FROM POULTRY MANURE by MUHAMMAD ASIF QAYYOUM

TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF SOME MESOSTIGMATIC MITES (ACARI) FROM POULTRY MANURE

MUHAMMAD ASIF QAYYOUM

2006-ag-2261 M.Sc. (Hons.) Entomology

A Thesis submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENTOMOLOGY

Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

2017

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I believe in the religion of Islam. I believe in Allah and peace.

My Beloved Family & Friends

Whose encouragement, spiritual inspiration, well wishes, sincere prayers and an atmosphere that initiate me to achieve high academic goals.

Acknowledgements

If oceans turn into ink and all the wood become pens, even then, the praises of ALMIGHTY ALLAH cannot be expressed. Special praises and humblest thanks to the greatest social reformer Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW), the most perfect of even born on the surface of earth, who is a forever torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity. The work presented in this manuscript was accomplished under the skillful guidance and enlightened supervision of Dr. Bilal Saeed Khan (Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad). Earnest and devout appreciation to Dr. Muhammad Hamid Bashir (Department of Entomology) and Dr. Shahbaz Talib Sahi (Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad) for their time to time valuable suggestions. My gratitude will remain incomplete if I do not mention the contribution of Dr. Sebahat T. Ozman-Sullivan (Department of Plant Protection, Ondokuz Myis University, Samsun, Turkey) and Dr. Raul T. Villenuava (Research and Education Centre, University of Kentucky, Priceton, USA) for supervising me during TUBITAK-fellowship in Turkey and IRSIP (HEC, Pakistan) in Kentucky, USA respectively along with Dr. Jalal Arif (Chairman, Department of Entomology) for support. I would also extend my appreciations to Dr. Hans Klompen for giving me chance to attend the Acarology Summer Program (Soil Acarology), 2016 at The Ohio State University, USA under Acarology Development Foundation Scholarship.

I would like thanks to TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) for giving me one year fellowship (TUBITAK-2216) to visit Ondokuz Myis University, Samsun, Turkey under which this research was done.

I also thankful to Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan for providing financial support through IRSIP (International Research Support Initiative Program) to visit University of Kentucky and Royal Entomological Society for giving outreach funds (partially financed to conduct research study in Punjab province, Pakistan).

Muhammad Asif Qayyoum

LIST OF FIGURES

Sr. No. Description Page No.

1 Morphology of the family Macrochelidae (A-F) 27-29

2 Morphology of the family Laelapidae (A-B) 32-33

3 Morphology of the family Dermanyssidae (A-B) 36-37

4 Morphology of the family Parasitidae (A-D) 39-42

5 Morphology of the Infraorder Uropodina (A) 43

6 Macrocheles merdarius (A-B) 54-55

7 Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (A-B) 60-61

8 Macrocheles subbadius (A-B) 66-67

9 Macrocheles robustulus (A-C) 72-74

10 Macrocheles insignitus (A-B) 78-79

11 Macrocheles penicillinger (A-B) 83-84

12 Macrocheles matrius (A-D) 88-91

13 Macrocheles peniculatus (A-B) 94-95

14 Macrocheles scuatatus (A-B) 99-100

15 Macrocheles glaber (A-C) 105-107

16 Macrocheles perglaber (A-D) 112-115

17 Macrocheles nataliae (A-B) 118-119

18 Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp. (A-D) 128-130

19 Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp. (A-B) 131-132

20 Glyptholaspis confusa (A-B) 136-137

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21 Glyptholaspis americana (A-B) 141-142

22 Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp. (A-G) 152-156

23 Gymnolaelaps kabitae (A-D) 160-162

24 Pneumolaelaps berlesi (A-D) 166-168

25 Eulaelaps stabularis (A-D) 173-175

26 Dermanyssus gillanae (A-D) 182-184

27 Parasitus fimetorum (A-F) 189-193

28 Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp. (A-F) 199-203

29 Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp. (A-C) 211-213

30 Nenteria pakturkus n. sp. (A-D) 221-224

31 Dendrogram of identified species of order Mesostigmata 226

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LIST OF TABLES

Sr. No. Description Pages

1 Composition of Hoyer’s medium 19

2 Terminology 21-24

3 Comparision of Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp. and 127 Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp. with Macrocheles glaber group members

LIST OF APPENDICES

Sr. No. Research Publications, Presentation and Articles Pages

1 First record of Macrocheles matrius (Hull, 1925) (Acari: 253 Macrochelidae) from Turkey

2 Description of new records of the family Digamasellidae (Acari: 257 Mesostigmata) from Kızılırmak Delta, Samsun Province, Turkey 3 The role of family Macrochelidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) as a 261 biological control agent with short review on macrochelid fauna from Turkey and Pakistan 4 Poultry manure-inhabiting mites (Mesostigmata: Acari) 262

ABSTRACT The members of order Mesosigmata (Acari) are commonly found from all kind of microhabitat as most diverse group having predatory, parasitic and phoretic behaviors. The exploration and identification of mesostigamtic mites (Macrochelidae, Laelapidae, Dermanyssidae, Digamasellidae, Parasitidae and Uropodina) were poorly or not reported before. First species (Macrocheles layypurensis) was identified from the family Macrochelidae during 1971, seven species (Holostaspella bifoliata, M. zeta, M. merdarius, M. dispar, M. similis, M. nataliae and M. scutatus) reported (Malik, 2016) with poor description and illustrations from Pakistan while first species related to above families were identified in 1963 from Turkey. Until now, eight species (Pakistan) and sixty-two species (Turkey) were identified. This taxonomic study was carried out to identify the mesostigmatic mite fauna of poultry manure from Samsun province, Turkey and Punjab province, Pakistan. This research work refers to the detailed taxonomic study on the basis of morphological characters regarding poultry manure-inhabiting mesostigmatic mites (Macrochelidae, Laelapidae, Dermanyssidae, Digamasellidae, Parasitidae and Uropodina) that are newly recorded and addition of new species in the fauna of both countries by the author. The author has identified species (adult) as new records (five from Turkey and fourteen from Pakistan) including six new species to the world fauna. The classification given by Beaulieu et al. (2011) of order Mesostigmata at generic level was found appropriate and followed by the author in this mamuscript. As result of first part of study (Samsun province) six as new records; Dendrolaelaps casualis (Qayyoum et al., 2016a), Multidedrolaelaps putte (Qayyoum et al., 2016a), M. penicillinger, M. matrius (Qayyoum et al., 2016b), M. peniculatus and Dermanyssus gillanae are identified for the first time from Turkey while in second part of study (Punjab province) fourteen species as new records; M. muscaedomesticae, M. subbadius, M. robustulus, M. insignitus, M. matrius, M. glaber, M. perglaber, Glyptholaspis americana, Eulaelaps stabularis, Gymnolaelaps kabitae, Pneumolaelaps berlesei, Parasitus fimetorum, D. gillanae and Trichouropoda orbicularis are identified for the first time and three species redescribed (M. merdarius, M. nataliae and M. scutatus) from Pakistan along with six new species; M. pakistanenesis n. sp., M. punjabensis n. sp., G. heartus n. sp., D. habitatus n. sp., T. pseudoovalis n. sp. and Nenteria pakturkus n. sp.. Moreover, genera’s Dermanyssus (Dermanyssidae); Gaeolaelaps, Gymnolaelaps and Pneumolaelaps (Laelapidae); Parasitus (Parasitidae); Dendrolaelaps (Digamasellidae); Glyptholaspis (Macrochelidae); Trichouropoda (Trematuridae); Nenteria (Nenteriidae) are reported first time from Punjab province, Pakistan while genus Multidendrolaelaps (Digamasellidae) new from Samsun province, Turkey. Geographical information (Coordinates), illustrated diagrams and description of newly recorded as well as new species are presented in the thesis along with taxonomic keys upto species level. In conclusion of dendrogram, E. stabularis and P. fimetorum, and M. scutatus and G. heartus n. sp. giving the 100% similarity means having similar morphological characters based on standardized characters while members of the family Laelapidae and infraorder Uropodina having closer relationship to each other within their family.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Mites are mircroscopic arthropods belonging to subclass Acari (class Arachnida) along with ticks. Mites are known to be one of the most diverse organisms, colonizing terrestrial, marine and freshwater habitats as well as on animals and humans (Krantz, 1978; Moreno-Moreno and Mayagoitia-Penagos, 2008). Poultry manure is a special microhabitat for certain insects and mites which provide shelter, food and associated environment. Manure fauna is part of the structure and function of an ecosystem which is very important in order to understand its dynamics. Manure-inhabiting mites have an important role in biological cycle of natural and cultivated soil.

Mesostigmata having more than a hundred families, nine hundred genera’s and more than eight thousand species that are identified till today (Beaulieu et al., 2011; Abdigoudarzi et al., 2014). The members of Mesostigmata are free-living predators, having coprophilous and Phoretic behavior like Uropodids, Macrochelids and Laelapids that usually act as a biological control agent for controlling different dipteran flies, especially by feeding on their eggs and early instar larvae; they also feed on nematodes (Ito, 1970; Krantz, 1983, 1978; Gerson et al., 2003, Lindquist et al., 2009a, 2009b). Poultry birds are more threatened by the superfamily Dermanyssoidea, which is commonly found all over the world (Marks et al., 1983). Due to high richness, prevalence and predation in nature, these have gained important position in food chain and are good bio-indicators due to their high sensitivity to environmental variations (Coja and Brucker, 2006).

Family Macrochelidae

The family Macrochelidae (Vitzthum, 1930) have more than 480 species of 20 genera’s that are identified from all over the world (Emberson, 2010). Many macrohabitats like; soil, organic matter and especially in manure are suitable habitat for macrochelids which are predatory in nature (Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960; Krantz, 1961; Hyatt and Emberson, 1988; Karg, 1993a; Halliday, 2000; Mašán, 2003). Macrochelids are divided into three manjor groups according to their association with insects and humus; fimicolous, humicolous and insecticolous.

Macrochelids having complex association with small mammals including phoresy (dispersal) (Krantz, 1961, 1983; Gilda and Bertrand, 2003; Krantz, 1978, 2009) and predatory behavior. The first associated study of Macrochelid mites with arthropods was done by Rettenmeyer (1962a, 1962b) against army ants (Eciton spp.). About 280 species (macrochelid mites) have been found in associated with beetles (mostly dung beetles) while most of them associated with dipterans like M. muscadomesticae on adult houseflies, adult Drosophila spp. associated with M. subbadius (Berlese) while G. americana and G. confusa found on Stomoxys calcitrans, stable fly (Axtell, 1961).

Several macrochelid species have been experimentally stated as potential predators of other dipterans, collembolan, nematodes and other small arthropods. Macrocheles muscaedomesticae experimentally proved as predator against Musca domestica (Perotti, 2001; Braig and Perotti, 2009; Perotti and Braig, 2009; Perotti et al., 2009), Fannia canicularis (Singh et al., 1966; O’Donnell and Nelson, 1967), Phormia regina (Kinn, 1966), Musca autumnalis (Singh et al., 1966) and Haematobia irritans (Perotti, 2001) while M. peregrinus on Haematobia irritans (Doube, 1986; Roth et al., 1988) and Haematobia thirouxi (Doube, 1986), as well as for M. glaber found on houseflies (Musca domestica) (Al-Dulaimi, 2002). M. insignitus, M. merdarius, M. peniculatus, M. subbadius, M. perglaber, M. matrius and M. glaber also found on Musca domestica (Al-Dulaimi, 2002) while M. robuslutus commercially available with trade name “Macro-Mite® by Koppert” against Thrips (Hulas and Lascaux, 2011; Steiner and Goodwin, 2011; Koppert, 2015). The available evidence has confirmed the ability of Macrocheles species (Macrochelidae) to prey and reproduce on a wide range of foodstuffs, indicative of their polyphagous behavior (de Azevedo et al., 2015).

Macrochelids also have the great predatory potential to control different plant pest in soil as well as on plants (Eickwort, 1983; Gerson et al., 2003). Beaulieu and Weeks (2007) reviewed Australian mesostigmatid mites (free-living); their importance and role of as biological control agents. They described the basic characters which help some members of the family Macrochelidae; suitable fly control agents: (i) having feeding preference and aggressive behaviour for fly larvae and eggs; (ii) rate of population highly increases after feeding on fly early stages; (iii) having capability of phoretic behaviour mostly on dung beetles for dispersal; and (iv) easily reared on the flies and nematodes (Krantz, 1983). 2

Houseflies effectively controled by G. confusa and M. muscaedomesticae were reported in calf and poultry manure by Axtell (1963) with 85.5% decreasing population of houseflies by the above following predators (Singh et al., 1966).

Macrocheles peregrinus was familiarized to Australia from South Africa for control of the Australian buffalo fly and the bush fly, found 30% effective (Wallace and Holm, 1983; Roth et al., 1988). M. robustulus cosmopolitan in soils and manures (Messelink and De Kogel, 2005; Messelink and van Holstein-Saj, 2008). Performance of this species was found better than Gaeolaelaps aculeifer against Frankliniella occidentalis and fungus gnats Bradysia spp. (Amir-Grosman and de Groot, 2011). M. robustulus is nowadays commercially accessible in the markets for the control of pupae of thrips (as well as pre-pupae) as well as Lyprauta sp. (Keroplatidae) Sciarids larvae.

Fauna of Macrochelidae in Turkey is represented with 26 species that are identified/explored from 6 genera: Macrocheles Latreille, 1829; Glyptholaspis Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1960; Nothrholaspis Berlese, 1918; Longicheles Valle, 1953; Neopodocinum Oudemans, 1902; Geholaspis Berlese, 1918 (Ekiz and Urhan, 2002; Bayram and Çobanoglu, 2005; Kiliç et al., 2012; Özbek and Bal, 2012a, 2012b; Özbek, 2013; Özbek et al., 2015a, 2015b; Özbek and Halliday, 2015; Qayyoum et al., 2016b).

From Pakistan only eight species were identified before from soil by Anwarullah and Irshad (1971), and Malik (2016).

Note: A abstract was published in “Turkey 6th Plant Protection Congress (with international participations)” on 5-8 Sptember, 2016 with title “Role of Family Macrochelidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) as a biological control agent with short review on Macrochlid fauna from Turkey and Pakistan” and presented the said poster there (Apendex 3). http://bkkongresi2016.org/index.php/accepted-abstracts/

Family Dermanyssidae

The superfamily Dermanyssoidea have most of the Mesostigmata members associated to birds (Radovsky, 1994; Radovsky and Krantz, 1998). Dermanyssoidea contains the species of Rhinonyssidae, Laelapidae, Macronyssidae and Dermanyssidae which parasitize the birds all over the world. The members of family Dermanyssidae

Kolenati (1859), are obligated ectoparasites on birds, mammals, as well as on human also vectors of diseases (Knee, 2006, 2008).

Majority of mite species from superfamily Dermanyssoidea act as vectors of many pathogens in poultry birds and farmworkers, but two species Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) and Ornithonyssus bacoti (Berlese) are more prominent in this aspect (Valiente et al., 2005; Valiente et al., 2007). D. gallinae (De Geer), the cosmopolitan ectoparasite of birds is also known as poultry red mite (PRM), chicken mite (CM) and chicken red mite (CRM). These species are a bloodsucking mites that infest poultry and cause diseases in birds or their dwellings (Regan et al., 1987). In the USA, Dermanyssus infestation on cats cause severe irritations, hair fall, crusts formation, lesions and excoriations on the head.

Poultry red mite live inside the cracks and crevices of the poultry house during non-feeding time period, mostly all day timing. The nymphal and adult female stages feed on poultry during night (Wood, 1917; Kirkwood, 1963) for half hour to 3 hours (Chauve, 1998). Till today, no taxonomic and descriptive proof of the family Dermanyssidae members were found from Turkey and Pakistan except few clinical identification, diagnostic and control strategies (Akdemir et al., 2009; Abbas et al., 2014).

Family Laelapidae

Among the Dermanyssoidea, free living and parasitic mite group is placed into subfamily Hypoaspidinae by Radovsky (1966) and Lindquist et al. (2009a). Walter and Shaw (2005) also admitted that members of Dermanyssoidea are more ecological and behaviorally diverse group in Mesostigmatic mites which includes free living, obligate blood feeding ectoparasites of birds as well as human and also show a significant role for the transmission of some important diseases in mammals and birds commonly found in all type of microhabitats; agricultural soils, dung, forest litter and the nests of some invertebrates (Strandtmann and Wharton, 1958; Strong and Halliday 1994; Faraji and Halliday, 2009; Lindquist et al., 2009a, Halliday and Lindquist, 2007; Joharchi et al., 2012).

The chelicerae of the family modified (elongate and cylindrical) for penetrating into the skin and feeding on the blood. Generally, they’re obligate parasite (feeding on the blood) and host specific (Radovsky, 1985). This family, has more than 88 genera and

among these thirty-five are associated with small mammals and birds as ectoparasite, 10 genera found as free living, and 43 genera associated with arthropods (Casanueva, 1993).

The members of the genus Gigantolaelaps are specifically found on the rodents while some species of genus Laelaps also found associated with rodents (Furman, 1972). Many workers identified Laelapids associated with rodents from South America (Strandtmann and Wharton, 1958; Whitaker and Mumford, 1978; Botelho et al., 1989; Lareschi, 2010; Lareschi et al., 2003a, 2003b, 2006, 2007; Gettinger and Bergallo, 2003; Gettinger et al., 2011; Gettinger and Owen, 2016).

The genus Tropilaelaps as a parasite on Honey bees, two main members/sepecies (Tropilaelaps koenigerum and T. clareae) were identified as a primary host of gigantic honey bees from Asian region, Apis dorseta and A. laboriosa, while T. clareae was a main pest of Western Region, Honey bee (A. mellifera) in Asia which is becoming an emerging threat to the honey bee industry (Anderson and Morgan, 2007).

Arjomandi et al. (2013) reported only two specimens of red mites from poultry and cow manure during survey of Iran, whereas he found large numbers of predatory mites of the Laelapidae such as Androlaelaps casalis from manure samples. Mites from both manures vary due to their habitat and composition. In cow manures, mostly Laelapidae mite of Gaeolaelaps nolli was present abundantly while A. casalis was not found in cow manure, some parasitic mites were there.

A poultry red mite is a well-known pest of birds, which has been described as an ectoparasite of poultry and small animals including human. Androlaelaps casalis Berlese and G. aculiefer Canestrini are two common species from the family Laelapidae have a major role in controlling the D. gillanae (poultry red mite) (Lesna et al., 2009).

Only seven species from genus Hypoaspis and genus Gaeolaelaps were identified from Turkey (Erman et al., 2007) while still no count have reported from the Pakistan mite fauna in this family.

Family Parasitidae

The order Mesostigmata includes many parasitic mites from the Laelapidae and Dermanyssidae families but it also included some beneficial group which keeping biological equilibrium between harmful and beneficial mites. All members of order

Mesostigmata are free living while some have importance due to their predatory potential against other arthropods.

Parasitidae is larger in size as compare to all other Gamasine or Mesostigmatic mites and considered as a single family in superfamily Parasitoidea. Parasitids are widespread and dominant members of predatory group (hemiedaphic fauna) in the forest, soil, litters, manures, dung compost and beach side litters. All species of the family Parasitidae can prey on the many microarthropods (collembollans, dipterous eggs and larvae, other small insects). Many species associated with insects like; genus Parasitellus associated with bumblebees, bees and beetle. Holoparasitus sp.; Pergamasus crassipes (Linnaeus, 1758); Poecilochirus necrophori Vitzthum, 1930; P. diversus Halbert, 1915 and Eugamasus sp., were found from Apis mellifera L. in Europe and Iran (Vitzthum, 1931; Grobov, 1975; Haragsim et al., 1978; Mossadegh, 1997), but these records probably are also accidental.

Among the Mesostigmatids, only few species of genus Parasitus (Parasitidae) and genus Macrocheles (Macrochelidae) were studies about their interspecific competition, feeding behavior and seasonal abundance pattern compared with their reproductive manner and distribution of several macrochelids by Wallace and Holm (1983, 1985), and Manning and Halliday (1994).

Predatory potential on the genera Pergamasus and Parasitus (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae) are abundant from crop soil and pastures (James, 2000; Ireson et al., 2001). They found the predatory potential of mites against the Sminthurus viridis, Lucerne flea (Ireson et al., 2001), cereal crops aphids (El-Banhawy et al., 1993), symphylan (Scutigerella immaculate) and many other mite pest (Lesna et al., 2009) from pastures, vegetables and crops.

Parasitids are poorly identified from Turkey, only 6 species were added to new Turkish fauna from two genera (Holoparasitus and Parasitus) (Erman et al., 2007) while from Pakistan no one had worked on it before.

Infraorder Uropodina

Mites of the suborder Uropodina (Order Mesostigmata) commonly found in forest litter, manures, soil, mosses, under stones, dung, decaying organic matter, nests and

borrows of the vertebrates and carrion. Mostly they are found as predator which feed on the small insects, nematodes and other small invertebrates while some feed on living and dead fungi and plant tissues (Karg, 1989; Wiśniewski and Hirschmann, 1989, 1991, 1993a, 1993b; Błoszyk et al., 2004, 2005, 2006; Doğan et al., 2015; Mašán, 2001; Lindquist et al., 2009a; Halliday, 2016).

Uropodins found in many microhabitats like dead wood, ant hill, bird nest, animal droppings and poultry manure (Błoszyk and Olszanowski, 1985a, 1985b, 1986a, 1986b; Bajerlein and Błoszyk, 2004; Gwiazdowicz et al., 2005; Błoszyk et al., 2006; Majka et al., 2007). These mites also found from other unstable habitat of mole (Talpa europaea) nests with different community from others.

Phoretic behavior is also common in stable and unstable microhabitats inhabiting mite like; compost soil, animal dung, carrion, bird nests and social hymenopteran insect (e.g., bumblebees) (Faasch, 1967; Mašán, 2001; Bajerlein et al., 2006; Krantz and Walter, 2009). Different families of beetles (Brenthidae, Staphylinidae, Passalidae, Geotrupidae, Cerambycidae, Aphodiidae, Scarabaeidae, Histeridae and Silphidae) were used as dispersal by the Uropodina mites (deutonymphs). Phoretic association between beetles and deutonymphs of Uropodina with help of pedicel recently (Dunlop et al., 2013; Faasch, 1967; Bajerlein, 2011; Bajerlein and Witaliński, 2012, 2014; Bajerlein et al., 2006; Bajerlein et al., 2013).

Arjomandi et al., (2013) carried a survey during 2011-2012 from South Eastern Iran to explore mesostigmatic mite fauna from manure. During survey, he found that a total of thrity-six (36) species of mites belonging to fourteen (14) families and twenty- three (23) genera’s were identified during collection from the sample of poultry manure. As a result of work, he reported that the following species; Uroobovella difoveolata, U. marginata and A. casalis were commonly present in manures of sheep, cow and poultry farms, respectively. While A. casalis and M. merdarius were most widespread species from all manures.

Soil arthropods and vertebrates formed a long termed evolutionary relation with different microhabitats. These relationships are of three types; phoretic relationship, trophic relationship and habitat dependent. Many acarologists observed habitat dependence in an unstable habitat in many mites (Błoszyk and Olszanowski, 1985a,

1985b; Cicolani, 1992; Valera et al., 2003; Błoszyk et al., 2006; Gwiazdowicz et al., 2005; Haloti et al., 2005; Mašán and Stanko, 2005; Krištofík et al., 2007; Oleaga et al., 2008; Gaglio et al., 2010; Makarova et al., 2010) from different birds, mammals and animal dung.

No, work has been done before on poultry manure-inhabiting Mesostigmatic mites from Pakistan. The present research project is planned with the objective to explore manure-inhabiting Mesostigmatic mites from different localities of Punjab, Pakistan and Samsun Province, Turkey.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Superorder Parasitiformes Reuter (1909) Order Mesostigmata Canestrini (1891) Superorder Parasitiformes Reuter (1909) classified into four orders; Mesostigmata (name proposed by Canestrini, 1891) is one of most important order. Gamasida or Gamasina (Gamasei, 1834), Gamasides (Koch, 1842), Gamasini (Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877) and Gamasidae (Berlese, 1885) were used as an alternative name. The order Mesostigmata is divided into three suborders: Sejoidea Berlese, 1955 (2 superfamilies); Trigynaspidea Camin and Gorirossi, 1955 (2 infraorders and 8 superfamilies); Monogynasipida Camin and Gorirossi, 1955 (2 infraorders, 4 hyperorders and 15 superfamilies) along with more than 100 families and more than 12000 species are described till today (Beaulieu et al., 2011). The early classification of Mesostigmatic mites was done by Berlese (1916a, 1916b, 1916c) “Centuria quarta di Acari nouvi” and latterly Tragardh’s classify on the basis of sternal and genital shield morphology which was later revised by Camin and Gorirossi (1955). Monographs were published by Baker and Wharton (1952), Hughes (1966), Evans and Till (1979), Gilyarov et al. (1977), Hirschmann and Wiśniewski (1982), Karg (1993a, 1993b), Mašán and Mihal (2007) and many others related to order Mesostigmata. Krantz and Walter published a manual titled “Manual of Acarology (3rd edition)” 2009, which is a comprehensive and updated version of Acarological data but still some exceptions were noticed. Lindquist et al. (2009a,b) published some mistakes regarding the order Mesostigmata (Chapter 8- Classification. Krantz and Walter, 2009) such as the word Gamasina (Mesostigmata) was originated from Gammasides Leach (1815) but Kramer (1881) provide a defined concept of proposing name “Gamasina”, he also upgraded few superfamilies into infraorders like Microgynioidea Tragarh (1942) and Heterozerconoidea Berlese (1892). In a manual, they also proposed Parasitiformes and Acariformes as orders instead of superorder while similarly, orders from superorders proposed as suborders. The family concept in order Mesostigmata given by Seeman (2007) and generic inculding species concept of Halliday (2008) as followed by many acarologists. 9

Suborder Monogynispida Camin and Gorirossi (1955) Infraorder Gamasina Kramer (1981) Hyperorder Dermanyssiae Evans and Till (1979) Superfamily Evipidoidea Berlese (1913) Family Macrochelidae Vitzthum (1930) Historical evidence of Macrochelid members are more than two centuries old, Scopoli (1772) gave description of Macrocheles muscaedomesticae with the name of Acarus muscae domesticae being a part of Acari (Acarina) which was revised by Evans and Browning (1956). This species was mistakenly recognized by Oudemans during 1936, Krantz (1961), Bregetova (1977), Evans and Till (1979) while Cuvier and Litreille (1829) identified with the name of A. marginatus Hermann (1804) separated from A. muscae domesticae Scopoli (1972) by giving a new genus Macrocheles Litreille (1829) as a type species. But laterally species were placed into the genus Macrocheles. Falconer (1923a, 1923b) represented a new subgenus Dissoloncha with description of two new species; Dissoloncha superbus and M. submotus which was laterally revised by Evans and browning (1956) as a separate genus. In the early 1900’s, Berlese gave his articles to the world with the title of “Acari nuovi” and “Centuria quarta di Acari nouvi” in 1904 and 1918 respectively. In his last work, he described 40 new groups from class Acari while given Macrocheles, Coprholaspis, Northrholaspis and Geholaspis on the basis of size and shape of venterum and dorsum shield which still play a key role for the identification of different species. Hull, gave description of new species from genus Macrocheles during 1918 which was revised by Hyatt and Emberson (1988) with the name of M. superbus and also reported many other species on the basis of dorsal chaetotaxy for identification (Hull, 1925). The family Macrochelidae was proposed by Vitzthum (1930) while in 1949 subfamily Macrochelinae proposed by Tragardh. Even the family Macrochelidae Vitzthum (1930) is well defined and easily recognizable at species level (Krantz, 1961; Hyatt and Emberson, 1988). But still the position of the family Macrochelidae does not seem to be stable at generic level. Many attempts were made to divide the family into genera, subgenera or species groups since early 20th century without accepted from latest classification. Evans and Browning (1956) classification was more important for identification of different groups of species but still they made some misconceptions. They placed all macrochelids under subfamily Macrochelinae Targagh (1949) by adding 10

three subgenera; Geholaspis s. str., Longicheles Valle (1953), Cytocheles Valle (1953). Bregetova (1977) considered the classification of Evans and Browning (1956) by placing the genera Macrocheles s. str., Macroholaspis Oudemans (1931) and Gltyptholaspis Filipponi and Pegazzano (1960) as subgenera of genus Macrocheles Latreille (1829) and genus Neopodocinum Oudemans (1902) was placed into a new subfamily Neopodocininae Bregetova (1977). Hyatt and Emberson (1988) agreed with the concept of genus Geholaspis Berlese (1918) of Evans and Browning (1956) and adding two new genera Dissoloncha Flaconer (1923) and Gltyptholaspis Filipponi and Pegazzano (1960) under the family Macrochelidae Vitzthum (1930). Latterly, Karg (1993a) agreed with Brogetova (1977) classification by placing genus Neopodocinum Oudemans (1902) as separated identity. Krantz (1998) classification was simple and acceptable by adding four genera; Geholaspis Berlese (1918), Dissoloncha Flaconer (1923), Gltyptholaspis Filipponi and Pegazzano (1960), Macrocheles Latreille (1829) and Holostaspella Berlese (1904a, 1904b) as separated genera under the family Macochelidae Vitzthum (1930). Addition of 5 genera and 7 subgenera by placing Macroholaspis Oudemans (1931) as subgenus of genus Macrocheles Latreille (1829) followed the Krantz (1961) and Hyatt and Emberson (1988) while addition of new subgenus Scleritholaspis into the Macrocheles Latreille (1829) by Mašán (2003). The status of Macroholaspis Oudemans (1931) as a separated genus was recognized by Oudemans (1931), Evans and Browning (1956), Bregetova and Koroleva (1960), Bregetova (1977), Karg (1993a, 1993b) while Emberson (2010) revised the family Macrochelidae which was consider more suitable by placing the different genera and species. He also upgraded the subgenera Longecheles Valle (1953) and Geholaspis Berlese (1918) as separate genera on the basis of their cheliceral morphology. Krantz and Moser (2012) reported as new genus Odontocheles with a new species (Odontocheles attaphilus sp. nov.) from leaf cutting ants on the basis of cheliceral, setal morphology and peritrematic characters. The dorsal margin simple but in Glyptholaspis having denticulate while peritreme don’t have loop posteriorly like Neopodocinum (Mašán, 2003). A extenssive work has been done by Halliday (1986a, 1986b, 1987; 1988; 1990; 1993; 1998, 2000, 2001), Halliday and Holm (1985) about the macrochelids from Australia. Macrocheles krantzi Anwarullah and Irshad, 1971 is the only species identified from Pakistan. This species was revised by Halliday (2000) with name of M. lyallpurensis Halliday, 2000. He described more than 59 species with ≥26 new species from Australia. 11

