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Earth 2100 a Glimpse Into the Future from the Climate Change Perspective

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Earth 2100 a Glimpse Into the Future from the Climate Change Perspective Registered with Registrar of Newspapers for India vide No. 61685/93 ISSN 2320-3943 2021 | Volume No. 13, Issue 4 ENVIS SIKKIM NEWSLETTER ON FORESTS, ENVIRONMENT & WILDLIFE Sikkim ENVIS Hub Publication PPAANNDDAA On Status of Environment & its Related Issues Special Edion Earth 2100 A glimpse into the future from the climate change perspective Look in for more … www.sikenvis.nic.in Published by SIKKIM STATE ENVIS HUB Supported by Hosted by On Status of Environment Ministry of Environment, Forests & Forest and Environment Department, (A State Government Climate Change, Government of India Government of Sikkim Autonomous Body) Since 2002 Sikkim ENVIS Hub Newsletter © 2021 SIKKIM ENVIS HUB Forest and Environment Department, Government of Sikkim Any part of the publicaon may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmied in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, provided that the same is duly cited. All efforts have been made to make the informaon shown as accurate as possible. Editorial Board PANDA Shri. M. L. Srivastava, IFS ENVIS SIKKIM Newsleer Addl. Chief Secretary-cum-PCCF Volume No 13 Issue No. 4 [2021] Shri. N. W. Tamang, IFS, CCF (Env.&SC/ HQ) Registraon No. 61685/93 ISSN 2320-3943 Shri. B. B. Gurung, IFS Director (Env. & SC, Planning and ENVIS) PANDA Vol. 12 2020 Previous Issue PANDA is a newsletter published by Sikkim State ENVIS Hub, Forest and Environment Department, Smt. Kusum Gurung, SFS Published by: Government of Sikkim. This newsletter is aimed at Joint Director (ENVIS/ SPCB/ Sericulture) disseminating environment, forest and wildlife Sikkim State ENVIS Hub Dr. Bharat Kumar Pradhan, Scienfic/Technical information among the public at large and is also Forest and Environment envisaged to serve as a medium of communication Associate, Sikkim Biodiversity Board Department, among foresters and others engaged in nature Dr. Bhoj Kumar Acharya, Associate Professor, conservation in the State. Free and voluntary Department of Zoology, Sikkim University Government of Sikkim contributions for publication in the newsletter may be sent to ENVIS. Compilaon & Design: Mr. Rajen Pradhan, Sr. Programme Officer (ENVIS) Electronic version available online SIKKIM STATE ENVIS HUB On Status of Environment & its Related Issues ENVIS team sincerely thanks the resource in ENVIS Sikkim website Forest Secretariat B - Block, Room No.B-101, Ground Floor persons and well-wishers for their hp://www.sikenvis.nic.in Forest and Environment Department, contribuon in this issue. Government of Sikkim, Deorali -737102, Gangtok Quarterly Newsleers of 2020-21 (Vol 13) Email us at:[email protected] Visit us at : www.sikenvis.nic.in Tel (O) : 03592-280381 Fax: 03592-281778 / 280381 ENVIS TEAM Coordinator Mr. B. B. Gurung, IFS Director of Forests (E&SC, Planning and ENVIS) Co-Coordinator Mrs. Kusum Gurung, SFS Joint Director of Forests (ENVIS and SPCB) Apr-Jun Vol. 13, Issue 1 Jul-Sep Vol. 13, Issue 2 Oct-Dec Vol. 13, Issue 3 Sikkim State ENVIS Hub on Status of Sr. Programme Ofcer Environment publishes newsleer on Mr. Rajen Pradhan quarterly basis with the support from the Ministry of Environment, Forests& Climate Information Ofcer Change, Government of India. The fourth Mr. Laxuman Darnal quarter publicaon is a special annual edion IT Ofcer / Assistant tled “PANDA” which is published with the Mr. Prem Kumar Pradhan extended support from the Forest and Mrs. Renu Gurung Environment Department, Government of Sikkim. Data Entry Operator Mrs. Tulsha Gurung Please login www.sikenvis.nic.in to download the e-copy Cover photo: Stork-billed Kingfisher Photo by: Asif Alam of Gangtok, East Sikkim Very first record from Sikkim - Ranikhola (Martam) on 4th March 2021 (1st winner of the WED 2021 Open Photography Contest) ENVIS PUBLICATION 2021 Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya requires alternative refuge for survival: traditionally managed agroecosystem as substitute habitat for conservation Photo: Common Birdwing. Photo by Prem K. Chhetri Sailendra Dewan and uerflies (Lepidoptera) represents a diverse group of insects Bhoj Kumar Acharya* with about 18,000 species reported worldwide (IUCN, 2021). BThese scaly wings insects are an important part of ecosystem as they play vital role in pollinaon and serves as a source of food for many predators Department of Zoology, like robberfly, dragonfly, frogs, reples and birds. Buerflies also have high School of Life Sciences, aesthec value due to their charismac nature and are potenally important taxa Sikkim University, to promote ecotourism. Buerflies are consistently used as a model organism in 5th Mile Tadong, Gangtok, broad area of scienfic research because their taxonomy is well resolved and are Sikkim- 737102 easy to monitor. More