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Effects of Agronomic Methods on Reducing Bird Damage to Oilseed Rape

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Effects of Agronomic Methods on Reducing Bird Damage to Oilseed Rape ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ روش ﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ زراﻋﻲ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﺰا اﺑﻮاﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺧﺎﻟﻘﻲ زاده، ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﺧﺮﻣﺎﻟﻲ و ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﺗﻘﻲ زاده 1394 ﺷﻤﺎره ﻓﺮوﺳﺖ 47072 وزارت ﺟﻬﺎدﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻋﻨﻮان دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ : ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ روش ﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ زراﻋﻲ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﺰا ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ( ﺑﺎ ذﻛﺮ ﺷﻤﺎره ﻣﺼﻮب :) :) • ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺧﺴﺎرﺗﺰاي ﻛﻠﺰا و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ دورﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻛﺎرز، ﻋﺼﺎره و ﻛﻨﺠﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺮگ ﭼﺮﻳﺶ و ﭼﺴﺐ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ - ﺷﻤﺎره ﻣﺼﻮب -068 80- 11- 100 • ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﭼﻜﺎوك آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ (.Alauda arvensis L) و ﭼﻜﺎوك ﻛﺎﻛﻠﻲ Galerida) (.cristata L د ر ﻣﺰارع ﻛﻠﺰاي اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن، ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران و اردﺑﻴﻞ - ﺷﻤﺎره ﻣﺼﻮب -88119 16- 16-0 • ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن زﻳﺎن آور، ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ، درﺻﺪ و ﺷﺪت ﺧﺴﺎرت آن در ﻣﺰارع ﻛﻠﺰاي ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن - - ﺷﻤﺎره ﻣﺼﻮب 86161 – 16 – 46 - 4 ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪ ﮔﺎن: اﺑﻮاﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺧﺎﻟﻘﻲ زاده، ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن ﺧﺮﻣﺎﻟﻲ و ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﺗﻘﻲ زاد ه ه ﻧﺎﺷﺮ: ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻧﻮع: دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﺸﺮ : ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر: 1394 ١ ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻛﻠﺰا ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ داﻧﻪ روﻏﻨﻲ و از ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﻳﻚ ﻛﺸﺎورزي در ﻛﺸﻮر اﺳﺖ. ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﭼ ﻜﺎوك ﻫﺎ در زﻣﺎن روﻳﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﺰا ﭘ( ﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ) در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ دو ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻨﺠﻪ زﻧﻲ ﮔ ﻴﺎه و ﺗﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ دﻫﻲ ﺧﺴﺎرت زا ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭼﻜﺎوك آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرﺗﺰاي ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﺰا ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﻮدن رﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ در زﻣﺎن رﺷﺪ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﺰا، ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ از ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﻣﺪت ﭼﻜﺎوﻛﻬﺎ در ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ از ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺷﺪ . از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ زراﻋﻲ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭼﻜﺎوﻛﻬﺎ، ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ( ﻗﺒﻞ از آﺑﺎن ) ﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ از دوره ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ( ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻣﺎه ) ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﻫﺮﭼﻪ درﺻﺪ ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد . ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر، ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻨ ﺎﻃﻖ داراي ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرت، ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺑﺬر در ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده و ﻋﻠﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻫﺮز ﺑﻌﺪ از رﺷﺪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﺰا وﺟﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ﻛﻠﺰا در ﻛﻨﺎر ﻣﺰارﻋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻨﺪم در آن ﻫﺎ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭼﻜﺎوﻛﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ . در ﻣﺰارع آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﻲ، روش ﺗﻮرﮔﺬاري و در ﻣﺰارع زارﻋﻴﻦ اﺳﺘ ﻔﺎده از اﻓﺮاد ﮔﻨﺠﺸﻚ ﭘﺮان و ﺗﻔﻨﮕﺪار ﻣﻘﺮون ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ و از ﻧﻈﺮ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﻛﻠﺰا - ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن - ﭼﻜﺎوك - ﺧﺴﺎرت - ﺑﻪ زراﻋﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﮔﻴﺎه روﻏﻨﻲ ﻛﻠﺰا ( Brassica napus) ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﻳﻜـﻲ از ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ داﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي روﻏﻨـﻲ در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣـﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﺖ وزارت ﺟﻬﺎد ﻛﺸﺎور زي ﺟﻬﺖ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ روﻏﻦ ﻗﺮار دارد . ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻛﺸﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮل ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ داﺧﻠﻲ روﻏﻦ ﺧﻮراﻛﻲ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ واردات اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮآورده ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . ﭘﺲ از ﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻳﻚ دﻫﻪ، ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل در اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪود 200.000 ﻫﻜﺘﺎر رﺳﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ . در اﻳﺮان ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣـﺎل ﮔﺰارﺷـﺎت ﻣﺘﻌـ ﺪدي ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺸﺎورزان، در ﻣﻮرد ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﺮ روي ﻛﻠـﺰا ﺑـﻪ دﺳـﺘﮕﺎه ﻫـﺎي اﺟﺮاﻳـﻲ وزارت ﺟﻬـﺎد ﻛﺸـﺎورزي ارﺳﺎل ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ، اﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺸﺎورزان ﻛﻠﺰاﻛﺎر اﻳﺮان و ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎن ﻛﺸـﺎورزي از اﺳـﺘﺎن ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺸﻮر، ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﺰا را ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻗﺮار داده اﻧﺪ . ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﭼﻜﺎوك ﻫﺎ در زﻣﺎن روﻳﺶ ﺑﻮﺗـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻛﻠـﺰا ( ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴـﺘﺎن ) در ﻣﺮاﺣـﻞ دو ﺑﺮﮔـﻲ ﺗـﺎ ﭘﻨﺠﻪ زﻧﻲ ﮔﻴﺎه و ﺗﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ دﻫﻲ ﺧﺴﺎرت زا ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻋﻠﻞ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه ﺳﻄﺢ زﻳﺮﻛﺸﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮل ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در زﻣﺎن روﻳﺶ اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺎ رﺷـﺪ ﭘﻨﺠـﻪ اي ﺑﻮﺗـﻪ ﻫـﺎي اﻳـﻦ ﮔﻴـﺎه اﺳـﺖ . ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﺑـﺮآورد ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ، ﭼﻜﺎوك آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻧـﺪه ﺧﺴـﺎرﺗﺰا ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮري ﻛـﻪ اﮔـﺮ ﭘﺮﻧـﺪﮔﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت دﺳﺘﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اي ﺗﺠﻤﻊ و ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻟﻜﻪ اي در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴـﺎز ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﺧﺴﺎرت اﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( ﺧﺎﻟﻘﻲ زاده و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران 1385 ). ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺧﺴـﺎرﺗﺰا در ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ (McKay et al., 1996) . ٢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ زﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻛﻠﺰا، در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﺷـﻤﺎل و ﻏـﺮب ﻛﺸـﻮر ﺑـﺎ ﺧﺴـﺎرت ﭘﺮﻧـﺪﮔﺎن روﺑﺮو ﺑﻮده و اراﺋﻪ راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺿﺮوري ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪه، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻜﻬﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴـﺎرت ﭘﺮﻧـﺪﮔﺎن ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻮﺗـﻪ ﻫـﺎي در ﺣـﺎل رﺷﺪ ﻛﻠﺰا ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ . دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺳﺘﻔﺎده زارﻋﻴﻦ و ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮدار ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن روي ﺑﺮگ ﻛﻠﺰا در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻧﻘﺎط دﻧﻴﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻛﺒـﻮﺗﺮ ﺟﻨــــــﮕﻠﻲ (Columba palumbus) (Inglis et al., 1989) ، ﻏﺎز ﺑﺮﻧﺖ (McKay et al., 1993) (Branta bernicla) ، و ﻗـﻮي ﮔﻨـﮓ (Cygus olor) (Parrot & McKay, 2001) ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﻛﺒﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ در ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ زﻣﺴﺘﺎن، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان زﻳﺎدي از ﻛﻠـﺰا ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ و ﺟﻴﺮه ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺒﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ، ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ 95 % از ﻛﻠﺰا اﺳﺖ (Inglis et al., 1992) . اﮔﺮﭼﻪ در ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺷﺎره اي ﺑﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭼﻜﺎوك آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮ روي ﻛﻠﺰا ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ وﻟﻲ در اﻳﺮان ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭼﻜﺎوﻛﻬـﺎ روي ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﺰا ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت رﺳﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ ( ﺧﺎﻟﻘﻲ زاده و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران 1383 ). ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﻀﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن در ﻣﺰارع ﻛﻠﺰا، ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه وﺟﻮد اﻟﻴﺎف ﺳﺒﺰ در ﺟﻴﺮه ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻮد . ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ اﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن، ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﻨﺪن ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ از ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﺰا ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻨﻘﺎر اﺳﺖ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌـﺪاد زﻳـﺎد ﻣﺤـﻞ ﺗﺠﻤـﻊ ﻓﻀـﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد در ﻣـﺰارع ﻧﺸـﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻜﺎوك ﻫﺎ از اﻳﻦ ﻣﺰ ارع ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺤﻞ اﺳﺘﺮاﺣﺖ ﺷﺒﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣـﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨـﺪ ( ﺧـﺎﻟﻘﻲ زاده و ﻫﻤﻜـﺎران .( .( 1383 ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺧﺴﺎرت در 129 ﻟﻜﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرت 1/87 ± /43 46 ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﺴﺎرت در اﺳﺘﺎن ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ ( 2/39 ± /82 52 ). ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎي آﻣﺎري اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ، ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺴﺎرت زا در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن و ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران، ﺧﺴﺎرت در ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻣﺰرﻋـﻪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻛﻠـﺰا در ﭘـﻼت ﻫـﺎي ﻟﻜـﻪ ﺧﺴـﺎرت ﺑـﺎ ﭘـﻼت ﻫـﺎي ﻫﻤﺠـﻮار اﺧـﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨـﻲ داري وﺟـﻮد داﺷـﺖ (P<0.05) . ﻣﻴﺰان ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ، ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﺟﺎده و ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻓﻀ ﻠﻪ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار ﻣﺜﺒﺖ وﻟﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺗـﺮاﻛﻢ، ارﺗﻔﺎع و ﺗﺎج ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻛﻠﺰا ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دار ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ داﺷـﺖ (P<0.05) . در ﻣـﻮرد ﺑﻘﻴـﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ ﻳﺎدﺷـﺪه، اﻣـﺎ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﻲ داري ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻧﺸﺪ (P>0.05) ( ﺧـﺎﻟﻘﻲ زاده و ﻫﻤﻜـﺎران 1390 ). در ﺧﻮزﺳـﺘﺎن، ﻧﺘـﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﻃـﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎي 1386- 1387 ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛ ﻪ ﭼﻜﺎوك آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ (.Alauda arvensis Linn) ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻬـﺎﺟﺮي اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ 30- 20 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻛﻠـﺰا را ﻧـﺎﺑﻮد ﻧﻤـﻮده و ﺳـﭙﺲ ﭼﻜـﺎوك ﻛـﺎﻛﻠﻲ (.Galerida cristata Linn) 20- 10 10 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﻫـﺎ را ﺑـﺎ ﺷـﺪت ﺣـﺪود 10 درﺻـﺪ و و ﮔﻨﺠﺸـﻚ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ (.Passer domesticus Linn) 10-5 10-5 درﺻﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪت ﺣﺪود 10 % ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮد ﻗﺮار دادﻧﺪ ( ﺧﻮاﺟﻪ زاده و ﺧﺎﻟﻘﻲ زاده 1390 ). ). ﭼﻜﺎوك آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ داراي ﭘﺮواز ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ و ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰه و زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻛﻠﺰا ﺑﻮد و ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ آن ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ از ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺳﺒﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﺰا و ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻘﺪاري ﺳـﻨﮕﺮﻳﺰه و ﺻـﺪف ﻫـﺎي ﺷﻜﺴـﺘﻪ ﺣﻠﺰو ن ﻫﺎ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﻲ از ﺑﺬر ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻮد . در ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎي ﻓﻀـﻠﻪ ﻫـﺎ، اﻟﻴـﺎف ﻛﻠـﺰا ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ اﻋﻈـﻢ آن را ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ دادﻧﺪ ( ﺧﺎﻟﻘﻲ زاده و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران 1383 ). ﭼﻜﺎوك آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺧﺎص ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ زراﻋﻲ ﺑﺎز ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ دوري ﻣﻲ ﺟﻮﻳﺪ (Lentner, 1998) و ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺳﺮﺷﻤﺎري زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ در ﭘﻼاﺗﻬﺎي 10 ﻛﻴﻠـﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻌـﻲ ٣ در اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن و اﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪ، ﺑﻪ اراﺿﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﻲ واﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي داﺷﺘﻨﺪ (Gillings, 2001) . ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ روﺷﻬﺎي ﻛﺸـﺎورزي در اروﭘـﺎ ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴـﺖ ﭼﻜـﺎوك آﺳـﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ ;Robinson, 2001) (Buckingham, 2001 . اراﺿﻲ ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ داراي ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﺑﻴ ﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮدﻧـﺪ و ﺑـﺎ ارﺗﻔـﺎع ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ ارﺗﺒـﺎط ﻣﻌﻜـﻮس داﺷﺘﻨﺪ (Thomsen et al., 2001) . ﭼﻜﺎوﻛﻬﺎي آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ از ﻣﺮز ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺑﺨﺼـﻮص ﭘﺮﭼﻴﻨﻬـﺎ و درﺧﺘﻬـﺎ ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪ ﻣـﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ . آﻧﻬﺎ اراﺿﻲ داراي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ و ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺗﺮ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اراﺿﻲ داراي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﭘﻬﻦ ﺑﺮگ را ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻋﻠﻔﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻴ ﺢ ﻣﻲ دادﻧﺪ(Buckingham, 2001) . ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي Green ( 1988) ، ﭼﻜـﺎوك ﻫـﺎي آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ در روﻳﺶ ﺑﻬﺎره، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ از ﻟﭙﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻮان ﭼﻐﻨﺪر ﻗﻨﺪ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺴﺎرت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭼﻜﺎوك آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﻮردن ﺑﺮگ و ﭼﻜﺎوك ﮔﻨﺪﻣﺰار (Melanocorypha calandra) از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ از رﻳﺸﻪ درآوردن ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻨﺪم و ﺟﻮ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرت زﻳﺎد و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮد در ﻗﻄﻌـﺎت آزﻣﺎﻳﺸـﻲ ﺷﺪ (Halse & Trevenen, 1986) . ﻏﺬاي ﭼﻜﺎوك ﻛﺎﻛﻠﻲ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ( ﺑﺬرﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮﮔﻬـﺎ ) و ﺑـﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔـﺎن ( ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﺳﻮﺳﻜﻬﺎ ) اﺳﺖ . در ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب درﻳﺎي ﺧﺰر، ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ از ﺑﺬر و ﻣﻴﻮه ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن /8( 99 %) ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻛـﺮده ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ (Cramp & Simmons, 1988) . اﻣﺎ در اﻃﺮاف ﺗﻬﺮان ﺟﻴﺮه ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﭼﻜﺎوك ﻛﺎﻛﻠﻲ را ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺑﺬر ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن ( ﺣﺪود 30 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ) ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ (Khaleghizadeh et al., 2005) . ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣـﺎل، اﻳﺠـﺎد ﺧﺴـﺎرت ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﺼـﻮل ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ . در اﻳﺎ ﻟـﺖ اﺳـﻜﺲ واﻗـﻊ در ﺷـﻤﺎل ﺷـﺮق ﻟﻨـﺪن، ﺣـﺪود 81 % از % ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻫﻮ در روﻳﺶ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰه، ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﻜﺎوك ﻫﺎي آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﺴﺎرت دﻳﺪﻧﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﻳﻦ، ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ (Edgar & Isaacson, 1974) . ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن • اﻳﻦ دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻠﮕﻪ اي و ﺑﺎ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻛﻢ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷﻤﺎل و ﻏﺮب ﻛﺸﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد . • ﭼﻜﺎوﻛﻬﺎ از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Alaudidae ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ در اﻳﺮان داراي 18 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﻣﻲ و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . آﻧﻬﺎ داراي ﻧﺎﺧﻦ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ در اﻧﮕﺸﺖ ﻋﻘﺒﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻬﻮه اي ﻫﺴﺘﻨ ﺪ . • ﭼﻜﺎوﻛﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ در اراﺿﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻢ، ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ و ﺟﻮﺟﻪ آوري ﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ و ﻣﺰارع ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻳﻜﻲ از زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻣﺤﻞ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ در زراﻋﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. • در ﻣﺰارع ﻛﻠﺰاي اﻳﺮان، ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭼﻜﺎوك آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ( Alauda arvensis) و ﭼﻜﺎوك آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ( Galerida cristata) ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﺰا وارد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. • ﭼﻜﺎوك ﻛﺎﻛﻠﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﻮده و در ﻃﻮل ﺳﺎل در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه ﺣﻀﻮر دارد. • ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭼﻜﺎوك آﺳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺮﻧﺪه ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺑﻮده و در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺸﻮر داراي ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰه و زﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ ( اوج ﺣﻀﻮر آ ن ﻫﺎ در اﻳﺮان از اواﺳﻂ آﺑﺎن ﺗﺎ اواﺳﻂ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻣﺎه ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ).