Fauna of Turkey represent with 26 species that are identified from six genera: Macrocheles Latreille, 1829; Glyptholaspis Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1960; Nothrholaspis Berlese, 1918; Neopodocinum Oudemans, 1902; Geholaspis Berlese, 1918; Longicheles Valle, 1953 (Çobanoğlu, 2001, 2009; Ekiz and Urhan, 2002; Bayram and Çobanoğlu, 2005; Kılıç et al., 2012; Özbek et al., 2015a, 2015b; Özbek and Halliday, 2015). Ten species from the genus Macrocheles Littrielle (1829): M. merdarius (Berlese, 1889) by Kılıç et al. (2012); M.acrocheles robustulus (Berlese, 1904) by Bayram and Çobanoğlu (2005); M. muscaedomesticae (Scopoli, 1772) by Göksu and Güler (1968); M. glaber (Müller, 1860) by Çobanoğlu and Kırgız (2001); M. punctatissimus Berlese, 1918 by Çobanoğlu and Bayram (1998); M. vernalis (Berlese, 1887) by Evans and Hyatt (1963); M. scutatus (Berlese, 1904); M. subbadius (Berlese, 1904) and M. perglaber Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1962 by Özbek et al. (2015a); M. matrius Hull, 1925 by Qayyoum et al. (2016b), four species from genus Glyptholaspis Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1960: G. americana (Berlese, 1888) and G. fimicola (Sellnick, 1931) by Ekiz and Urhan (2002); G. confusa (FOA, 1900) and G. saprophila Mašán, 2003 by Özbek et al. (2015b), six species from genus Longicheles (Valle, 1953): L. mandibularis Berlese (1904) by Bayram and Çobanoğlu (1998); L. hortorum Berlese (1904) and L. longisetosus Balogh (1958) by Özbek and Bal (2012); L. lagrecai Özbek et al. (2012); L. ayyildizi Özbek et al. (2012) and L. ozkani Özbek et al. (2012) by Özbek et al. (2012b), three species from genus Nothrholaspis Berlese, 1918; N. Doğani Özbek and Bal (2012a); N. turcicus Özbek and Bal (2013); N. anatolicus Özbek and Bal (2013) by Özbek and Bal (2013), one species (Neopodocinum caputmedusae (Berlese, 1908)) from genus Neopodocinum Oudemans (1902) by Çobanoğlu and Kırgız, 2001 and one species (Geholaspis longispinosus) from genus Geholaspis Berlese (1918) by Özbek and Bal, 2014. Superfamily Dermanyssoidea Kolenati (1859) Family Dermanyssidae Kolenati (1859) Kolenati was the first time describing these mites and proposed the word Dermanyssidae, by describing type species of Dermanyssus gillanae in 1859. Berlese worked from 1982 to 1992 on Gamasina as a synonym of Mesostigmata Canestrini, 1891 by adding six genera in only one family (Mašán et al., 2012, 2014). Berlese (1892) found new species and divided his work on the basis of family Dermanyssoidea along with two 12

subfamily Dermanyssidae and Laelapidae. After Berlese Vizthum (1929) named 65 species from Europe including Dermanyssidae as a subfamily having 3 genera’s on the basis of their morphological characters while Evans and Till (1979) combined 17 families into one group (Dermanyssides or Dermanyssina) without keeping the view of phylogenetic classification. After the first taxonomic work on Dermanyssids, many researchers contributed their efforts to classify this group from subfamily to family on the basis of obligatory parasite from the family. Many researcher and parasitologist considered the Macronyssidae and Dermanyssidae in a same group. The Dermanyssidae appears phylogenetically closer to free-living Laelapids than to Macronyssidae. Radovsky (1966) separated it into the two following families, depending on some morphological and biological characters: Macronyssidae Oudemans, 1936 and Dermanyssidae. Consequently, Moss (1968, 1978) considered only the two following genera to be included in Dermanyssidae: Dermanyssus and Liponyssoides (Radovsky, 1966; Phillis, 2006). The family Dermanyssidae Kolenati (1859) having 2 genera and 26 species (Beaulieu et al., 2011). Family Laelapidae Berlese (1892) Berlese (1892) proposed the name of family Laelapidae, a taxonomic status which is still unstable and more complicated. Descriptive evidences of the family are almost two centuries older. According to available literature descriptive study of the family Laelapidae divided into following three periods; first (early work to Vitzthum classification), Second (after Vitzthum classification to Karg classification) and third (after Karg classfication-till today). During the first period (early time-1940) many species were identified which was the base of descriptive work of the family Laelapidae Berlese (1892). Important work was done by the following researchers; Berlese, Canestrini, Gistel, Halbert, Hull, Koch, Kramer, Oudemans, Ribaga, Scheuten, Tragadh, and Vitzthum to add new fauna to the family Laelapidae. The classification of the family Laelapidae or Laelaptidae was done by the end of 1940 by Vitzthum. He classified the Mesostigmata/Gamasina on the basis of two major groups; Laelaptidae like mites and Macrochelidae like mites. He added 13 subfamilies under family Laelaptidae/Laelapidae: Hypoaspidinae nov.; Podocininae Berlese (1916); Hyletastinae nov.; Iphiophsinae Kramer (1886); Phytoseiinae Berlese (1916); Halarachninae Oudemans (1906); Haemogamasinae nov.; Laelaptinae Tragardh

(1908); Dermanyssinae Kolenati (1859); Liponissinae Ewing (1923); Entonyssinae Ewing (1923); Raillietiinae nov.; Rhinonyssinae Trouessart (1895). In the second period, many researchers worked on the classification of family Laelapidae: Van Aswegen and loots (1970); Bhattacharyya (1963); Baker et al., 1983; Bernhard (1971); Buyakova and Gontcharova (1971); Casanueva (1993); Costa (1961a, 19961b, 1975); Domrow (1963, 1964, 1964a, 1964b, 1964c, 1965, 1967); Dusbábek (2002); Dusbábek et al., 1981, 2006; Evans (1956); Evans and Till (1962, 1966); Hafez et al. (1982); Hunter (1967, 1970); Hunter and Husband, 1973; Hunter and Rosario, 1986, 1988; Hunter and Yeh, 1969; Hunter and Costa, 1971; Ishikawa (1988); Karg (1993a, 1993b); Rosario (1981); Fain (1991) and many more. This period added more description than the first period and gave classifications but the Evans and Till classification was a more important. Evans and Till (1979, 1966) published a descriptive work with title “Studies on the British Dermanyssidae (Acari: Mesostigmata)”; they recognized the Vitzthum (1940) classification and represented the 75 species from the family Dermanyssidae including Laelapidae, haemogamasidae and Mascronyssidae) in it. Evans and Till (1962, 1966) classification was based on the their feeding behavior and also give the morphological description and taxanomic key. Karg (1989, 1993a, 1993b) work was more accurate than previous, except some exceptions like the placement of genera Geolaelaps and Cosmolaelaps within genus Hypoaspis as subgenera. Third period, was interesting by placing some genera into their real places however some genera were wrongly classified by different researchers but still it needed further understanding of the taxonomic status of the family Laelapidae at genus and species level. According to recent literature (Beaulieu et al., 2011), this family is divided into two subfamilies; Hypoaspisinae and Laelapinae. Hyperorder Parasitiae Evans and Till (1979) Superfamily Parasitoidea Oudemans (1901) Family Parasitidae Oudemans (1901) Oudemans proposed the word Parasitidae or Parasitinae as subfamily of Gamasina in 1901, many researchers worked in early twentieth century, several monographs were published during this period. Micherdzinski (1969) given the complete morphology, distribution and systematic study of 218 species from the world along with taxonomic key. Tichomirov (1977) published an important work from USSR with illustration, key to species level and worldwide distribution, this work was latterly translated by the Canada 14

Institute of Scienticfic and Technology Information, Ottawa. Karg (1971) provided illustrations of all developmental stages of group along with key from Germany. Evans and Till (1979) provided the illustrated diagrams and key to subfamilies, genera and subgenera from Grat Britain and Irland with same systematic division of Gamasina as Hirschmann (1975a, 1975b, 1975c) (on the basis of pygidial shield characters and established plesiomorphic feature). Oudemanns reviewed the genus Parasitus with species from Europe in 1902 and later (1936) revised the all species from 1805 to 1850 and placing them in synonyms. Berlese (1906) places the parasitids into genus Gamasus Litreille (1802). Bhattacharya’s (1963) revision of genus Pergamasus Berlese (1904), revised the British fauna with female and adult illustrations while 1980 Hyatt revised the fauna of British which include illustrated figures of larvae, nymph and adult. Athias-Henriot (1961) revised the subgenera Paragamasus Hull, 1918 and Amblygamasus Berlese, 1904. She also revised the generic and species concept of genera Eugamasus Berlese, 1892 (1978, 1979). She also gave a cladogram for the species in the genus Neogamasus. Family Digamasellidae Family Digamasellidae was erected by Evans (1957) by including two genus Digamasellus and Asca. History of the family Digamasellidae is more interesting due to placement of many groups, families and subfamilies. Vitzthum (1940) classified the Mesostigmata and placed the members of the family Digamasellidae into subfamily Podocininae Berlese (1916). Baker and Wharton (1952) placed the genus Digamasellus (Dendrolaelaps) into the family Ascaidae. Evans (1957) shifted the two genera Digamasellus and Asca into a new erected family Digamasellidae while both genera were placed into the family Rhodoacaridae by Ryke (1962a, 1962b) and Athias-Henriot (1961) added into Aceosejinae. Karg and Athias-Henriot used the name Dendrolaelaps instead of Digamasellus as recommended by Baker and Wharton (1952). The genus Dendrolaelaps was shifted into subfamily Podocininae while Bernhard (1963) placed it into the family Ascaidae along with four genera: Aceoseius, Leioseius, Asca and Antennoseius. Hurlbutt (1963, 1968) separated the both genera Digamasellus and Asca on the basis of deutosternum characters for the first time. Lindquist and Evans (1965) separated both genera and shifted into two separated families: Digamasellus (Digamasellidae); Asca (Ascidae), while also included the genus Longoseius Chant into the family Digamasellidae with brief description and diagnosis characters of the family. Lindquist 15

(1975) published a descriptive work on distinguished characters of Digamasellus and Dendrolaelaps, while placing the Digamasellus, Dendrolaelaps, Dendroseius, Longoseius and Longoseiulus into this family. Hirschmann and Wiśniewski (1982) and Hirschmann (1959, 1963a, 1963b, 1971) divided the family Digamasellidae into two subfamilies Dendrolaelapinae Hirschmann (1960) and Digamasellinae Evans (1957) by including genera Dendrolaelaps Halbert (1915), Dendroseius Karg (1965), Longoseius Chant (1961), Multidendrolaelaps Hirschmann (1974) and Digamasellus Berlese (1905). Many other researchers gave description of the family Digamasellidae from all over the world like; Lindquist (1975); Barilo (1989), Wiśniewski and Hirschmann (1989, 1991), Ma and Lin (2005, 2007), Faraji et al. (2006), Ma and Bai (2009), Huhta and Karg (2010), and Ma et al. (2003, 2014) and Qayyoum et al. (2016a). Infraorder Uropodina Kramer (1881) Infraorder Uropodina, the first classification of the world fauna into sepcies level by arranging the uropodins into genera, tribes and subfamilies (Hirschmann and Huțu, 1974). Family Uropodidae having 787 species, updated by Wiśniewski (1978), uropodins previous classification (Berlese, 1881, 1884, 1910, 1917; Vitzthum, 1942; Baker and Wharton, 1952; Hirschmann and Zirngiebl-Nicol, 1961) of family to genera level was compared by Nicol (1979) which was revised and placing the 1200 species into the family Uropodidae (Hirschmann, 1979a, 1979b, 1979c). The first species was identified by Latreille (1806) and Kramer proposed the name Uropodina in 1881. In mid of twentieth century, many workers suggested their unsatisfactory supera generic classification on the basis of morphological characters and two fundamentally approaches were proposed. “Gangsystematik” approach by Hirschmann (1959, 1963a, 1963b, 1967, 1975a, 1975b, 1975c, 1979a, 1979b, 1979c, 1983, 1984a, 1984b, 1985a, 1985b), and Hirschmann and Zirngiebl-Nicol (1961, 1962, 1964, 1969a, 1969b, 1972), earlier he classifies only higher level but in recent classification, it is from families to genera and then genera to species level. The others classified the Uropodina only at higher level this approach named as “Orthodox approach” by ignoring the lower classifications (Ainscough, 1979, 1981). Recently, the Infraorder was divided into 4 superfamilies. The genus Uroobovella Berlese (1903) from the family Urodinychidae, was divided by Wiśniewski and Hirschmann (1993a, 1993b) into 23 species groups (254 16

species worldwide), new records and number increases regularly due to the cosmopolitan distribution (Mašán 1999, 2001). The genera Uropoda and Uroobovella having phoretic behavior while genus Crinitodiscus does not show phoretic behavior (Athias-Binche et al., 1989; Błoszyk et al., 2004; Bal and Özkan, 2000). Hirschmann and Wiśniewski (1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1993) revised the genus Trichouropoda Berlese (1916) worldwide. According to Wiśniewski (1998), genus Trichouropoda is largest genus among uropodins with 394 species worldwide. Hirschmann and Wiśniewski (1986, 1993) divided the genus into 11 species groups for identification. (Mašán 1999, 2001) revised the genus from Europe and divided into 45 species groups. Hirschmann and Zirngiebl-Nicol (1961) divided the Trichouropoda ovalis group which commonly found from all kind of habitats on the basis of ganthosomal feature of male, protonymph, deutronymph and larvae while Hirschmann and Wiśniewski (1986, 1989, 1993) endorsed the same division. The most common uropodins from poultry manure or soil inhabiting belonging to Uopodidae, Trichuropodidae and Nenteriidae.

CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS a) Review of Literature The published literature related to order Mesostigmata was collected from the world and arranged on the basis of family to genera level as well as in species groups within a genus. Literature collection was done by using all possible sources like journals articles, reports, books as well as internet source. The available database (Lucid key), catalogues, monographs and books (Krantz and Walter, 2009; Mašán, 2003; Halliday, 2000) were consulted for taxonomic position of described species. b) Examination of available type material A number of species described from Turkey and Pakistan, were considered as a part of above following families. So, the specimens deposited in Acarology Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan and Acarology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Ondokuz Myis University, Samsun, Turkey were examined extensively. The specimens were examined under a phase- contrast microscope (MT4210H, Meiji Techno®, Japan). Identification was carried out according to latest literature. c) Collection and Sorting A comprehensive survey of type localities of Punjab Province, Pakistan and Samsun Province, Turkey were conducted for collection of mesostigmatic mites. Two methods were adopted for the collections of mites; (1) Cardboard traps and (2) Manure samples. Cardboard traps were placed to collect the alive mites especially blood feeding (D. gallinae) and some other mites such as Uropodins which need crackes and cervices for rest. Cardboards placed for two weeks, collected and examinded under the microscope. Manure samples were collected from poultry houses. To detect infestation of mites, a total of approximately 500 grams per sample of feathers, dust and fecal samples were collected from all corners to make composite sample and placed in a sealed plastic bag. The bags were labeled with the date of collection, farmer‘s or owners of the farm / cage name and district name with coordinating of sampling place by Map Coordinates Android application. The samples were transported immediately within 24 hours to Acarology Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan and Acarology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey. 18

d) Mites extraction Firstly, poultry manure samples were weighed (500 grams per composite sample) by electric balance. Mites were extracted from poultry manure samples by using Berlese funnel method. The samples were placed them for 3 days in Berlese funnels. Under the Berlese funnel, a glass jar containing a small amount of 70% ethyl-alcohol were used to preserve the collected mites (Evans and Browning, 1955; Krantz, 1978; Pavlicevic et al., 2007; Krantz and Walter, 2009; Hirschmann, 1986). The jars were removed and the contents of ethyl-alcohol were studied under a stereo-microscopeto separate the mites on the basis of their family and genus characteristics. The collected mites were then preserved in 70% ethyl-alcohol in plastic vials for further study. e) Clearing and dissection of mites The lactic acid was used for clearing the mites for 2-3 days at room temperature. The larger size mites were dissected through needles (No. 11) like Macrochelidae then mounted in Hoyer’s medium on slides under a stereo-microscope. f) Preparation of Permanent slides The collected and preserved specimens were permanently mounted on the microscopic glass slides by using the Hoyer’s medium. The medium was prepared in the laboratory at room temperature according to ingredients given (Table 1).

Table 1: Composition of Hoyer’s medium

Ingredients Quantity Distilled water 50 ml Gum arabic 30 g Chloral hydrate 200 g Glycerine 20 ml Glacial acetic acid 1-2 ml

g) Examination of permanent slides The specimens were examined under a phase-contrast microscope (MT4210H, Meiji Techno®, Japan). Illustrations were drawn by using Adobe Illustrator (Adobe Systems Incorporated, USA). All measurements are given in micrometers; each measurement shows the average for the number of individuals, followed (in parentheses) by the respective ranges. For some species, only measurements of a single specimen are given. Setal nomenclature is following that of Lindquist et al. (2009a) for dorsum and ventrum. h) Identification and taxonomic studies The comprehensive keys of valid species within each genus are provided including the identified species from Pakistan and Turkey with updated biogeographical information. Illustrations of new species and new records are presented here in detail. i) Slides Deposition Permanent slides and preserved spciemens were deposited in Acarological Research Laboratories (Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; Department of Plant protection, Agriculture Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA).

TERMINOLOGY

Notation Terminology

j1 Anterior Dorsocentral setae I

j3 Anterior Dorsocentral setae III

j4 Anterior Dorsocentral setae IV

J5 Anterior Dorsocentral setae V

j6 Anterior Dorsocentral setae VI

Z2 Anterior Medio-lateral setae II

z3 Anterior Medio-lateral setae III

Z4 Anterior Medio-lateral setae IV

Z5 Anterior Medio-lateral setae V

z6 Anterior Medio-lateral setae VI

s4 Anterior Lateral setae IV

s6 Anterior Lateral setae VI

r2 Sub anterior lateral setae II

r3 Sub anterior lateral setae III

r4 Sub anterior lateral setae IV

J1 Posterior dorso-central setae I

J2 Posterior dorso-central setae II

J3 Posterior dorso-central setae III

J4 Posterior dorso-central setae IV

J5 Posterior dorso-central setae V

Z1 Posterior medio-lateral setae I

Z2 Posterior medio-lateral setae II

Z3 Posterior medio-lateral setae III

Z4 Posterior medio-lateral setae IV

Z5 Posterior medio-lateral setae V

S1 Posterior lateral setae I

S2 Posterior lateral setae II

S3 Posterior lateral setae III

S4 Posterior lateral setae IV

S5 Posterior lateral setae V

R1 Sub posterior lateral setae I

R2 Sub posterior lateral setae II

R3 Sub posterior lateral setae III

R4 Sub posterior lateral setae IV

R5 Sub posterior lateral setae V

ST1 Sternal setae I

ST2 Sternal setae II

ST3 Sternal setae III

ST4 Stermetapodal setae IV

ST5 Sterogenital setae V

JV1 Medio-ventral setae I

JV2 Medio-ventral setae II

JV3 Medio-ventral setae III

JV4 Medio-ventral setae IV

ZV1 Ventro-Latral setae I

ZV2 Ventro-Latral setae II

ZV3 Ventro-Latral setae III

Ash Anal shield

Ap Area punctata

As Adanal setae

C-I to C-IV Coxae

Dsh Dorsal shield

DN Deutonymph

Fd Fixed digit

Lan Linea angulata

Lar Linea arcuata

Lmt Linea media transversa

Loa Linea oblique anterior

Lop Linea oblique posterior

Md Moveable digit

Msh Metasternal shield

Ms Metasternal setae

Mtln Middle transverse line

µm Micrometer

♀ Female

♂ Male

MORPHOLOGY

Order Mesostigmata differentiated on the basis of following characters from other orders of superorder Parasitiformes; 4 pairs of hypostomal setae including coxal setae (Opilioacarida (many), Holothrida (≥5) and Ixodida (2)), corniculi (absent in Ixodida, present in Holothrida and rutella present instead of corniculi in Opilioacarida), tectum (absent in other orders), deutosternal denticles (absent in others) and peritreme present laterally (may or may not present in other orders) while haller organ is absent which distinguished character of ticks. The morphology of the identified families are as follows; Family Macrochelidae (Figure 1: A-E).

Macrochelid mites have distinguished number of characters which make this group differ from other Mesostigmatids like body structure, length, punctuation and other body parts. The morphological characteristics or patterns (dorsal and ventral) of Macrochlidae used according to Lindquist and Evans, (1965) which are applied in recent manuscripts and books by many acarologists (Krantz, 1983, 1998; Halliday, 1986, 2000; Walter and Krantz, 1986; Emberson, 2010; Hyatt and Emberson, 1988; Mašán, 2003). The collected samples from Samsun Province, Turkey and Punjab Province, Pakistan were found 400 to 1400 micrometer long with 28 to 30 pairs of dorsal setae.

Strenal shields of the members of family Macrochelidae play important role for the identification of species at genus or species level. First classification of Macrochelids on basis of sternal shield (pores, setae and lines) done by the Berlese, 1918 as an important taxonomic character. Laterly, identification extended on the basis of sternal shield and meta sternal shield by Bregetov and Koroleva, 1960. Ventrianal shield variation is also important for the identification and differentiation of genera’s.

Ventral shield is dividing into sternal, genital, metasternal and ventianal shields. Sternal shield having three pairs of setae (St1 to St3) while metasternal shield have one pair of setae which is called as St4 or metasternal setae. Genital shield is mostly wider than length with one pair of setae (St5 or genital setae) and Ventrianal shield having three pairs of preanal setae but some genera’s like Geholaspis, Holostaspella having four or more pairs of preanal setae while genus Neopodocinum without preanal setae on ventrianal shield.

Hypostome of Macrochelids having three pairs of hypostomatic setae (h1 to h3) along with pc seate. The cornicals of the hypostome are long, curved and palp of the family Macrochelidae is divided into five parts (Trochanter, Femur, Genu, Tibia and Tarsus) with simple or needle like setae.

Chelicerae of Macrochelid mites are well developed with moveable and fixed digits. The fixed digit having a thin and sharp pilus dentilis while in male moveable digits containing spermatodectyl. On the base of the moveable digit, aurthodial brushed or hairs are present.

Legs of macrochelids are not taken as an important character for taxonomic studies due to having same shape and no or little variations. While legs of male having spurs like structure, usually not in females. The number of setae on the legs as: The coxa of all legs having 2 setae while leg-IV with single seta; trochenter havig 5 setae except variations shows on leg-III; genu of leg-I & II having same number of setae (11) while leg-III & IV may or may not be same (6 or 7); Tibia of leg-I with 12 setae, leg-II with 10 setae and leg-III & IV having 7 setae; all legs tarsus having 18 setae.

The drawings of dorsum (A), ventrum (B), female chelicera (C), male chelicera (D), Hypostome (E) and legs along with their chaetotaxy are presented below;

Figure 1A: Morphology of Macrochelidae, dorsal view

Note: All terms and chaetotaxy symbols are explained in abbreviations.

Figure 1B: Morphology of Macrochelidae, ventral view, female

Figure 1: Morphology of Macrochelidae; C, Chelicera (♀); D, Chelicera (♂); E, Hypostome.

Figure 1: Morphology of Macrochelidae; F, Legs: i) Leg-I, ii) Leg-II, iii) Leg-III,

iv) Leg-IV (♀) and v) Leg-IV (♂).

Family Dermanyssidae (Figure 2: A-B).

Family Dermanyssidae, differentiated with minor changes between two genus on the bases of capitulum, sternal shield, dorsal shield and legs. But still its problematic for some species from both genera on the bases of chaetotaxy of sternal shield, dorsal shield and legs. According to Roy and Chauve (2007), sternal shield shape, length of peritremes and chelicera length are used for major identification between two genera. Genus Dermanyssus, sternal shield is crescent shaped while in genus Liponyssoides having hexagonal shaped.

Moss (1968) give a comprehensive study of genus Dermanyssus with chaetotaxy of genus, illustration and taxonomic key. Di Palma et al. (2012) gave comprehensive differentiation between Dermanyssus gillanae and Ornithonyssus sylviarum by taken high resolution photographs. As concern with poultry manure, Dermanyssus is more important and cosmopolitan all over the world.

For the identification of the genus Dermanyssus, chaetotaxy of legs and dorsal shield is more important for proper identification as well as length of peritremes ranges from coxa-I, II and III to coxa-IV. The length of central dorsal setae is important tool for the identification between the different species. In some species central setae are suequal to all other setae while in some species: D. alaudae, D. brevis, D. brevirivulus, D. hirsutus, D. grochovskae, D. quintus and D. rwandae, are one-quarter than other peripheral setae. Vertical seta “j1” on the shield only present in two species (D. triscutatus and D. antillarum) while j1 and j2 on the shield in D. americanus, D. transvaalensis and D. wutaiensis. All other commonly found species in poultry manure litter and surrounding having vertical setae “j1” off the shield. Mesonotal scutella present only in five species: D. americanus, D. antillarum, D. transvaalensis, D. triscutatus and D. wutaiensis.

Some special characters are present only in few species which are not identified on the other species of genus, like: ventral neotrichy in form of a cluster of elongate, simple setae laterad of the anal shield is present only in D. hirsutus; a U-shaped row of very large and deeply rooted setae on the opisthogaster is present only in D. quintus; several distally inflated setae situated posteriorly on the idiosoma are present only in D. antillarum.

Dorsal shield and legs chaetotaxy shows variations intraspecific within species as well as link with other free living parasitic mites of family Laelaptidae interspecifically. Evans and Till (1962) reported “The chaetotaxy of the venter of the opisthosoma shows considerable intraspecific variation” while Moss (1968) also noticed variation in leg chaetotaxy.

The length of peritreme varies within genus at species level, peritreme varies from coxa-I to coxa-IV to coxa-III to coxa-IV with some interspecifically variations. Moss (1978) differentiated the species on the bases of peritreme length and its increase or decreasing order: the length of peritremes extends from coxa-IV to “anterad of base of coxa I” in D. faralloni; “past posterior margin or to middle of coxa-I” in D. trochilinis; “middle of coxa-I” in D. prognephilus; “anterior margin of coxa II” in D. grochovskae and D. hirundinis; “middle or anterior margin of coxa-II” in D. gallinae and D. gallinoides; “middle of coxa II” in D. hirsutus; “past anterior margin of coxa III” in D. triscutatus; “to or past anterior margin of coxa-III” in D. americanus; “not as far as anterior margin of coxa III” in D. alaudae and D. brevis; “middle of coxa-III” in D. transvaalensis and D. chelidonis. Many acarologist differentiated the species on bases of above peritreme variations for the identification of new species. Peritreme variation is one of most important character in the genus Dermanyssus than the legs chaetotaxy for identification and comparison of different species.

From all 20th and 21st century published articles, finally evaluated that some traditionally used characters are complex and problematic for the identification of species. Dorsal shield and legs chaetotaxy shows more variation interspecific sometimes within species while peritreme length not counted as more accurate character for identification (Roy and Chauve, 2007). Morphological identification based on above rules for 23 species of the genus except D. longipes and D. passerinus which should be re-examined due to complex characters.

The drawings of ventral and dorsal shield along with their chaetotaxy are presented below;

Figure 2A: Morphology of Dermanyssidae, dorsal view

Figure 2B: Morphology of Dermanysidae, ventral view (♀)

Family Laelapidae (Figure 3: A-B).

The members of the family Laelapidae, brown to yellow in color with holodorsal shield which tapering towards the opisthosoma (lateral) or fully expand to cover all dorsum of the mites. Dorsal shield having unpaired setae around the vertical and marginal setae or cluster of setae. Sternal shield having three pairs of sternal setae (St1-3) along with two pairs of lyrifissures (stp1-2). Metasternal shield absent and sternal setae (St4) mostly on the soft cuticle along with one pair lyrifissures (Stp3) but sometime sternal setae and lyrifissure present on the endopodal-metasternal shield. Genital shield is more distinct in shape (due to Laelapidae genital shield Mesostigmata divided into two groups; Laelapid type genital shield and Macrochelid type genital shield) from flask-shaped to tongue shape with one pair of setae, in some cases it may bear 2-4 or more pairs of setae and rarely hologastric (Ololaelaps). Anal shield is free, well developed, small and triangular to pear-shaped with one pair of anal setae and single seta of postanal.

Legs chaetotaxy is more important for identification of species, tarsus-I having claw while in Macrochelidae the tarsus-I without claw, trochanter-I with 6 setae while the genu and tibia-1 having six dorsal and three ventral setae. Tarsus-II with spines sometimes while genus-IV with nine to ten setae (5 dorsal and 2 ventral).

Hypostome well developed, corniculi horn like and subcapitullam groove having six denticulates with smooth inner line. Tectum found to be smooth, denticulate or mucronate while palp genu with two apotele and six setae.

Mostly some families of order Mesostigmata resemble with Laelapidae on the basis of some morphological characters especially genital shield. Lealapidae have similar anal shield with Phytoseiidae, Eviphididae and Ameroseiidae but these families have smaller legs, dorsal shield chaetome while genital shield truncate at posteriorly. On the basis of truncate dorsal shield, bifurcate pilus dentilis and three tined apotele on the palp, Arctacaridae differentiated from Laelapidae while most of other characters similar to each other. Parholaspididae and Ologamasidae similar with genus Ololaelaps (Laelapidae: Mesostigmata) on the basis of large opisthogenital shield but differentiated due to lack of arthrodial brush. Pachylaelapidae differentiated from genus Pseudoparasitus (Laelapidae: Mesostigmata) having only 3 pairs of sternal setae.

