponerinae Anochetus diegensis Forel, 1912 Peru (19) Anochetus neglectus Emery, 1894 Madre de Dios (2) Anochetus targionii Emery, 1894 Madre de Dios (2) Centromyrmex sp. Lima (51) Dinoponera australis Emery, 1901 Huánuco (24) Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger, 1859) Ex. Peru (21) Odontomachus brunneus (Patton, 1894) Madre de Dios (2) Odontomachus erythrocephalus Emery, 1890 Madre de Dios (2) Odontomachus insularis Guérin-Méneville, 1844 Peru (21) Odontomachus laticeps Roger, 1861 Madre de Dios (50) Simopelta pergandei (Forel, 1909) San Martín (3), Junín (38), Madre de Dios (43)

Proceratiinae Discothyrea sp. Loreto (3)

Pseudomyrmecinae Pseudomyrmex beccarii (Menozzi, 1935) San Martín (46) Pseudomyrmex boopis Loreto (46) Pseudomyrmex curacaensis (Forel, 1912) Huánuco, Madre de Dios, San Martín (44) Pseudomyrmex depressus Cusco, Madre de Dios (46) Pseudomyrmex filiformis (Fabricius, 1804) Cusco, Huánuco, Junín, Loreto, Puno (46), Madre de Dios (9, 10), San Martín (24) Pseudomyrmex rochai Huánuco, Madre de Dios (46) Pseudomyrmex rubiginosus Huánuco, Loreto (46) Pseudomyrmex sericeus Huánuco, Junín, Madre de Dios, Puno (46) Pseudomyrmex viduus (Smith, 1858) Huánuco, Madre de Dios, San Martín (45)

Excluded ant species from Peru

The following records most likely represent erroneous records/misidentifications and should thus be excluded from the list of ants of Peru

Tetramorium guineense: as pointed by Wetterer (2009) this species has been regularly confused with Tetramorium bicarinatum, a globally spread tramp species. Pseudomyrmex elongatulus: this species is distributed in Central America and records from South America most likely represent misidentifications (Ward, pers. comm.)

228 · Zootaxa 4040 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press GUÉNARD & ECONOMO Misspelled species from Peru

The following species were misspelled in Bezdĕčkovā et al. (2015) and should be corrected: Cephalotes similimus should be spelled as Cephalotes simillimus (Kempf, 1951). Gnamptogenys haenschei should be spelled as Gnamptogenys haenschi (Emery, 1902).

Endemic species to Peru

Finally 17 species considered by Bezdĕčkovā et al. (2015) as endemic to Peru have been recorded from countries outside Peru, and thus we propose here to exclude the following species from the list of endemics: Camponotus pittieri fuscogaster Emery, 1920 Known from Brazil (Mato Grosso) Hylomyrma transversa Kempf, 1973 Known from Colombia Megalomyrmex weyrauchi Kempf, 1970 Known from Brazil (Acre) Myrmicocrypta bucki Sosa-Calvo & Schultz, 2010 Known from Brazil (Amapá, Amazonas) Myrmicocrypta microphthalma Borgmeier, 1948 Known from Brazil (Bahia) Neivamyrmex curvinotus Watkins, 1994 Known from Colombia Neivamyrmex nordenskioldii (Holmgren, 1908) Known from Bolivia Pheidole aciculata Wilson, 2003 Known from Brazil (Acre) Pheidole flavifrons Wilson, 2003 Known from Brazil (Acre) Pheidole leonina Wilson, 2003 Known from Brazil (Acre) Pheidole leptina Wilson, 2003 Known from Brazil (Acre) Pheidole lupus Wilson, 2003 Known from Ecuador Pheidole scimitara Wilson, 2003 Known from Brazil (Amazonas) Pheidole zoster Wilson, 2003 Known from Brazil (Mato Grosso) Pseudomyrmex sericeus longior (Forel, 1904) Known from Brazil (Amazonas) Simopelta laticeps Gotwald & Brown, 1967 Known from Colombia Solenopsis weyrauchi Trager, 1991 Known from Colombia

In addition, one species added here (Neivamyrmex kuertii) is, to the best of our knowledge, only known from Peru. At this point, 53 species or 8% of ants known from Peru can be considered as endemic.

TABLE 1. Number of species per subfamily in Peru. Subfamily # Genera # species 1 1 Amblyoponinae 2 3 5 56 8 40 3 32 Formicinae 7 97 1 2 39 308 Paraponerinae 1 1 15 82 2 2 Pseudomyrmicinae 1 55 Total 85 679