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    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244484149 New data on the chewing lice (Phthiraptera) of passerine birds in East of Iran ARTICLE · JANUARY 2013 CITATIONS READS 2 142 4 AUTHORS: Behnoush Moodi Mansour Aliabadian Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad 3 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS 110 PUBLICATIONS 393 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Ali Moshaverinia Omid Mirshamsi Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad Ferdowsi University Of Mashhad 10 PUBLICATIONS 17 CITATIONS 54 PUBLICATIONS 152 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Available from: Omid Mirshamsi Retrieved on: 05 April 2016 Sci Parasitol 14(2):63-68, June 2013 ISSN 1582-1366 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE New data on the chewing lice (Phthiraptera) of passerine birds in East of Iran Behnoush Moodi 1, Mansour Aliabadian 1, Ali Moshaverinia 2, Omid Mirshamsi Kakhki 1 1 – Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Iran. 2 – Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Iran. Correspondence: Tel. 00985118803786, Fax 00985118763852, E-mail [email protected] Abstract. Lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) are permanent ectoparasites of birds and mammals. Despite having a rich avifauna in Iran, limited number of studies have been conducted on lice fauna of wild birds in this region. This study was carried out to identify lice species of passerine birds in East of Iran. A total of 106 passerine birds of 37 species were captured. Their bodies were examined for lice infestation. Fifty two birds (49.05%) of 106 captured birds were infested. Overall 465 lice were collected from infested birds and 11 lice species were identified as follow: Brueelia chayanh on Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis), B.
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  • Morphology, Diet Composition, Distribution and Nesting Biology of Four Lark Species in Mongolia
    © 2013 Journal compilation ISSN 1684-3908 (print edition) http://biology.num.edu.mn Mongolian Journal of Biological http://mjbs.100zero.org/ Sciences MJBS Volume 11(1-2), 2013 ISSN 2225-4994 (online edition) Original ArƟ cle Morphology, Diet Composition, Distribution and Nesting Biology of Four Lark Species in Mongolia Galbadrakh Mainjargal1, Bayarbaatar Buuveibaatar2* and Shagdarsuren Boldbaatar1 1Laboratory of Ornithology, Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Jukov Avenue, Ulaanbaatar 51, Mongolia, Email: [email protected] 2Mongolia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, San Business Center 201, Amar Str. 29, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, email: [email protected] Abstract Key words: We aimed to enhance existing knowledge of four lark species (Mongolian lark, Horned Alaudidae, larks, lark, Eurasian skylark, and Lesser short-toed lark), with respect to nesting biology, breeding, food habits, distribution, and diet, using long-term dataset collected during 2000–2012. Nest and Mongolia egg measurements substantially varied among species. For pooled data across species, the clutch size averaged 3.72 ± 1.13 eggs and did not differ among larks. Body mass of nestlings increased signifi cantly with age at weighing. Daily increase in body mass Article information: of lark nestlings ranged between 3.09 and 3.89 gram per day. Unsurprisingly, the Received: 18 Nov. 2013 majority of lark locations occurred in steppe ecosystems, followed by human created Accepted: 11 Dec. 2013 systems; whereas only 1.8% of the pooled locations across species were observed in Published: 20 Apr. 2014 forest ecosystem. Diet composition did not vary among species in the proportions of major food categories consumed. The most commonly occurring food items were invertebrates and frequently consumed were being beetles (e.g.
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  • Skylark Free Download
    SKYLARK FREE DOWNLOAD MacLachlan | 112 pages | 03 Aug 2004 | HarperCollins Publishers Inc | 9780064406222 | English | New York, NY, United States To All Our Friends & Guests Sound Mix: Stereo. This adaptation for more efficient hovering flight may have evolved because of Skylark Eurasian skylarks' preference for males that sing and hover for longer periods Skylark so demonstrate that they are likely to have good overall fitness. Available on Amazon. The Eurasian skylark walks over the ground searching for food on the soil surface. Recent Examples on the Web: Noun Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni is home to a variety of wildlife, and surveys conducted in noted skylarksospreys, and peregrine falcons—among other birds—nesting on the base. The only thing you'll need to worry about is Skylark to read on the plane. Get Word of the Day delivered Skylark your inbox! Crazy Credits. Round trip flights and hotel for 2 - what you see is what you pay. Metacritic Reviews. Chub 'Chubbers' Horatio. Maggie : [ Wiping eyes, voice breaking ] Sarah. The verb and noun "lark", with Skylark meaning, may be related to "skylark" or to the dialect word "laik" New Shorter OED. Runtime: Skylark min. Retrieved 14 February Yes No Report this. Rooms Error Skylark. The Skylark population increased rapidly and had spread throughout both Skylark North and Skylark Islands by the s. Chub 'Chubbers' Horatio Lois Smith Canadian Field-Naturalist. Featured Skylark : Washington, Connecticut. Retrieved 5 August Do you know the person or Skylark these quotes desc Dunn's lark. Short-clawed lark Karoo long-billed lark Benguela long-billed lark Eastern long-billed lark Cape long-billed lark Agulhas long-billed lark.