Taxonomic classification of the family Laelapidae or Laelaptidae is much complicated and confusing. From different part of the world, many authors worked on the Laelapidae with different concept of subfamilies, genera and subgenera but still they were found more complicated, confusing and not clear. Many scientists adding many mites into the genus Hypoaspis Canestrini, 1884 which were not fit in that genus morphological while many author introduce other genera’s like Pneumolaelaps, Gymnolaelaps, Cosmolaelaps, Gaeolaelaps, Coleolaelaps, Laelaps and many others.

The drawings of ventral and dorsal shield along with their chaetotaxy are presented below;

Figure 3A: Morphology of Laelapidae, dorsal view

Figure 3B: Morphology of Laelapidae, ventral view (♀)

Family Parasitidae (Figure 4: A-D).

The family was proposed as monotypic division Parasitides based on the male genital characters by Oudemans (1901) as a Parasitinae and also reported as family in 1902 without any description for new family. Males of subfamily Parasitinae having tritosternum not covered by genital operculum while female have divided dorsal shield. In subfamily Pergamasinae, males tritosternum base coved by genital operculum and female without dorsal shield division (Holodorsum). Among the family Parasitidae, subfamily Parasitinae most important and commonly found from all possible habitats. The members of subfamily Parasitinae, having schizodorsal shield with dorsal hexagon between j5, z5 and j6 dorsal setae. All the hexagonal dorsal setae are different from each other’s, mostly the z5 found distally pilose and thicker than others. Genital shield almost seems to be triangular and anteriorly tapering attached with metasternal shields. Leg-I, Tibia having 14 setae (6 dorsal and 4 ventral).

The drawings of ventral and dorsal shield along with their chaetotaxy are presented below;

Figure 4A: Morphology of Parasitidae, dorsal view (♀)

Figure 4B: Morphology of Parasitidae, ventral view (♀)

Figure 4C: Morphology of Parasitidae, dorsal view (DN)

Figure 4D: Morphology of Parasitidae, ventral view (DN)

Infraorder Uropodina (Figure 5A)

Uropodins usually rounded to oval shaped, fixed digit of chelicerae having protruding, chelicerae usually slender, sensory head apically, genital shield large between the coxae, srounding by continuous shield, pedofossae present most of members, hypostomal setae aligned, coxa-I touching and broad, having dorsal marginal plate, dorsal shield with full dorsal setae or hypertrichous. Deutronymph having two ventral shields; sternogenital and ventrianal shields, but anal shield half fused with ventrianal shield.

The drawings of ventral and dorsal shield along with their chaetotaxy are presented below;

Figure 5A: Morphology of Uropodina, ventral view (♀).

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

ORDER MESOSTIGMATA CANESTRINI Gamasida/Gamasina Gamasei, 1834. Gamasides Koch, 1842. Gamasini Canestrini and Fanzago, 1877. Gamasidae Berlese, 1885. Mesostigmata Canestrini, 1891. FAMILY MACROCHELIDAE VITZTHUM Macrochelidae Vitzthum, 1930. DIAGNOSIS OF THE FAMILY MACROCHELIDAE VITZTHUM The members of family Macrochelidae ranges from 400 to 2900 µm with well sclerotized dorsum and ventrum. Dorsum having 28 to 30 pairs of setae, having unpaired setae in some genera’s. Peritremes mostly looped or straight joing the stigma posteriorly. Claw of palp always three tined while hypostome well developed. Chelicerae having pilus dentilis on fixed digit (Fd) while moveable digit (Md) having strong teeth ranges from one to many. Male chelicerae having spermatodectyl and usually leg-II of male having spur (Mašán, 2003).

KEY TO THE GENERA OF FAMILY MACROCHELIDAE FROM PAKISTAN AND TURKEY 1. Ventrianal shield having 1-4 pairs without preanal ------2 - Ventrianal shield having 5 pairs without preanal ------5 2. Presence of 1-3 pairs apodemes between genital and ventrianal shields ------3 - Absence of apodemes between genital and ventrianal shields ------4 3. Dorsum with pilose or distaly pilose setae, j1 extended, dorsum and ventrum weekly sclerotized ------Macrholaspis Oudemans - Dorsum with simple or needle like setae, j1 not extended, dorsum and ventrum well sclerotized ------Nothrolaspis Berlese 4. Sternum having straight or slightly curved posteriorly and not extended beyond the coxae-III ------Macrocheles Latreille

- Sternum having strongly curved posteriorly and extended beyond the coxae-III ------Glyptholaspis Filipponi and Pegazzano 5. Anal shield without preanal setae, tectum unipartite ------Neopodocinum Oudemans - Anal shield with preanal setae, tectum unipartite or tripartite ------6 6. Chelicera short, having less than 5 teeths ------Geholaspis Berlese - Chelicera long, having more than 5 teeths ------Longicheles Valle

GENUS MACROCHELES LATREILLE

Coprholaspis Berlese, 1918. Nothrholaspis Berlese, 1918. Monoplites Hull, 1925. Andrholaspis Turk, 1948. Neoholaspis Turk, 1948. Macrocheles Latreille, 1829: 282. Type species: Acarus muscae domesticate Scopoli, 1772 (= Acarus marginatus Hermann, 1804).

DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS MACROCHELES LATREILLE The members of genus Macrocheles ranges from 400 to 1400 µm with usually oval body shape. The dorsal shield edges have no serrations with 28 to 30 pairs of setae (simple, needle like, pilose or distally pilose). Strenal shield not extending posteriorly with free and small metasternal plate (oval and rectangular). Sternal shield has clear lines, decorated with punctuations and patterns. Genital and ventrianal shield are well developed with networks of lines (Hyatt and Emberson 1988; Mašán, 2003). Only eight species were identified from Pakistan. This genus first time recorded from poultry manure from Pakistan and Turkey. Here, Macrocheles muscaedomesticae, Macrocheles subbadius, Macrocheles robustulus, Macrocheles insignitus, Macrocheles matrius, Macrocheles glaber and Macrocheles perglaber are identified for the first time from Punjab province, Pakistan along with Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp. and Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp. while Macrocheles penicillinger, Macrocheles matrius (Qayyoum et al., 2016) and Macrocheles peniculatus are identified from Samsun province, Turkey. Redescription of three species (Macrocheles merdarius, Macrocheles scutatus and Macrocheles nataliae) given due to poor description and illustrations by Malik (2016). Taxonomic Key newly recoded and new species of genus Macrocheles from Pakistan and Turkey along with Macrocheles glaber group species are provided here.

KEY TO SPECIES OF THE GENUS MACROCHELE LATRIELLE

1. Sternal shield with reticulate ornamentation and shield extended posterolaterally at level of coxae III ------genus Glyptholaspis - Sternal shield with numerous ornamentation and shield not extended posterolaterally beyond the middle of coxae III ------genus Macrocheles ------2 2. Dorsum with mostly simple, needle and smooth dorsal setae ------3 - Dorsum with mostly serrated, pilose or distally pilose dorsal setae ------33 3. Lineae obliquae anterior connected four transverse line ------30 - Lineae obliquae anterior normal ------4 4. Linea media tranversa straight and linea oblique anterior connected with more than three transverse lines ------subbadius species complexes - Linea media tranversa lightly curved and linea oblique anterior connected with one or two transverse lines ------glaber species complexes ------5 5. Sternal shield width larger or as wide as long and ornamentation reduced along the linea media transvera ------friggi species complex ----- 9 - Sternal shield longer than wider, ornamentation not reduced along the linea media transvera ------6 6. Dorsal setae bipctinate and basifenmur IV with spur ------capensis species complex ----- 12 - Dorsal setae bipctinate, smooth or pilose and basifemur with or without spur------7 7. Dorsal setae bipectinate and carina of basifemur IV without spur ------kraepellini Complex ------13 - Dorsal setae smooth or pilose and carina of basifemur IV without spur ------8 8. Linea angulata strongly convergent medially ------limue complex ------16 - Linea angulata may or may not curved medially with short linea arcuata ------glaber complex ------19 9. Most of dorsal chaetotaxy bipectinated ------Macrocheles nalani - Most of dorsal chaetotaxy smooth or simple ------10 10. Sternal shield as long as wide, dorsal setae j1 pilosity not more than ¼ & J5 serrated and linea arcuata with deep punctation ------Macrocheles friggi

- Sternal shield wider than long, dorsal setae j1 pilosity may or may not more than ¼ & J5 serrated and linea arcuata without punctation or lost ------11 11. Dorsal setae j1 pilosity more than ¼ and linea arcuata lost ------Macrocheles pumiliosternus - Dorsal setae j1 pilosity not more than ¼ and linea aecuata without punctation ------Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp. 12. Sternal shield evenly punctate, sternal setae smooth or needle like and ventrianal shield longer than wider ------Macrocheles capensis - Sternal shield reduced punctation, one sternal setae pilose and ventrianal shield wider than longer ------Macrocheles macroscatophilus 13. Genu IV with six setae ------14 - Genu IV with seven setae ------15 14. Dorsal setae shorter and ventrianal shield longer than wide ------Macrocheles agilis - Dorsal setae longer and ventrianal shield wider than long --- Macrocheles kraepelini 15. Dorsal setae Z1 long, reaching the base of J2 ------Macrocheles tantalus - Dorsal setae Z1 short, not reaching the base of J2 ------16 16. Ventrianal shield broader than long, Z1 needle like and J5 bipectinated ------Macrocheles halliday - Ventrianal shield slightly broader than long, Z1 fine and J5 serrated ------Macrocheles aestivus 17. Linea arcuata procurved and ventrianal shield with reticulation ------Macrocheles caelatus - Linea arcuata straight or slightly curved and ventrianal shield with or without reticulation ------18 18. Mostly dorsal setae smooth or needle like ------Macrocheles limue - Mostly dorsal setae pilose ------Macrocheles witcoskyanus 19. Four to ten pairs of dorsal setae show pilosity ------20 - Less than four pairs of dorsal setae show pilosity ------26 20. Some marginal dorsal setae show pilosity ------21 - Some medial and marginal dorsal setae show pilosity ------22 21. Dorsal setae r4 distally pilose and linea arcuata M-shape like ------Macrocheles perglaber - Dorsal setae r4 simple and linea arcuata distinct or reticulated like ------23 48

22. Two or three pairs of posterior dorsal setae pilose or serrated ------Macrocheles nataliae - One pair of posterior dorsal setae pilose or serrated ------Macrocheles copridis 23. Dorsal setae Z4 distally pilose, J5 pilose or serrated ------24 - Dorsal setae Z4 smooth or needle like, J5 pilose ------25 24. Linea arcuata short, straight and slightly curved ------Macrocheles glaber - Linea arcuata long and strongly curved ------Macrocheles scutatus 25. Sternal ornamentation slighter or reduced ------Macrocheles sp. aff. Glaber - Sternal ornamentation strongly punctate ------Macrocheles hyatti 26. Dorsal setae J5 pilose ------27 Dorsal setae J5 serrated ------29 27. Ventrianal shield longer than wide with linea angulata slightly curved ------Macrocheles friggi - Ventrianal shield wider than long or equal with linea angulata curved ------28 28. Linea arcuata distinct or present as a part of reticulation ---- Macrocheles jabarensis - Linea arcuata straight ------Macrocheles lisae 29. Linea arcuata deeply punctate and ventrianal shield wider than long ------Macrocheles origru - Linea arcuata without punctation and ventrianal shield longer than wider ------Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp. 30. Dorsum with pilose or distally pilose dorsal setae laterally and marginally ------Macrocheles muscaedomesticae - Dorsum without pilose or distally pilose dorsal setae laterally and marginally ----- 31 31. Idiosoma larger than 550 µm in length with genu IV having 7 setae ------Macrocheles subbadius - Idiosomal length below 550 µm while genu IV with 6 setae ------32 32. Sternal shield having micropunctures, fine sculptured and sculptural lines ------Macrocheles merdarius - Sternal shield having larger punctures, strongly sculptured and sculptural lines ------Macrocheles insignitus 33. Dorsum with some pilose dorsal setae, sculptured present or absent on sternal shield ------34

- Dorsum with simple, smooth and needle like; J5 broadened, plumose and brush- shaped ------Macrocheles penicillinger 34. Sternal shield with or without thin sculptures with puncture ------Macrocheles robustulus - Sternal shield with sculptured, Dorsum with or without smooth or needle like lateral dorsal setae ------35 35. Dorsum without needle or smooth lateral setae ------Macrocheles matrius - Dorsum with needle or smooth lateral setae ------Macrocheles peniculatus

4.1. Macrocheles merdarius (Berlese, 1889) (Figures 6: A-B) Holostaspis merdarius Berlese, 1889: 52. Macrocheles adulescens Berlese, 1910: 252. Diagnostic characters: Dorsum longer than wide, most of dorsal setae needle like, J5 smooth and short while j1 without distal pilosity and spine like. Loa present clearly jointed with four transverse lines while Lmt straight and sometime unclear.

DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 10) Dorsum (Figure 6A).

Dorsum having 655(576-687) in length and 310(295-435) in width at the level of r4. Dorsal shield having 28 pairs of setae with rectangular in shape and ornamentations. Dorsal setae j1 always without distal pilosity while J5 smooth and short than other vertical setae. The length of dorsal setae as; j1 20(20-22), j2 27(23-27), j3 25(25-27), j4 27(27), j5 20(20-22), j6 22(20-22), J2 25(25-27), J5 15(15-17), z1 7(7-8), z2 27(26-27), z4 30(28-30), z5 27(26-27), z6 25(25-26), Z1 32(30-32), Z2 27(25-27), Z4 27(25-27), Z5 22(20-22), s2 32(30-32), s4 25(23-25), s5 26(25-26), s6 30(28-30), S1 22(20-22), S2 27(26-27), S4 and S5 25(23-25), r2 26(25-27), r3 25(22-25) and r4 25(24-25).

Ventrum (Figure 6B).

Ventrum longer 430(412-454) than wide 102(100-145) at level of coxa-II. Sternal shield with 125(109-142) long and 102(100-145) wide at level of coxa-II. Loa well developed and clear like a rainbow, merged with four transverse lines. Lmt straight, unclear without any ornamentations and points. Metasternal shield clearly free from sternal shield having one needle like setae. Genital shield longer 100(95-103) than wide 95(83-96) with pair of needle like setae and linearly ornamented surface. The sternal setal length as; St1 25(23-25), St2 25(25-26), St3 24(24-25), St4 23(23-25) and St5 23(23-25).

Ventrianal shield longer 180(167-186) than 130(120-142) with transverse lines with depressions. Ventrianal shield having three and one pairs of needle like preanal and anal setae respectively. Only seta on postanal on ventrianal shield. The venrianal setae having length as; Jv1 23(23-25), Jv2 23(22-23), Jv3 20(20-23), as (anal) 20(19-20) and as (postanal) 15(15-17). 51

Hypostome.

Hypostome having four hyposotomal setae including, h2 is larger han all other setae. Coniculi having sharp edge and 5 denticles present on hypostomal gutter.

Chelicera.

Chelicerae having needle like or spine like dorsal seta with smooth pilus dentilis.

Legs.

Genu having 6 setae of the leg I-III with one needle like seta on coxae II.

MALE

Unkown

DISTRIBUION

This speices was previously reported from Europe (Norway, Iceland, Finland, Greece, Slovakia, Russia, Itly, Bulgaria, Austria, Germany, Ukrine, Georgia, Britich Isles and Poland), Africa (Kenya and South Africa), Asia (Turkey, India, Isreal, Malysia, China, Papua New Guinea, Japan, Tajikistan, South Korea, Iran), New Zealand, Australia and USA.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): One female from Kızılırmark deltası, (41°39'05''N, 36⁰ 01'10.9''E) Doğanca, (Site-1) Bafra; two females from Kızılırmark deltası, (41⁰ 39'13.8''N, 36⁰ 00'45.7''E) Doğanca, (Site-2) Bafra; fıve (5) females were examined from Kızılırmark deltası, (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E) Doğanca, (Site-3) Bafra; three females found near Kuşcular Village, (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E) Bafra; Three females from (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) Kavak examined; one female was observed from Çıvrıll (41°12'7.9" N, 35°58'59" E); three females found from (41°32'60" N, 35°52'59.99" E) Bafra; two females were found from (41°22'53.04" N, 36°12'59.04" E) Öndokuz Mayıs Univeritesi; one female found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); five females identified from (41°25'41.91" N, 35°51'47.32" E) Alaçam (Site-2); three female found from (41°36'00" N, 35°36'00" E) Alaçam (Site-3); one female found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site-1); two females from

(41°9'22.35" N, 35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site-2); three females found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): Two females found from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad; one females found from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad; three females identified from (31°26'20'' N, 73°04'32.79'' E) Poultry farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad on 26 November, 2014; three females found from (31°20'22.56'' N, 72°36'38.09'' E) Chak# 214, Jhang; one female found from (31°16'27.16'' N, 72°29'17.29'' E) near Gojra road, Jhang; five females found from (31°10'52.8'' N, 72°30'02.72'' E) from Jhang; nine females found from (30°49'59.99'' N, 70°42'0.86'' E) Kotmor, Taunsa Sharif, Dera Ghazi Khan; three females found from (29°49'21.17'' N, 70°36'47.74'' E) Kot Chutta, Dera Ghazi Khan; one female found from (29°56'55.71'' N, 70°40'32.5'' E) Jampur road, Dera Ghazi Khan; five females found from (29°08'22.5'' N, 70°41'47.57'' E) Indus mor, Dera Ghazi Khan; seven females found from (31°26'60'' N, 71°5'9'' E) Notak, Bakhar; three females found from (31°26'32.19'' N, 70°59'40.50'' E) Notak, Bakhar; two females found from (31°23'12.05'' N, 71°3'29.21'' E) Notak, Bakhar; three females found from (29°22'15'' N, 70°31'24'' E) Fazilpur, Rajanpur; one female found from (29°10'24.61'' N, 70°24'36.65'' E) Rajanpur; one females found from (29°57'0.29'' N, 70°15'29.52'' E) Kotmithan, Rajanpur; two females found from (30°41'33'' N, 70°1'19'' E) Ehsanpur, Layyah; three females found from (30°49'40.93'' N, 70°55'27.7'' E) Kot Sultan, Layyah; one female found from (30°53'59.64'' N, 70°57'51.26'' E) Layyah mor, Layyah; one female found from (30°22'03.46'' N, 70°59'42.18'' E) Kotaddu, Muzafergarh; three females found from (30°09'51.61'' N, 71°5'41.76'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; one female found from (29°57'58.83'' N, 71°9'27.43'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; three females found from (28°30'25.67'' N, 70°30'16.61'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; two females found from (28°32'2.75'' N, 70°31'26.14'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; one female found from (28°27'24.23'' N, 70°21'21.15'' E) Rahim Yar Khan.

REMARKS

This species has similar characters (Mašán, 2003; Özbek, 2013) except some minor variation from Turkey and Pakistan. This species is reported by Malik (2016) with poor description and illustrations from soil while here the author redescriped and reported first time from poultry manure of Pakistan. 53

Figure 6A: Macrocheles merdarius (Berlese, 1889), female, dorsal view

Figure 6B: Macrocheles merdarius (Berlese, 1889), female, ventral view

4.2. Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli, 1772) (Figures 7: A-B) Acarus muscae domesticae Scopoli, 1772: 157. Acarus marginatus Hermann, 1804: 76. Holostaspis submarginatus FOA, 1900: 135. Holostaspis posteroarmatus Berlese, 1904: 290. Holostaspis sita Trojan, 1904: 1. Macrocheles muscae domesticae Sellnick, 1940: 78. Macrocheles vagabundus var. australis Womersley, 1942: 166. Macrocheles muscaedomesticae Evans and Browning, 1956: 12; Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960: 131; Krauss, 1970: 14; Krantz, 1972: 273; Emberson, 1980: 136; Hyatt and Emberson, 1988: 105; Halliday, 1990: 417. Diagnostic characters: Dorsum oblong, most of dorsal setae distally plumose or distally pilose while j2, j5, j6, z1, z5, z6 and J2 needle like. Loa cap like connected with 4-5 transverse lines, Lmt straight or slightly curved. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 10) Dorsum (Figure 7A).

Dorsum having 980(966-1012) in length and 540(472-595) in width at the level of r4. Dorsum widely oval or rectangular with reticulations and slightly micropunctures. Most of dorsal setae distally pilose or plumose including lateral and marginal part from 28 pairs. Vertical setae j1 brush shaped and plumose while J5 serrated and shorter than Z5. Seven pairs of anterolateral, dorsolateral and mediolateral setae are needle like; j2, j5, j6, J2, z1, z5 and z6. Vertical setae j5 always positioned anteriorly to the z5. The length of dorsal setae as; j1 45(43-46), j2 32(31-33), j3 50(49-51), j4 50(50-51), j5 25(24-26), j6 37(36-38), J2 43(42-45), J5 40(39-41), z1 37(36-37), z2 62(61-63), z4 65(64-66), z5 32(31-33), z6 32(31-34), Z1 60(60-62), Z2 52(52-53), Z4 57(56-57), Z5 52(52-53), s2 50(50-52), s4 65(65-66), s5 57(56-58), s6 52(51-52), S1 57(56-57), S2 55(53-55), S4 62(61-63), S5 62(62-63), r2 62(61-63), r3 52(51-53) and r4 57(55-57).

Ventrum (Figure 7B).

Ventrum longer 760(691-783) than wide 330(312-376) at level of coxa-II. Sternal shield with 185(172-196) long and 207(192-216) wide at level of coxa-II. Sternal shield smooth having 3 pairs of sternal setae. All sternal setae needle like including genital and metasternal shield. Loa clear and making “helmet” shaped and connected with 4-5 transverse lines among which Lmt is the most posterior. Lmt straight and micropuntured, centrolateral area having larger punctures while posterior part having 1-2 irregular and punctured transverse lines.

Metasternal shield clearly free from sternal shield. Genital shield wider 297(285- 307) than long 170(165-187) with pair of needle like setae and linearly ornamented surface. The sternal setal length as; St1 57(56-58), St2 80(78-82), St3 52(51-53), St4 35(33-36) and St5 47(46-49).

Ventrianal shield wider 389(371-397) than 360(340-372) long with transverse lines, depressions, sculptured areas, ornamentations and subpentagonal shaped. Ventrianal shield having three and one pairs of needle like preanal and anal setae respectively. Only seta present at postanal on ventrianal shield. The venrianal setae having length as; Jv1 50(49-53), Jv2 47(46-49), Jv3 50(48-52), as (anal) 37(34-38) and as (postanal) 10(9-11).

Hypostome.

Hypostome having three hypostomatal setae (needle like); h3 is larger than other two, along with pc. Deutosternal groove having five denticles.

Chelicera.

Chelicerae well developed having pilus dentilis on fixed digit (90) while moveable digit 103 micrometer long.

Legs.

Legs are well developed for attachment, the length of legs as; leg-1 550(539-572), leg-II 680(653-698), leg-III 520(509-531) and Leg-IV 1080(1054-1121).

MALE

Unkown

DISTRIBUION

This speices is distributed world wide.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): Three female from Kızılırmark deltası, (41°39'05'' N, 36⁰ 01'10.9'' E) Doğanca, (Site-1) Bafra; one female from Kızılırmark deltası, (41⁰ 39'13.8'' N, 36⁰ 00'45.7'' E) Doğanca, (Site-2) Bafra; three (3) females examined from Kızılırmark deltası, (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E) Doğanca, (Site-3) Bafra; two females found near Kuşcular Village, (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E) Bafra; two females from (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) Kavak examined; three female observed from Çıvrıll (41°12'7.9" N, 35°58'59" E); five females found from (41°32'60" N, 35°52'59.99" E) Bafra; one female found from (41°22'53.04" N, 36°12'59.04" E) Öndokuz Mayıs Univeritesi; two female found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); three females identified from (41°25'41.91" N, 35°51'47.32" E) Alaçam (Site-2); seven females found from (41°36'00" N, 35°36'00" E) Alaçam (Site-3); ten females found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site-1); six females from (41°9'22.35" N, 35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site-2); one female found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): One female found from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad; one female found from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad; four females identified from (31°26'20'' N, 73°04'32.79'' E) Poultry farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; five females found from (31°20'22.56'' N, 72°36'38.09'' E) Chak# 214, Jhang; one female found from (31°16'27.16'' N, 72°29'17.29'' E) near Gojra road, Jhang; seven females found from (31°10'52.8'' N, 72°30'02.72'' E) from Jhang; eight females found from (30°49'59.99'' N, 70°42'0.86'' E) Kotmor, Taunsa Sharif, Dera Ghazi Khan; two females found from (29°49'21.17'' N, 70°36'47.74'' E) Kot Chutta, Dera Ghazi Khan; three females found from (29°56'55.71'' N, 70°40'32.5'' E) Jampur road, Dera Ghazi Khan; four females found from (29°08'22.5'' N, 70°41'47.57'' E) Indus mor, Dera Ghazi Khan; nine females

found from (31°26'60'' N, 71°5'9'' E) Notak, Bakhar; three females found from (31°26'32.19'' N, 70°59'40.50'' E) Notak, Bakhar; one female found from (31°23'12.05'' N, 71°3'29.21'' E) Notak, Bakhar; one female found from (29°22'15'' N, 70°31'24'' E) Fazilpur, Rajanpur; two females found from (29°10'24.61'' N, 70°24'36.65'' E) Rajanpur; three females found from (29°57'0.29'' N, 70°15'29.52'' E) Kotmithan, Rajanpur; five females found from (30°41'33'' N, 70°1'19'' E) Ehsanpur, Layyah; six females found from (30°49'40.93'' N, 70°55'27.7'' E) Kot Sultan, Layyah; two females found from (30°53'59.64'' N, 70°57'51.26'' E) Layyah mor, Layyah; three females found from (30°22'03.46'' N, 70°59'42.18'' E) Kotaddu, Muzafergarh; one female found from (30°09'51.61'' N, 71°5'41.76'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; two females found from (29°57'58.83'' N, 71°9'27.43'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; four females found from (28°30'25.67'' N, 70°30'16.61'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; one female found from (28°32'2.75'' N, 70°31'26.14'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; two females found from (28°27'24.23'' N, 70°21'21.15'' E) Rahim Yar Khan.

REMARKS

This species has similar characters (Mašán, 2003; Özbek, 2013), first time reported from Pakistan.

Figure 7A: Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli, 1772), female, dorsal view

Figure 7B: Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli, 1772), female, ventral view

4.3. Macrocheles subbadius (Berlese, 1904) (Figures 8: A-B) Holostapis subbadius Berlese, 1904: 264; Filipponi and Seganti, 1957: 27. Macrocheles insignitus Petrova, 1960: 396; Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1963: 73. Macrocheles vernalis Schweizer, 1961: 73. Macrocheles situs Krauss, 1978: 364. Macrocheles subbadius Hyatt and Emberson, 1988: 111. Diagnostic characters: Dorsum oblong, reticulated with micropuntured. Most of dorsal setae smooth and needle like, vertical setae j1 needle like and short. Loa strongly curved, connected with five transverse lines while Lmt having two sculptured lines posteriorly. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 10) Dorsum (Figure 8A).

Dorsum having 648(626-710) in length and 380(361-398) in width at the level of r4. Dorsum oblong shaped with reticulations, networks ornamentations and micropunctures with 28 pairs of needle like setae. Vertical setae j1 and j5 always short, smooth and needle like. The length of dorsal setae as; j1 30(27-30), j2 27(26-27), j3 55(52-55), j4 67(64-68), j5 62(60-63), j6 60(57-61), J2 70(68-70), J5 27(26-28), z1 12(11-13), z2 70(69-72), z4 75(74-76), z5 35(34-36), z6 52(51-54), Z1 50(50-52), Z2 75(73-77), Z4 70(69-71), Z5 60(58-61), s2 80(80-82), s4 75(73-75), s5 73(71-74), s6 60(58-62), S1 80(78-80), S2 75(74-77), S4 80(78-81), S5 73(72-75), r2 72(71-73), r3 60(58-62) and r4 65(64-66).

Ventrum (Figure 8B).

Ventrum longer 692(671-703) than wide 155(142-176) at level of coxa-II. Sternal shield with 145(132-153) long and 123(112-136) wide at level of coxa-II with sculptured and transverse lines. Sternal shield smooth having 3 pairs of sternal setae. All sternal setae needle like including genital and metasternal shield. Loa well developed and connecting with five transverse lines and Lmt is most posterior transverse lines. Lmt straight or slightly curved posteriorly; sternal shield having two sculptured transverse lines behind Lmt at posterior region.

Metasternal shield clearly free from sternal shield, oval shape, having one setae and pore. Genital shield wider 160(145-167) than long 200(185-217) with pair of needle like setae and linearly ornamented surface. The sternal setal length as; St1 60(55-61), St2 40(38-42), St3 45(44-45), St4 35(33-36) and St5 50(48-52).

Ventrianal shield wider 340(331-357) than 330(320-342) with transverse lines, depressions, without large punctured and subpentagonal shaped. Ventrianal shield having fine reticulations, rounded at anterior margin and lateraly punctures more clear. Ventrianal shield having three and one pairs of needle like preanal and anal setae respectively. Only seta on postanal on ventrianal shield. The venrianal setae having length as; Jv1 57(55-58), Jv2 50(48-52), Jv3 49(48-51), as (anal) 40(38-42) and as (postanal) 20(19-21).

Hypostome.

Gnathosoma having three pairs of simple and smooth hypostomal setae with palpcoxal setae. Hyposotomal setae h3 larger than others and h2 much closer than h3.

Legs.

Legs are well developed for attachment, the length of legs as; leg-1 526(519-542), leg-II 630(623-638), leg-III 497(489-511) and Leg-IV 982(979-989).

MALE

Unknown.

