DOCSLIB.ORG

The Tropical Western Atlantic Perophoridae (Ascidiacea): I. the Genus Perophora

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Tropical Western Atlantic Perophoridae (Ascidiacea): I. the Genus Perophora BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 55(1): 176-192, 1994 CORAL REEF PAPER THE TROPICAL WESTERN ATLANTIC PEROPHORIDAE (ASCIDIACEA): I. THE GENUS PEROPHORA Ivan Goodbody ABSTRACT Five species in the genus Perophora occur in the tropical western Atlantic, distinguished by morphology and habitat requirements. P. viridis and P, regina have four rows of stigmata and longitudinally oriented mantle muscles; P. multiclathrata. P. bennudensis and P. car- penteria n. sp. have five rows of stigmata and transversely oriented mantle muscles. Specific differences in the arrangement of the mantle muscles are considered to be of taxonomic importance. P. bennudensis is considered to be a valid species and not a synonym of P. multiclathrata. In the absence of a designated Type an original specimen of P. bennudensis from the type locality is declared to be the Neotype. P. viridis is thc most cosmopolitan of Caribbean species while P. regina and P. bennudensis are restricted to areas of fairly strong flowing currents in mangrove channels. P. multiclathrata is characteristic of quiet sheltered environments and P. carpenteria flourishes in shallow water with moderately agitated water flow. The family Perophoridae is primarily a warm water group of ascidians although a few species, notably in the genus Perophora, penetrate into temperate and high latitudes. The characteristic feature of the family is a system of stolons from which individual zooids arise at intervals to form colonies consisting of either clusters of zooids (e.g., Ecteinascidia turbinata Herdman, 1880), creeping mats in which the individual zooids in the colony are more widely spaced (e.g., Perophora viridis Verrill, 1871) or erect branching colonies in Perophora namei Hartmeyer and Michaelsen, 1928 from the Pacific, Unlike some other colonial ascidians (e.g., Polyclinum, Eudistoma) the zooids of the Perophoridae are always separate from one another and only connected by the system of stolons. This paper is the first in an intended series which examines the taxonomy and biology of the tropical western Atlantic species in the family, The family contains only two genera, Perophora Wiegmann, 1835 and Ectei- nascidia Herdman, 1880, In general the zooids of Ecteinascidia are larger than those of Perophora but overlap in size occurs. The distinction between the two genera (Fig, 1) is based primarily on the number of rows of stigmata in the branchial sac, the organization of the alimentary canal and the form of the testis (Kott, 1985), Most Perophora species have only four or five rows of stigmata, but one Pacific species Perophora multistigmata Kott, 1952 is exceptional in having eight rows. In those cases where five rows of stigmata occur some stigmata span the width of rows one and two indicating that the additional row is split off from the original first row and hence four is the primary number of rows. In Ecteinascidia there are always more than eight rows of stigmata and usually between twelve and twenty. In Perophora the gut loop is horizontal and the rectum short; Ecteinascidia has a more open curved gut loop and a long rectum. The testis in Ecteinascidia usually forms an open crescent of pyriform lobes arranged inside the loop of the gut and discharging by a series of ducts to a single sperm duct or vas deferens. In Perophora the testis seldom has more than four lobes, often only one, situated in the gut loop. Mantle musculature has received little attention as a character of importance in ascidian taxonomy in spite of the fact that it has considerable functional signifi- cance. Branchial pressure is controlled by the activity of the siphons and the 176 GOODBODY: WESTERN ATLANTIC PEROPHORIDAE 177 .' ... " - .' '" .. -- .". t A Figure I. Comparison of typical Ecteinascidia (E. turbinata Herdman) [A] with Perophora (P. ber- mudensis Berrill) [B] showing the more open gut loop, larger number of rows of stigmata and large number of pyriform testis lobes in Ecteinascidia. For clarity the mantle musculature is not shown. Scale A: 0.5 em, B: 1.0 mm. mantle musculature (Goodbody and Trueman, 1969; Goodbody, 1974) and hence feeding activity must also be influenced by these muscles. Although taxonomic significance is probably more important at the species, than the generic, level it is to be noted that in Ecteinascidia there are usually broad areas of transverse fibers on the mantle, particularly in the anterior end, while the arrangement of fibers in Perophora is usually more discrete and involves fewer fibers. This is discussed further below. This paper deals exclusively with the species of Perophora occurring in the tropical western Atlantic, viz: Perophora viridis Verrill, 1871, Perophora regina Goodbody and Cole, 1987, Perophora bermudensis Berrill, 1932, Perophora mul- ticlathrata (Sluiter, 1904) and Perophora carpenteria n. sp. These five species belong to two distinct groups characterized by the number of rows of stigmata and the arrangement of mantle