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  • Do Migrant and Resident Species Differ in the Timing Of
    Zhao et al. Avian Res (2017) 8:10 DOI 10.1186/s40657-017-0068-3 Avian Research RESEARCH Open Access Do migrant and resident species difer in the timing of increases in reproductive and thyroid hormone secretion and body mass? A case study in the comparison of pre‑breeding physiological rhythms in the Eurasian Skylark and Asian Short‑toed Lark Lidan Zhao1, Lijun Gao1, Wenyu Yang1, Xianglong Xu1, Weiwei Wang1, Wei Liang2 and Shuping Zhang1* Abstract Background: Physiological preparation for reproduction in small passerines involves the increased secretion of reproductive hormones, elevation of the metabolic rate and energy storage, all of which are essential for reproduc- tion. However, it is unclear whether the timing of the physiological processes involved is the same in resident and migrant species that breed in the same area. To answer this question, we compared temporal variation in the plasma concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), estradiol ­(E2), triiothyronine ­(T3) and body mass, between a migrant species, the Eurasian Skylark (Alauda arvensis) and a resident species, the Asian Short-toed Lark (Calandrella cheleensis), both of which breed in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China, during the 2014 and 2015 breeding seasons. Methods: Twenty adult Eurasian Skylarks and twenty Asian Short-toed Larks were captured on March 15, 2014 and 2015 and housed in out-door aviaries. Plasma LH, T (males), ­E2 (females), ­T3 and the body mass of each bird were measured every six days from March 25 to May 6. Results: With the exception of T, which peaked earlier in the Asian Short-toed Lark in 2014, plasma concentrations of LH, T, ­E2 ­andT3 of both species peaked at almost the same time.
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  • Multilocus Phylogeny of the Avian Family Alaudidae (Larks) Reveals
    1 Multilocus phylogeny of the avian family Alaudidae (larks) 2 reveals complex morphological evolution, non- 3 monophyletic genera and hidden species diversity 4 5 Per Alströma,b,c*, Keith N. Barnesc, Urban Olssond, F. Keith Barkere, Paulette Bloomerf, 6 Aleem Ahmed Khang, Masood Ahmed Qureshig, Alban Guillaumeth, Pierre-André Crocheti, 7 Peter G. Ryanc 8 9 a Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese 10 Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China 11 b Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7007, 12 SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden 13 c Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, 14 University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa 15 d Systematics and Biodiversity, Gothenburg University, Department of Zoology, Box 463, SE- 16 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden 17 e Bell Museum of Natural History and Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, 18 University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA 19 f Percy FitzPatrick Institute Centre of Excellence, Department of Genetics, University of 20 Pretoria, Hatfield, 0083, South Africa 21 g Institute of Pure & Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, 60800, Multan, 22 Pakistan 23 h Department of Biology, Trent University, DNA Building, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, 24 Canada 25 i CEFE/CNRS Campus du CNRS 1919, route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France 26 27 * Corresponding author: Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of 28 Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China; E- 29 mail: [email protected] 30 1 31 ABSTRACT 32 The Alaudidae (larks) is a large family of songbirds in the superfamily Sylvioidea.
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  • EURASIAN SKYLARK Alauda Arvensis
    EURASIAN SKYLARK Alauda arvensis Other: Sky Lark (1995-2015), A.a. arvensis/japonica? (naturalized) Common Skylark A.a. pekinensis (vagrant) naturalized (non-native) resident, long established; non-breeding visitor, vagrant The Eurasian Skylark breeds in temperate latitudes from W Europe and N Africa to Siberia and Japan, withdrawing S in winter to Africa, India, and Burma (Dement'ev and Gladkov 1954b, Ali and Ripley 1987, Cramp and Simmons 1988, Campbell et al. 1997, AOU 1998). It may have expanded its range eastward across these continents during the past millennia, aided by increased habitat afforded by human agricultural practices (Long 1981). It has been successfully introduced to Vancouver I, Australia, New Zealand, and a few other Pacific islands (Long 1981, Lever 1987, Campbell et al. 1997, Higgins et al. 2006). Eurasian Skylarks from sedentary European or Asian populations (see below) were introduced to the Southeastern Hawaiian Islands in 1865- 1870, and they continue to thrive on most islands, but since have disappeared or become scarce on Kaua'i and O'ahu, perhaps in part due to the conversion of ranch lands to agricultural fields (Munro 1944). They were introduced primarily for aesthetic purposes but there was some concern about their consuming newly planted crop seeds (Fisher 1948c; E 17:58, 17:81, 35:73; see Long 1981). In addition, Eurasian Skylarks from migratory ne. Asian populations have occurred and bred once in Alaska (AOU 1998), with single vagrants each reaching California (CBRC 2007) and Johnston Atoll (reported Nov 1963; Amerson and Shelton 1976) and two vagrants reaching the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.
