Planning for Sustainable Development of Walled City Area of Jaipur City
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PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WALLED CITY AREA OF JAIPUR CITY A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF URBAN AND RURAL PLANNING By NAND KUMAR DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE ROORKEE 247 667 (INDIA) JUNE, 2006 CANDIDATE' S DECLARATION I hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in the dissertation, entitled "PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WALLED CITY AREA OF JAIPUR CITY", in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of MASTER OF URBAN AND RURAL PLANNING submitted in the Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee, Roorkee, is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period from July 2005 to June 2006 under the supervision of Dr.V. Devadas, Associate Professor of Planning, Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee, Roorkee. The matter embodied in this dissertation has not been submitted by me for the award of any other Degree. Place: Roorkee Dated: June30, 2006 (Nand Kumar) This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate Mr. Nand Kumar is correct to the best of my knowledge. Place: Roorkee V` Dated: June34 2006 (Dr.V. Devadas) Associate Professor of Planning Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee Roorkee — 247667, India CERTIFICATE Certified that this report entitled "PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WALLED CITY AREA OF JAIPUR CITY" which has been submitted by Mr. Nand Kumar, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Post Graduate Degree in MASTER OF URBAN AND RURAL PLANNING in the Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee, Roorkee, is the student's own work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. The matter embodied in this dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any other degree. Place: Roorkee Dated: June M,2006 (11\1;r.V. Devadas) Associate Professor of Planning Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee Roorkee — 247667, India ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide Dr.V.Devadas, for his constant encouragement, support and expert guidance throughout this work. Without his cooperation and understanding this work would not have been possible. I express my sincere thanks to Prof. R. Shankar, Proffessor and Head of the Department, Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee for extending all kind of help and facilities of the department to me. I am grateful to all the faculty members of the Department of Architecture especially Prof. Najamuddin, Prof. R.K.Jain, Dr.Nalini Singh, and Prof. R.Chandra, for their moral support and encouragement. I am thankful to the Director, MNIT, Jaipur and the faculty members of Department of Architecture, MNIT Jaipur for providing me great opportunity to pursue post graduate degree, without his kind permission and cooperation this would not have been possible. I am grateful to officials of Jaipur Development Authority, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Jaipur for providing me the required data without which this report would have been incomplete. Finally I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my parents, family members and friends for their constant inspiration and encouragement. NAND ICUNIAR Dated: June 30,2006 ii ABSTRACT Cities are engines of economic growth. Indian cities are suffering from unplanned economic development due to several factors, In. Indian the city plans are prepared by focusing physical development alone. In this process the other important aspects, such as, social, economic, ecology, environment, infrastructure and institutional are omitted without giving proper importance. As a consequence, the city plans concentrated only on physical aspects of the city development, which caused existing alarming situations in almost all the Indian cities. The sustainable development concept was evolved in the year 1980, and since then the world started to move towards giving importance on resource mobilization, conservation of resources, avoiding over exploitation of scarce resources, etc. in the planning stage itself. Indian city planners also took a note of these events and started to prepare sustainable development plans for the development of the urban system. Sustainable development plan is almost a total development plan, which relies on the key planning tools and techniques, such as, Information, Statistics, Operation Research, System Dynamic, Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) techniques, Decision Support System, etc. which would very much useful for preparing plausible sustainable development plans. In this present investigation, an attempt is made to prepare a plausible sustainable development plan for the wall city area of Jaipur city. At the outset, literature pertaining to sustainable development is collected and reviewed thoroughly, followed by the characteristics of the Jaipur city (Study area) is