musculature. P. viridis and P. regina have only four rows of stigmata and the mantle musculature is primarily of longitudinal origin. The remaining three species have five rows of stigmata, the most anterior row being confluent with the second so that some stigmata extend through both 178 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 55, NO. I, 1994 Figurc 2. Thc arrangement of mantle musculature in Perophora viridis (from Goodbody and Cole, ]987). Scale ].0 mm. rows; these species have mantle musculature which is primarily of transverse origin imparting a circular type contraction to the body. In recent taxonomic literature P. bermudensis has been treated as a synonym of P. formosana (Oka, 1931) (Monniot, 1983) which is itself now considered a synonym of P. multiclathrata (Nishikawa, 1984; Kott, 1985). In this paper it will be shown that P. bermudensis is quite distinct from P. multiclathrata not only in morphology but also in its ecology; the morphological distinctiveness was clearly recognized by Arnback-Christie-Linde (1935) (see below). MATERIAL The material on which this paper is based has bcen collccted in Jamaica, Belizc, Bermuda, Bonaire and Puerto Rico. This has been supplemented by examination of additional museum materia] as follows: a colony of P. bermudensis collected by Berrill in ]932 (Rijksmuseum, Stockholm, #] 537); a syntype of P. formosana Oka, ]931 (Imperial Househo]d, Tokyo, #27); Sluiter's type specimen of P. multiclathrata (Zoo]ogica] Museum, Amsterdam, TU 558-4); a specimen of P. multiclathrata from Puerto Rico collected by P. Wagenaar Hummelinck in 1963 (ZMA, TU 1640); several specimens of P. multiclathrata from Lac of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, collected by P. Wagenaar Hummelinck in ]967 (ZMA, TV 2049; TV 4020) and specimens of P. multiclathrata from the collections of the Queens]and Museum representing material from Wistari Reef, Queensland (QH 4272), Heron Island (GH 3819), Norfo]k Is]and (QH 4678), Fiji (G ]2468) and the Philippine Islands (GH 444). GOODBODY: WESTERN ATLANTIC PEROPHORIDAE 179 Perophora viridis Verrill, 1871 Figure 2 Perophora viridis Verrill, 1871 p. 359. Perophora viridis Van Name, 1945 p. 165. Although many authors make reference to Perophora viridis there are few comprehensive accounts and only that of Van Name (1945) is in any way com- plete. The account which follows amplifies and modifies Van Name's description. The test is thin and transparent and the zooid frequently looks green; this is due to blood cells circulating in the underlying mantle and is not a function of the test. One of the most characteristic features of P. viridis which distinguishes it from other Caribbean members of the genus, but allies it closely with the European Perophora listeri Forbes and Hanly, 1848, is the arrangement of the mantle musculature. On each side of the zooid there are about 12 short longitu- dinal muscles arising anteriorly and extending about one quarter the length of the zooid. These muscles have their origin from an anastomosis of fibers arising on the two siphons and on an oval area of tissue between the siphons, referred to by Goodbody and Cole (1987) as the siphonal plate. The action of these muscles on contraction is such as to pull in the anterior end of the zooid like a diaphragm and to pull the siphons down into the now depressed siphonal plate. Small circular muscles occur on the siphons but nowhere else. The branchial sac has four rows of stigmata usually with only 17 or 18 stigmata per row, the most dorsal of which is often reduced in size. Van Name (1945) reported over 20 stigmata per row which is probably a function of slightly larger zooids in colder North American waters. On the internal face of the branchial sac small papillae arise from the transverse vessels running between the rows of stigmata, usually eight on each vessel so that there are two stigmata between each papilla. The papillae arise from a membranous triangular base and some, but not all, bifurcate to give longitudinal processes anteriorly and posteriorly but these seldom unite to form internal longitudinal vessels. In general the most anterior transverse vessel has the best developed papillae and the posterior vessel may have no such development. In those cases where longitudinal processes develop, a small extension of the papilla inwards into the branchial sac forms a secondary papilla as has been described in P. regina by Goodbody and Cole (1987). The dorsal lamina is a thin membrane from which three languets hang down into the branchial sac, one level with each of the transverse vessels. The opening of the neural gland appears as a simple oval aperture. Both the branchial and atrial siphons have six or more prominent pointed lobes and there are normally 20 branchial tentacles, 10 large and 10 small, but this number may vary and the small tentacles may sometimes be rudimentary. The horizontal gut loop, situated on the left side, is simple and has a small rounded stomach and usually a bilobed anus.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phlebobranchia of CTAW