ANTS OF PERU Zootaxa 4040 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 229 TABLE 2. Number of named species of ants per genus in Peru. Genus # species Pheidole 90 Camponotus 82 Pseudomyrmex 55 Neoponera 29 Cephalotes, Strumigenys 28 Dolichoderus 26 Gnamptogenys 25 Crematogaster 23 Azteca 17 Neivamyrmex 16 Apterostigma 14 Megalomyrmex, Odontomachus 13 Acromyrmex, Solenopsis 12 Procryptocerus 10 Eciton 9 Linepithema, Octostruma 7 Leptogenys, Myrmicocrypta, Nesomyrmex, Pachycondyla 6 Acropyga, Anochetus, Basiceros, Carebara, Dorymyrmex, Labidus, Rasopone, Rogeria 5 Atta, Cyphomyrmex, Dinoponera, , Hylomyrma, Myrmelachista 4 Acanthognathus, Acanthostichus, Cylindromyrmex, Hypoponera, Nylanderia, Pseudoponera, Tetramorium 3 (Exotic), Typhlomyrmex Acanthoponera, Daceton, Eurhopalothrix, Mycocepurus, Nomamyrmex, Ochetomyrmex, Platythyrea, 2 Simopelta, Stigmatomma, Tranopelta, Wasmannia Adelomyrmex, Allomerus, Brachymyrmex, Centromyrmex (Mo), Cerapachys, Cheliomyrmex, Cryptopone, 1 Discothyrea (Mo), Gigantiops, Kalathomyrmex, Lachnomyrmex, Mayaponera, Monomorium (Exotic), Mycetosoritis (Mo), Oxyepoecus, , Paratrechina (Exotic), Pogonomyrmex, Prionopelta, Probolomyrmex, Protalaridris (Mo), Sericomyrmex (Mo), Stegomyrmex, Tapinoma (Exotic), , Thaumatomyrmex, Trachymyrmex, Xenomyrmex (Mo)

(Mo): known only from morphospecies

Discussion

Ecological studies on the Peruvian ant fauna have represented exemplar studies on tropical ant assemblages within species-rich communities. In particular, studies on ant-plant mutualism/parasitism (e.g. Devil’s garden, Frederickson & Gordon 2007, Edwards et al. 2009; myrmecochory: Youngsteadt et al. 2008, 2009; plant sterilization: Frederickson 2009; pollination: Dutton & Frederickson 2012) have been particularly preponderant in the past decade. Earlier, the work of Wilson (1987) reported 135 morphospecies in four types of forests of the Tambopata Reserved Zone (Madre de Dios region), presenting high diversity of arboreal ant communities in tropical regions. In particular, the famous example of 43 species of ants recovered from a single tree, then compared to the ant fauna of the British Isles (Wilson 1987) (we know now that the ant fauna of UK is more diverse with at least 60 species) is still regularly used to illustrate the high species richness of in tropical regions and the global latitudinal gradient of species diversity (e.g. Alonso & Agosti 2000, Rinker & Lowman 2004, Kricher 2011). A few years later, using canopy fogging on 2 trees and 11 vines of the Manu National Park (Madre de Dios), Tobin (1997) reported the collection of 85 ant species. Other famous examples from Peru are the work of Verhaagh (1990) in the lowland evergreen seasonal forest of Panguana (Ucayali region) where over 500 morphospecies have been reported from a 10km2 area. This example still represents today one of the highest local diversities recorded for any part of the world.

230 · Zootaxa 4040 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press GUÉNARD & ECONOMO More surprising is the low endemism detected in Peruvian ants. With less than 8% of the ants (53 species) known only from Peru, endemism is unusually low for the country when compared to other taxa or when compared to endemic ant levels known in other tropical countries (unpublished data). Peru is thought to have one of the highest levels of endemism in the world (Swenson et al. 2012). For example, endemism levels are 13% for mammals (Wilson and Reeder 2005), 48% for amphibians (Jarvis et al. 2015), and >28% for vascular plants (Leon et al. 2006). Birds have about 6% endemic species (Schulenberg et al. 2010), a level similar to ants. Considering the lack of records for most regions of Peru (Figure 1), the exploration of the ant fauna is far from complete and future targeted ecological and taxonomic work should greatly improve gaps in our knowledge. Based on previous studies on the geographic distributions of endemic taxa in Peru (Swenson et al. 2012), central regions bordering the eastern side of the Andes host the highest levels of endemism in various groups of plants and vertebrates. Future studies should focus on the regions of Cusco, Junín, Ucayali, San Martín or Amazonas to test if similar patterns of high endemism in these regions are also encountered in ants. Because of the historical importance of the Peruvian ant fauna in myrmecological research and the potential importance that Peru likely represents for overall ant biodiversity and endemism, future exploration as well as re- examination of the material previously collected should be marked as a priority for our understanding of tropical ant diversity.

FIGURE 1. Known species diversity for Peruvian ants at the province level.

ANTS OF PERU Zootaxa 4040 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 231 Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all the participants of GABI who provide copies of their publications. We would like to particularly thank Simon Robson and Phil Ward for providing new data and comments on the distribution of specific taxa. EPE was supported by subsidy funding from OIST.