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  • Colorado Birds the Colorado Field Ornithologists’ Quarterly
    Vol. 50 No. 4 Fall 2016 Colorado Birds The Colorado Field Ornithologists’ Quarterly Stealthy Streptopelias The Hungry Bird—Sun Spiders Separating Brown Creepers Colorado Field Ornithologists PO Box 929, Indian Hills, Colorado 80454 cfobirds.org Colorado Birds (USPS 0446-190) (ISSN 1094-0030) is published quarterly by the Col- orado Field Ornithologists, P.O. Box 929, Indian Hills, CO 80454. Subscriptions are obtained through annual membership dues. Nonprofit postage paid at Louisville, CO. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Colorado Birds, P.O. Box 929, Indian Hills, CO 80454. Officers and Directors of Colorado Field Ornithologists: Dates indicate end of cur- rent term. An asterisk indicates eligibility for re-election. Terms expire at the annual convention. Officers: President: Doug Faulkner, Arvada, 2017*, [email protected]; Vice Presi- dent: David Gillilan, Littleton, 2017*, [email protected]; Secretary: Chris Owens, Longmont, 2017*, [email protected]; Treasurer: Michael Kiessig, Indian Hills, 2017*, [email protected] Directors: Christy Carello, Golden, 2019; Amber Carver, Littleton, 2018*; Lisa Ed- wards, Palmer Lake, 2017; Ted Floyd, Lafayette, 2017; Gloria Nikolai, Colorado Springs, 2018*; Christian Nunes, Longmont, 2019 Colorado Bird Records Committee: Dates indicate end of current term. An asterisk indicates eligibility to serve another term. Terms expire 12/31. Chair: Mark Peterson, Colorado Springs, 2018*, [email protected] Committee Members: John Drummond, Colorado Springs, 2016; Peter Gent, Boul- der, 2017*; Tony Leukering, Largo, Florida, 2018; Dan Maynard, Denver, 2017*; Bill Schmoker, Longmont, 2016; Kathy Mihm Dunning, Denver, 2018* Past Committee Member: Bill Maynard Colorado Birds Quarterly: Editor: Scott W. Gillihan, [email protected] Staff: Christy Carello, science editor, [email protected]; Debbie Marshall, design and layout, [email protected] Annual Membership Dues (renewable quarterly): General $25; Youth (under 18) $12; Institution $30.
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  • Migratory Birds of Ladakh a Brief Long Distance Continental Migration
    WORLD'S MIGRATORY BIRDS DAY 08 MAY, 2021 B R O W N H E A D E D G U L L MIGRATORY BIRDS OF LADAKH A BRIEF LONG DISTANCE CONTINENTAL MIGRATION the Arctic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and comprises several migration routes of waterbirds. It also touches “West Asian- East African Flyway”. Presence of number of high-altitude wetlands (>2500 m amsl altitude) with thin human population makes Ladakh a suitable habitat for migration and breeding of continental birds, including wetlands of very big size (e.g., Pangong Tso, Tso Moriri, Tso Kar, etc.). C O M M O N S A N D P I P E R Ladakh provides a vast habitat for the water birds through its complex Ladakh landscape has significance network of wetlands including two being located at the conjunction of most important wetlands (Tso Moriri, four zoogeographic zones of the world Tso Kar) which have been designated (Palearctic, Oriental, Sino-Japanese and as Ramsar sites. Sahara-Arabian). In India, Ladakh landscape falls in Trans-Himalayan Nearly 89 bird species (long distance biogeographic zone and two provinces migrants) either breed or roost in (Ladakh Mountains, 1A) and (Tibetan Ladakh, and most of them (59) are Plateau, 1B). “Summer Migrants”, those have their breeding grounds here. Trans-Himalayan Ladakh is an integral part of the "Central Asian Flyway" of migratory birds which a large part of the globe (Asia and Europe) between Ladakh also hosts 25 bird species, during their migration along the Central Asian Flyway, as “Passage Migrants” which roost in the region.