    PHLEBOBRANCHIA PHLEBOBRANCHIA The suborder Phlebobranchia (order Enterogona) is characterised by having unpaired gonads present only on the same side of the body as the gut. As in Stolidobranchia, the body is not divided into different sections (such as thorax, abdomen and posterior abdomen) as the gut is folded up in the parietal body wall outside the pharynx and the large branchial sac occupies the whole length of the body. Usually the branchial sac (which is flat, without folds) has internal longitudinal vessels (although only vestiges remain in Agneziidae). Epicardial sacs do not persist in adults as they do in Aplousobranchia, although excretory vesicles (nephrocytes) embedded in the body wall over the gut are known to originate from the embryonic epicardium in Ascidiidae and Corellidae. Most phlebobranchs are solitary. However, Plurellidae Kott, 1973 includes both solitary and colonial forms, and Perophoridae Giard, 1872 are all colonial. Replication in Perophoridae is from ectodermal epithelium (rather than endodermal or mesodermal tissue the mesodermal tissue of the vascular stolon (rather than the endodermal tissue as in most as in Aplousobranchia). The process of replication has not been investigated in Plurellidae. Phlebobranch taxa occurring in Australia are documented in Kott (1985). Family level taxa are characterised principally by the size and form of the branchial sac including the number of branchial vessels and form of the stigmata; the form, size and position of the gonads; and the habit (colonial or solitary) of the taxon. Berrill (1950) has discussed problems in assessing the phylogeny of Perophoridae. References Berrill, N.J. (1950). The Tunicata. Ray Soc. Publs 133: 1–354 Giard, A.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata) of Greece: an Updated Checklist
    Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e9273 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e9273 Taxonomic Paper Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata) of Greece: an updated checklist Chryssanthi Antoniadou‡, Vasilis Gerovasileiou§§, Nicolas Bailly ‡ Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece § Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece Corresponding author: Chryssanthi Antoniadou ([email protected]) Academic editor: Christos Arvanitidis Received: 18 May 2016 | Accepted: 17 Jul 2016 | Published: 01 Nov 2016 Citation: Antoniadou C, Gerovasileiou V, Bailly N (2016) Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata) of Greece: an updated checklist. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e9273. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e9273 Abstract Background The checklist of the ascidian fauna (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) of Greece was compiled within the framework of the Greek Taxon Information System (GTIS), an application of the LifeWatchGreece Research Infrastructure (ESFRI) aiming to produce a complete checklist of species recorded from Greece. This checklist was constructed by updating an existing one with the inclusion of recently published records. All the reported species from Greek waters were taxonomically revised and cross-checked with the Ascidiacea World Database. New information The updated checklist of the class Ascidiacea of Greece comprises 75 species, classified in 33 genera, 12 families, and 3 orders. In total, 8 species have been added to the previous species list (4 Aplousobranchia, 2 Phlebobranchia, and 2 Stolidobranchia). Aplousobranchia was the most speciose order, followed by Stolidobranchia. Most species belonged to the families Didemnidae, Polyclinidae, Pyuridae, Ascidiidae, and Styelidae; these 4 families comprise 76% of the Greek ascidian species richness. The present effort revealed the limited taxonomic research effort devoted to the ascidian fauna of Greece, © Antoniadou C et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascidians from Bocas Del Toro, Panama. I. Biodiversity
    Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 41, No. 3, 600-612, 2005 Copyright 2005 College of Arts and Sciences University of Puerto Rico, Mayagu¨ez Ascidians from Bocas del Toro, Panama. I. Biodiversity. ROSANA M. ROCHA*, SUZANA B. FARIA AND TATIANE R. MORENO Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Zoologia, CP 19020, 81.531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil Corresponding author: *[email protected] ABSTRACT.—An intensive survey of ascidian species was carried out in August 2003, in different environ- ments of the Bocas del Toro region, northwestern Panama. Most samples are from shallow waters (< 3 m) in coral reefs, among mangrove roots and in Thallasia testudines banks. Of the 58 species found, 14 are new species. Of the 26 sampling sites, the most diverse were Crawl Key Canal (9°15.050’N, 82°07.631’W), Solarte ,Island (9°17.929’N, 82°11.672’W), Wild Cane Key (9° 20؅40؅N, 82°10؅20؅W), Isla Pastores (9°14.332’N W), the bay behind the STRI Lab (9°21؅4.3؅ N, 82°15’25.6؅ W), and the entrance of Bocatorito Bay’82°19.968 (9°13.375’N, 82°12.555’W). Ascidians have been studied and reported from 31 locations within the Caribbean, and 139 species have been reported. This count will increase with the description of the 14 new species, and Bocas del Toro may be considered a region of high ascidian diversity since > 40% of the total known Caribbean ascidian fauna occurs there. KEYWORDS.—Ascidian taxonomy, Caribbean, checklist INTRODUCTION found and discuss the relationship of this fauna with that of other Caribbean loca- tions.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Keys for the Identification of Families and Genera of Atlantic