importantly, they are an ideal bioindicators of environmental polluon, climate change, habitat loss and alteraon. Therefore, * Corresponding author buerflies are deemed as an important focal group for conservaon that serves as [email protected] a surrogate for biodiversity and environmental health. Conservaon efforts [email protected] directed to protect buerflies in itself ensures the protecon of overall ecosystem. It has been esmated that over 40% of the insects are declining at a rate eight mes faster than mammals, birds and reples (Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys, 2019). The major drivers threatening the decline in insects are habitat loss, polluon, pathogens/invasive species and global climate change. The Lepidoptera along with few other invertebrates (bees and dung-beetles) is regarded to be the most affected taxa in the terrestrial ecosystem (Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys, 2019). Studies have shown that the species richness and abundance of buerflies are declining at an alarming rate in Europe (van Swaay et al., 2006), the United States (Breed et al., 2012; Forister et al., 2016) and in countries of Asia such as Japan 34 PANDA | Vol. 13 | ISSUE 4 | 2021 (Nakamura, 2011) and Singapore (Theng et al., 2020). Several Many studies have recorded high diversity of buerflies in buerflies have also shied their range uphill and towards such agroecosystems, e.g. Vietnam (Van Lien & Yuan, 2003), higher latude since lowland and the tropics have become Costa Rica (Horner- Devine et al.,2003), Japan (Kitahara, increasingly warmer for buerflies to thrive (Wilson et al., 2004) and USA (Meehan et al., 2012). All these studies have 2007). Thus, there is an urgency to formulate local, regional highlighted the importance of agricultural ecosystems in and cross border conservaon measures in order to conservaon of buerflies and called for policy intervenon safeguard buerflies. in protecng these ecosystems. The effort to conserve biodiversity has generally been India is of the mega diverse naons and host around 1500 focused on establishment of protected areas (PAs). The PAs species of buerflies. The buerflies of India are extremely constute about 14.7% of the global terrestrial land (UNEP- threatened by habitat loss and degradaon (Gupta & WCMC, IUCN &NGS, 2018). In addion to conservaon of Mondal, 2005). Addionally, the illegal trade has been a biodiversity, the PAs provides essenal ecosystem services to primary threat to buerflies in India. Gupta & Mondal (2005) the human populaon. The PAs and forest reserves are reports that over 50,000 specimen of buerfly are smuggled known to be efficient in conserving buerflies since their out of India every month. Consequently, some species have habitat remains protected (Rada et al., 2018) but many become extremely rare and endangered. One of the species of buerflies also occur outside PAs, especially in important measures taken by Government of India to protect human modified landscapes (Sharma et al., 2020). Majority these buerflies is by including them in Schedule List of of the species that occur in human modified landscape does Wildlife Protecon Act (1972). A total of 128 not occur in PAs. However, establishment or expansion of PAs species/subspecies of buerflies are protected under is not feasible in the human dominated landscape. Therefore, Schedule I (Part IV) and 307 species/subspecies are protected it becomes necessary to direct conservaon measures under Schedule II (Part II) of WPA (1972). A total 123 towards non forested areas, especially agricultural buerflies have been assigned to naonal Red List Category ecosystems. following the standard norms established by the Internaonal Union for Conservaon of Nature and Natural The agricultural landscape constutes about 36.90% of the Resources (IUCN) (Gupta & Modal, 2005). Addional total land cover globally (World Bank, 2021). In agricultural important measures considered for buerfly conservaon is ecosystems, natural biodiversity provides a variety of the establishment of buerfly parks and conservatories ecosystem services such as pollinaon, recycling of nutrients, around various parts of India. However, the landscape level regulaon of microclimate and local hydrological processes, suppression of pests and detoxificaon of noxious chemicals, approach for conservaon of buerflies is sll lacking in the securing crop protecon and soil ferlity, etc (Aleri, 1999). naon. Though several inventories and studies have shown The management of these agricultural systems can that PAs in India harbor high diversity of buerflies (Sengupta dramacally affect overall levels of biodiversity, as well as the & Ghorai, 2013; Sethy et al., 2014; Sondhi & Kunte, 2016; sustenance of parcular species. Addionally, assessment of Dewan et al., 2019), the potenality of the PAs in biodiversity in agroecosystems and other human dominated conservaon of buerflies is not
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