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ANTS OF PERU Zootaxa 4040 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press · 233 25 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de Amazonia (GBIF) 26 Kempf, W.W. (1968) Miscellaneous studies on Neotropical ants. IV. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 11, 369–415. 27 Kempf, W.W. (1972) Catalago abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hym. Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 15, 3–344. 28 Ketterl, J., & Verhaagh, M. (2004) (Roger, 1860) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), first record in Peru and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with description of its male. Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 44, 65–68. 29 Kusnezov, N. (1978) Hormigas argentinas: clave para su identificacion. Miscelanea Instituto Miguel Lillo, 61, 1–147. 30 Lacau, S., & Delabie, J.H.C. (2002) Description de trois nouvelles espèces d'Amblyopone avec quelques notes biogéographiques sur le genre au Brasil (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 107, 33–41. 31 Lacau, S., Villemant, C., & Jahyny, B. (2008) Typhlomyrmex Mayr, 1862: un genre méconnu de petites fourmis cryptiques et prédatrices (Ectatomminae: Typhlomyrmecini). Pp. 241–283 in: Jimenez, E.; Fernandez, F.; Arias, T.M.; Lozano-Zambrano F. H. (eds.) 2008. Sistematica, biogeografia y conservacion de las hormigas cazadoras de Colombia. Bogota Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, xiv + 609 pp. 32 Lattke, J.E. (1991) Studies of neotropical Amblyopone Erichson (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Contributions in Science (Los Angel.), 428, 1–7. 33 Lattke, J.E. (1992) Revision of the minuta-group of the genus Gnamptogenys. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, N.F., 39, 123–129. 34 Lattke, J.E. (1995) Revision of the ant genus Gnamptogenys in the New World (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 4, 137–193. 35 Lattke, J.E. (1997) Revision del enero Apterostigma Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Arquivos do Instituto Biologico (Sao Paulo), 34, 121–221. 36 Lattke, J.E., Fernandez, F., Arias-Penna, T.M., Palacio, E.E., MacKay, W. & MacKay, E. (2008) Genero Gnamptogenys Roger. Pp. 66–100 in: Jimenez, E.; Fernandez, F.; Arias, T.M.; Lozano-Zambrano F. H. (eds.) 2008. Sistematica, biogeografia y conservacion de las hormigas cazadoras de Colombia. Bogota Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, xiv + 609 pp. 37 MacGown, J.A., & Wetterer, J.K. (2011) Geographic spread of Gnamptogenys triangularis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae). Psyche, 2012, Article ID 571430, (doi:10.1155/2012/571430), 4 pp. 38 MacKay, W.P. & MacKay, E.E. (2010) The systematics and biology of the New World ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, xii+642 pp. 39 Robson Simon Ant Collection (Pers. Comm.), downloaded on September 05th 2014. 40 Sandoval, V.E., & Zambrano, G. (2007) Catalogo de las hormigas presentes en el Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad del Cauca. Taller Editorial de la Universidad del Cauca, Popayan. 60 pp. 41 Tobin, E.J. (1997) Competition and coexistence of ants in a small patch of rainforest canopy in Peruvian Amazonia. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 105, 105–125 42 Triplehorn Insect Collection (OSUC), Ohio State University (GBIF) 43 Verhaagh, M. (1991) Clearing a tropical rain forest - Effects on the ant fauna. Pp. 59–68 in: Erdelen, W.; Ishwaran, N.; Muller, P. (eds.) 1991. Tropical ecosystems: systems characteristics, utilization patterns, and conservation issues. Weikersheim: Margraf Scientific Books, 202 pp. 44 Ward, P.S. (1989) Systematic studies on Pseudomyrmecine ants: revision of the Pseudomyrmex oculatus and P. subtilissimus species groups with taxonomic comments on other species. Questiones Entomologicae, 25, 393–468. 45 Ward, P.S. (1999) Systematics, biogeography and host plant associations of the Pseudomyrmex viduus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Triplaris- and Tachigali-inhabiting ants. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 126, 451–540. 46 Ward, P.S. (Personal Communication, 16 September 2014) 47 Watkins, J.F., II (1976) The identification and distribution of New World army ants (Dorylinae: Formicidae). Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press, 102 pp 48 Watkins J.F., II (1977) The species and subspecies of Nomamyrmex (Dorylinae: Formicidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 50, 203–214. 49 Weyrauch, W.K. (1942) Las hormigas cortadoras de hojas del Valle de Chanchmayo. Boletin de la direccion de Agricultura y Ganaderia, 15, 204–259.

234 · Zootaxa 4040 (2) © 2015 Magnolia Press GUÉNARD & ECONOMO 50 Youngsteadt, E., Alvarez Baca, J., Osborne, J. & Schal C (2009) Species-specific seed dispersal in an obligate ant-plant mutualism. PLoS ONE, 4, e4335.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004335 51 Johnson, R. Personal Database. Accessed on February 5th 2014 at http://www.asu.edu/clas/sirgtools/resources.htm 52 Cover, S.P., Tobin, J.E. & Wilson. E.O. (1990) The ant community of a tropical lowland rainforest site in Peruvian Amazonia. Pp. 699–700 in: Veeresh, G. K.; Mallik, B.; Viraktamath, C. A. (eds.) 1990. Social and the environment. Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of IUSSI, 1990. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., xxxi + 765 pp. 53 Wilson, E.O. (1987) The arboreal ant fauna of Peruvian Amazon forests: a first assessment. Biotropica, 19, 245–251. 54 Dale, W.E. (1974) Hormigas en viviendas y jardines de Lima Metropolitana: Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) y Monomorium pharaonis (L). Revista Peruana de Entomologia, 17, 126–127.

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