    Biota Neotropica ISSN: 1676-0611 [email protected] Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Brasil Moreira da Rocha, Rosana; Bastos Zanata, Thais; Moreno, Tatiane Regina Keys for the identification of families and genera of Atlantic shallow water ascidians Biota Neotropica, vol. 12, núm. 1, enero-marzo, 2012, pp. 1-35 Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Campinas, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=199123750022 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Keys for the identification of families and genera of Atlantic shallow water ascidians Rocha, R.M. et al. Biota Neotrop. 2012, 12(1): 000-000. On line version of this paper is available from: http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v12n1/en/abstract?identification-key+bn01712012012 A versão on-line completa deste artigo está disponível em: http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v12n1/pt/abstract?identification-key+bn01712012012 Received/ Recebido em 16/07/2011 - Revised/ Versão reformulada recebida em 13/03/2012 - Accepted/ Publicado em 14/03/2012 ISSN 1676-0603 (on-line) Biota Neotropica is an electronic, peer-reviewed journal edited by the Program BIOTA/FAPESP: The Virtual Institute of Biodiversity. This journal’s aim is to disseminate the results of original research work, associated or not to the program, concerned with characterization, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity within the Neotropical region. Biota Neotropica é uma revista do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP - O Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade, que publica resultados de pesquisa original, vinculada ou não ao programa, que abordem a temática caracterização, conservação e uso sustentável da biodiversidade na região Neotropical.
    [Show full text]
  • Bottlenecks and Loss of Genetic Diversity: Spatio-Temporal Patterns
    1 Bottlenecks and loss of genetic diversity: spatio-temporal patterns 2 of genetic structure in an ascidian recently introduced in Europe 3 1 2 3 4 PÉREZ-PORTELA R *, TURON X & BISHOP JDD 5 6 1 Department of Animal Biology (Invertebrates), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, 7 Spain 2 Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, 17300 Girona, Spain 3 Marine Biological Association of United Kingdom, The Laboratory Citadel Hill, PL1 2PB, Plymouth, UK 8 9 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 10 11 Short running title: Spatio-temporal genetic variation during introduction 12 13 ABSTRACT 14 15 We explore temporal patterns of genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of the recently 16 introduced ascidian Perophora japonica Oka, 1927 in Europe. A fragment of the 17 mitochondrial gene Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) was sequenced for 291colonies of 18 one population in Plymouth (UK), which was monitored for nine years from its initial 19 discovery. A total of 238 colonies from 12 localities were also sequenced for population 20 structure analyses. The temporal monitoring of the Plymouth population showed a progressive 21 loss of genetic diversity over time attributable to a strong initial bottleneck followed by 22 genetic drift and/or selection. Population genetic structure was consistent with the historical 23 records of this introduction, which probably originated from oyster farming activities in 1 24 France, from where the species spread further to UK and Spain. Only one population in 25 France displayed high levels of genetic diversity, and most of the remaining populations 26 presented very low variability.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Heterogeneity and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Guilds in Italian Lagoons Alberto Basset, Nicola Galuppo & Letizia Sabetta
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ESE - Salento University Publishing Transitional Waters Bulletin TWB, Transit. Waters Bull. 1(2006), 48-63 ISSN 1825-229X, DOI 10.1285/i1825226Xv1n1p48 http://siba2.unile.it/ese/twb Environmental heterogeneity and benthic macroinvertebrate guilds in italian lagoons Alberto Basset, Nicola Galuppo & Letizia Sabetta Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies University of Salento S.P. Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce RESEARCH ARTICLE ITALY Abstract 1 - Lagoons are ecotones between freshwater, marine and terrestrial biotopes, characterized by internal ecosystem heterogeneity, due to patchy spatial and temporal distribution of biotic and abiotic components, and inter-ecosystem heterogeneity, due to the various terrestrial-freshwater and freshwater-marine interfaces. 2 - Here, we carried out an analysis of environmental heterogeneity and benthic macro-invertebrate guilds in a sample of 26 Italian lagoons based on literature produced over a 25 year period.. 