DISTRIBUION

This speices is distributed world wide.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): Two female from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca (41°39'05'' N, 36⁰ 01'10.9''E), Bafra (Site-1); three females from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-2) (41⁰ 39'13.8'' N, 36⁰ 00'45.7'' E); two females examined from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-3), (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E); three females found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); one female from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined; one female observed from Çıvrıll

(41°12'7.9" N, 35°58'59" E); two females found from (41°32'60" N, 35°52'59.99" E) Bafra; one female found from (41°22'53.04" N, 36°12'59.04" E) Öndokuz Mayıs Univeritesi; three female found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); two females identified from (41°25'41.91" N, 35°51'47.32" E) Alaçam (Site-2); three females found from (41°36'00" N, 35°36'00" E) Alaçam (Site-3); one female found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site-1); two females from (41°9'22.35" N, 35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site-2); one female found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): Two female found from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad; one female found from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad; three females identified from (31°26'20'' N, 73°04'32.79'' E) Poultry farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; two females found from (31°20'22.56'' N, 72°36'38.09'' E) Chak# 214, Jhang; three female found from (31°16'27.16'' N, 72°29'17.29'' E) near Gojra road, Jhang; six females found from (31°10'52.8'' N, 72°30'02.72'' E) from Jhang; three females found from (30°49'59.99'' N, 70°42'0.86'' E) Kotmor, Taunsa Sharif, Dera Ghazi Khan; one female found from (29°49'21.17'' N, 70°36'47.74'' E) Kot Chutta, Dera Ghazi Khan; five females found from (29°56'55.71'' N, 70°40'32.5'' E) Jampur road, Dera Ghazi Khan; one female found from (29°08'22.5'' N, 70°41'47.57'' E) Indus mor, Dera Ghazi Khan; two females found from (31°26'60'' N, 71°5'9'' E) Notak, Bakhar; four females found from (31°26'32.19'' N, 70°59'40.50'' E) Notak, Bakhar; one female found from (31°23'12.05'' N, 71°3'29.21'' E) Notak, Bakhar; two females found from (29°22'15'' N, 70°31'24'' E) Fazilpur, Rajanpur; one female found from (29°10'24.61'' N, 70°24'36.65'' E) Rajanpur; four females found from (29°57'0.29'' N, 70°15'29.52'' E) Kotmithan, Rajanpur; six females found from (30°41'33'' N, 70°1'19'' E) Ehsanpur, Layyah; three females found from (30°49'40.93'' N, 70°55'27.7'' E) Kot Sultan, Layyah; one female found from (30°53'59.64'' N, 70°57'51.26'' E) Layyah mor, Layyah; one female found from (30°22'03.46'' N, 70°59'42.18'' E) Kotaddu, Muzafergarh; one female found from (30°09'51.61'' N, 71°5'41.76'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; three females found from (29°57'58.83'' N, 71°9'27.43'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; two females found from (28°30'25.67'' N, 70°30'16.61'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; one female

found from (28°32'2.75'' N, 70°31'26.14'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; five females found from (28°27'24.23'' N, 70°21'21.15'' E) Rahim Yar Khan.

REMARKS

This species has similar characters (Mašán, 2003; Özbek, 2013). This sepcies is new for Pakistan zoological fauna as first record.

Figure 8A: Macrocheles subbadius (Berlese, 1904), female, dorsal view

Figure 8B: Macrocheles subbadius (Berlese, 1904), female, ventral view

4.4. Macrocheles robustulus (Berlese, 1904) (Figures 9: A-C) Holostapis subbadius var. robustulus Berlese, 1904: 264. Macrocheles humeratus Berlese, 1908: 13. Nothrolaspis punctillatus Willmann, 1939: 176. Macrocheles coprophila Womersley, 1942: 167. Macrocheles rothamstedensis Evans and Browning, 1956: 15; Balogh, 1960: 256; Axel, 1961: 748. Macrocheles punctillatus Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960: 126; Costa, 1966: 533; Krauss, 1970: 18; Krantz, 1972: 271; Emberson, 1980: 136; Hyatt and Emberson, 1988: 106; Cicolani, 1985: 172; Wallace, 1983: 11. Diagnostic characters: Dorsum oblong, weekly reticulated with micropuntured, slightly expanded lateraly. Most of dorsal setae smooth and needle like, 4-6 pairs of dorsal setae distally pilose usually, j4, s2, r2, r3, z4, Z4 and Z5. Vertical setae j1 bruch shaped or distally pilose. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 10) Dorsum (Figure 9A).

Dorsum having 810(792-825) in length and 480(449-493) in width at the level of r4. Dorsum become thinner posteriorly and oblong in shape with reticulations and micropunctures. Most of dorsal setae smooth and needle like while some distally pilose or plumose including j4, z4, Z4, Z5, r2 and r3. Vertical setae j1distally pilose while j5 needle like and slightly serrated. Centrolateral dorsal setae short, needle like and division line present just below z6. Marginal setae z4 and r2 longer than all others and twice than s2. The length of dorsal setae as; j1 26(25-28), j2 25(24-27), j3 35(34-36), j4 45(44-48), j5 22(21-23), j6 25(24-27), J2 25(23-26), J5 24(23-26), z1 17(15-18), z2 25(26-27), z4 42(42-44), z5 22(22-24), z6 17(16-18), Z1 19(18-21), Z2 27(26-28), Z4 26(26-27), Z5 27(26-28), s2 45(44-48), s4 37(36-38), s5 40(40-43), s6 25(24-28), S1 25(24-26), S2 27(26-27), S4 25(24-26), S5 35(34-37), r2 25(24-26), r3 20(18-21) and r4 24(23-26).

Ventrum (Figure 9B).

Ventrum longer 692(671-703) than wide 155(142-176) at level of coxa-II. Sternal shield with 185(172-197) long and 155(147-166) wide at level of coxa-II. Sternal shield smooth having 3 pairs of sternal setae. All sternal setae needle like including genital and metasternal shield. Sternal shield having irregularly micropunctures and pores without clear line. Larger punctures present posteriocenter region.

Metasternal shield clearly free from sternal shield having needle like seta and pore. Genital shield wider 160(145-167) than long 200(185-217) with pair of needle like setae and slightly ornamented surface anteriorly. The sternal setal length as; St1 42(40- 44), St2 47(46-48), St3 37(36-38), St4 32(31-34) and St5 35(33-36).

Ventrianal shield wider 340(331-357) than 330(320-342) with transverse lines, depressions, sculptured areas and subtriangular shaped. Ventrianal shield having fine reticulations, rounded at anterior margin and lateraly punctures more clear. Ventrianal shield having three and one pairs of needle like preanal and anal setae respectively. Only seta on postanal on ventrianal shield. The venrianal setae having length as; Jv1 33(32-33), Jv2 30(29-33), Jv3 27(26-28), as (anal) 25(24-27) and as (postanal) 14(13-15). Hypostome.

Gnathosoma similar to that of Macrocheles muscaedomestica with needle like three pairs of hypostomatic and one pair of plapcoxal setae. Hypostomal setae h3 longer than all others. Deutrosternal grove having 6 denticles while tectum having three cleared parts.

Chelicera.

Chelicerae well developed having pilus dentilis which is half in length of moveable digit.

Legs.

Coxa-I, II and III having one pair of needle like setae while coxa-IV having only one needle like seta. The length of legs as; leg-I 530(500-541), leg-II 581(574-621), leg- III 490(487-518) and leg-IV 681(673-692).

MALE

Male having similar dorsal chaetotaxy while holvenral shield present with similar punctations.

DISTRIBUION

This speices has dıstrıbuted world wide.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): One female from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca (41°39'05'' N, 36⁰ 01'10.9''E), Bafra (Site-1); two females from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-2) (41⁰ 39'13.8'' N, 36⁰ 00'45.7'' E); one female examined from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-3), (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E); two females found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); one female from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined; two females observed from Çıvrıll (41°12'7.9" N, 35°58'59" E); three females found from (41°32'60" N, 35°52'59.99" E) Bafra; one female found from (41°22'53.04" N, 36°12'59.04" E) Öndokuz Mayıs Univeritesi; two females found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); one female identified from (41°25'41.91" N, 35°51'47.32" E) Alaçam (Site-2); two females found from (41°36'00" N, 35°36'00" E) Alaçam (Site-3); two females found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site-1); three females from (41°9'22.35" N, 35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site-2); two female found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

(29°08'22.5'' N, 70°41'47.57'' E) Indus mor, Dera Ghazi Khan; three females found from (31°26'60'' N, 71°5'9'' E) Notak, Bakhar; one female found from (31°26'32.19'' N, 70°59'40.50'' E) Notak, Bakhar; two females found from (31°23'12.05'' N, 71°3'29.21'' E) Notak, Bakhar; three females found from (29°22'15'' N, 70°31'24'' E) Fazilpur, Rajanpur; one female found from (29°10'24.61'' N, 70°24'36.65'' E) Rajanpur; three females found from (29°57'0.29'' N, 70°15'29.52'' E) Kotmithan, Rajanpur; two females found from (30°41'33'' N, 70°1'19'' E) Ehsanpur, Layyah; one female found from (30°49'40.93'' N, 70°55'27.7'' E) Kot Sultan, Layyah; two females found from (30°53'59.64'' N, 70°57'51.26'' E) Layyah mor, Layyah; two females found from (30°22'03.46'' N, 70°59'42.18'' E) Kotaddu, Muzafergarh; one female found from (30°09'51.61'' N, 71°5'41.76'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; two females found from (29°57'58.83'' N, 71°9'27.43'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; three females found from (28°30'25.67'' N, 70°30'16.61'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; one female found from (28°32'2.75'' N, 70°31'26.14'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; four females found from (28°27'24.23'' N, 70°21'21.15'' E) Rahim Yar Khan.

REMARKS

This species has similar characters (Mašán, 2003; Özbek, 2013), first time reported from Pakistan.

Figure 9A: Macrocheles robustulus (Berlese, 1904), female, dorsal view

Figure 9B: Macrocheles robustulus (Berlese, 1904), female, ventral view

Figure 9C: Macrocheles robustulus (Berlese, 1904), male, ventral view

4.5. Macrocheles insignitus Berlese, 1918 (Figures 10: A-B) Macrocheles whartoni Delfinado and Baker, 19975: 55. Diagnostic characters: Dorsum having smooth and needle like setae while j1 without pilosity. Ventrum having sculptured lines while Loa approaching four transverse lines. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 2) Dorsum (Figure 10A).

Dorsum widely oval in shape, majority of the dorsal setae smooth and needle like except J5 (posterior) setae. Dorsal setae j1, j2 and j4 spine or needle like. Posterior median setae are longer than other dorsal setae, J2 and Z1 longer among all others. Dorsal seta J5 slightly serrated and short. The length of dorsal setae as; j1 10(9-11), j2 11(10-12), j3 18(18-19), j4 24(23-25), j5 24(24-25), j6 24(24-25), J2 36(35-37), J5 14(13-15), z1 24(24-25), z2 26(25-27), z4 28(27-29), z5 27(26-28), z6 31(30-32), Z1 36(35-37), Z2 35(34-36), Z4 30(29-31), Z5 24(23-25), s2 15(14-16), s4 13(12-15), s5 23(22-25), s6 14(13-15), S1 19(18-20), S2 27(26-28), S4 34(33-35), S5 14(14-17), r2 13(12-14), r3 14(13-15) and r4 15(14-17).

Ventrum (Figure 9B).

Sternal shield with 89(82-96) long and 77(75-80) wide at level of coxa-II. Sternal shield having 3 pairs of sternal setae. All sternal setae needle like including genital and metasternal shield, almost equal in size. Sternal shield with micro and macro-circuls puncture or pits behind Lmt, Loa and Lar. Linea oblique transversa “cap-shaped” connected with four transverse lines.

Metasternal shield separated from sternal shield having needle like, metasternal seta (St4) with or without pore. Genital shield wider 82(78-85) than 51(49-53) long with a pair of needle like setae (genital setae), without ornamentations. The length of ventrum setae are as: St1 14(14-16), St2 15(15-16), St3 16(15-18), St4 12(11-13) and St5 16(16- 18).

Ventrianal shield longer 126(125-128) or equal than width 125(123-126) with six transverse lines. Ventrianal shield without clear reticulations, rounded at posterior margin. Ventrianal shield having three and one pairs of needle like preanal and anal setae 75

respectively. The venrianal setae having length as; Jv1 15(14-16), Jv2 12(1214), Jv3 16(15-17), as (anal) 14(13-15) and as (postanal) 10(9-11).

Hypostome.

Hypostome quit similar to the of Macrocheles merdarius group members.

Chelicera.

Chelicerae well developed having pilus dentilis which is half in length of moveable digit.

Legs.

The length of legs parts as; leg-I (Coxa, 30; Trochenter, 58; Femur, 50; Genu 35; Tibia, 37; Tarsus, 83), leg-II (Coxa, 32; Trochenter, 38; Femur, 42; Genu 23; Tibia, 24; Tarsus, 60), leg-III (Coxa, 23; Trochenter, 46; Femur, 38; Genu 28; Tibia, 35; Tarsus, 74) and leg-IV (Coxa, 49; Trochenter, 27; Femur, 47; Genu 38; Tibia, 47; Tarsus, 64).

MALE

Unknown.

DISTRIBUION

This speices was previously found from Europe, Siberia and China.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): One female found from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad; three female found from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad; one female found from (30°49'59.99'' N, 70°42'0.86'' E) Kotmor, Taunsa Sharif, Dera Ghazi Khan; one female found from (29°49'21.17'' N, 70°36'47.74'' E) Kot Chutta, Dera Ghazi Khan; three females found from (31°26'60'' N, 71°5'9'' E) Notak, Bakhar; one female found from (29°10'24.61'' N, 70°24'36.65'' E) Rajanpur; three females found from (29°57'0.29'' N, 70°15'29.52'' E) Kotmithan, Rajanpur; two females found from (30°41'33'' N, 70°1'19'' E) Ehsanpur, Layyah; one female found from (30°49'40.93'' N, 70°55'27.7'' E) Kot Sultan, Layyah; three females found from (28°30'25.67'' N, 70°30'16.61'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar

Khan; one female found from (28°32'2.75'' N, 70°31'26.14'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; four females found from (28°27'24.23'' N, 70°21'21.15'' E) Rahim Yar Khan.

REMARKS

This species has similar characters (Mašán, 2003; Özbek, 2013), first time reported from Pakistan.

Figure 10A: Macrocheles insignitus Berlese, 1918, female, dorsal view

Figure 10B: Macrocheles insignitus Berlese, 1918, female, ventral view

4.6. Macrocheles penicillinger (Berlese, 1904) (Figures 11: A-B) Holostapis penicillinger Berlese, 1904: 264. Diagnostic characters: Dorsum oblong, most of dorsal setae distally plumose except 5 pairs setae needle like (j6, J2, z1, z5 and z6) while J5 serrated and shorter than Z5. Ventrianal shield rounded with puntures and all setae are smooth and needle like. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 10) Dorsum (Figure 11A).

Dorsum having 980(976-1003) in length and 480(472-495) in width at the level of r4. Dorsum wider posteriorly and oblong in shape with reticulations and micro-punctures. Most of dorsal setae distally pilose or plumose including lateral and marginal part from 28 pairs. Vertical setae j1 and j5 always brush shaped while J5 serrated and shorter than Z5. Five pairs of dorsolateral and mediolateral vertical setae are needle like; j6, J2, z1, z5 and z6. Vertical setae j5 always positioned posteriorly and behind to the z5. The length of dorsal setae as; j1 30(27-30), J2 27(26-27), j3 55(52-55), j4 67(64-68), j5 62(60-63), j6 60(57-61), J2 70(68-70), J5 27(26-28), z1 12(11-13), z2 70(69-72), z4 75(74-76), z5 35(34-36), z6 52(51-54), Z1 50(50-52), Z2 75(73-77), Z4 70(69-71), Z5 60(58-61), s2 80(80-82), s4 75(73-75), s5 73(71-74), s6 60(58-62), S1 80(78-80), S2 75(74-77), S4 80(78-81), S5 73(72-75), r2 72(71-73), r3 60(58-62) and r4 65(64-66).

Ventrum (Figure 11B).

Ventrum longer 692(671-703) than wide 155(142-176) at level of coxa-II. Sternal shield with 180(162-196) long and 155(142-176) wide at level of coxa-II. Sternal shield smooth having 3 pairs of sternal setae. All sternal setae needle like including genital and metasternal shield. Loa clear and making “M” shaped. Lmt having micropuntured area posterolateral and centrolateral area having larger punctures.

Metasternal shield clearly free from sternal shield. Genital shield wider 160(145- 167) than long 200(185-217) with pair of needle like setae and linearly ornamented surface. The sternal setal length as; St1 60(55-61), St2 40(38-42), St3 45(44-45), St4 35(33-36) and St5 50(48-52).

Ventrianal shield wider 340(331-357) than 330(320-342) with transverse lines, depressions, sculptured areas and subtriangular shaped. Ventrianal shield having fine reticulations, rounded at anterior margin and lateraly punctures more clear. Ventrianal shield having three and one pairs of needle like preanal and anal setae respectively. Only seta on postanal on ventrianal shield. The venrianal setae having length as; Jv1 57(55-58), Jv2 50(48-52), Jv3 49(48-51), as (anal) 40(38-42) and as (postanal) 20(19-21). Hypostome.

Hypostomal setae simple, needle like along with deutrosternal grove having 5-6 denticles.

Chelicera.

Chelicerae well developed having pilus dentilis which is half in length of moveable digit.

Legs.

Coxa-I, II and III having one pair of needle like setae while coxa-IV having only one needle like seta.

MALE

Unknown.

DISTRIBUION

This speices was previously found from Europe, Australia, North of Africa, India, New Zealand and USA.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): Two females from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca (41°39'05'' N, 36⁰ 01'10.9''E), Bafra (Site-1); three females from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-2) (41⁰ 39'13.8'' N, 36⁰ 00'45.7'' E); two females examined from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-3), (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E); one female found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); two female from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined; three females observed from Çıvrıll (41°12'7.9" N, 35°58'59" E); four females found from (41°32'60" N, 35°52'59.99" E)

Bafra; two females found from (41°22'53.04" N, 36°12'59.04" E) Öndokuz Mayıs Univeritesi; one female found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); two females identified from (41°25'41.91" N, 35°51'47.32" E) Alaçam (Site-2); one female found from (41°36'00" N, 35°36'00" E) Alaçam (Site-3); one female found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site-1); one female from (41°9'22.35" N, 35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site-2); one female found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

REMARKS

This species has similar characters (Mašán, 2003), first time reported from Turkey.

Figure 11A: Macrocheles penicillinger (Berlese, 1904), female, dorsal view

Figure 11B: Macrocheles penicillinger (Berlese, 1904), female, ventral view

4.7. Macrocheles matrius (Hull, 1925) (Figures 12: A-D) Nothrholaspis Hull, 1925: 212. Macrocheles subbadius var. robustulus Sellnick, 1940: 86. Macrocheles matrius pratensis Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960: 112. Macrocheles matrius violovitschi Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960: 112. Macrocheles matrius (Hull, 1925), Evans and Browing, 1956; Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960; Axtell, 1963; Karg, 1970; Johnston, 1970; Mahnert, 1971; Krantz, 1972; Emberson, 1973, 1980; Huges, 1976; Cicolani, 1979; Krantz and Whitaker, 1988; Hyatt and Emberson, 1988; Schmölzer and Neudorf, 1995; Mašán, 2003. Diagnostic characters: Dorsum oblong, most of dorsal setae distally plumose except 5 pairs setae needle like (j6, J2, z1, z5 and z6) while J5 serrated and shorter than Z5. Ventrianal shield rounded with puntures and all setae are smooth and needle like. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 10) Dorsum (Figure 12A).

Dorsal shield with longer, 832(795-799) than wide, 530(513-534). Dorsal shield with 28 pairs of setae, most setae are distally pilose with 5 pairs are needle like. Dorsal seta z2 have longer than other setae and z4, Z2, Z4, s4, s5, S4 are almost equal in length. Length of setae: j1 18(18-19); j2 24(23-25); j3 33(33-34); j4 45(45-46); j5 24(23-24); j6 17(16-18); J2 23(23-24); J5 22(22-23); z1 21(21-23); z2 49(48-49); z4 47(46-47); z5 22(22-24); z6 20(19-20); Z1 44(43-44); Z2 46(46-47); Z4 46(46-47); Z5 47(46-47); s2 36(35-36); s4 46(46-47); s5 47(46-47); s6 37(36-37); S1 24(23-24); S2 32(30-33); S4 47(46-47); S5 42(41-42); r2 42(41-42); r3 43(41-43); r4 45(44-45).

Ventrum (Figure 12B).

Sternal shield is 165(159-170) Long, 162(161-164) wide at the level coxae II and bearing three pairs of pilose setae and two pairs of pore: linea angulata and linea arcuata slightly curved with punctates, linea arcuata “M-shape” with punctures; linea obiligue anterior with a smooth curved line; Linea media transvera slightly curved, having small punctured on posterior; linea obilique posterior curved interiorly with punctures. Genital shield ornamented with punctures and lines and having a pair of distally pilosed setae.

Ventrianal shield (wider 288(286-288) than long 278(275-279)) reticulated punctuation on lateral surfce and with three pairs of smooth and needle-like setae. Length of setae: St1 50(49-50); St2 50(49-51); St3 40(39-40); St4 34(33-34); St5 49(49-50); Jv1 39(38-40); Jv2 26(25-26); Jv3 19(18-20).

Hypostome.

Ventral surface with four pairs of setae, setae h3 longest; setae pc and h1 longer than h2.

MALE (Figure 12: C-D)

Dorsal chatetaxy and ornamentation similar to female specimens. Holoventral shield ornamented with punctates and lines and sculptured laterally. Sternal setae St1, St2,

St3, St4 and pre-anal setae Jv1-JV3 pilose, St4 smooth and needle-like, setae St1-St3equal in length and clearly lorger than other setae on holoventral shield. Length of setae; St1 and St2 52 (50-54), St3 45 (45-49), St5 32(30-33), Jv1 39 (38-40), Jv2 26 (25-30) and Jv-

3 18 (18-20). Gnathosoma similar that of female. Chelicera, moveable digit with a spermatodactyl. Ventral surface of femure II with spur like projection. Trochanter and femure of leg IV with spur.

DISTRIBUION

Macrocheles matrius (Hull, 1925) is native and extensively reported from the European peninsula as well as found from all continents of world except the Australia (Halliday 2000). The said species found from various habitats and host from different geographical regions. It is newly recorded from Turkey (Qayyoum et al., 2016).

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): Five females from Doğanca (41 °39' 05'' N, 36 °01'10.9''E) in Doğanca, Bafra (Site-1); eleven females from Site-1; six females and one male from Doğanca, Bafra (Site-2) (41°39'13.8''N, 36°00'45.7''E); 5 females from Site-2; seven females and three males were examined from Doğanca (Site-3) (41°39'08.7''N, 35°59'59.2''E); 2 females from site-3 and 2 males from site-3; Twenty females and three

males found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41°35'16.8''N, 35°52'19.3''E); Three females and one male from Kavak (41°4'25"N, 36°2'25"E); two female from Vezirköprü (41°7'59.9"N, 35°27'00"E); two female from Tekkeköy (41°6'57.22''N, 36°25'14.9''E); three female from Çarşemba (41°7'32.2356''N, 36°41'52.7244''E) ; two female examined from Çarşamba (41°1'45.714''N, 36°41'21.3144''E); one female from Terme (41°4'22.1916''N, 36°56'35.9304''E); three female examined from Salıpazarı (41°4'18.7356''N 36°49'14.3688''E); five female and one male examined from Havza (40°57'57.762''N, 35°35'57.0084''E); three female from Havza (40°54'54''N, 35°42'33''E); one female from Ladik, (40°53'24''N, 35°56'9''E) and two female from Vezirköprü (41°14'42''N, 35°4'53''E).

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): one female found from (30°49'59.99'' N, 70°42'0.86'' E) Kotmor, Taunsa Sharif, Dera Ghazi Khan; one female found from (29°49'21.17'' N, 70°36'47.74'' E) Kot Chutta, Dera Ghazi Khan; three females found from (28°30'25.67'' N, 70°30'16.61'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan.

REMARKS

During survey of household poultry manure-inhabiting mite faun, Macrocheles matrius (Hull, 1925) was commonly found from the territory of the Samsun Province,

Turkey. Most important character for the identification of the male is spur prominent on the leg-IV and bearing the pectinate setae on the femur and trochanter. Hull (1925) reported that legII has no spur on the leg-II while Turkish specimens have small on projection femur of leg-II. Most of the morphological characters of the Turkish specimen are same as the Slovakian species (Mašán, 2003) with slighter variations.

For detail description please see the Apendix 1 or https://www.fspublishers.org/published_papers/86311_..pdf

Figure 12A: Macrocheles matrius (Hull, 1925), female, dorsal view

Figure 12B: Macrocheles matrius (Hull, 1925), female, ventral view

Figure 12C: Macrocheles matrius (Hull, 1925), male, dorsal view

Figure 12D: Macrocheles matrius (Hull, 1925), male, ventral view

4.8. Macrocheles peniculatus (Berlese, 1918) (Figures 13: A-B) Macrocheles (Coprholaspis) peniculatus Berlese, 1918. Macrocheles (Coprholaspis) vicarious Berlese, 1918. Macrocheles caelatus Ramsay, 1970; Emberson, 1973. Macrocheles peniculatus Krantz and Filipponi, 1964; Karg, 1971; Bregetova, 1977; Wallace, 1986; Halliday, 2000. Diagnostic characters: Dorsal setae z2 smooth and needle like, Z5 and S5 are equal in length. Ventrianal shield wider than length. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 13A).

Idiosomal length larger 1142(1135-1156) than width 920(916-938). Mostly dorsal setae are distally pilose. Dorsal setae j2-3-6, J2-5, z1, z5-6 and s2 are smooth and needle like setae. Setae S5 is almost same in length of setae Z5. Dorsal shield covered with network of puncture areas. Length of setae: j1 17(16-17); j2 12(12-13); j3 42(41-42); j4 87(86-88); j5 37(36-38); j6 36(36-38); J2 41(41-42); J5 37(36-38); z1 25(24-26); z2 47(46-48); z4 95(94-98); z5 37(36-38); z6 30(29-30); Z1, Z2 and Z4 91(91-93); Z5 52(51- 53); s2 30(30-31); s4 45(44-46); s5 69(69-71); s6 57(56-58); S1 62(61-63); S2 75(74-75); S4 57(56-58); S5 30(30-32); r2 62(61-63); r3 35(34-35); r4 50(49-51).

Ventrum (Figure 13B).

Sternal shield ranges from 272(270-280). Linea media transversa is curved, U like shaped with punctates. The length of sternal setae are as: St1 77(76-78); St2 37(37-38), St3 50(49-50).

Ventrianal shield is triangular shaped, ranges from 440 (440-450) in length and 734 (730-750) in width. Ventrianal shield having network of punctures with smooth and needle like setae (Jv1-3) and length of ventrianal shield is smaller than its width, 107 x 140 (length X width). The length of Jv-series setae are as: Jv1 62(62-64); Jv2 35(34-36); 40(39-41).

Hypostome.

Hypostome of female is 312(309-314) in length and 222(215-229) in width.

Chelicerae.

Chelicerae of female 90 (86-97) in length.

Peritreme.

Peritreme of M. peniculatus is 357(345-369) in length, start with the parallel of z1 setae and end at the middle of coxa-III and coxa-IV.

Legs.

Legs are simple while Leg IV is larger than Leg II and III with no spur and other grooves. The size of the legs are detailed as: Leg-I 230(219-234); Leg-II 216(214-218); Leg-III 212(211-214); Leg-IV 335(330-338).

MALE

Unknown.

DISTRIBUION

This species is well distributed in the world (Mašán 2003; Halliday 2000).

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): Seven females examined from Kavak (41°4'25"N, 36°2'25"E); three females examined from Ozçecek Fabrics, Vezirköprü, (41⁰ 08'42.29''N, 35⁰ 52'26.14"E); four females examined from Havza (40°57'57.762''N, 35°35'57.0084''E); two females from Havza (40°54'54''N, 35°42'33''E); three females from Ladik (40°53'24''N, 35°56'9''E); four females from Kavak (41°4'25"N, 36°2'25"E) examined; one female from Vezirköprü (41°7'59.9"N, 35°27'00"E); one female from Tekkeköy (41°6'57.22''N, 36°25'14.9''E).

REMARKS

During survey of household poultry mite fauna both species (M. peniculatus (Berlese 1918)) was commonly found in Samsun Province, Turkey. This was species first

time identified from poultry manure and new record for Turkish fauna. Morphology all the dorsal and ventral characters are same to European and Australian mites.

Figure 13A: Macrocheles peniculatus (Berlese, 1918), female, dorsal view

Figure 13B: Macrocheles peniculatus (Berlese, 1918), female, ventral view

4.9. Macrocheles scutatus (Berlese, 1904) (Figures 14: A-B) Holostapis subbadius var. scutatus Berlese, 1904: 264. Macrocheles vicinus Lettner, 1946: 85; Krauss, 1970: 16. Macrocheles subbadius Evans and Browning, 1956: 19; Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960: 132; Petrova, 1960: 399; Filipponi, 1962: 129; Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1962: 228; Petrova, 1964: 553; Petrova, 1967: 1037. Macrocheles willmani Krauss, 1970: 24. Diagnostic characters: Dorsum oval with reticulation, majority of dorsal setae smooth and needle like while 2-4 pairs (j1, J5, j4 and z4) dorsal setae pilose or serrated. Lar longer, concave while all the sternal area coarsely punctate. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 14A).

Dorsum rectangular with network of depressions and ornamentations, 950(654- 956) long and 610(403-617) wider at level of r4 with 28 pairs of setae. Most of the dorsal setae are needle like. Median line is clear present in most of the specimens. The length of the dorsal setae as; j1 16(13-16), j2 4(4-5), j3 19(18-19), j4 16(15-17), j5 15(13-15), j6 15(14-15), J2 17(17-19), J5 20(19-21), z1 3(2-3), z2 30(29-30), z4 21(19-22), z5 13(12- 15), z6 14(13-16), Z1 23(21-25), Z2 26(26-28), Z4 26(25-27), Z5 20(19-21), s2 21(20- 21), s4 21(21-24), s5 21(20-22), s6 22(21-22), S1 27(26-27), S2 25(25-26), S4 24(23-25), S5 16(15-17), r2 11(11-13), r3 13(12-14) and r4 12(12-15).

