A new tritylodontid from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, China YAOMING HU*, JIN MENG, and JAMES M. CLARK Hu, Y.−M., Meng, J., and Clark, J.M. 2009. A new tritylodontid from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, China. Acta Paleonto− logica Polonica 54 (3): 385–391. DOI: 10.4202/app.2008.0053. A new genus and species of Tritylodontidae, Yuanotherium minor, is described and compared with other known tritylodontids. The new taxon is represented by a partially preserved upper jaw with three postcanines, collected from the upper part of the Shishugou Formation (Oxfordian, Late Jurassic) in the Wucaiwan area of the Junggar Basin, northwest− ern Xinjiang, China. Like other tritylodontids its maxillary teeth have three rows of blade−like trenchant cusps separated by deep furrows. The new species differs from other tritylodontids mainly in having posteriormost two cusps of the me− dian row on upper postcanines closely placed. The new tritylodontid may have been omnivorous rather than herbivorous, as previously suggested for tritylodontids in general. Key words: Tritylodontidae, Cynodontia, Upper Jurassic, Xinjiang, China. Yaoming Hu, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, 142 Xiwaidajie, P.O. Box 643, Beijing 100044, China; (*Deceased on April 12th, 2008) Jin Meng [[email protected]], Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA; James C. Clark [[email protected]], Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University Washington DC 20052, USA. Received 20 August 2008, accepted 2 April 2009, available online 16 July 2009. Introduction 1988), whereas most studies of advanced synapsids favor the hypothesis that tritylodontids belong to a clade of largely her− Tritylodontidae are a group of highly derived nonmammalian bivorous cynodonts, of which no branch led to mammals cynodonts living in the middle Mesozoic (Kemp 1982, 2005; (Crompton and Ellenberger 1957; Hopson and Crompton Watabe et al. 2007). Fossil remains of definite tritylodontids 1969; Crompton 1972; Sues 1985a; Hopson 1991; Sidor and have been found in terrestrial sediments of Early Jurassic to Hopson 1998; Hopson and Kitching 2001; Bonaparte et al. Early Cretaceous age from England, South Africa, Antarctica, 2003, 2005). Regardless of their affinities, tritylodontids have North America, China, western Siberia, Japan, and Mongolia a cosmopolitan distribution and are very abundant in terms of (Watabe et al. 2007; Hammer and Smith 2008). The family specimens in many Jurassic localities, indicating a degree of Tritylodontidae Cope, 1884 are characterized by an aberrant evolutionary success for the group in the middle Mesozoic. and stereotyped dentition that has enlarged incisors, no canine Here we report a new genus and species of Tritylo− but a distinct diastema, and squarish postcanines with three dontidae, represented by a partial left upper jaw with three rows of crescent cusps on upper teeth and two rows on the postcanines. The specimen was collected from the Upper Ju− lowers. During mastication, leading edges on cusps of the rassic part of the Shishugou Formation in the Wucaiwan area lower postcanines moved posteriorly relative to opposing sur− of the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, northwestern China (Clark faces of the uppers, producing shearing action (Crompton et al. 2006). Other tritylodontids, e.g., Bienotheroides zigon− 1972; Sues 1986a). The peculiar dental structures of tritylo− gensis Sun, 1986, B. ultimus Maisch, Matzke, and Sun, 2004, dontids are somewhat multituberculate−like and, to a less ex− and B. shartegensis Watabe, Tsubamoto, and Tsogtbaatar, tent, rodent−like, and were presumably suitable for an herbivo− 2007, have been reported from the Middle and Upper Juras− rous diet (Kemp 1982). Because tritylodontids possess some sic of the Junggar Basin (Sun and Cui 1989; Maisch et al. mammal−like dental, cranial and postcranial features, they 2004) and neighboring southwestern Mongolia (Watabe et were considered a group within mammals in early studies (see al. 2007). Simpson 1928 for a summary). The group was later removed from Mammalia because a mammalian jaw joint is lacking Institutional abbreviation.—IVPP, Institute of Vertebrate Pa− (Kühne 1956). Some workers recognize a close relationship leontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sci− between tritylodontids and mammals (Kemp 1982; Rowe ences, Beijing, China. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 54 (3): 385–391, 2009 DOI: 10.4202/app.2008.0053 386 ACTA PALAEONTOLOGICA POLONICA 54 (3), 2009 small portion of the premaxilla medial to the suture is pre− Materials and methods served. The preserved portion of the palatine is a thin, slightly concave plate bearing two small foramina, one being The fossil described in this paper is housed at the IVPP. Al− about 1.5 mm medial to the middle lingual cusp of PC2 and though the canines were absent in tritylodontids, we follow the the other 2.0 mm medial to the middle lingual cusp of PC3. convention of referring to cheek teeth of tritylodontids as Watabe et al. (2007) identified similar foramina on a speci− postcanines. Cusps on the tooth crown are described based on men of Bienotheroides shartegensis Watabe, Tsubamoto, their relative positions (buccal, median and lingual; anterior, and Tsogtbaatar, 2007 as the greater and lesser palatine fo− middle and posterior). The photographs were taken using a ramina, respectively. Due to the damage of the premaxilla, Nikon digital camera mounted to Nikon SMZ−U microscope. the maxilla anterior and medial to PC1 is exposed ventrally. The medial edge of the bone does not contact its counterpart on the other side of the skull. It appears that the maxilla is re− Systematic paleontology duced in size, but is not completely excluded from the sec− ondary palate. Instead, the premaxilla ventrally overlaps the Synapsida Osborn, 1903 reduced palatal process of the maxilla and contacts the pala− Cynodontia Owen, 1861 tine. The stout zygomatic process of the maxilla forms the Tritylodontidae Cope, 1884 anterior root of the zygomatic arch laterodorsal to PC 2 and 3. The surface of the maxilla between the postcanines and the Genus Yuanotherium nov. zygomatic arch is concave. A triangular but uneven facet on Etymology: Yuan Fuli was a pioneer Chinese geologist and paleontolo− the ventral side of the maxilla root of the zygomatic arch is gist who worked in Xinjiang early in the last century; therion (L.), beast. probably for the jugal. Type species: Yuanotherium minor sp. nov. Upper postcanines of Yuanotherium have a sub−quadran− Diagnosis.—The same as for the type and only species. gular outline in occlusal view with rounded and convex Stratigraphic and geographic range.—The upper part of the buccal and, to a less extent, lingual margins (Figs. 1, 2). Mea− Shishugou Formation, Oxfordian of the Late Jurassic. surements of these teeth are (length/width in mm): PC1, 2.63/2.76; PC2, 2.82/3.07; and PC3, ?/3.48, respectively. Yuanotherium minor sp. nov. Each tooth has three anteroposterior rows of cusps, which are Figs. 1, 2. separated by two deep longitudinal furrows. Apices of cusps Etymology: From Latin minor, small. are knob−like (Fig. 2A, B). Cusps of the median row are Holotype: IVPP V15335, a partial left upper jaw with anterior three nearly symmetrical relative to the longitudinal axis, and postcanines (Figs. 1, 2). those of lingual and buccal rows are asymmetrical. All cusps Type locality: Wucaiwan area of Junggar Basin in northeastern Xin− are slightly compressed linguobuccally and most of them jiang, China. form crescents facing anteriorly (Fig. 2D). The posterior Type horizon: The upper part of the Shishugou Formation, radiometri− buccal cusp is the tallest and anteroposteriorly longest cusp cally dated as between 161.2±0.2 Ma and 158.7±0.3 Ma (Eberth et al. on the crown. 2001, 2006; Clark et al. 2006), within the Oxfordian stage of the Late Ju− In crown view, PC1 has a rounded anterior edge and a rassic. transversely straight posterior one. The PC1 cusp formula is Diagnosis.—Upper cheek tooth with a cusp formula 2:4:3 on 2:3:3. Three cusp rows are subequal in length although the an− the second and third postcanines. Differing from other tritylo− terior cusp on the median row is more anteriorly positioned dontids in having posteriormost two cusps of the median row than those of the other two rows. The anterior cusps of all three on upper postcanines closely placed; cusps high and slender rows are small and similar in size. The buccal and lingual ante− (potentially owing to lack of wear), buccolingually compres− rior cusps are somewhat crescentic and strongly asymmetrical sed; posterobuccal cusp with a prominent posterior crest. in that the buccal cusp has a sharp lingual crest and a blunt Description.—The specimen is preserved in matrix, with buccal one, whereas the lingual one has the reverse condition. only the palatal side being exposed (Fig. 1), and represents The median anterior cusp is nearly symmetrical but is not cres− the middle section of the left upper jaw, including much of centic. There are four accessory cuspules along the anterior the palatal portion of the highly reduced maxilla and palatine, margin of the crown, two of which are at the anterior ends of a small portion of the premaxilla, the root of the zygomatic the longitudinal furrows and are smaller than other cuspules. arch, and three anterior upper postcanines, denoted as PC1, Within the buccal row, the posterior cusp is similarly asym− PC2, and PC3. In ventral view, the maxilla comprises only a metrical to, but much taller than, the anterior one. Its lingual thin bone forming the alveoli of postcanines, as in derived crest extends anteriorly to the base of the anterior cusp but tritylodontids such as Bienotheroides. A narrow band of the does not embrace it. In buccal and lingual views, the cusp is maxilla forms the lingual margins of the alveoli and sepa− triangular in outline, with the apex of the cusp being posi− rates them from the premaxilla and palatine; the latter two el− tioned almost at the transverse axis of the tooth.