3 - In all, 944 taxonomic units, belonging to 13 phyla, 106 orders and 343 families, were recorded. Most species had a very restricted geographic distribution range. 75% of the macroinvertebrate taxa were observed in less than three of the twenty-six lagoons considered. 4 - Similarity among macroinvertebrate guilds in lagoon ecosystems was remarkably low, ranging from 10.5%±7.5% to 34.2%±14.4% depending on the level of taxonomic resolution. 5 - Taxonomic heterogeneity was due to both differences in species richness and to differences in species composition: width of seaward outlet, lagoon surface area and water salinity were the most important factors affecting species richness, together accounting for up to 75% of observed inter-lagoon heterogeneity, while distance between lagoons was the most significant factor affecting similarity of species composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Life Histories in an Epifaunal Community: Coupling of Adult and Larval Processes Brian L
    Western Washington University Masthead Logo Western CEDAR Environmental Sciences Faculty and Staff Environmental Sciences Publications 12-1992 Life Histories in an Epifaunal Community: Coupling of Adult and Larval Processes Brian L. Bingham Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/esci_facpubs Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Bingham, Brian L., "Life Histories in an Epifaunal Community: Coupling of Adult and Larval Processes" (1992). Environmental Sciences Faculty and Staff Publications. 40. https://cedar.wwu.edu/esci_facpubs/40 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Environmental Sciences at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Environmental Sciences Faculty and Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Life Histories in an Epifaunal Community: Coupling of Adult and Larval Processes Author(s): Brian L. Bingham Source: Ecology, Vol. 73, No. 6 (Dec., 1992), pp. 2244-2259 Published by: Wiley on behalf of the Ecological Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1941472 Accessed: 18-04-2017 15:26 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1941472?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diversity of Muscles and Their Regenerative Potential Across Animals
    The Diversity of Muscles and Their Regenerative Potential across Animals Letizia Zullo, Matteo Bozzo, Alon Daya, Alessio Di Clemente, Francesco Mancini, Aram Megighian, Nir Nesher, Eric Röttinger, Tal Shomrat, Stefano Tiozzo, et al. To cite this version: Letizia Zullo, Matteo Bozzo, Alon Daya, Alessio Di Clemente, Francesco Mancini, et al.. The Diversity of Muscles and Their Regenerative Potential across Animals. Cells, MDPI, 2020, 9 (9), pp.1925. 10.3390/cells9091925. hal-02982641 HAL Id: hal-02982641 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02982641 Submitted on 28 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Review The Diversity of Muscles and Their Regenerative Potential across Animals Letizia Zullo 1,2,*, Matteo Bozzo 3, Alon Daya 4, Alessio Di Clemente 1,5, Francesco Paolo Mancini 6, Aram Megighian 7,8, Nir Nesher 4, Eric Röttinger 9, Tal Shomrat 4, Stefano Tiozzo 10, Alberto Zullo 6,* and Simona Candiani 3 1 Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Micro-BioRobotics & Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN), 16132
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence of the Alien Ascidian Perophora Japonica at Plymouth
    J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 62000), 80, 955^956 Printed in the United Kingdom Occurrence of the alien ascidian Perophora japonica at Plymouth Teruaki Nishikawa*, John D.D. BishopOP and A. Dorothea SommerfeldtO *Nagoya University Museum, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan. OMarine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB. PCorrespondingauthor: [email protected] Several colonies of the phlebobranch ascidian Perophora japonica were found during1999 at a marina in Plymouth Sound, Devon, UK. The species was still present in the springof 2000. This appears to be the ¢rst record from British coasts of the species, which is native to Japan and Korea but is previously known from northern France. The stolons of P. japonica bear distinctive, star-shaped terminal buds, which are bright yellow in the Plymouth population. Comparison is made with Atlantic representatives of the genus, particularly the native British species P. listeri. On 8 August 1999, an unfamiliar species of ascidian was Ørnba« ck-Christie-Linde 61934) and Berrill 61950), and noticed growing on a detached fragment of hydroid 6believed con¢rmed in the Menai Strait specimens). to be Nemertesia antennina) tangled with settlement panels The conspicuous terminal buds of P. japonica, which are which had just been retrieved from Queen Anne's Battery angular and commonly star-shaped 6Figure 1), have not been Marina, Plymouth Sound, Devon, UK. The colony bore term- reported in P. listeri or any other Perophora species. The Plymouth inal structures on the stolons very reminiscent of the star- specimens of P. japonica, when alive, have a marked yellow or shaped buds of Perophora japonica Oka, 1927, familiar to greenish-yellow coloration in younger parts of the colony, while J.D.D.B.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head 'Biology of Mangroves'