Ventrum (Figure 14B).

Sternal shield wider 83(73-106) than long 80(76-100), width measured at level of coxa-II. Sternal shield has three pairs of needle like setae. Lmt connected with St2 while Lar significantly forwarded reached the Loa. Lan significantly developed and clear while Loa uncertain (clearly visible in some specimens) and Lop cleared one. At the end of Lmt, cluster of ornamentation (like a point) present which is almost between the coxa-II and coxa-III.

Metasternal shield oval in shape and independent from other shields with needle like single seta on each shield. Genital shield wider 110(107-134) than long 70(67-89)

with one pair of needle like setae. Genital shield having depressions and helmet shaped or curved. The all sternal setae sizes as; St1 17(17-18), St2 21(20-22), St3 19(18-19), St4 12(11-12) and St5 18(17-18).

Ventrianal shield width equal or larger than length, 140(136-159) long and 142(140-167) wide. Ventrianal shield decorated with mesh like structure and ornamentations with three pairs of preanal setae. All he preanal, anal and postanal setae simple and needle like. The length of ventrianal setae as; Jv1 20(19-21), Jv2 16(15-16), Jv3 14(14-15), as (anal) 16(15-16) and as (postanal) 5(4-6).

Hypostome.

Hypostome simple and smooth with three pairs of hypostomal setae and pair of palpcoxa setae. All hypostomal and palpcoxal setae needle like. Hypostomal setae h3 longer than others. Cornicles long as cover the palp trochanter. Deutrosernal groove cleared with 6 transverse denticles. Tectum having three parts, middle one larger than others.

Chelicerae.

Chelicerae well developed, moveable digit larger 54(47-58) than fixed digit 38(36-42) with simple and needle like pilus dentilis.

Legs.

Coxa-I, II and III having pair of setae while coxa-IV with one seta, all the setae are needle like. The length of legs as; leg-I 720(712-734), leg-II 710(698-717), leg-III 730(711-735) and leg-IV 1050(994-1076).

MALE

Unknown.

DISTRIBUION

This species was identified from Europe, Asia, North Africa and South Africa (Mašán 2003; Halliday 2000).

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): Three females found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); two females from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined; one female observed from Çıvrıll (41°12'7.9" N, 35°58'59" E); two females found from (41°32'60" N, 35°52'59.99" E) Bafra; two females found from (41°22'53.04" N, 36°12'59.04" E) Öndokuz Mayıs Univeritesi; one female found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); one female found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site-1); two females from (41°9'22.35" N, 35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site- 2); one female found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): Two females found from (31°10'52.8'' N, 72°30'02.72'' E) from Jhang; one female found from (31°23'12.05'' N, 71°3'29.21'' E) Notak, Bakhar; one female found from (29°22'15'' N, 70°31'24'' E) Fazilpur, Rajanpur; two females found from (29°10'24.61'' N, 70°24'36.65'' E) Rajanpur; one female found from (29°57'0.29'' N, 70°15'29.52'' E) Kotmithan, Rajanpur; one female found from (30°41'33'' N, 70°1'19'' E) Ehsanpur, Layyah; two females found from (30°09'51.61'' N, 71°5'41.76'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; one female found from (28°27'24.23'' N, 70°21'21.15'' E) Rahim Yar Khan.

REMARKS

The Macrocheles scutatus was reported by Malik (2016) with poor description and illustrations from soil while here the author redescriped and reported first time from poultry manure of Pakistan.

Figure 14A: Macrocheles scutatus (Berlese, 1904), female, dorsal view

Figure 14B: Macrocheles scutatus (Berlese, 1904), female, ventral view

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4.10. Macrocheles glaber (Muller, 1860) (Figures 15: A-C) Holostaspis glabra Muller, 1860: 178. Gamasus stercorarius Kramer, 1876: 95. Holostaspis badius Berlese, 1889: 3. Macrocheles badius Oudemans, 1904: 93. Macrocheles vulgaris Oudemans, 1914: 91. Macrocheles marginatus var. littoralis Halbert, 1915: 67. Macrocheles alecto Berlese, 1918: 153. Macrocheles alecto var. aegyptius Berlese, 1918: 155. Macrocheles alecto var. aethiopicus Berlese, 1918: 155. Macrocheles alecto var. australis Berlese, 1918: 155. Macrocheles oudemansii Hull, 1925: 215. Macrocheles veterrimus Sellnick, 1940: 80; Leitner, 1946: 148. Coprholaspis glaber Vitzthum, 1941: 589; Schweizer, 1949: 37. Coprholaspis anglicusi Turk, 1946: 791. Macrocheles stercorarius Sellnick, 1955: 62. Diagnostic characters: Most of the dorsal setae are simple, smooth and needle like while j1, J5 and sometimes j4, z4, r2 and r3 are pilose and serrated. Dorsal setae j1 apically broadened while Lar slightly curved, straight and short. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 10) Dorsum (Figure 15A).

Dorsum longer 750(745-778) than 520(512-535) wider (at r4), reticulated and widely oval with sculptural lines. Dorsum having 28 pairs of setae. Most of the dorsal setae smooth, simple and needle like while two to 6 pairs of setae are pilose or serrate; j1 and J5 (j4, z4, r2 and r3 sometimes). Dorsal or vertical setae j1 apically broadened and shows pilosity while z1 needle like small and away from j1. Dorsal setae j2 needle like, almost equal in length and reached the base of j1. Vertical setae J5 serrated and needle like smaller or equal than j5. Dorsal shield having a clear division line in center below the j6 and z6 dorsal setae. The length of dorsal setae as; j1 25(23-26), j2 20(20-21), j3 20(19- 101

20), j4 11(10-12), J5 15(14-16), j6 14(14-16), J2 11(10-11), J5 13(12-14), z1 9(9-10), z2 25(24-26), z5 13(12-14), z6 13(13-14), Z1 20(19-20), Z2 21(20-21), Z4 31(29-32), Z5 22(21-23), s2 21(21-22), s4 26(24-26), s5 26(25-27), s6 11(10-11), S1 13(12-14), S2 and S4 21(20-22), S5 19(18-19), r2 24(23-25), r3 21(20-21) and r4 23(22-25).

Ventrum (Figure 15B).

Ventrum well developed and sculptured with 780(754-792) in length and 470(465-497) in width. Sternal shield wider 222(219-236) than long 220(209-228) with punctate posteriorly and distinct patterns of lines. Sternal shield having three pairs of setae (smooth and needle like). Lmt are well developed and distinct while Lar short, slightly curved and straight (sometimes) with irregular punctures and ending laterally. Sternal setae ranges as; St1 14(13-15), St2 20(20-21) and St3 17(16-18), St4 14(13-15) and St5 21(20-21).

Metasternal shield free, well-developed and having a needle like seta (St4) which is equal in size to St1. Genital shield (173(167-185) long and 163(154-184) wide) is well developed and having puntactes, depressions and ornamentations with needle like setae (St5).

Ventrianal shield longer 286(245-298) than wide 267(259-312) with a network of sculpture and subpentagonal in shape. The marginal portion of the ventrianal shield are decorated with ornamentations and having three pairs of preanal setae with one pair of anal and single postanal setae. All the ventrianal setae are needle like. The ventrianal setae size ranges as; Jv1 23(21-24), Jv2 21(19-21), Jv3 15(14-15), as (anal setae) 11(10- 11) and as (postanal seta) 5(4-5).

Hypostome.

Hypostome is well developed and smooth surface with three pairs of hypostomal setae. All the hyostomatic setae are simple and need like while h1 longer than others. The hypostomal setae h2 and h3 are parallel to each other. The deutosternal groove cleared and well developed with five denticles.

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Chelicerae.

Chelicerae are well developed and long with pilus dentilis and pilose or brush shape seta on the back of the fixed digit. Fixed digit 100(82-102) long while moveable digit 85(76-87) long.

Legs.

The legs simple without spur and having two setae on coxae I, II and III while coxa IV having one seta (all coxal setae are needle like). The length of legs as; leg-I 750(745-762), leg-II 875(823-890), leg-III 700(656-743) and leg-IV 1020(997-1042).

MALE (Figure 15C)

The male having same dorsal patterns and setal arrangements while ventral shield is divided into two shields; sternogenital and ventrianal shields. Sternogenital shield having five pairs of simple and needle like sternal setae (St1 to St5) with 288(275-296) in length and 128(118-126) in width (at level of coxa-II).

Ventrianal shield having ornamentations and patterns of lines with three pairs, one pairs and one simple and smooth setae of preanal, anal and postanal respectively. Ventrianal shield wider 238(228-242) than 209(194-213) long.

Chelicerae are well developed as female additionally spermatodectyl on the moveable digit. Fixed digit smaller than moveable digit in length. All the legs characters are same as female have except legs II and IV having spur on femur.

DISTRIBUION

This species was identified from Europe, Asia, North Africa and South Africa (Mašán 2003; Halliday 2000).

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

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Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); Three females and one male from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined; five females found from (41°32'60" N, 35°52'59.99" E) Bafra; one female found from (41°22'53.04" N, 36°12'59.04" E) Öndokuz Mayıs Univeritesi; three females found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); two females identified from (41°25'41.91" N, 35°51'47.32" E) Alaçam (Site-2); three females found from (41°36'00" N, 35°36'00" E) Alaçam (Site-3); five females found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site-1); six females from (41°9'22.35" N, 35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site-2); one female found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): Six females and three males from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad; five females and one male from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad; ten females and two males from (30°49'60'' N, 70°42'0.86'' E) Kotmor, Taunsa Sharif, Dera Ghazi Khan; eight females from (31°26'60'' N, 71°5'9'' E) Notak, Bakhar; four females and one male from (29°49'21'' N, 70°36'48'' E) Kot chutta, Dera Ghazi Khan; three females from (29°22'15'' N, 70°31'24'' E) Fazilpur, Rajanpur; seven females from (31°26'21'' N, 73°4'33'' E) poultry farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; twelve females and two males from (30°41'33'' N, 70°1'19'' E) Ehsanpur, Layyah; nine females from (31°20'56'' N, 70°36'38'' E) Chak#214, Jhang.

REMARKS

The Macrocheles glaber is first time explored from Pakistan having similar morphological characters as Solvakian and Australian species.

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Figure 15A: Macrocheles glaber (Muller, 1860), female, dorsal view

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Figure 15B: Macrocheles glaber (Muller, 1860), female, ventral view

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Figure 15C: Macrocheles glaber (Muller, 1860), male, ventral view

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4.11. Macrocheles perglaber Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1962 (Figures 16: A-D) Macrocheles alecto Krauss, 1970: 16. Macrocheles stercorarius Krauss, 1970: 16. Diagnostic characters: Most of the dorsal setae pilose or distally pilose while j2, j3, z2, s6 and r4 are distally pilose and j5, j6, J2, z1, z5, and z6 are similar to that of Macrocheles glaber (needle like). DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 10) Dorsum (Figure 16A).

Dorsum longer 1250(1223-1276) than 690(634-726) wider (at level of r4), reticulated and widely oval with sculptural lines and patterns with 28 pairs of setae. Most of the dorsal setae pilose of brush like while j5, j6, J2, z1, z5, and z6 needle like or simple; j4, z4, r2, r3 and s5 distally pilose. Dorsal or vertical setae j1 apically broadened and shows distal pilosity while z1 needle like small and away from j1. Vertical setae J5 serrated and needle like. Dorsal shield having a clear division line in center below the j6 and z6 dorsal setae. The length of dorsal setae as; j1 20(21-22), j2 21(20-21), j3 20(19- 20), j4 18(17-19), j5 16(15-16), j6 20(19-20), J2 22(21-22), J5 18(17-18), z1 10(9-10), z2 25(24-25), z4 27(26-27), z5 22(21-23), z6 16(15-16), Z1 21(20-21), Z2 20(20-21), Z4 22(22-23), Z5 15(15-16), s2 29(28-29), s4 22(22-23), s5 25(25-27), s6 30(29-30), S1 21(20-21), S2 16(15-16), S4 18(17-18), S5 21(20-21), r2 21(20-21), r3 17(17-19) and r4 20(20-21).

Ventrum (Figure 16B).

Ventrum well developed and sculptured with 800(794-822) in length and 380(372-398) in width. Sternal shield wider 300(279-306) than long 223(219-228) with punctate posteriorly and distinct patterns of lines. Sternal shield having three pairs of setae (smooth and needle like). Lmt are well developed and distinct while Lar short, slightly curved and straight (sometimes) with irregular punctures and ending laterally. Sternal setae range as; St1 36(35-36), St2 24(23-24) and St3 20(20-21), St4 21(20-21) and St5 34(33-34).

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Metasternal shield free, well-developed and having a needle like seta (St4) which is equal in size to St1. Genital shield (74(67-85) long and 121(101-134) wide) is well developed and having puntactes, depressions and ornamentations with needle like setae (St5).

Ventrianal shield wider 480(465-498) than long 450(428-467) with a network of sculpture and subpentagonal in shape. The marginal portion of the ventrianal shield are decorated with ornamentations and having three pairs of preanal setae with one pair of anal and single postanal setae. All the ventrianal setae are needle like. The ventrianal setae size ranges as; Jv1 30 (29-33), Jv2 30(29-32), Jv3 29(29-31), as (anal setae) 27(26- 28) and as (postanal seta) 18(17-19).

Hypostome.

Chelicerae.

Chelicerae are well developed and long with pilus dentilis and pilose or brush shape seta on the back of the fixed digit. Fixed digit 78(73-102) long while moveable digit 69(67-87) long.

Legs.

The legs simple without spur and having two setae on coxae I, II and III while coxa IV having one seta (all coxal setae are needle like). The length of legs as; leg-I 720(715-732), leg-II 815(810-830), leg-III 798(778-801) and leg-IV 1100(1097-1142).

MALE (Figure 16C)

All the characters are similar to Macrocheles glaber except dorsal setal patterns and shape.

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DISTRIBUION

This species was identified from Europe, Asia, North Africa and South Africa (Mašán 2003; Halliday 2000).

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): Three females from Doğanca (41° 39' 05'' N, 36⁰ 01'10.9'' E) in Bafra in Samsun (Site-1); three females and one male from Doğanca, Bafra, Samsun Province, Turkey (Site-2) (41⁰ 39'13.8'' N, 36⁰ 00'45.7'' E); One female from Site-2; five females and one male were examined from Doğanca, Bafra (Site-3) (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E); Two females and one males found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); Three females and one male from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined; five females found from (41°32'60" N, 35°52'59.99" E) Bafra; one female found from (41°22'53.04" N, 36°12'59.04" E) Öndokuz Mayıs Univeritesi; three females found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); two females identified from (41°25'41.91" N, 35°51'47.32" E) Alaçam (Site-2); three females found from (41°36'00" N, 35°36'00" E) Alaçam (Site-3); five females found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site-1); six females from (41°9'22.35" N, 35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site-2); one female found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

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REMARKS

The Macrocheles perglaber is reported first time from Pakistan having similar morphology as Solvakian and Australian species.

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Figure 16A: Macrocheles perglaber Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1962, female, dorsal view

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Figure 16B: Macrocheles perglaber Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1962, female, ventral view

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Figure 16C: Macrocheles perglaber Filipponi and Pegazzano, male, dorsal view

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Figure 16D: Macrocheles perglaber Filipponi and Pegazzano, male, ventral view

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4.12. Macrocheles nataliae Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960 (Figures 17: A-B) Macrocheles sp. Cooreman, 1943: 24. Macrocheles melisii Gotz, 1970: 24. Diagnostic characters: Dorsum with reticulations and network of transversally meshes having sculptural line below the z6. Three to five pairs of dorsal setae distally pilose including J5 serrated with dorsal shield posteriorly serrated. Lmt well indicated and impunctate. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 2) Dorsum (Figure 17A).

Dorsum reticulated and widely oval (wider on the shoulder side) with sculptural lines and patterns. Most of the dorsal setae simple, needle like with 3-5 pairs of posterior dorsal setae along with j1 slightly pilose or distally pilose. Vertical setae j1 broadened apically showing pilosity, z1 small spine like setae near marigin of anterior dorsal shield. Posterior dorsal setae J5, Z5 and S5 serrated, and often Z4 and S4 also show serrations in some specimens. Centro-posterior dorsal setae (J2, Z1, Z2 and Z4) longer than others. The length of dorsal setae as; j1 31(30-32), j2 22(21-23), j3 31(30-32), j4 37(36-39), j5 28(27- 29), j6 31(30-33), J2 51(50-53), J5 21(20-21), z1 10(9-10), z2 31(30-33), z4 30(29-32), z5 29(28-30), z6 36(35-37), Z1 40(39-42), Z2 47(46-49), Z4 51(50-53), Z5 44(42-45), s2 30(29-31), s4 37(36-38), s5 35(34-37), s6 41(40-42), S1 33(32-34), S2 36(35-37), S4 38(37-40), S5 28(26-29), r2 35(34-37), r3 30(30-32) and r4 34(33-36).

Ventrum (Figure 17B).

Ventrum well developed, sternal shield with punctate posteriorly and distinct patterns of lines. Lmt and Lar clearly distinguished with impunctation posteriorly and micropuctures present anteriorly while macropunttures present posteriorly. Three pairs of sternal setae smooth and needle like, St1 and St2 equal in size while St3 longer than others. Sternum deeply concave along the coxae II. Sternal setae range as; St1 and St2 19(18-20) and St3 20(20-21), St4 21(20-21) and St5 20(19-21).

Metasternal shield separated and well developed with metasternal seta (St4), needle like. Genital shield longer than wide, well developed without punctations.

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Ventrianal shield with a network of sculpture and subpentagonal in shape. All the ventrianal setae are needle like. The ventrianal setae size ranges as; Jv1 24(23-25), Jv2 23(22-24), Jv3 26(25-27), as (anal setae) 18(16-19) and as (postanal seta) 18(17-19).

Hypostome.

Hypostome is well developed and smooth surface with three pairs of hypostomal setae. All the hyostomatic setae are simple and need like The deutosternal groove cleared and well developed with five to six denticles.

Chelicerae.

Chelicerae are well developed and long with pilus dentilis and pilose or brush shape seta on the back of the fixed digit. Fixed digit having two teeths while moveable digit with one large tooth along with three small teeths.

Legs.

The legs simple without spur and having two setae on coxae I, II and III while coxa IV having one seta (all coxal setae are needle like).

MALE (Figure 16C)

Unknown.

DISTRIBUION

This species was identified from Europe and Asia (Mašán 2003).

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): one female from (31°26'21'' N, 73°4'33'' E) poultry farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; two females from (30°41'33'' N, 70°1'19'' E) Ehsanpur, Layyah; three females from (31°20'56'' N, 70°36'38'' E) Chak#214, Jhang.

REMARKS

The Macrocheles nataliae was reported by Malik (2016) with poor description and illustrations from soil while here the author redescriped and reported first time from

117

poultry manure of Pakistan. Also the pattern of sternal shield varies from Malik (2016) illustrations.

Figure 17A: Macrocheles nataliae Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960, female, dorsal view

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Figure 17B: Macrocheles nataliae Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960, female, ventral view

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4.13. Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp. (Figures 18: A-B) Diagnostic characters: Dorsum with reticulations and network of transversally meshes having sculptural line below the z6. Three to five pairs of dorsal setae distally pilose including J5 serrated with dorsal shield posteriorly serrated. Lmt well indicated and impunctate. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 18A).

Dorsal shield oval in shape, similar to Macrocheles glaber and Macrocheles lisae. Alveolated ornamentations between J2, Z1 & Z2 along with procurved lines. Median and posterior part reticulated under punctures with fourteen (14) pairs of pores. Twentyeight pairs of dorsal setae, mostly dorsal setae smooth, simple and needle like except j1 and J5: j1 distally pilose, z1 short (missing in Holotype), J5 entirely serrated or pilose. Dorsum median line curved by making loop under the j6 and present at more than half measurement from dorsal setae j1 base. Peritreme started before the base of the z1 setae with length of 650. The length of dorsal setae as; j1 40(39-41), j2 32(31-32), j3 50(48- 50), j4 42(41-43), j5 40(39-40), j6 42(41-42), J2 52(51-52), J5 57(55-57), z1 7(6-7), z2 77(76-77), z4 60(59-61), z5 42(40-42), z6 50(50-51), Z1 72(71-73), Z2 77(76-78), Z4 72(71-73), Z5 32(31-33), s2 80(80-81), s4 72(72-73), s5 72(71-73), s6 57(56-58), S1 57(56-58), S2 60(59-60), S4 70(68-71), S5 52(51-53), r2 65(64-66), r3 60(59-61) and r4 67(66-67).

Ventrum (Figure 17B).

Venter ranges from 780(763-789) in length and 470(465-476) in width. Sternal shield length is smaller than width. All the three pairs of sternal setae simple, smooth and needle like. Sternal shield strongly ornamented with Lmt curved reaching the base of St2 setae and middle of Loa with puncture underlined. Lar present at the end of Lan with small downward curved lines. Lan curved line under cluster of punctures followed by pore at the end. Loa strongly curved parallel to coxa-II. Lop curved with Lmt at centre with dense Ap and less Apf punctures. Sternal setae St1 greater than others. Sternal shield crosses the middle of coxa-III.

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Metasternal plate present parallel to the end of the coxa-III with rounded shape and without pore. Metasternal seta is smooth and needle like equal to St3.

Genital shield broader than long with one simple and needle like setae (larger than other ventrum setae). Genital shield with strongly ornamented and curved four lines along with puncture underline.

Ventrianal shield smaller in length than width with seven main transverse lines underlined with punctures. First transverse line with irregular pattern and last line without punctures underlined and with two sclerotized rings. Ventrianal shield with three simple and needle like preanal setae, present on frst, second and fifth transverse lines. Among preanal setae Jv3 is smaller than other while as (postanal) is smaller than other preanal setae. The length of ventral setae are as follows: St1 65(64-66); St2 55(54-55); St3 50(48- 51); St4 50(49-51); St5 57(56-58); Jv1 52(51-53); Jv2 50(49-50) and Jv3 47(46-47).

Hypostome.

Hypostome longer than width (237 X 195) with three pair hypostomal setae and one pair pc setae. Hypostomal setae h3 is larger than others while pc setae equal or greater than h2 in length. Median gutter of hypostome with five fringed denticals. Cornicals of hypostome toothed.

Chelicerae.

Cheliceral movable digit and fixed digit with three teeth. Moveable digit terminal tooth strong and hook like than others with small tooth while fixed digit with pilus detilis and pyramidal tooth. Arthrodial brush smaller than moveable digit (1/4) and pilose.

Legs.

Legs having simple and needle like setal arrangement and genu IV with seven setae. Leg IV larger than others with no spur or outgrowth. Tarsus of leg II (Holotype) with length of 382 with all simple setae. The Length of legs are as: Leg-I 750(738-761); leg-II 763(756-771); leg-III 701(689-705); leg-IV 1012(992-1020).

MALE (Figure 16C)

Unknown.

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DISTRIBUION

First time reported from Pakistan.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): Five females from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan; two females from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan; six females from (31°20'56'' N, 70°36'38'' E) Chak#214, Jhang.

ETYMOLOGY

This species is named pakistanensis, as identified from Pakistan.

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4.14. Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp. (Figures 19: A-B) Diagnostic characters: Dorsum with reticulations and network of transversally meshes having sculptural line below the z6. Linae arcuate “W” shaped with punctations posteriorly. Mostly dorsal setae needle like or smooth while vertical setae j1 distally pilose and J5 slightly serrated. Linae media transversa straight with pits posteriorly. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 19A).

Dorsal shield oblong in shape, similar to Macrocheles glaber group. Mostly the dorsal setae simple, needle like and thicker than other glaber group species. A stronger curved transverse line below z6 setae. Peritreme extended beyond the base of the z1 setae. The length of dorsal setae as; j1 23(22-24), j2 13(12-14), j3 14(13-15), j4 21(20-22), j5 26(25-27), j6 20(19-22), J2 27(25-28), J5 13(12-14), z1 6(5-8), z2 22(20-23), z4 31(30- 33), z5 24(23-26), z6 20(20-21), Z1 25(25-27), Z2 37(36-38), Z4 34(33-35), Z5 25(24-26), s2 15(14-16), s4 26(25-27), s5 23(20-24), s6 20(18-20), S1 24(23-25), S2 and S4 30(29- 31), S5 22(22-24), r2 23(20-24), r3 20(19-22) and r4 21(20-23).

Ventrum (Figure 19B).

Sternal shield longer 87(85-89) than 76(73-78) wide. Sternum with needle like three pairs of setae, St1 is longer than other sternal setae. Sternum with slightly curved linae media transversa while linae arcuata posteriorly punctated having “w” shaped by joining the linae oblique transverse line. The length of sternal setae as: St1 21(20-22); St2 20(19-20); St3 13(12-14); St4 14(13-16); St5 17(16-18).

Metasternal shield separated with sternal setae St3 (smooth and needle like). Genital shield wider than long with one simple and needle like setae (larger than St3 and St4). Genital shield with weekly ornamented.

Ventrianal shield longer than wide, sharply curved posteriorly while all ventrianal setae needle like along with six transverse lines (posterior transverse lines strongly punctated). Ventrianal setae Jv3 slightly longer than other ventrianal setae. The length of ventrianal setae are as follows: Jv1 13(12-14); Jv2 10(9-11) and Jv3 15(14-16).

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Hypostome.

Hypostome longer than width (162 X 96) with three pair hypostomal setae and one pair pc setae. Median gutter of hypostome with five fringed denticals. Cornicals of hypostome toothed.

Legs.

Legs having simple and needle like setal arrangement and genu IV with seven setae. Leg IV larger than others with no spur or outgrowth. Tarsus of leg II (Holotype) with length of 382 with all simple setae. The Length of legs are as: Leg-I 550(538-561); leg-II 563(556-571); leg-III 501(589-605); leg-IV 812(792-820).

MALE

Unknown.

DISTRIBUION

First time reported from Pakistan.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Etymology

This species is named Macrocheles punjabensis, as identified from Punjab province, Pakistan.

REMARKS

Macrocheles pakistanensis and Macrocheles punjabensis are found from Punjab province, Pakistan during 2014-15 survey of poultry manure samples. The said species are compared with four well known species of the world from different region as given below in table-2. Both species are from Macrocheles glaber group; similar with

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Macrocheles glaber, M. friggi and M. lisae morphological characters but different ornamentation, seta arrangement and body size.

Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp. Vs M. glaber Vs Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp.

 All species have similar dorsum shape, numbers of pores, sternal shield size but different from each other on the basis of dorsal shield ornamentation, dorsal setae j4 and z4 show pilosity in only M. glaber than other compared group members.  Linea arcuata is irregular in M. pakistanensis n. sp. and “w” shaped in Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp. while it’s M-shaped in M. glaber.  Ventrianal shield clearly varied from M. glaber having 7 and 6 transverse lines and longer than wide in both new species.

Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp. Vs M. lisae Vs Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp.

Most of the morphological characters are similar as shown from table except;

 Linea arcuata straight in compared species but it found irregular or slightly curved without punctates in new species.  All the dorsal ornamentations and setae formation similar to M. lisae but lack of alveolated ornamentation between the z2, s2 & r2 and J2, Z1 & Z2 in compared species and Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp..  M. lisae found from cattle dung while said new species identified from poultry manure.  Dorsal shield with 20 dorsal pores in M. pakistanensis while it found 22 from compared species and Macrocheles punjbensis n. sp..  Tranverse lines on ventrianal shield same but the venrianal shield wider than longer in M. lisae and M. punjabensis n. sp. and opposite in M. pakistanensis n. sp. from Pakistan.

Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp. Vs M. friggi Vs Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp.

M. friggi similar in dorsal shape, number and shope dorsal setae along with sternal and ventrianal shield length but different from following characters;

 Twentytwo dorsal pores present on M. friggi while 20 on Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp. while similar in Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp.. 125

 Linae arcuata and linae angulata in M. pakistanensis n. sp. shown irregular and curved pattern respective while in M. friggi shown straight and slightly curved respectively, in Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp. Linae arcuata “W” shaped while Linae angulate slightly curved.  Number of transverse lines varies in both species.

Note. All the compared characterization based on literature.

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Characters Macrocheles friggi Macrocheles Macrocheles lisae Macrocheles Macrocheles Macrocheles limue glaber pakistanensis punjabensis

n. sp. n. sp.

Dorsal shield Oval Rounded Oval Oval Oval Oblong

Patterns Procurved lines Reticulate Procurved lines Sculptural Procurved lines Reticulate

Pores (pairs) 22 20 22 20 20 22

j4 Smooth Bipectinate Simple Distally pilose Needle like Needle like

J5 Entirely pilose Smooth Distally pilose Distally pilose Serrated or entirely Serrated pilose

S2 Smooth Smooth Simple Needle like Needle like Needle like

Z1 Smooth Smooth Simple Needle like Needle like Needle like

Z4 Smooth Smooth Simple Slightly pilose Needle like Needle like r2 Smooth Smooth Simple Needle like Needle like Needle like r3 Smooth Smooth Simple Needle like Needle like Needle like

Sternal shield L > W ------L > W L > W L > W L>W

Patterns Punctate Reticulation Punctures Sculptural Punctate Sculptural

Lan Slightly Curved Convergent Curved Curved Curved Curved medially

Lar Straight Straight Straight M-shape Irregular “W” shaped

Lmt Slightly curved Slightly curved Slightly curved Straight Slightly curved Slightly curved

St1 ------St1 ≥ St2 St1 > St2 St1 = St2

St2 ------St2 ≥ St3 St2 > St3 St2 = St3

St3 ------St3 ≤ St1 St3 < St1 St3 = St1

Ventrianal L > W L ≤ W L < W L ≤ W L > W L

Transverse 8 8 7 8 7 6 lines

Jv1 ------Jv1 ≥ Jv2 Jv1 > Jv2 Jv1 = Jv2

Jv2 ------Jv2 ≥ Jv3 Jv2 > Jv3 Jv2 = Jv3

Jv3 ------Jv3 ≤ Jv2 Jv3 < Jv2 Jv3 = Jv1

Table 2. Comparison characters (♀), Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp. and Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp. with following species: Özbek et al., 2015 (M. glaber); Niogret and Nicot, 2006 (M. lisae); Takaku, 2001 (M. limue); Walter and Krantz, 1986 (M. friggi).