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  • EUROPEAN BIRDS of CONSERVATION CONCERN Populations, Trends and National Responsibilities
    EUROPEAN BIRDS OF CONSERVATION CONCERN Populations, trends and national responsibilities COMPILED BY ANNA STANEVA AND IAN BURFIELD WITH SPONSORSHIP FROM CONTENTS Introduction 4 86 ITALY References 9 89 KOSOVO ALBANIA 10 92 LATVIA ANDORRA 14 95 LIECHTENSTEIN ARMENIA 16 97 LITHUANIA AUSTRIA 19 100 LUXEMBOURG AZERBAIJAN 22 102 MACEDONIA BELARUS 26 105 MALTA BELGIUM 29 107 MOLDOVA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 32 110 MONTENEGRO BULGARIA 35 113 NETHERLANDS CROATIA 39 116 NORWAY CYPRUS 42 119 POLAND CZECH REPUBLIC 45 122 PORTUGAL DENMARK 48 125 ROMANIA ESTONIA 51 128 RUSSIA BirdLife Europe and Central Asia is a partnership of 48 national conservation organisations and a leader in bird conservation. Our unique local to global FAROE ISLANDS DENMARK 54 132 SERBIA approach enables us to deliver high impact and long term conservation for the beneit of nature and people. BirdLife Europe and Central Asia is one of FINLAND 56 135 SLOVAKIA the six regional secretariats that compose BirdLife International. Based in Brus- sels, it supports the European and Central Asian Partnership and is present FRANCE 60 138 SLOVENIA in 47 countries including all EU Member States. With more than 4,100 staf in Europe, two million members and tens of thousands of skilled volunteers, GEORGIA 64 141 SPAIN BirdLife Europe and Central Asia, together with its national partners, owns or manages more than 6,000 nature sites totaling 320,000 hectares. GERMANY 67 145 SWEDEN GIBRALTAR UNITED KINGDOM 71 148 SWITZERLAND GREECE 72 151 TURKEY GREENLAND DENMARK 76 155 UKRAINE HUNGARY 78 159 UNITED KINGDOM ICELAND 81 162 European population sizes and trends STICHTING BIRDLIFE EUROPE GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION.
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  • Functional Correlation Between Habitat Use and Leg Morphology in Birds (Aves)
    Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKBIJBiological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4066The Linnean Society of London, 2003? 2003 79? Original Article HABITAT and LEG MORPHOLOGY IN BIRDS ( AVES )A. ZEFFER ET AL. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 79, 461–484. With 9 figures Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves) ANNA ZEFFER, L. CHRISTOFFER JOHANSSON* and ÅSA MARMEBRO Department of Zoology, Göteborg University, Box 463, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden Received 17 May 2002; accepted for publication 12 December 2002 Many of the morphological features of animals are considered to be adaptations to the habitat that the animals uti- lize. The habitats utilized by birds vary, perhaps more than for any other group of vertebrates. Here, we study pos- sible adaptations in the morphology of the skeletal elements of the hind limbs to the habitat of birds. Measurements of the lengths of the femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus of 323 bird species from 74 families are used together with body mass data, taken from the literature. The species are separated into six habitat groups on the basis of lit- erature data on leg use. A discriminant analysis of the groups based on leg morphology shows that swimming birds, wading birds and ground living species are more easily identified than other birds. Furthermore, functional predic- tions are made for each group based on ecological and mechanical considerations. The groups were tested for devi- ation from the norm for all birds for three indices of size- and leg-length-independent measures of the bones and for a size-independent-index of leg length.
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  • Studies of Less Familiar Birds 116. Crested Lark by I
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  • Entirely Electronic Journal Published Annually by the Institute for Bird Populations
    BIRD POPULATIONS A journal of global avian demography and biogeography Volume 13 2014 Published annually by The Institute for Bird Populations BIRD POPULATIONS A journal of global avian demography and biogeography Published by The Institute for Bird Populations Editor: DAVID G. AINLEY, H.T. Harvey & Associates, 983 University Avenue, Bldg D, Los Gatos, CA 95032; 415-272-9499; [email protected] Managing Editor: DAVID F. DESANTE, The Institute for Bird Populations, P.O. Box 1346, Point Reyes Station, CA 94956-1346; 415-663-2052; 415-663-9482 fax; [email protected] Spanish Translation of Abstracts: BORJA MILA, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain; [email protected] Layout and Typesetting: PRISCILLA YOCOM, 5018 Albridal Way, San Ramon, CA 94582 THE INSTITUTE FOR BIRD POPULATIONS A tax-exempt California nonprofit corporation established in 1989 and dedicated to fostering a global approach to research and the dissemination of information on changes in bird populations. President: DAVID F. DESANTE , P.O. Box 1346, Point Reyes Station, CA 94956 Secretary-Treasurer: STEPHEN M. ALLAN, 962 Mistletoe Loop N, Keizer, OR 97303 Directors: CORDELL GREEN, IVAN SAMUELS, RODNEY B. SIEGEL, and DAN TOMPKINS All persons interested in birds are invited to join The Institute for Bird Populations. Individual membership dues are $35 per year. Institutional memberships are $50 per year; student and senior memberships are $15 per year. Please send check or money order (in U.S. dollars) payable to The Institute for Bird Populations, along with complete name, address, and email address to: The Institute for Bird Populations, P.O.
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