studied meticulously to understand the existing conditions of the system. Subsequently a household survey was conducted by using a pre-tested schedule and analysed the data thoroughly for understanding urgent conditions of the city. Theoretical models were developed based on System Dynamics Theory and Theory of Hierarchy of Human Needs and discussed in this investigation. The study conclude with a set of plausible . recommendations to achieve sustainable development in the system ( Study area). iii CONTENTS PAGE NO. CANDIATE'S DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS li ABSTRACT Iii CONTENTS Iv LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES xiii CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3 1.2.1 Human settlement and sustainable development 3 1.2.2 Heritage and sustainable development. 4 1.2.3 Ecology and environment for sustainable development. 4 1.2.4 Infrastructure and sustainable development. 6 1.2.5 Application of Planning Techniques and sustainable development research 7 1.3 FINDINGS AND INFERENCES 9 1.4 OBJECTIVES 11 1.5 SCOPE 11 1.6 CONCEPT 11 1.7 RESEARCH DESIGN 11 1,7.1 Data 13 1.7.2 Tools and Techniques 13 1.7.3 Analysis 13 1.7.4 Application of Statistical Techniques 13 1.7.5 Application of Theories I Models 13 1.7.6 Results & Discussions 14 1.7.7 Findings 14 1.7.8 Recommendations & Conclusions 14 CHAPTER 2 : CASE STUDIES 2.1 INTRODUCTION 15 2.2 A CASE STUDY OF UDAIPUR 15 2.2.1 A heritage city 15 2.2.2 The traditions of sustainability 15 iv 2.2.3 Traditional Water Resource Management 16 2.2.4 Systemic Issues of Sustainable Development 16 2.2.5 Water resources 17 2.2.6 Findings 17 2.3 CASE STUDY: NAVI MUMBAI 18 2.3.1 Study area 18 2.3.2 Objectives 20 2.3.3 Scope 20 2.3.4 Variables considered 20 2.3.5 Findings/Inferences 22 2.3.6 Conclusions 23 CHAPTER 3 : STUDY AREA PROFILE 3.1 INTRODUCTION 24 3.1.1 Location 24 3.1.2 Region 26 3.1.3 Regional Linkages 27 3.1.4 Constituents of Jaipur Region 28 3.2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERSTICS 29 3.2.1 Climate 29 3.2.2 land Resources 30 3.2.3 Water Resources 31 3.2.4 Forest Resources 33 3.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 33 3.3.1 Phase 1:1727-1850 AD 34 3.3.2 Phase 11:1850-1930 AD 34 3.3.3 Phase 111:1930-1970 AD 34 3.3.4 Phase IV:Post 1970s 34 3.4 PLANNING OF THE CITY 35 3.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 36 3.5.1 Demographic profile 36 3.5.2 Density 37 3.5.3 Population and Growth Rate 38 3.5.4 Literacy Rate 39 3.5.5 Sex Ratio 40 3.6 LAND USE DISTRIBUTION 40 3.7 REVIEW OF MASTER PLAN PROPOSALS 42 3.7.1 Master Plan for Jaipur 1971 -1991 42 3.7.2 Master Plan - 2011 43 3.8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE 44 3.8.1 Role of the City and its Economic Base 44 3.8.2 Occupational Pattern 44 3.8.3 Trade and Commerce 47 3.9 TRADITIONAL ART AND CRAFT OF JAIPUR 49 3.10 INDUSTRIAL SECTOR 51 3.10.1 Large and Medium 52 3.10.2 Small Scale and Cottage Industries 52 3.10.3 Household Industry 52 3.11 INFORMAL SECTOR 53 3.12 TOURISM 53 3.12.1 Tourist Arrivals 54 3.13 Inferences 55 3.14 PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY AREA 56 3.15 NEED OF THE STUDY 57 CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS & PROSPECTS OF WALLED CITY, JAIPUR 4.0 INTRODUCTION 58 4.1 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION 58 4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION 58 4.2.1 Sindhi Camp Central Bus Terminal 58 4.2.2 Vehicle Growth 59 4.2.3 Traffic and Transportation Problems 60 4.3 EXISTING CONDITION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 61 4.3.1 City Scenario 61 4.3.2 Zone-wise scenario 62 4.4 QUALITY OF SUPPLY 64 4.5 WATER AVAILABILITY OF JAIPUR REGION 65 4.5.1 Rainfall pattern 65 4.5.2 Groundwater 66 4.6 FUTURE DEMANDS 68 4.7 ANALYSIS 68 4.8 WATER RELATED ISSUES 70 4.9 PLANNING RELATED ISSUES 71 4.10 EXISTING CONDITION OF SOLID WASTE 71 4.10.1 Street Sweeping and Solid Waste Collection 71 4.10.2 Solid Waste Collection from Commercial/ Institutional Area 76 vi 4.10.3 Solid Waste Collection by Private Contractor 76 4.10.4 Disposal System 76 4.10.5 Medical Establishments — Biomedical Waste 79 4.10.6 General Observations and Deficiencies 81 4.11 EXISTING CONDITION OF DRAINAGE 82 4.12 EXISTING CONDITION OF SEWERAGE AND SANITATION 82 4.12.1 Problem Identification 83 4.13 HERRITAGE AND CONSERVATION 85 4.13.1 Introduction 85 4.13.2 Heritage Areas 85 4.13.3 Problems 88 CHAPTER 5 : ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT 5.1 INTRODUCTION 89 5.2 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 89 5.2.1 Households 90 5.2.2 Religion 91 5.2.3 Caste 92 5.2,4 Gender 93 5.2.5 Marital Status 93 5.2.6 Education 94 5.2,7 Occupation 95 5.2.8 Type of houses 95 5.2.9 Ownership of houses 96 5.2.10 Finance 97 5.2.11 Physical condition of the houses 97 5.2.12 Number of Rooms in the Household 98 5.2.13 Number of Floors in the Household 99 5.2.14 Availability of Soak PittSewer/Septic Tank 100 5.2.15 Drains 100 5.2.16 Problems of Drainage 101 5.2.17 Overflow of Drains 102 5.2.18 Duration of water supply (hrs.