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Figure 18A: Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp., female, dorsal view

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Figure 18B: Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp., female, ventral view

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h2 h3

Figure 18C-D Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp., female, C) Chelicera, D) Hypostome

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Figure 19A: Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp., female, dorsal view

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Figure 19B: Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp., female, ventral view

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GENUS GLYPTHOLASPIS FILIPPONI AND PEGAZZANO

Glyptholaspis Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1960: 136. Type species: Nothrholaspis fimicola Sellnick, 1931.

DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS GLYPTHOLASPIS FILIPPONI AND PEGAZZANO The genus Glyptholaspis ranges from 750 to 1600 µm. All the verntal and dorsal shields are well sclerotized with serration on the edges of the dorsal shield. Dorsal shield having 28 pairs of setae. Most of the dorsal setae are pilose, distally pilose or brush like except the central setae which are needle like or simple. Sternal shield is large with sclerotization and extended to coxa-III. The metasternal shield is always free with on seta. Genital and sternal shield are much closer to each other. Ventrianal shield carries three pair of preanal setae and three anal setae with reticulations and sculptures. Male are always holoventral with similar ornamentations.

KEY TO WELL KNOWN SPECIES OF GENUS GLYPTHOLASPIS FILIPPONI AND PEGAZZANO

1. Sternal shield strongly ornamented and extending to posterior margins of coxae-III posterolaterally, enclosing with genital shield ------Glyptholaspis Filipponi and Pegazzano -2 - Sternal shield with strongly to weekly ornamented and not extending to middle of coxae-III posterolaterally, may or may not enclosing with genital shield ------Macrocheles Litreille 2. Dorsal shield with 28 pairs of setae ------4 - Dorsal shield with 29 pairs of setae ------3 3. Dorsal shield with 29 pairs of dorsal setae and sternal shield separated with metasternal shield ------Glyptholaspis filipponi Roy, 1988 - Dorsal shield with 28 pairs of dorsal setae and sternal shield separated with metasternal shield ------Glyptholaspis gressitti Krantz and William, 1967 4. Dorsal setae J5 longer than S5 ------5 - Dorsal setae J5 equal or shorter than S5 ------7 5. Dorsal setae J5 brush-shape and not approaching the bases of j6 ------Glyptholaspis pontina Filipponi and Pegazzano 133

- Dorsal setae J5 simple or needle like and reaching the bases of j6 ------6 6. Dorsal setae r3 longer than s2 ------Glyptholaspis americana (Berlese, 1988) - Dorsal setae r3 shorter than s2 ------Glyptholaspis asperima (Berlese, 1988) 7. Dorsal setae J5 shorter, many microdenticles and two macrodenticles present between posterior margin of Z5, metalsternal shield slightly oval shape ------Glyptholaspis saprophila Mašán, 2003 - Dorsal setae longer, numerous to few microdenticles and macrodenticles present between posterior margin of Z5, metalsternal shield oval shape or triangular ------8 8. Dorsal shield with unpaired setae ------Glyptholaspis confusa (FAO, 1900) - Dorsal shield with or without unpaired setae ------9 9. Length of dorsal setae J5 same as the distance between J5 and Z5 ------Glyptholaspis fimicola (Sellnick, 1931) - Length of dorsal setae J5 not same as the distance between J5 and ------10 10. Dorsal and sternal ornamented cell wall festooned ------Glyptholaspis meripiensis Haritini et al., 2009 - Dorsal and sternal ornamented cell wall festooned or different ------11 11. Dorsum with two large teeth and serration between Z5 ------Glyptholaspis depuncta Petrova, 1967 - Dorsum with more than two large teeth between Z5 ------12 12. Sternal setae plumose ------Glyptholaspis indica Roy, 1988 - Sternal setae other than plumose ------13 13. Sternal setae St1 pilose and other simple or all simple ------Glyptholaspis cariasoi de-Jesus and Rueda, 1990 - Sternal setae St1 simple, pilose or plumose ------14 14. Posterior margin of dorsal shield with many small sharp teeth between two large teeth ------Glyptholaspis baichengensis Ma, 1997 - Posterior margin of dorsal shield with or many small sharp teeth between two large teeth ------15 15. Dorsal and ventral setae plumose and dorsal shield wider at anterior part ------Glyptholaspis wuhouyongi Ma, 1997 - Dorsal and ventral setae not plumose and dorsal shield shorter at anterior part ------Glyptholaspis pulmiventris Hull, 1925

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4.15. Glyptholaspis confusa (FOA, 1900) (Figures 20: A-B) Holostaspis confusa FOA, 1900: 137. Macrocheles plumiventris Hull, 1925: 216; Balogh, 1958: 251; Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960: 76; Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1960: 80. Macrocheles vagabundus Krauss, 1970: 20. Diagnostic characters: Dorsal shield having 28 pairs of setae with 1-2 unpaired setae between j6 and J2. All dorsal setae pilose or brush like except j6, z5, J2 and J5 needle like or distally pilose. DISTRIBUION

Europe (Germany, British, Austria, Solvakia, Bulgaria, Itly, Russia, Greece, Switzerland, Caucasus), Asia (Turkey, Turkmanestan, Uzbekistan), Argentina, New Zealand, Australia.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): Three female from Doğanca (41°39'05'' N, 36⁰ 01'10.9''E) in Bafra (Site-1); four females from Doğanca, Bafra (Site-2) (41⁰ 39'13.8'' N, 36⁰ 00'45.7'' E); five females were examined from Doğanca, Bafra (Site-3) (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E); three females found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); nine females from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined.

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Figure 20A: Glyptholaspis confusa (FOA, 1900), female, dorsal view

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Figure 20B: Glyptholaspis confusa (FOA, 1900), female, ventral view

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4.16. Glyptholaspis americana (Berlese, 1888) (Figures 21: A-B) Holostaspis marginatus var. americana Berlese, 1888: 195. Holostaspis vagabundus Berlese, 1889: 9. Macrocheles tardior Hull, 1925: 126. Macrocheles vagabundus Balogh, 1958: 251; Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960: 76; Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1960: 148; Schweizer, 1961: 77. Macrocheles tradus, partim Krauss, 1970: 20. Diagnostic characters: The dorsal shield 1195-1282 long and 576-593 wide. Central setae (j5, j6, z5, z6, J2 and J5) are simple or needle like and prolonged. Seta j5 reaches the base of the j6, j5, J2 and z6 almost similar in size while J5 equal or slightly larger than Z4 and Z5. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 21A).

Dorsal shield 1280(1276-1282) long and 590(587-593) wider at r4 level. Dorsal shield oval in shape with reticulation and punctate patterns while posterior margin of the shield Z5 between the two large denticles and numerous microdenticles. Dorsal shield having 28 pairs of setae, most of the dorsal setae are brush like while j5, j6, z5, z6, J2 and J5 are simple and needle like. The length of all dorsal setae; j1 65(64-65), j2 70(69-70), j3 83(82-84), j4 113(112-113), j5 154(152-154), j6 152(151-154), J2 151(149-152), J5 95(94-96), z1 60(59-60), z2 125(124-125), z4 113(112-114), z5 65(64-65), z6 152(151- 153), Z1 59(58-59), Z2 84(83-84), Z4 83(82-83), Z5 82(82-83), s2 108(107-108), s4 100(99-101), s5 107(106-107), s6 120(119-120), S1 110(109-110), S2 98(97-98), S4 94(93-94), S5 95(94-95), r2 105(104-105), r3 123(121-123) and r4 124(123-124).

Ventrum (Figure 21B).

Ventrum 1050(1042-153) longer and 490(485-492) wider at coxa-II. Sternal shield 325(324-326) longer and 354(341-356) wider at coxa-II. Sternal shield has three pairs of sternal setae (st-1 to st-3) with ornamentations and sclerotize. The length of St1 is longer than others; St1 105(104-105), St2 80(79-81) and St3 63(63-64). Metasternal shield or plate free from other shield with Needle like setae (St4 70(68-71)). Ventrianal shield wider 510(499-512) than long 410(403-412) with three pairs of peranal setae

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(pilose), Jv2 larger than others and two anal setae needle like with one postanal seta pilose. The ventrianal shield with polygon ornamentations with grove. The ventrianal setal length are; Jv1 103(102-104), Jv2 132(130-132), Jv3 98(97-98), as (anal setae) 58(57-58) and as (postanal seta) 12(11-12).

Hypostome.

Hypostome length of G. americana 430(429-433), h2 longer than other hypostomal setae with five denticles.

Chelicerae.

Chelicerae with 135(135-136) length, fixed digit and moveable digit having 2 teeths.

Legs.

Legs of said species are: 1110(1105-1115) leg-I, 1315(1292-1319) leg-II, 1180(1171- 1189) leg-III and 1847(1824-1856) leg-IV without any spur.

MALE

Unknown.

DISTRIBUION

Europe (France, Iceland, British, Spain, Switzerland, Poland, Ausria, Hungary, Solvakia, Bosnia i Herzigovena, Greece, Germany, Czeck Republic, Germany, Bulgaria, Poland, Armenia, Romania, Russia, Georgia), Asia (India, Tajikistan, Isreal, Uzbekistan, Turkey), America (Uraguay, Argentina, Brazil), South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun Province, Turkey (2013-14): Seven female from Doğanca (41°39'05'' N, 36⁰ 01'10.9'' E), Bafra (Site-1); four females from Doğanca, Bafra (Site-2) (41⁰ 39'13.8'' N, 36⁰ 00'45.7'' E); three females examined from Doğanca, Bafra (Site-3), (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E); five females found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); Three females from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined.

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Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): Two female from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad, Punjab Pakista; three females from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad; one female from (31°26'21'' N, 73°4'33'' E) poultry farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; one female from (29°49'21'' N, 70°36'48'' E).

REMARKS

The Glyptholaspis americana first time reported and identified from Pakistan. The morphology of the specimens are quite similar to Turkish specimens.

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Figure 21A: Glyptholaspis americana (Berlese, 1888), female, dorsal view

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Figure 21B: Glyptholaspis americana (Berlese, 1888), female, ventral view

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FAMILY LAELAPIDAE BERLESE Laelapidae Berlese, 1892. DIAGNOSIS OF THE FAMILY LAELAPIDAE BERLESE The first leg of members of family Laelapidae having two anterior later setae on tibia and genu, tectum having denticles or smooth, the female having genitiventrianal shield while male having holoventral shield.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF FAMILY LAELAPIDAE 1. Metapodal plate present, genital shield without inverted “V” shaped transverse line ------Eulaelaps - Metapodal plate absent, genital shield with or without inverted “V” shaped transverse lined ------2 2. Posterior margin of the genital shield slightly straight ------Gymnolaelaps - Posterior margin of the genital shield rounded ------3 3. Genu of leg IV having 10 setae (av and pv) ------Pneumolaelaps - Genu of leg IV having 9 setae (av) ------Gaeolaelaps

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Subfamily Laelapinae

GENUS GAEOLAELAPS EVANS AND TILL

Geolaelaps Berlese, 1923: 254. Gaeolaelaps Tragardh, 1952: 66. Gaeolaelaps Evans and Till, 1966: 159. Type species: Laelaps aculeifer Canestrini, 1884. Concept: The word “Gaeolaelaps” used with reference of Beaulieu (2009) here. DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS GAEOLAELAPS EVANS AND TILL Belonging to subfamily Hypoaspidine, dorsum haing 39 pairs of simple setae, having short to moderately elongate setae; mostly sternal shield longer than wide, sometimes wider than long. Presternal plate weekly to mordately sclerotized, epigynal shield having flask or tongue shaped, mostly peritreme not exceeding to coxae IV, genu of leg IV having nine setae with av and epistome of mostly members are denticulate. TAXONOMIC KEY OF THE GENUS GAEOLAELAPS EVANS AND TILL 1. Peritreme length short approaching anteriorly to the of coxa II or coxa III ------2 - Peritreme length longer approaching anteriorly to the level of coxa I ------18 2. Peritremal length anteriorly approaching to coxa III ----- Gaeolaelaps carbidophilus - Peritremal length anteriorly approaching to coxa II ------3 3. Peritreme approaching middle of coxa II ------4 - Peritreme approaching anterior margin of coxa II ------17 4. Veterical setae J5 three times smaller than Z5, all dorsal setae smaller other than j1 and Z5, dorsal shield with 38 pairs of setae ------Gaeolaelaps gleba - Dorsal shield with normal setae including Z5 ------5 5. Dorsum with 37 pairs of setae ------6 - Dorsum with 38-39 pairs of setae ------8 6. Podonotum having z2, s1, s2, r2, r3 and r5 setae ------7 - Podonotum lacking z2, s1 and r3 seae ------Gaeolaelaps vertisimilis 7. Podonotum lacking s1-2 and r2-5 ------Gaeolaelaps verticis - Podonotum having s1-2 and r2-5 ------Gaeolaelaps zhoumanshuae 8. Dorsum without Px3 ------Gaeolaelaps orientalis - Dorsum with Px3 ------9

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9. Genital shield approaching to anal shield ------10 - Genital shield not approaching to anal shield ------11 10. Genital shield width similar as anal shield ------Gaeolaelaps cerata - Genital shield width larger than anal shield ------Gaeolaelaps loksai 11. One pair of zx present on podonotum between z4 and z5 ------Gaeolaelaps latopuga One pair of zx absent on podonotum ------12 12. The length of verticle setae j5 longer than the distance between j6 to j5 ------Gaeolaelaps dailingensis - The length of verticle setae j5 shorter than the distance between j6 to j5 ------13 13. Palp apotele having 3 tined ------Gaeolaelaps bregetovae - Palp apotele having 2 tined ------14 14. Lateral margins of genital shield parallel ------15 - Lateral margins of genital shield not parallel ------16 15. Smooth patterns on sternal and genital shield ------Gaeolaelaps arabicus - Reticulated patterns on sternal and genital shield ------Gaeolaelaps nolli 16. Scale like reticulations on genital shield ------Gaeolaelaps koseii - Polygonal like reticulations on genital shield ------Gaeolaelaps simisetae 17. Dorsum with 41 pairs of setae ------Gaeolaelaps macra - Dorsum with 39 pairs of setae ------Gaeolaelaps orbiculatus 18. Dorsum less attenuated or normal posteriorly ------19 - Dorsum attenuated posteriorly ------22 19. Tarsus IV with spine like setae ------20 - Tarsus IV with simple, needle like setae ------22 20. Podonotal setae larger in size than opisthonotal setae ------Gaeolaelaps aculeifer - Podonotal setae mostly equal in size than opisthonotal setae ------21 21. Femur IV having antrio-lateral seta (al1) spine like ------Gaeolaelaps deinos - Femur IV having simple anterio-lateral seta (al1) ------Gaeolaeps oreithyiae 22. Sternal seta “St1” on presternal shield ------Gaeolaelaps minor - Sternal setae “St1” on sternal sehild ------23 23. Sternal shield posteriorly concave ------24 - Sternal shield slightly straight posteriorly ------25 24. Verticle “J” series setae with 3 unpaired setae ------Gaeolaelaps glabrosimilis - Verticle “J” series setae without unpaired setae ------Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp. 145

25. Dorsum with short setae (not reaching the base of next setae) ------Gaeolaelaps praesternalis - Dorsum with long setae (reaching the base of next setae) ------26 26. Two paired of Px between J and Z series setae ------Gaeolaelaps kargi - Without two paired of Px between J and Z series setae ------Gaeolaelaps iranicus

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4.17. Gaeolaelaps aculiefer (Canestrini, 1884) Laelaps aculiefer Canestrini, 1884. Diagnostic characters: The dorsal shield is well sclerotized and covered with a faint reticulate pattern. It bears 39 pairs of fine setae; some specimens unpaired of seta is also present. The sternal shield with three pair of setae and two pairs of pores. The genital shield is flask shaped and having one pair of setae. Seven pairs of setae arise from the cuticle on either side of genital and anal plate. DISTRIBUION

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun Province, Turkey (2013-14): two females from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca (41°39'05'' N, 36⁰ 01'10.9''E), Bafra (Site-1); three females from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-2) (41⁰ 39'13.8'' N, 36⁰ 00'45.7'' E); three females examined from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-3), (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E); five females found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); six females from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined; two females found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); three females identified from (41°25'41.91" N, 35°51'47.32" E) Alaçam (Site-2); two females found from (41°36'00" N, 35°36'00" E) Alaçam (Site-3); ten females found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site- 1); three females from (41°9'22.35" N, 35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site-2); one female found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

REMARKS

The Gaeolaelaps aculiefer commonly found in poultry manure from Samsun province, Turkey.

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4.18. Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp. (Figures 22: A-B) Diagnostic characters: The dorsal shield 1195-1282 long and 576-593 wide. Central setae (j5, j6, z5, z6, J2 and J5) are simple or needle like and prolonged. Verticle setae “J5” equal or slightly larger than Z4 and Z5, with two pairs of Px setae between J and Z series setae posteriorly. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 22A).

. Dorsum having length of 400(410-478) and 159(136-186) in width at level of r3, suboval in shape, dorsal shield projecting concave shape at level of seta r3 to S3, reticulation as a network of small hexagonal shaped which reduces posteriorly, U-shaped curved without reticulations between j5 to j6 while having heart shape reticulations between j3 to j4. Dorsum having 39 pairs of setae, having 22 pairs of simple setae on podonotum and 17 pairs of setae on opisthonotum including two pairs of Px setae between J and Z series setae, two pairs of “R” series setae on the soft and weekly sclerotized cuticle shiled, Anterior setae longer than than posterior setae except Z5, S5, and J5, setae Z5 longer than all other setae while most of opisthonotum setae same in size, 14 pairs of pores present on dorsum (7 pairs on both podo- and opitho-notum) including dorsal lyrifissure behind z1, the length of dorsum setae as: j2, j3, j6, J1, J2 and J3 ranges from 14-16; j1, j4, j5, J4 and J5 ranges from 18-20; z1, z4, z6, Z1, Z3 and Z4 ranges from 13-15; z2, z3, z5 and Z2 ranges from 17-19; Z5 29(28-30); s1, s2, S1, S2 and S3 ranges from 14-16; s3, s4, s5, s6, S4 and S5 ranges from 17-23; r2, r3, r4, r5, r6 and R5 ranges from 11-15.

Ventrum (Figure 22B).

Pre-sternal plate membranous and without horizontal lines, sternal shield longer 93(92-102) than 62(53-68) wide, St3 longer than other setae (St5 smaller in length) with one ventral lyrifissure behind St1 and one gland between coxa-II and coxa-III, weekly or no networks of reticulations, setal length as: St1 19(18-19); St2 21(20-22); St3 23(22-23); St4 16(15-18); St5 14(13-15), gentital shield tongue shaped with inverted V-shaped reticulation and two concave lines having genital gland at edge of las concave line and V- shaped line, genital shield longer 110(102-114) and 47(43-49) wide excluding hyaline

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base posterior to sternal shield with genital setae st5, sternal setae st4 along with gland on the membranous anterior to coxa-IV, opisthogastric surface with two glands and five pairs simple setae ranges from 13-16, anal shield with two paranal setae and one post anal setae with one pair of pore, anal shield triangular and membranous posteriorly. Hypostome (Figure 22 C).

Palp chaetotaxy normal with two tined apotele. Hypostome with three pairs of setae, h2 longer than others with 4 to 6 denticles, corniculi horn-like reaching the margin of papl femure. Tecum serrated in shape.

Chelicerae (Figure 22D).

Chelicerae normal as the genus with two teeth on moveable digit while fixed digit having four teeth with pilus dentilis, moveable digit 51(50-52) and fixed digit 43(38-46) with arthrodial brush, cheliceral lyrifissure present posteriorly to movebale and fixed digit, dorsal seta present or absent.

Peritreme (Figure 22 E).

Peritreme extending to middle of coxa-I, peritrematal plate wider at coxa-II with two peritrematal glands, post peritrematal shield extended to anterior part of coxa-IV with one gland.

Legs (Figure 22F).

Genu-IV with nine setae (having av), the length of legs are: leg-I 412(392-415); leg-II 270(268-275); leg-III 250(245-258).

MALE (Figure 22G)

Dorsum of male 387(372-392) in length and 142(132-146) wider, chaetotaxy of dorsum same as female. Holoventral shield with eight pairs of setae along with paranal setae and post-anal seta, post-anal seta smaller than all setae, Jv3 on soft cuticle. Chelicerae having spermatodactyl anteriorly divided into two closed segments on movable digit with one larger teeth, fixed digit having four teeths, pilus dentilis and small, simple dorsal seta. Leg chataetotaxy same as the female with no spur.

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Etymology.

The species named as the having heart shaped sclerotized on the dorsal shield between j3 and j4.

DISTRIBUION

First time identified from Pakistan as a new species for the world fauna.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): two females and one male found from (30°49'59.99'' N, 70°42'0.86'' E) Kotmor, Taunsa Sharif, Dera Ghazi Khan; three females and three male found from (29°08'22.5'' N, 70°41'47.57'' E) Indus mor, Dera Ghazi Khan.

REMARKS

Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp. is clearly separated from longer peritreme species in this genus as well as some characters varaiations to Iranian species. Here are some differentiated characters as below;

Dorsum having 39 pairs; 22 pairs on the podonotal shield while 17 apirs of setae present on the opisthonotal shield while Gaeolaelaps iranicus having 36 pairs of setae, 21 podonotal and 15 setae on the opisthonotal. Dorsal shield lacking of Px2 and S1 setae while in Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp. having both setae on the dorsal setae. Soft cuticle having “r6” while compared species having “R5” and “r6”. Presternal shield granulated with weekly sclerotized regions but in new species having only granulated area. Anteriorly peritreme approaching near the “z1” and posteriorly stigma reaching on the coxa IV in G. heartus n. sp. while G. iranicus stigma approaching middle of coxa IV and anteriorly extendinting to “s1”.

Gaeolaelaps fishtowni similar in lacking of Px3 setae but larger in size and thick spine present on legs (II and IV) as compare with Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp. Gaeolaelaps vanpletzeni and G. spiniesta having 38 apirs of setae with one pair of Px dorsal setae between J and Z series setae, lacking “R” series setae in G. vanpletzeni while G. heartus differentiated with 39 pairs of setae including 2 pairs of Px setae and “R” setae.

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Gaeolaelaps kargi similar in having two elongate setae on tarsus IV, S1 and Px2-3 present while G. iranicus missing all above characters. Peritreme of Gaeolaelaps nolli shorter (reaching middle of coxae II) while Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp. crossing the coxae I. Peritreme is a unique character than other due more longer in size.

Gaeolaelaps orbiculatus and G. farajii having same number of dorsal setae including 2 pairs of Px setae, “R5” on the cuticle and anal shield circular while G. heartus n. sp. having larger peritreme and number of teeths varies in moveable and fixed digits. Presternal shield membranous in G. heartus n. sp. and G. farajii while sclerotized in G. orbiculatus.

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Figure 22A: Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp., female, dorsal view

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Figure 22B: Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp., female, ventral view

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Apotele tines

Figure 22C: Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp., female, Apotele

Figure 22D: Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp., female (i) and male (ii), Chelicerae

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Figure 22E: Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp., female, Peritreme

Figure 22F: Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp., female, leg-IV

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Figure 22G: Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp., male, ventral view

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GENUS GYMNOLAELAPS BERLESE

Gymnolaelaps Berlese, 1903. Type species: Laelaps myrmecophilus Berlese, 1892. Concept: Current status of genus Gymnolaelaps used with reference of Nemati and Gwiazdowicz (2016).

DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS GYMNOLAELAPS BERLESE Sternal seta st4 present, dorsal seta present on the chelicerae, internal malae absent, plap tarsusal claw with three tined sometimes third tine reduce or abasent, posterior margin of straight, preseternal plate present, dorsal shield without hypertrichy, mostly dorsal setae acicular and genu IV having nice setae including av.

TAXONOMIC KEY OF SOME COMMON SPECIES FROM GENUS GYMNOLAELAPS BERLESE 1. Plap tarsal claw with two tine apotele, preseternal shield absent ------Laelaspis - Palp tarsal claw mostly with two tine apotele, sometime three tine, presternal shield present ------Gymnolaelaps ------2 2. Epistome smooth in shape ------Gymnolaelaps krantzi - Epistome triangualar or denticulate ------3 3. Sternal setae St4 present ------4 - Sternal setae St4 absent ------Gymnolaelapis kabitae 4. Genital shield not extended towards the anal shield ------5 - Genital shield extended towards the anal shield ------6 5. Ventrum without podal plate ------Gymnolaelaps shealsi - Ventrum with podal plate ------Gymnolaelaps viennensis 6. Femur-II having thick setae ------Gymnolaelaps unospinosis - Femur-II having simple setae ------Gymnolaelaps obscuroides

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4.19. Gymnolaelaps kabitae Bhattacharyya, 1968 (Figures 23: A-D) Diagnostic characters: Most of the dorsal setae reduced and needle like except Z5. Sternal setae St4 absent, genito-ventral shield rounded posteriorly. Plap apotele with two tines. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 23A).

. Dorsum 650(648-678) longer than 400(371-402) wide (at level of r3), oval in shape. Most of dorsal setae small (10-12) and needle like except Z5 (42-44). Dorsal shield having six pairs of pores along with transverse lines posteriorly.

Ventrum (Figure 23B).

Pre-sternal plate membranous with horizontal lines and divided into two parts, with length of 50 or each preseternal part. Sternal shield with network of lines and all sternal setae needle like. Sternal shield wider than long (75 x 107). The sternal setae are as: St1 70(67-72); St2 52(50-52); St3 62(61-63); St5 50(49-52). Genito-ventral shield broader posterior with ounded shaped. Genito-ventral shield having one pair of setae and one pair of pore along with reticulations. Genito-ventral shield longer (275) than wide (117). Anal shield having one pair of preanal setae and one postanal setae, the length of anal setae ranges from 25-27. While the Jv1, Jv2, Jv3, Zv3, Zv2 and Zv1 needle like, on the memberanous shield with length ranges from 32-37.

Peritreme (Figure 23B).

Peritreme (325-328) crossing the coxa-I and reaching the middle of coxa-IV posteriorly with one gland.

Chelicerae (Figure 23C).

Chelicerae normal as in this genus, moveable digit (57) with two teeths and fixed digit (42) three larger teeths with two small teeths without distal seta.

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Legs (Figure 23D).

The legs are simple, genu-IV having 9 setae (av present). The length of legs are as: leg-I 380(375-382); leg-II 290(279-293); leg-III 350(346-352) and leg-IV 620(617- 624).

MALE (Figure 22G)

Unknown.

DISTRIBUION

Iran, Germany.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): Two females found from (28°30'25.67'' N, 70°30'16.61'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; three females found from (28°32'2.75'' N, 70°31'26.14'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; five females found from (28°27'24.23'' N, 70°21'21.15'' E) Rahim Yar Khan.

REMARKS

Gymnolaelaps kabitae first time identified from Pakistan.

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Figure 23A: Gymnolaelaps kabitae Bhattacharyya, female, dorsal view

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Figure 23B: Gymnolaelaps kabitae Bhattacharyya, female, ventral view

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Figure 23C: Gymnolaelaps kabitae Bhattacharyya, female, Chelicera

Figure 23D: Gymnolaelaps kabitae Bhattacharyya, female, Legs

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GENUS PNEUMOLAELAPS BERLESE

Pneumolaelaps Berlese, 1920. Type species: Iphis bombicolens Canestrini.

DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS PNEUMOLAELAPS BERLESE Sternal Large and well sclerotized, gnathosoma partially covered by idiosoma, venterogenital shield wider posteriorly with one pair of setae, presternal plate usually present, sternal plate rectangular with three pairs of sternal setae, metasternal shield long and heavy, plap tarsal claw with two tined apotele, genu IV with ten setae including av and pv, and tectum mostly smooth.

TAXONOMIC KEY OF SOME COMMON SPECIES FROM GENUS GYMNOLAELAPS BERLESE 1. Sternal shield concave posteriorly ------2 - Sternal shield straight or convex posteriorly ------3 2. Verticle seta j4 three times longer than j5 ------Pneumolaelaps sinhai - Vertcle seta j4 1.5 time longer than j5 ------Pneumolaelaps berlesei 3. Genital shield having serrated patterns ------Pneumolaelaps conieae - Genital shield having smooth patterns ------Pneumolaelaps richardsi

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4.20. Pneumolaelaps berlesei (Hirschmann, 1969) (Figures 24: A-D) Hypoaspis berlesei Hirschmann, 1969. Diagnostic characters: All dorsal setae simple needle like and aomst equal in size except j4. Peritreme stigma approaching the coxa-IV, presternal shield divided into two pars but not separated. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 24A).

. Dorsum with 40 pairs of setae, 620(618-638) longer than 356(341-376) wide (at level of r3), oval in shape. All the dorsal setae longer (33-43), simple needle like. Dorsum covered with reticulations.

Ventrum (Figure 24B).

Pre-sternal plate membranous with horizontal lines and divided into two parts but joining, with length of 67 of each preseternal part. Sternal shield with network of lines anteriorly, sternal shield longer (120-123) than wide (105-109) and all sternal setae needle like, sternal setal length are as: St1 72(69-73); St2, St3, St4 and St5 55(54-57). Genito-ventral shield broader posterior with ounded shaped. Genito-ventral shield having one pair of setae and one pair of pore along with reticulations. Genito-ventral shield longer (222) than wide (90) at level of coxa-IV. Anal shield having one pair of preanal setae and one postanal setae, the length of anal setae ranges from 22-23.

Peritreme (Figure 24B).

Peritreme (350-354) approaching the coxa-I end anteriorly and approaching the coxa-IV posteriorly with one gland.

Chelicerae (Figure 24C).

Chelicerae normal as in this genus, moveable digit with two teeths and fixed digit three larger teeths without small teeths.

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Legs (Figure 23D).