    BIOLOGY OF MANGROVES AND MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS 1 Biology of Mangroves and Mangrove Ecosystems ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY VOL 40: 81-251 (2001) K. Kathiresan1 and B.L. Bingham2 1Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, India 2Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA e-mail [email protected] (correponding author) 1. Introduction.............................................................................................. 4 1.1. Preface........................................................................................ 4 1.2. Definition ................................................................................... 5 1.3. Global distribution ..................................................................... 5 2. History and Evolution ............................................................................. 10 2.1. Historical background ................................................................ 10 2.2. Evolution.................................................................................... 11 3. Biology of mangroves 3.1. Taxonomy and genetics.............................................................. 12 3.2. Anatomy..................................................................................... 15 3.3. Physiology ................................................................................. 18 3.4. Biochemistry ............................................................................. 20 3.5. Pollination
    [Show full text]
  • Ascidians at Currais Islands, Paraná, Brazil: Taxonomy and Distribution
    ASCIDIANS AT CURRAIS ISLANDS, PARANÁ, BRAZIL: TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION Rosana Moreira da Rocha1 & Suzana Barros de Faria2 Biota Neotropica v5 (n2) – http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v5n2/pt/abstract?article+BN03105022005 Date Received: 09/03/2004 Revised: 09/26/2005 Accepted: 10/10/2005 1 Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa postal 19020, 81531-980, Brazil. Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] 2 Graduate student, Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Currais Islands is a group of a few small rocky islands in the state of Paraná, in southern Brazil, which provides an interesting location for the study of ascidians. Subtidal diversity is very high and the islands have recently been proposed as a Conservation Unit. A field study was established on the largest island to understand ascidian distributions on spatial and temporal scales. Transects, sampled three times during 2002 and 2003, were established on northern and southern locations of the island as well as at three depths. Twenty species were recorded; the most common were Didemnum rodriguesi, Didemnum speciosum and Didemnum granulatum. Three species are possibly new and will be described elsewhere. An additional nine are new records for the state of Paraná: Perophora regina, Didemnum speciosum, Trididemnum orbiculatum, Eudistoma carolinense, Aplidium pentatrema, Molgula phytophila, Botryllus tuberatus, Symplegma brakenhielmi and Polyandrocarpa anguinea. While all these species are distributed between 6 and 15 m, there is a tendency to reduction of abundance towards 15 m in several species. Some species appear to prefer the north side of the island.
    [Show full text]
  • DOPA-Containing Proteins in the Compound Ascidian Botryllus
    ISJ 9: 1-6, 2012 ISSN 1824-307X MINIREVIEW Ascidian cytotoxic cells: state of the art and research perspectives L Ballarin Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy Accepted January 11, 2012 Abstract Ascidian cytotoxic cells are multivacuolated cells, variable in morphology, abundantly represented in the circulation, playing important roles in ascidian immunosurveillance. Upon the recognition of foreign molecules, they are selectively recruited to the infection site where they release the content of their vacuoles. Their cytotoxic activity closely linked to the activity of the enzyme phenoloxidase (PO), a copper-containing enzyme widely distributed in invertebrates, contained inside their vacuoles together with its polyphenol substrata. Recent molecular data indicate that ascidian PO shares similarities with arthropod proPO but, unlike the latter, do not require enzymatic cleavage by extracellular serine proteinases for their activity. Possible ways of ascidian PO activation are discussed. Key Words: tunicates; ascidians; cytotoxic cells; phenoloxidase Introduction In recent years, the interest towards the best known and richest in species class of invertebrate immunity has considerably raised tunicates. Embryos give rise to free swimming driven by comparative, evolutionary and ecological tadpole-like larvae with a real notochord in their studies. Despite their relying only on innate muscular tail, ventral to the neural tube which are immunity, invertebrates are capable of complex cell- replaced, at metamorphosis, by sessile,
    [Show full text]