The legs are simple, genu-IV having 10 setae (av and pv present). The length of legs as: leg-I 143(140-144); leg-II, III 95(89-97) and leg-IV 125(120-135).

MALE

Unknown.

DISTRIBUION

World wide.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): One female found from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad; three female found from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad; two females identified from (31°26'20'' N, 73°04'32.79'' E) Poultry farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; three females found from (31°26'60'' N, 71°5'9'' E) Notak, Bakhar; one female found from (31°26'32.19'' N, 70°59'40.50'' E) Notak, Bakhar; two females found from (31°23'12.05'' N, 71°3'29.21'' E) Notak, Bakhar; three females found from (29°22'15'' N, 70°31'24'' E) Fazilpur, Rajanpur; one female found from (29°10'24.61'' N, 70°24'36.65'' E) Rajanpur; three females found from (29°57'0.29'' N, 70°15'29.52'' E) Kotmithan, Rajanpur; two females found from (30°41'33'' N, 70°1'19'' E) Ehsanpur, Layyah; one female found from (30°49'40.93'' N, 70°55'27.7'' E) Kot Sultan, Layyah; two females found from (30°53'59.64'' N, 70°57'51.26'' E) Layyah mor, Layyah; two females found from (30°22'03.46'' N, 70°59'42.18'' E) Kotaddu, Muzafergarh; one female found from (30°09'51.61'' N, 71°5'41.76'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; two females found from (29°57'58.83'' N, 71°9'27.43'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; three females found from (28°30'25.67'' N, 70°30'16.61'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; one female found from (28°32'2.75'' N, 70°31'26.14'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; four females found from (28°27'24.23'' N, 70°21'21.15'' E) Rahim Yar Khan.

REMARKS

Pneumolaelaps berlesei new record for Pakistan zoological fauna.

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Figure 24A: Pneumolaelaps berlesei (Hirschmann, 1969), female, dorsal view

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Figure 24B: Pneumolaelaps berlesei (Hirschmann, 1969), female, ventral view

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Figure 24C: Pneumolaelaps berlesei (Hirschmann, 1969), female, Chelicera

Figure 24D: Pneumolaelaps berlesei (Hirschmann, 1969), female, legs

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Subfamily Haemogamasinae

GENUS EULAELAPS BERLESE

Eulaelaps Berlese, 1903. Type species: Eulaelaps stabularis Koch, 1839.

DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS EULAELAPS BERLESE Dorsum having hypertrichus setae, genital shield broder posteriorly with hypertrichy and metapodal shield posteriorly on the coxa-IV.

TAXONOMIC KEY OF GENUS EULAELAPS BERLESE 1. Dorsum with hypertrichy with metapodal shield ------Eulaelaps------2 - Dorsum without hypertrichy without metapodal shield ------Laelaps 2. Tectum with narrow and rounded ------Eulaelaps stabularis - Tectum with triangular and flat ------Eulaelaps oudamensi

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4.21. Eulaelaps stabularis (Koch, 1836) (Figures 25: A-E) Eulaelaps stabularis Koch, 1836. Diagnostic characters: The idiosoma is almost completely covered on its dorsal surface by brown shield which shows marked hypertrichy. Ventrally, the pre-endopodal plates are ill-defined. The sternal shield has three pair of setae and two pairs of pores, metasternal setae are free. The genito-ventral shield has lateral incisions posterior to the genital setae and widely expanded behind coxae IV with 20 pairs of opisthogastric setae. The anal shield almost triangular in shape, its slightly convex anterior margin fitting into concavity of geito- ventral shield; bears three circum- anal setae. The gnathosoma is rather small and narrow as compared to body. The deutosternum has 10 or more transverse row of denticles, with four to seven denticles per row. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 25A).

. Dorsum with hypertrichy, 40 pairs of setae, 620(618-638) longer than 356(341- 376) wide (at level of r3), oval in shape. All the dorsal setae longer (33-43), simple needle like. Dorsum covered with reticulations.

Ventrum (Figure 25B).

Ventrum with membranous presternal plate, the sternal shield wider 187(178-191) than 145(142-147) long with three pairs of sternal setae. Sternal setae St1 and St4 equal in size and longer than other setae. The length of sternal setae as: St1 105(104-105); St2 and St3 100(98-101); St4 105(104-106); St5 100(99-100). Genito-ventral shield longer 625(612-635) than 200(190-210) wide at the level of coxa-IV. Genito-ventral shield having St5 aneriorly and hypertrichy posteriorly. Metapodal shield (175) having networks of ornamentations below the coxa-IV. Anal shield wider than long with one pair of pre anal setae and one postanal setae.

Peritreme (Figure 25B).

Peritreme corssing the middle of coxa-I anteriorly and pretreme stigma reaching the coxa-IV along with larger gland pore.

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Chelicerae.

Chelicerae normal as in this genus, moveable digit with two teeths and fixed digit three larger teeths without small teeths.

Hypostome (Figure 25C).

Hypostome having four pairs of hypostomal setae, along with 6 denticles. Cornicles with sharp edge.

Legs.

The legs are simple with longer setae. The length of legs as: leg-I 1100(1090- 1144); leg-II, III 780(767-800) and leg-IV 1000(956-1006).

MALE (Figure 25D).

Male having similar chaetotaxy of dorsum while ventrum, holoventral shield having hypertrich posteriorly and St4 larger than other sternal setae.

DISTRIBUION

World wide.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): Five female from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca (41°39'05'' N, 36⁰ 01'10.9''E), Bafra (Site-1); seven females from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-2) (41⁰ 39'13.8'' N, 36⁰ 00'45.7'' E); eight female examined from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-3), (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E); nine females found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); ten female from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined; five females observed from Çıvrıll (41°12'7.9" N, 35°58'59" E); two females found from (41°32'60" N, 35°52'59.99" E) Bafra; three females found from (41°22'53.04" N, 36°12'59.04" E) Öndokuz Mayıs Univeritesi; six females found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); seven females identified from (41°25'41.91" N, 35°51'47.32" E) Alaçam (Site-2); eight females found from (41°36'00" N, 35°36'00" E) Alaçam (Site-3); five females found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site-1); two females from (41°9'22.35" N,

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35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site-2); three females found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): One female found from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad; three female found from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad; two females identified from (31°26'20'' N, 73°04'32.79'' E) Poultry farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; three females found from (31°26'60'' N, 71°5'9'' E) Notak, Bakhar; one female found from (31°26'32.19'' N, 70°59'40.50'' E) Notak, Bakhar; three females found from (29°57'0.29'' N, 70°15'29.52'' E) Kotmithan, Rajanpur; two females found from (30°41'33'' N, 70°1'19'' E) Ehsanpur, Layyah; one female found from (30°49'40.93'' N, 70°55'27.7'' E) Kot Sultan, Layyah; two females found from (30°53'59.64'' N, 70°57'51.26'' E) Layyah mor, Layyah; two females found from (30°22'03.46'' N, 70°59'42.18'' E) Kotaddu, Muzafergarh; one female found from (30°09'51.61'' N, 71°5'41.76'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; two females found from (29°57'58.83'' N, 71°9'27.43'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; three females found from (28°30'25.67'' N, 70°30'16.61'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; one female found from (28°32'2.75'' N, 70°31'26.14'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; four females found from (28°27'24.23'' N, 70°21'21.15'' E) Rahim Yar Khan.

REMARKS

Eulaelaps stabularis new record for Pakistan zoological fauna.

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Figure 25A: Eulaelaps stabularis (Koch, 1839), female, dorsal view

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Figure 25B: Eulaelaps stabularis (Koch, 1839), female, ventral view

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Figure 25C: Eulaelaps stabularis (Koch, 1839), female, Hypostome

Figure 25D: Eulaelaps stabularis (Koch, 1839), male, ventral view

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FAMILY DERMANYSSIDAE KOLENATI Dermanyssidae Kolenati, 1859: 171. DIAGNOSIS OF THE FAMILY DERMANYSSIDAE KOLENATI Chelicerae strongly modified, like a stylet with weekly dentate and not dorsal setae, pilus dentilis and arthrodial processes. Dorsum with weekly sclerotization, having podonotal shield, hypertrichy present lateraly and margins of the dorsal shield. Genital shield rounded having one pair of setae.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF FAMILY DERMANYSSIDAE 1. Sternal shield bearing 3 pairs of setae ------Laelapidae - Sternal shield bearing 2 or 3 pairs of setae ------Dermanyssidae---- 2 2. Verticle seta “j3” present, sternal shield with 3 pairs of setae ------Liponyssoides - Verticle seta “j3” present, sternal shield with 3 pairs of setae ------Dermanyssus

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GENUS DERMANYSSUS DE GEER

Dermanyssus De Geer, 1778: 106. Type species: Acarus gillanae De Geer, 17778.

DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS DERMANYSSUS DE GEER Sternal shield reduced with 1-2 pairs of setae while “St4 and St5” on the cuticle shield. Dorsum reduced, opisthonotal shield with 1-4 pairs of setae while podonotal shield with 7-11 pairs of setae. Genu-IV with pd series setae. WORLD TAXONOMIC KEY OF GENUS DERMANYSSUS DE GEER 1. The genu IV (ad with 3 setae) and ventral shield with 3 pairs of sternal setae ------genus Liponyssoides - The genu IV (ad with 2 setae) and ventral shield with 1 or 2 pairs of sternal setae ------genus Dermanyssus ------2 2. Verticle “J2” (dorsal setae) and St4 (metasternal setae) absent; sternal shield with 1 or 2 pair of setae ------subgenus Microdermanyssus ------3 - Verticle “J2” (dorsal setae) and St4 (metasternal setae) present; sternal shield with only 2 pair of setae ------subgenus Dermanyssus ------6 3. Dorsal shield posteriorly rounded or sub-truncate, j1 on the shield and sternal shield with 2 pairs of setae ------Dermanyssus americanus - Dorsal shield posteriorly rounded or sub-truncate, j1 off the shield and sternal shield with 1 or 2 pairs of setae ------4 4. Dorsal setae J4 off the shield with 20 pairs of setae ------Dermanysuss rwandae - Dorsal setae J4 on the shield with more than 20 pairs of setae ------5 5. Dorsal setae j4 absent and peritreme reaching middle of coxae-III ------Dermanyssus alaudae - Dorsal setae j4 present and peritreme not reaching middle of coxae-III ------Dermanysus brevis ------Dermanyssus diphyes 6. Dorsal shield posteriorly rounded or subtruncate with median dorsal setae shorter than anterior dorsal setae ------7 - Dorsal shield posteriorly rounded with median dorsal setae equal or larger than anterior dorsal setae ------9

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7. Dorsal setae j1 on the shield and anal shield wider than long --- Dermanyssus quintus - Dorsal setae j1 off the shield and anal shield longer than wide ------8 8. Dorsal setae J2 absent with peritreme reaching to the middle of coxa-II ------Dermanyssus hirsutus - Dorsal setae J2 present with peritreme not reaching to the middle of coxa-II ------Dermanyssus grochovskae 9. Pronotalscutella fused or not with dorsal shield with pl of genu II and III with one setae ------Dermanyssus carpathicus - Pronotalscutella fused with dorsal shield with pl of genu II and III with one setae -- 10 10. Anal shield elongated or subrectangular ------Dermanyssus longipes - Anal shield D-shaped ------11 11. Dorsal setae J2 absent and genu I ad with 2 setae ------Dermanyssus hirundinis - Dorsal setae J2 present and genu I ad with 2 or 3 setae ------12 12. Dorsal shield posteriorly rounded with mesonotalscutella ------13 - Dorsal shield posteriorly rounded or truncate without mesonotalscutella ------14 13. Dorsal setae J2 off the shield and peritreme reaching the margin of the coxa III ------Dermanyssus triscutatus - Dorsal setae J2 on the shield and peritreme reaching the middle of the coxa III ------Dermanyssus transvaalensis 14. Peritreme reaching to middle of coxa III with one pair of pore on the sternal shield ------Dermanyssus chelidonis - Peritreme not reaching to middle of coxa III with two pair of pore on the sternal shield ------15 15. Peritreme reaching to middle of coxa I ------Dermanyssus prognepbilus - Peritreme reaching to middle of coxa II ------16 16. Dorsal setae j1 off the shield without prominent shoulders - Dermanyssus gallinoides - Dorsal setae j1 on or off the shield with prominent shoulders ------17 17. Pronotalscutella separated from dorsal shield ------Dermanyssus apodis - Pronotalscutella separated or joining the dorsal shield ------Dermanyssus gallinae

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4.22. Dermanyssus gillanae (De Geer, 1778) (Figures 26: A-D) Acarus gillanae De Geer, 1778: 111. Dermanyssus avium Duges, 1834:18. Dermanyssus evotomydis Ewing, 1933: 11. Diagnostic characters: The idiosoma is almost completely covered on its dorsal surface by brown shield which shows marked hypertrichy. Ventrally, the pre-endopodal plates are ill-defined. The sternal shield has three pair of setae and two pairs of pores, metasternal setae are free. The genito-ventral shield has lateral incisions posterior to the genital setae and widely expanded behind coxae IV with 20 pairs of opisthogastric setae. The anal shield almost triangular in shape, its slightly convex anterior margin fitting into concavity of geito- ventral shield; bears three circum- anal setae. The gnathosoma is rather small and narrow as compared to body. The deutosternum has 10 or more transverse row of denticles, with four to seven denticles per row. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 26A).

. Dorsum with 13 to 15 pairs of setae on the sclerotized shield with reticulations. Dorsum with hypertrichy, j1 always on the dorsum in many specimens but sometime off side of dorsal shield. Verticle seta “J5” located posterior to dorsal shield. Verticle setae “J3” mostly paired but in few specimens found unpaired. Dorsum longer than wide. Mostly the podonotal setae ranges from 32-55 while opisthonotal setae ranges from 22-30 in length. “R” series setae longer than any other dorsum setae.

Ventrum (Figure 26B).

Sternum wider than long (175 x 30) having 2 pairs of setae. All sternal seae ranges from 59-63. Sternal setae “St3 and St4” on the membranous cuticle while genital shield having one pair (St5) setae. Genital shield flask like and rounded posteriorly with verticle transverse lines. Anal shield broder, long and slightly triangular in shape with one pair of preanal setae and single postanal seta.

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Peritreme (Figure 26B).

Peritreme approaching the middle of coxa-II anteriorly and stigma reaching coxa- IV.

Hypostome (Figure 26C).

Hypostome having four pairs of hypostomal setae, h2 longer than other hypostomal setae and deutosternum with five denticles.

Legs.

The length of legs as: leg-I 550(532-561); leg-II 558(534-563), leg III 600(590- 609) and leg-IV 610(596-621).

MALE (Figure 26D).

Male having holoventral shield including sternal setae, Jv1 and Jv2 along with anal setae. Dorsum of male smaller (650 x 340) than female dorsum. Sternal setae ranges from 17 to 40, St3 longer than others.

DISTRIBUION

World wide.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): sixteen females from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca (41°39'05'' N, 36⁰ 01'10.9''E), Bafra (Site-1); twenty females from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-2) (41⁰ 39'13.8'' N, 36⁰ 00'45.7'' E); seven females examined from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-3), (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E); four females found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); nine females from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined; seven females observed from Çıvrıll (41°12'7.9" N, 35°58'59" E); eight females found from (41°32'60" N, 35°52'59.99" E) Bafra; five females found from (41°22'53.04" N, 36°12'59.04" E) Öndokuz Mayıs Univeritesi; nine females found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); four females identified from (41°25'41.91" N, 35°51'47.32" E) Alaçam (Site-2); thiry females found from (41°36'00" N, 35°36'00" E) Alaçam (Site-3); nine females found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site-1); five females from (41°9'22.35" N,

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35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site-2); seven females found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): twelve females found from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad; six females found from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad; seven females identified from (31°26'20'' N, 73°04'32.79'' E) Poultry farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; twenty-three females found from (31°26'60'' N, 71°5'9'' E) Notak, Bakhar; nine females found from (31°26'32.19'' N, 70°59'40.50'' E) Notak, Bakhar; seven females found from (31°23'12.05'' N, 71°3'29.21'' E) Notak, Bakhar; six females found from (29°22'15'' N, 70°31'24'' E) Fazilpur, Rajanpur; eight females found from (29°10'24.61'' N, 70°24'36.65'' E) Rajanpur; five females found from (29°57'0.29'' N, 70°15'29.52'' E) Kotmithan, Rajanpur; three females found from (30°41'33'' N, 70°1'19'' E) Ehsanpur, Layyah; six females found from (30°49'40.93'' N, 70°55'27.7'' E) Kot Sultan, Layyah; nine females found from (30°53'59.64'' N, 70°57'51.26'' E) Layyah mor, Layyah; five females found from (30°22'03.46'' N, 70°59'42.18'' E) Kotaddu, Muzafergarh; six females found from (30°09'51.61'' N, 71°5'41.76'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; six females found from (29°57'58.83'' N, 71°9'27.43'' E) near thermal power plant, Muzafergarh; nine females found from (28°30'25.67'' N, 70°30'16.61'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; seven female found from (28°32'2.75'' N, 70°31'26.14'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; five females found from (28°27'24.23'' N, 70°21'21.15'' E) Rahim Yar Khan.

REMARKS

Dermanyssus gillanae new record for Pakistan and Turkish zoological fauna, no literature found on the taxonomic identification of the species.

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Figure 26A: Dermanyssus gillanae (De Geer, 1778), female, dorsal view

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Figure 26B: Dermanyssus gillanae (De Geer, 1778), female, ventral view

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Figure 26C: Dermanyssus gillanae (De Geer, 1778), female, hypostome

Figure 26D: Dermanyssus gillanae (De Geer, 1778), male, ventral view

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FAMILY PARASITIDAE OUDEMANS Parasitidae Oudemans, 1901. Gamasidae Leach, 1815: 396. Parasitidae Oudemans, 1901: 59, 1939: 21; Evans, 1957: 217; Karg, 1965: 298; Zaher, 1986: 2. Parasitinae Vitzthum, 1929: 16. Poecilochiridae Willmann, 1940: 215. Saprogamasidae Willmann, 1949: 136. Eugamasidae Hirschmann, 1962: 39; Karg,1971: 344. DIAGNOSIS OF THE FAMILY PARASITIDAE OUDEMANS Dorsum of the members of family Parasitidae having Schizodorsal, hexagon present (similar or different) on the dorsum between j5, z5 and j6. Tibita of leg I haing 14 setae inclucding 4 ventral and 6 dorsal setae. Palp tarsus having three tined on the apotele.

GENUS PARASITUS LITREILLE

Parasitus Latreille, 1795: 19; Richards, 1976: 732; Hyatt, 1980: 256. Parasitus (Coleogamasus) Tichomirov, 1969b: 1470; Tichomirov, 1977: 61. Type species: Acarus coleoptratorum Linnaeus, 1758. DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS PARASITUS LITREILLE Female and deutonymph separated podonotal and opisthonotal shields. Dorsal hexagonal dissimilar than others while z5 longer and thicker than j5 and j6. Palp femur setae bifid, serrate and spatulate. Genital subtriangular in female while in deutronymph genital shield absent. Tritosternum absent in male and normal in female as well as in deutonymph. KEY OF GENUS PARASITUS LITREILLE 1. Holodorsal shield present ------Pergamasus - Dorsal shield divided into two parts ------Parasitus ---- 2 2. Podonotal shield having 22 pairs of setae ------Parasitus badrii - Podonotal shield having 20 pairs of setae ------3 3. Opisthonotal shield having 13 pairs of setae, r3 longer than others ------Parasitus consanguinaus Opisthonotal shield having 15 pairs of setae, r3 longest than others ------Parasitus fimetorum 185

4.23. Parasitus fimetorum Berlese, 1904 (Figures 27: A-D) Gamasus fimetorum Berlese, 1904: 238. Parasitus fimetorum Hyatt, 1980: 271; Richards, 1976: 741; Richards and Richards, 1976: 1. Parasitus (Coleogamasus) fimetorum Tichomirov, 1977: 86. Parasitus fimestorum [lapsus pro fimetorum] Gu et al., 1987: 41. Phorytocarpais fimetorum Hennesey and Farrier, 1988: 10. Gamasus posticatus Banks, 1910: 137. Diagnostic characters: Dorsal setae are almost equal in length. Dorsal surface strongly sclerotized and divided into two plates. Three pair of gnathosomal setae and corniculi horn like. Tectum three pronged. Metasternal shield large, flanking anterior of genital shield. The lateral of sternal shield fused with the endopodal plates. DESCRIPTION DEUTONYMPH (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 27A).

. Dorsum having hypertrichy posteriorly while podonotal (375-381) shield having 20 pairs of seae and opisthonotal shield (237-241) with 15 pairs of setae on the sclerotized shield with reticulations. Dorsum with hypertrichy, j1 always on the dorsum in many specimens but sometime off side of dorsal shield. Verticle seta “J5” located posterior to dorsal shield. Verticle setae “J3” mostly paired but in few specimens found unpaired. Dorsum longer than wide. Mostly the podonotal setae ranges from 32-55 while opisthonotal setae ranges from 22-30 in length. “R” series setae longer than any other dorsum setae.

Ventrum (Figure 27B).

Sternum wider than long (250 x 122) having 4 pairs of setae, approaching to coxa- I anteriorly and crossing the coxa-IV in the sternal shield. Sternal setae having length as: St1 55(54-56); St2 57(56-58); St3, St4 and St5 42(41-43). Sternal seta “St5” on the cuticle while ventral “Jv” series setae in a row. Anal and sternal having ornamentation with networks. All dorsal setae having length ranges from 40-43.

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Peritreme (Figure 27B).

Peritreme approaching the middle of coxa-I anteriorly and stigma approaching the middle of coxa-IV.

Hypostome (Figure 27C).

Hypostome having four pairs of hypostomal setae including coxal setae, h2 longer than others. Cornicles are needle shaped.

Legs (Figure 27D).

The length of legs having longer setae: leg-I 810(808-812); leg-II 570(567-573), leg III 520(518-521) and leg-IV 650(546-653).

MALE (Figure 27: E-F).

Male having holoventral shield, sternal setae “St1” coloser to the genital opening, having three depressions on the shield. Ventrum also hypertrichy posteriorly. The sternal setae ranges from 35-50 (St4 shorter than others). Schizodoral shield present: podonotal shield having 22 pairs of setae and opisthonotal shield having 15 pairs of setae with hypertrichy.

DISTRIBUION

World wide.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): Five females and one male from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca (41°39'05'' N, 36⁰ 01'10.9''E), Bafra (Site-1); three females from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-2) (41⁰ 39'13.8'' N, 36⁰ 00'45.7'' E); two females and one male examined from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-3), (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E); three females and three male found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); five females from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined; three females observed from Çıvrıll (41°12'7.9" N, 35°58'59" E); four females found from (41°32'60" N, 35°52'59.99" E) Bafra; one female found from (41°22'53.04" N, 36°12'59.04" E) Öndokuz Mayıs Univeritesi; two female and one male found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); four males identified from

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(41°25'41.91" N, 35°51'47.32" E) Alaçam (Site-2); five females and three males found from (41°36'00" N, 35°36'00" E) Alaçam (Site-3); three females found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site-1); four females from (41°9'22.35" N, 35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site-2); nine females found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): seven females found from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad; two females one male found from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad; three females identified from (31°26'20'' N, 73°04'32.79'' E) Poultry farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; three females found from (31°26'60'' N, 71°5'9'' E) Notak, Bakhar; one female found from (31°26'32.19'' N, 70°59'40.50'' E) Notak, Bakhar; two females and one male found from (31°23'12.05'' N, 71°3'29.21'' E) Notak, Bakhar; three females found from (29°22'15'' N, 70°31'24'' E) Fazilpur, Rajanpur; nine females found from (29°10'24.61'' N, 70°24'36.65'' E) Rajanpur; one female found from (29°57'0.29'' N, 70°15'29.52'' E) Kotmithan, Rajanpur; one female found from (30°41'33'' N, 70°1'19'' E) Ehsanpur, Layyah; five female found from (28°32'2.75'' N, 70°31'26.14'' E) Kot Samba, Rahim Yar Khan; three females found from (28°27'24.23'' N, 70°21'21.15'' E) Rahim Yar Khan.

REMARKS

Parasitus fimetorum is a new record for Pakistan, no literature found on the taxonomic identification of the species.

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Figure 27A: Parasitus fimetorum Berlese, 1904, deutonymph, dorsal view

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Figure 27B: Parasitus fimetorum Berlese, 1904, deutonymph, ventral view

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Figure 27C: Parasitus fimetorum Berlese, 1904, deutonymph, hypostome

Figure 27D: Parasitus fimetorum Berlese, 1904, deutonymph, leg IV

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Figure 27E: Parasitus fimetorum Berlese, 1904, male, dorsal view

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Figure 27F: Parasitus fimetorum Berlese, 1904, male, ventral view

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FAMILY DIGAMASELLIDAE EVANS Digamasellidae Evans, 1957. DIAGNOSIS OF THE FAMILY DIGAMASELLIDAE EVANS Dorsum divided into two shield, verticle “j2” setae present near the transverse alignment along with j1 and z1. Podonotal having 2-3 sclerotic nodules (Scleronoduli) posteriorly between the hexagon setae, in some genera’s scleronoduli absent. Sternal shield having “St1” or on the presternal shield. Tarsus of the palp having 2 tined apotele. Most of the members are predators in nature.

GENUS DENDROLAELAPS HALBERT

Dendrolaelaps Halbert, 1915. Type species: Dendrolaelaps oudemansi Halbert, 1915. DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS DENDROLAELAPS HALBERT Sternal setae “St1” present on the soft cuticle along with three pairs of the sternal shield. Podonotal shield having 2 pairs of scleronoduli between j5, z5 and j6. Tibia of leg I having five dorsal setae (sometime four). GENUS MULTIDENDROLAELAPS HIRSCHMANN

Mulidendrolaelaps Hirschmann, 1974. Type species: Multidendrolaelaps ulmi Hirschmann, 1960. DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS DENDROLAELAPS HALBERT Podonotal shield with sclerotic nodules or reduced, peritreme longer than Dendrolaelaps, touching the margin of coxae IV, dorsal setae j1, z1 and s1 on the anterior margin of the dorsum and fixed digit of the cherlicerae having more than 5 teeths (maximum 9-10 teeths).

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KEY OF THE FAMILY DIGAMASELLIDAE EVANS 1. Sternum with 4 pairs of setae, tibia of leg I with 5 dorsal setae ------2 - Sternum with 3 pairs of setae, tibia of leg with 6 dorsal setae ------Ascidae 2. Tectum, middle end longer or shorter than lateral ends, moveable digit more than 5 teeths (9-10) ------Multidendrolaelaps ------3 - Tectum, middle end shorter than lateral ends, moveable digit with 4 or 5 teeths ------Dendrolaelaps ------6 3. Peritreme longer, approaching the margin of dorsal shield ------Multidendrolaelaps multidentatus - Peritreme reduce, approaching to coxa-II or III ------4 4. Tectum, middle end shorter than lateral ends ------5 - Tectum, middle end longer than lateral ends ------Multidendrolaelaps euepistomus 5. Ventrianal shield as long as broad ------Multidendrolaelaps putte - Ventrianal shield broader than long ------Multidendrolaelaps subcorticalis 6. Peritreme reduced, anteriorly reaching the middle of coxa-III ------7 - Peritreme long, anteriorly approaching or crossing coxa-II or I ------8 1 7. Postdoral setae (Z5 and S5) longer than j4: Z5 (2 x j4), S5 (2 x j4) ------2 ------Dendrolaelaps casualis 1 - Postdoral setae (Z5 and S5) little longer than j4: Z5 (1 x j4), S5 (2 x j4) ------2 ------Dendrolaelaps brevipilis 8. Postdorsum setae Z5 and S5 equal in length ------9 - Postdorsum setae Z5 shorter than S5 in length ------Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp. 9. Sternum with presternal shield ------Dendrolaelaps arvicolus - Sternum without presternal shield ------Dendrolaelaps saprophilus

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4.24. Dendrolaelaps casualis Huhta and Karg, 2010 (Apendix 2) Diagnostic characters: Tectum with three projections, each are equal in size while moveable digit having 4 teeth along with terminal hook. Mostly the verticle setae equal in size except j1 shorter than others. Posteriorly dorsal setae Z5 and S5 are equal in size. Ventrianal shield carried the Jv1, Jv2, Jv3 and Zv2, ventrianal setae as and Zv4 longer than others. DESCRIPTION Detail descripion of the species is given in the Apendix 2 and www.journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-16-40-3/zoo-40-3-5-1502-28

4.25. Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp. (Figure 28: A-F) Diagnostic characters: Dorsum with two pairs of reduced sclerotic nodules, opisthonotal shield having “V” shaped insertion on the centro-anteriorly. Verticle setae j1 shorter and S5 longer than other dorsal setae. Ventrianal shield carried Jv1, Jv2, Jv3 and Zv2. Peritreme longer, crossing the s1 anteriorly and approaching the middle of coxa-IV. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 28A).

. Dorsum having length of 510(501-513) and 272(267-273) in width. Podontal shield having 22 pairs of setae along with two pairs of reduced scleronoduli. Vericle setae “j1” shorter than others on the podonotal shield. Opisthonotal shield having 15 pairs of setae. Posterior opisthonotal setae “S5” larger than “Z5”. The dorsal setal length as: j1 12(12-13); j2 17(16-18); j3 24(23-25); j4 18(17-19); j5 16(16-17); j6 22(21-23); J1 25(24-25); J2 30(29-30); J3 27(26-27); J4 32(31-32); J5 15(14-16); z1 9(9-10); z2 20(19- 20); z2 26(26-27); z3 25(24-26); z4 34(34-35); z5 22(21-23); z6 17(16-19); Z1 30(29-30); Z2 35(34-36); Z3 27(26-27); Z4 25(24-26); Z5 35(35-36); s1 20(19-20); s2 23(22-24); s3 30(29-30); s4, s5 and s6 22(22-23); S1, S2, S3 and S4 23(22-27); S5 47(46-48).

Ventrum (Figure 28B).

Sternal shield twice longer 160(150-170) than 80(76-85) wide. Sternal setae St4 longer than other sternal setae. Sternal shield having 4 pairs of setae. Ventrianal shield

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with four pairs of setae (Jv1, Jv2, Jv3 and Zv2). Ventrianal shield having depression parallel to Zv3 setae. Anal shield small with normal opening. Sternal setal length as: St1, St2 and St5 17(16-18); St3 and St4 22(21-23); Jv1 and Zv2 21(20-22); Jv2; Jv3 27(26-28); as 33(33-34); Zv4 32(31-33).

Peritreme (Figure 28B).

Peritreme longer in size and reaching the middle of coxa-I anteriorly while posteriorly approaching the middle of the coxa-IV along with gland anterior to the stigma.

Hypostome (Figure 28C).

Hypostome having 3 pairs of hypstomal setae along with pair of posterior coxal setae. Hypostomal setae “h2” longer than other setae.

Chelicerae (Figure 28D).

Fixed digit having two teeths and moveable digit with 4 teeths with corna posteriorly.

Legs.

The length of legs having simple and needle like setae: leg-I 380(372-386); leg-II 280(278-288), leg III 270(267-273) and leg-IV 340(336-353).

DEUONYMPH (Figure 28: E-F).

Dorsum having similar chaetotaxy as female. Sternal shield with four pair of setae, St5 on the soft cuticle. All the sternal setae equal in size. Anal shield having one pair of preanal setae and one postanal seta. Ventral setae Zv4 and as longer than other setae.

Etymology.

This species is found from specific dirty poultry sheds (poultry manure) of Faisalabad. The name is given on the basis of specific habitats.

DISTRIBUION

This species is first time reported from Pakistan as new for the world fauna.

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SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): Three females found from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad; one female found from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad.

REMARKS

The length of idiosoma colosely related to D. saprophilus, D. arvicolus and D. insignis while D. habitatus n. sp. larger than D. casualis. Dorsal setae closely similar in length as D. arvicolus while little be larger than D. saprophilus except Z4 and Z3 which are longer in D. arvicolus and D. saprophilus while Z2, and Z1 equal or longer in D. habitatus n. sp. than D. arvicolus and D. saprophilus.

Posterio-lateral setae of opisthonotal (Z5 and S5) found same in length in all compared species (D. arvicolus, D. casualis, D. insignis and D. saprophilus) while S5 longer than Z5 in D. habitatus n. sp., according to setal nomenclature of Hirschmann (1960) and Karg (1971).

Curvature of the Z5 and S5 strongly curved in D. insignis while in D. habitatus n. sp. only S5 strongly curved and Z5 straight or slightly curved posteriorly. In D. saprophilus both setae straight and D. arvicolus sharply curved.

In D. habitatus n. sp. all the “r” series setae equal in size while r3 longer than r2 in D. saprphilus and D. arvicolus while r3 shorter than r2 in D. casualis.

Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp., D. casualis and D. saprophilus without sternal shield while D. arvicolus having presternal shield. Peritreme reduced in shape in D. casualis and D. arvicolus while in D. saprophilus and D. habitatus n. sp. peritreme crossing the s1 setae.

The distance between ventrianal setae varies than compared species. Ratio between Jv3 to preanal setae (as) shorter in D. habitatus n. sp. than D. arivicolus and similar to D. saprophilus. The distance between Jv1 pairs setae shorter than that of preanal (as) which similar to D. saprophilus and opposite in D. arvicolus. The ventrianal setae Zv4 on the ventrianal shield in D. saprphilus, D. insignis and D. arvicolus while in D. habitatus n. sp. and D. casualis, Zv4 off the ventrianal shield.

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Figure 28A: Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp., female, dorsal view

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Figure 28B: Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp., female, ventral view

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Figure 28C: Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp., female, hypostome

Figure 28D: Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp., female, chelicerae

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Figure 28E: Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp., Deutonymph, dorsal view

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Figure 28F: Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp., Deutonymph, ventral view

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4.26. Multidendrolaelaps putte Huhta and Karg, 2010 (Apendix 2) Diagnostic characters: Podonotal shield having two pairs of sclerotic nodules on the mediodorsal region. Posterior setae Z5 and S5 equal in length and straight while other dorsal setae shorter including r3. The palp tarsus having two tined apotele. Moveable digits having more than 5 teeths (9-10 teeths usually), ventrianal shield with 5 pairs of setae. DESCRIPTION Detail descripion of the species is given in the Apendix 2 and www.journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-16-40-3/zoo-40-3-5-1502-28

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INFRAORDER UROPODINA KRAMER Uropodina Kramer, 1881. DIAGNOSIS OF THE IFRAORDER UROPODINA KRAMER Marginal setae of the dorsal shield smooth, fringed or pilose while dorsal shield with hypertrichous setae. Legs having cavity (pedofossae), genital shield between the coxa clear and endopodal line present on the ventrum. Coxa-I larger than others and covering the tritosternum sometime. Peritreme bent or sinuous while stigma always present at the level of coxa-II and coxa-III. Sternal setae present on the ventral shield surrounding the genital shield. Chelicerae usually slenderical, elongate having small digits. Hypostomal setae typically with irregular number and dense, cornicles horn like (simple or having teeths) palp having 2-3 tined apotele.

FAMILY TRICHOUROPODAE HIRSCHMANN AND ZIRNGIEBL-NICOL Trichouropodini Hirschmann and Zirngiebl-Nicol, 1962: 79.

Trichouropodini Hirschmann and Zirngiebl-Nicol, 1964: 4.

GENUS TRICHOUROPODA BERLESE

Trichouropoda Berlese, 1916. Type species: Notaspis orbicularis C.L. KOCH, 1839. DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS TRICHOUROPODA BERLESE Hypostome having setiform, smooth, pilose or fringed setae, tectum mostly denticulate and tapering toward the apex, corniculi not cone like (having 1-5 teeths on the corniculi) along with 1-2 pairs of posterior setae. Chelicerae, fixed digit simple (without extension) while moveable digit having 3-5 teeths.

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KEY OF THE TRICHOUROPODA OVALIS GROUP (Female) 1. Operculum with ornamentations ------2 - Operculum without ornamentations ------21 2. Operculum having denticles with scattered setae ------Trichouropoda quercetin - Operculum without denticles ------3 3. Pits on operculum vary in size ------Trichouropoda beckwithi - Pits on operculum equal in size ------4 4. Operculum having few circular pits ------5 - Operculum having many circular pits ------9 5. Operculum wider than long; pedofossae with reticulations ------6 - Operculum longer than wider; pedofossae without reticulations ------7 6. Dorsal seta j1 smooth; with or without posterior setae of dorsum having pits ------Trichouropoda psuedoovalis n. sp. ------Trichouropoda wilkinsoni - Dorsal seta j1 pilose; with posterior setae of dorsum having pits ------Trichouropoda orzagahi 7. Ventral setae Jv1 and Jv2 shorter ------Trichouropoda maxicoovalis - Ventral setae Jv1 and Jv2 not shorter ------8 8. Anteriorly operculum rounded in shape ------Trichouropoda pinicola Anteriorly operculum denticulate in shape ------Trichouropoda rafalskii 9. Ventrally and dorsally having two pairs of x setae present ------10 - Ventrally and dorsally having many x setae present ------13 10. Pedofossae and metapodalia smooth ------11 - Pedofossae and metapodalia ornamented ------12 11. All dorsal setae smooth and needle like ------Trichouropoda curtipilis - All dorsal setae spatulate or leaf like ------Trichouropoda portugalensis 12. Extra setae x1 and x2 needle like ------Trichouropoda spatulifera - Extra setae x1 and x2 not needle like ------Trichouropoda polyctenaphila 13. Anteriorly operculum slender and narrow ------18 - Anteriorly operculum not slender and narrow ------14 14. Whole operculum having circular pits ------16 - Half operculum with circular pits ------15 15. Posteriorly dorsal setae with big circular pits ------Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp. - Posteriorly dorsal setae with or without circular pits ---- Trichouropoda turcicaovalis 206

16. Dorsal seta j1 pilose ------Trichouropoda svatoni - Dorsal setae j1 smooth ------17 17. Few circular pits on dorsal shield ------Trichouropoda ovalis - Many circular pits on dorsal shield ------Trichouropoda canadaovalis 18. Idiosoma larger than 1000 µm in length ------19 - Idiosoma smaller than 1000 µm in length ------20 19. Metapodal shield with few circular pits ------Trichouropoda alveola - Metapodal shield with many circular pits ------Trichouropoda ontarioovalis 20. Metapodal shield without pits ------Trichouropoda bellatula - Metapodal shield with pits ------Trichouropoda asionis 21. Ventral setae Jv1 and Jv2 closer to each other ------Trichouropoda ovalispatulifera - Ventral setae Jv1in front of Jv2 ------22 22. Ventral shield without circular pits near x-region ------Trichouropoda hirsute - Ventral shield with circular pits near x-region ------23 23. All dorsal setae needle shaped ------Trichouropoda columbiaovalis - All dorsal setae not needle shaped ------Trichouropoda callosa

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4.27. Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp. (Figure 29: A-E) Diagnostic characters: Idiosoma broadly oval, j1 simple and needle like, longer than other anterior setae (podonotal shield), posterior setae longer than anterior having similar in size, each posterior setae having circular pits. Genital shield longer which extended beyond the coxa-IV and approaching the middle of coxa-II. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 29A).

. Dorsum having length of 625(620-695) and 321(320-334) in width at level of coxa-II. Verticle setae “j1” (22-23) erracted, simple and needle like, anterior setae of the dorsal shield ranges from 12-19 which increasing gradually while posterior setae same in size (24-26) with circular pits on each seta. Dorsum having hypertrichy with more than 100 setae. Marginal shield decorated with circular strip.

Ventrum (Figure 29B).

Five pairs of sternal setae surrounding the genital shield, all sternal setae equal in size (25-26) and needle like. Genital shield simple without any serrations, with sharp edge anteriorly and longer 200(194-202) than 150(149-152) wide. Ventral shield longer 462(458-467) than 162(160-165) wide. Ventral setae below genital shield smooth and needle like having circular pits on each seta. Metapodal plate reticulated with horizontal lines.

Peritreme (Figure 29B).

Peritreme short and having sharp curved projection, 130(129-134) in length.

Chelicerae.

Fixed digit having two teeths and moveable digit with 4 teeths.

Legs.

The length of legs having simple and needle like setae: leg-I 257(256-259); leg-II 242(241-243), leg III 237(2236-2238) and leg-IV 267(265-269).

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MALE (Figure 28C).

Dorsum having similar chaetotaxy as female. Ventral shield having sternal setae around genital shield. Genital shield rounded and present between coxa-II and coxa-III. All ventral setae other than sternal setae having circular pits and same in size.

DEUTONYMPH (Figure 28: D-E).

Mostly dorsal setae slightly serrated in having same size as in female. Half of the dorsal setae having circular pits with each seta. Sterno-genital shield with five pairs of needle like setae and reticulations. Sterno-genital and ventrianal shield clearly separated, ventrianal shield having five pairs of setae and reticulations. Peritreme slightly concave and far away from coxa-I anteriorly.

Etymology.

This species having half dorsal and ventral shield with circular pited setae from Trichouropoda ovalis group, so the name is give “pseudo”.

DISTRIBUION

This species is first time reported from Pakistan as new for the world fauna.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): one female found from (30°49'59.99'' N, 70°42'0.86'' E) Kotmor, Taunsa Sharif, Dera Ghazi Khan; one female found from (29°49'21.17'' N, 70°36'47.74'' E) Kot Chutta, Dera Ghazi Khan; one female found from (29°56'55.71'' N, 70°40'32.5'' E) Jampur road, Dera Ghazi Khan; two females found from (29°08'22.5'' N, 70°41'47.57'' E) Indus mor, Dera Ghazi Khan.

REMARKS

Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp., belong to Trichouropoda ovalis group having circular pits on the dorsum as well as ventrum and oval shaped body. The species is differentiated on the basis of following characters as given below;

Marginal shield of Trichouropoda ovalis, Trichouropoda turcicaovalis and Trichouropoda szabadi having small, smooth and needle like setae as Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp. but sometime reduced while in Trichouropoda szabadi without 209

sculptures on the marginal shield, all other Trichouropda ovalis group species having sculptures.

Verticle setae “j1” smooth and needle like in Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp., while pilose in Trichouropoda ovalis and Trichouropoda turcicaovalis, and in Trichouropoda szabadi “j1” missing.

Posterior setae “J5” and “Z5” smooth in Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp. and Trichouropoda ovalis while in Trichouropoda turcicaovalis and Trichouropoda szabadi having pilose.

Anterior of sternal shield without rounded pits in Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp. and Trichouropoda turcicaovalis as compare to other species of Trichouropoda ovalis group having rounded pits. Genital shield is smooth posteriorly while all other species having small rounded pits on the shield.

Peritreme short, having sharp curved projection in indentified new species and Trichouropoda szabadi while in all other species of Trichouropoda ovalis group without sharp curved projections.

Pedofossae having reticulations instead of rounded pits in Trichouropoda pseudoovalis and Trichouropoda turcicaovalis while in Trichouropoda szabadi smooth and all other group members having rounded pits.

Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp. is also different as compare to other species on the basis of habitat specific, said species found from poultry manure while most of the members of Trichouropoda ovalis group identified from soil.

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Figure 29A: Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp., female, dorsal view

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Figure 29B: Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp., female, ventral view

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Figure 29C: Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp., male, ventral view

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4.28. Trichouropoda orbicularis (Koch, 1839) Notaspis orbicularis KOCH, 1839. Uropoda krameri Canestrini, 1882. Urodinychus krameri Trägardh, 1912. Urodinychus (Leiodinychus) krameri (G. Canestrini, 1882) - sensu Berlese, 1917. Leiodinychus orbicularis (C. L. Koch, 1882) - sensu Błoszyk, 1984. Diagnostic characters: Idosoma is broadly oval and heavily tanned. The dorsal shield is pointed anteriorly and is joined by a strip of interscutal memberane to a marginal shield. The surface of dorsal shield is slightly pitted and form it arise a number of bent setae arranged. The ventral surface of the body is gently rounded and covered by a continuous plate. A transverse suture extends across the body in front of the anus. The genital opening is covered by a shield shaped plate with a pointed apex which extends between coxae II and IV. Six pair of setae encircle the anterior part of the shield. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum.

. Dorsum oval in shape, 724(715-734) long and 576(562-587) wide, dorsum narrow toward the apex, well sclerotized and web like patterns on the dorsal and marginal plate, all the dorsal setae short, thorn-like, not reaching the insertion of the following setae.

Ventrum.

The sternal shield with 5 pairs of setae surrounding the genital shield, genital shield oval in shape or helmet-lik, expanding beyond the coxa-IV and start from coxa-I, genital shield or epiygynal with web-like patterns and half inner-surface covered with denticles, ventral shield and pedofossae with web-like ornamentations, all ventral setae short and thron-like (12-14 long), anal setae similar to the ventral setae, anal shield clearly opened.

Peritreme.

Peritremes start at the level of coxa-II and making U-turn between the coxa-II and coxa-III, stigmatal opening end with a very short prolongation.

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Chelicerae.

Chelicerae always with small nodus behind the both digits.

Hypostome.

Hypostome with four pairs of setae, hypostomal setae h1 larger than all other setae and needle like, hypostomal setae h2, h3 and h4 branched like, corniculi with three teeths (two teeths clearly visible), epistome serrated and pyramid like with short denticles, tritosternum base cup-like with denticles and lacinia divided into two branches.

MALE.

Dorsum longer 734(716-746) than 583(562-595) wide, epigynal shield like a horseshoe shaped between the coxa-II and coxa-III, posteriorly surrounding by an arch, sternal shield with five pairs of thorn-like and straight setae, most of the sternal setae aligned while St5 closer to each other near the epyginal shield posteriorly, most of the morphological characters similar to that of female.

DISTRIBUION

Trichouropoda orbicularis found all kind microhabitat from all over the world.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Samsun province, Turkey (2013-14): Three female from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca (41°39'05'' N, 36⁰ 01'10.9''E), Bafra (Site-1); one female and three male from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-2) (41⁰ 39'13.8'' N, 36⁰ 00'45.7'' E); three female and one male examined from Kızılırmark deltası, Doğanca, Bafra (Site-3), (41⁰ 39'08.7'' N, 35⁰ 59'59.2'' E); five females found near Kuşcular Village, Bafra (41⁰ 35'16.8'' N, 35⁰ 52'19.3'' E); two female from Kavak (41°4'25" N, 36°2'25" E) examined; one female observed from Çıvrıll (41°12'7.9" N, 35°58'59" E); one female found from (41°32'60" N, 35°52'59.99" E) Bafra; two females and three male found from (41°22'53.04" N, 36°12'59.04" E) Öndokuz Mayıs Univeritesi; three females found from (41°28'59.99" N, 35°51'00" E) Alaçam (Site-1); two females identified from (41°25'41.91" N, 35°51'47.32" E) Alaçam (Site-2); three females found from (41°36'00" N, 35°36'00" E) Alaçam (Site- 3); one female and one male found from (41°7'59.9" N, 35°27'00" E) Vezırköprü (Site-1);

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two female from (41°9'22.35" N, 35°25'45.33" E) Vezırköprü (Site-2); five females found from (41°10'35.32" N, 35°28'33.14" E) Vezırköprü (Site-3).

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): Two female found from Chak# 99RB, Jandiala Khalan (31°28'21'' N, 73°20'20'' E), Faisalabad; two females found from (31°28'18'' N, 73°14'55'' E) Khurianwala, Faisalabad; three females identified from (31°26'20'' N, 73°04'32.79'' E) Poultry farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad; two females found from (31°20'22.56'' N, 72°36'38.09'' E) Chak# 214, Jhang; three females found from (31°16'27.16'' N, 72°29'17.29'' E) near Gojra road, Jhang; one female found from (31°10'52.8'' N, 72°30'02.72'' E) from Jhang; two females and one male found from (30°49'59.99'' N, 70°42'0.86'' E) Kotmor, Taunsa Sharif, Dera Ghazi Khan.

REMARKS

This species is identified for the first time from Pakistan.

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FAMILY NENTERIIDAE HIRSCHMANN Nenteriidae Hirschmann, 1979b: 70.

GENUS NENTERIA OUDEMANS

Nenteria Oudemans, 1915: 185. Type species: Nenteria tropica Oudemans, 1905. DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS DENDROLAELAPS HALBERT Hypostome having setiform, smooth, pilose or fringed setae with internal malae, tectum with branches process, conculi mostly cone like and smooth without teeth, fixed digit with small rounded extention distally while moveable digit having 1-2 teeths.

KEY OF THE GENUS NENTERIA EVANS 1. Epigynal shield with anterior process ------3 - Epigynal shield without anterior process ------2 2. Poststigmatid part of peritreme hook shaped ------Nenteria yonaguiensis - Poststigmatid part of peritreme straight ------Nenteria eulaelaptis 3. Genital shield with long anterior process ------4 - Genital shield with short anterior process ------9 4. Female having rounded epigynal shield on genital shield ------Nenteria lii - Female without rounded epigynal shield on genital shield ------5 5. Peritreme with posterior projections, 27 pairs of ventral setae behind epigynal shield ------Nenteria pakturkus n. sp. - Peritreme without posterior projections, less than 27 pairs of ventral setae behind epigynal shield ------6 6. Apical portion of genital shield with serrated end ------7 - Apical portion of genital shield with sharp end ------Nenteria extermica 7. Anterior surface of sternal shield with pits ------8 - Anterior surface of sternal shield with or without pits ------11 8. Marginal setae of dorsum smooth ------Nenteria japonensis - Marginal setae of dorsum serrated ------Nenteria bastanii 9. Sculptural patterns present on ventral shield ------10 - Sculptural patterns absent on ventral shield ------Nenteria kashimensis 10. Ventral shield having oval pits ------Nenteria koreae 217

- Ventral shield having reticulations ------Nenteria koreana 11. Pedofossae with oval pits ------Nenteria stammeri - Pedofossae without oval pits ------12 12. Peritreme with anterior projection having 90° angle ------Nenteria stylifera - Peritreme without anterior projection to forward ------Nenteria breviunguiculata

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4.29 Nenteria pakturkus n. sp. (Figure 30: A-C) Diagnostic characters: Dorsal shield with less than 75 pairs without unpaired setae. Median setae paired, shorter than others. Ventral shield having 27 pairs of setae behind the epigynal shield, anteriorly epigynal shield cover bifid or trifid. Peritreme extended posteriorly with soft cuticle. DESCRIPTION FEMALE (n = 5) Dorsum (Figure 30A).

Dorsum with length of 950(945-956) and 517(516-518) in width at level of coxa- II. Verticle setae “j1” 35(35-36) erracted, simple and needle like, anterior setae of the dorsal shield ranges from 41-43 while 4 pairs of medio-central setae short, ranges from 23-24. Posterior setae “Z5” pilose with 48-50 in length. Dorsal shield ornamented with circular pits without marginal shield. Ventrum (Figure 30B).

Genital shield surrounding by the sternal setae along with circular pits, while St4 and St5 behind the genital shield. Sternal setae St1 shorter than others. Genital shield approaching the margin of coxa-IV, longer (193-195) than (131-132) wide with ornamentations. Epigynal shield (257-258), posteriorly approaching the margin of coxa- IV, with bifid or some time trifid tip. Ventral shield having 27 pairs of ventral setae behind the genital shield. Two pair of posterior-ventral setae longer than others, ventral shield having circular pits. Pedofossae smooth, without ornamentations.

Peritreme (Figure 30B).

Peritreme without 90° anterior angle while poststigmatic section ranges from 25-28 and posteriorly extended with soft cuticle. Moveable digit with a median tooth.

Legs.

Legs having needle like setae, legs chaetotaxy similar to “Uropoda-Type” (Evans, 1972), coxa-I covering the half base of tritosternum. The length of legs is as: Leg-I 490(486-492); leg-II 425(418-421), leg III 417(414-421) and leg-IV 398(395-400).

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MALE (Figure 30C).

Male having similar dorsal and ventral chaetotaxy, dorsum larger (992 x 553) than female (950 x 517). Genital shield present between coxa-II.

Etymology.

As author conducted PhD study from Pakistan and Turkey, so the name “Pakturkus” for the friendship and brotherhood of both countries.

DISTRIBUION

This species is first time reported from Pakistan as new for the world fauna.

SPECIMEN EXAMINED

Punjab province, Pakistan (2014-15): Three females found from (29°49'21.17'' N, 70°36'47.74'' E) Kot Chutta, Dera Ghazi Khan; two female found from (29°56'55.71'' N, 70°40'32.5'' E) Jampur road, Dera Ghazi Khan; one females found from (29°08'22.5'' N, 70°41'47.57'' E) Indus mor, Dera Ghazi Khan.

REMARKS

Nenteria pakturkus n. sp. similar to middle east and asia species of genus Nenteria. The new species can be distinguished having 27 pairs of ventral setae and extended soft cuticle projection of peritreme posteriorly. The species also differentiated on the basis of following characters as explained below;

Marginal setae of most of genus short and smooth while in Nenteria lii, it’s serrated while in new species setae are long and needle like. Verticle setae “j1” distally pilose in Nenteria bastanii, Nenteria extremica and Nenteria lii while in identified species simple, erracted and needle like. Dorsal setae “J5” and “Z5” found pectinate, distally pilose and serrated in Nenteria bastanii, Nenteria extremica and Nenteria lii respectively.

Anterior surface of sternal shield with reounded pits in Nenteria bastanii and Nenteria pakturkus n. sp. while in Nenteria extremica and Nenteria lii having smooth sternal area.

Epigynal shield smooth and rounded (Nenteria lii), sharp edge (Nenteria extremica) and serrated (Nenteria bastanii and Nenteria pakturkus n. sp.).

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Figure 30A: Nenteria pakturkus n. sp., female, dorsal view

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Figure 30B: Nenteria pakturkus n. sp., female, ventral view

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Figure 30C: Nenteria pakturkus n. sp., female, legs

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Figure 30D: Nenteria pakturkus n. sp., male, ventral view

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DENDROGRAM DESCRIPTION:

Dendrogram of the identified species are given above shows the relationship of all identified species based on their numerical taxonomic similarity index. For this purpose, we differentiated the epcies based on six characters; Length and width of dorsal shield, number pilose setae on the dorsal and ventral shield and comparision of length verses width in sternal shield as well as genital shield. We ranked the all morphical characters from zero to five, for numerical conversion. All the data was analysed by using the Minitab® 17 software under multivariate/cluster observation with complete linkage method and Euclidean distance measure.

Dendrogram results showed that first division start with 28.81% and 32.77% based on their similarity. Similarity index of 28.81% further divided into 54.68% and 39.19% while 54.68% divided into cluster-1 with similarity index of 54.68%. similarity index of 39.19% dendrogram divided into two clusters; cluster-3 and cluster-4 with similarity index of 61.19 and 59.47%.

In cluster-1 having four groups and two ungroup species; group-1 (D. habitatus n. sp. and M. subbadius) having 88.30% similarity respectivel while group- 2 (G. kabitae and P. berlesei), group-3 (M. robustulus and M. glaber) and group-4 (T. orbicularis and N. pakturkus n. sp.) having 83.46, 83.46 and 73.83% similarity index. Cluster-2 having two groups and one ungroup; group-1 (M. muscadomesticae and G. americana) and group-2 (M. penicillinger and M. matrius) with 73.83 and 61.19% similarity index. Cluster-3 also having two groups; group-1 (E. stabularis and P. fimetorum) and group-2 (M. pakistanensis n. sp. and D. gallinae) having similarity index of 100 and 61.19% respectively. Cluster-4 also having two groups; group-1 (M. scutatus and G. heartus n. sp.) and group-2 (G. aculiefer and G. heartus n. sp.) with 100 and 73.83% similarity index while cluster-5 having only one ungroup of G. confusa with 32.77% similarity index.

In conclusion of dendrogram, E. stabularis and P. fimetorum, and M. scutatus and G. heartus n. sp. giving the 100% similarity means having similar morphological characters based on standardized characters while members of the family Laelapidae and infraorder Uropodina having closer relationship to each other within their family.

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M. merdarius (Berlese, 1889)

M subbadius (Berlese, 1904)

Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp.

Gymnolaelaps kabitae Bhattacharyya, 1968

Pneumolaelaps berlesei (Hirschmann, 1969)

Macrocheles robustulus (Berlese, 1904)

Macrocheles glaber (Muller, 1860)

Trrichoupoda pseudoovalis n. sp.

Trrichoupoda orbicularis (Koch, 1839)

Nenteria pakturkus n. sp.

Macrocheles insignitus Berlese, 1918

Eulaelaps stabularis (Koch, 1836)

Parasitus fimetorum Berlese, 1904

Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp.

Dermanyssus gillanae (De Geer, 1778)

Macrocheles scutatus (Berlese, 1904)

Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp.

Macrocheles perglaber Filipponi and Pegazzano, 1962

Macrocheles nataliae Bregetova and Koroleva, 1960

Gaeolaelaps aculiefer (Canestrini, 1884)

Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp.

M. muscaedomesticae (Scopoli, 1772)

Glyptholaspis americana (Berlese, 1888)

Macrocheles penicillinger (Berlese, 1904)

Macrocheles matrius (Hull, 1925)

Macrocheles peniculatus (Berlese, 1918)

Glyptholaspis confusa (FOA, 1900)

Figure 31: Dendrogram of identified species of order Mesostigmata 226

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY Order Mesostigmata as most diverse group among superorder Parasitiformes (Class Acari). The members of order Mesostigmata found in all kind of microhabitats like; marine water, soil, leaf litters, dungs and poultry manure as well as on human. Most of them are predator, parasite and show phoretic behavior by feeding on insect and mites, causing diseases in poultry birds and do hitchhacking for movement with some insects. This study refers to the identification of some mesostigmatic mite groups (Macrochelidae, Laelapidae, Dermanyssidae, Parasitidae, Digamasellidae and Uropodina) collected by the author from Samsun province (Turkey) and Punjab province (Pakistan). First species related to above families was identified during 1971 from Pakistan and 1963 from Turkey. The specimens deposited in Acarology Research Laboratories (Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Pakistan); Department of Plant protection, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun (Turkey); Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University (USA)). Previously 8 species (Macrochelidae) were identified from Pakistan while 62 specis (26 species (Macrochelidae); 7 species (Laelapidae); 6 species (Parasitidae); 4 species (Digamasellidae); 26 species (Uropodina)) were identified from Turkey. The author has identified species (adult) as new records (six from Turkey and fourteen from Pakistan) including six new species to the world fauna. The classification given by Beaulieu et al. (2011) of order Mesostigmata at generic level was found appropriate and followed by the author in this mamuscript. As result of first part of study (Samsun province) six as new records; Dendrolaelaps casualis (Qayyoum et al., 2016a), Multidedrolaelaps putte (Qayyoum et al., 2016a), Macrocheles penicillinger, Macrocheles matrius (Qayyoum et al., 2016b), Macrocheles peniculatus and Dermanyssus gillanae are identified for the first time from Turkey while in second part of study (Punjab province) fourteen species as new records; Macrocheles muscaedomesticae, Macrocheles subbadius, Macrocheles robustulus, Macrocheles insignitus, Macrocheles matrius, Macrocheles glaber, Macrocheles perglaber, Glyptholaspis americana, Eulaelaps stabularis, Gymnolaelaps kabitae, Pneumolaelaps berlesei, Parasitus fimetorum, Dermanyssus gillanae and Trichouropoda orbicularis are identified for the first time and three species redescribed (Macrocheles merdarius, Macrocheles nataliae and Macrocheles scutatus) from Pakistan

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along with six new species; Macrocheles pakistanenesis n. sp., Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp., Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp., Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp., Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp. and Nenteria pakturkus n. sp.. Moreover, genera’s Dermanyssus (Dermanyssidae); Gaeolaelaps, Gymnolaelaps and Pneumolaelaps (Laelapidae); Parasitus (Parasitidae); Dendrolaelaps (Digamasellidae); Glyptholaspis (Macrochelidae); Trichouropoda (Trematuridae); Nenteria (Nenteriidae) are reported first time from Punjab province, Pakistan while genus Multidendrolaelaps (Digamasellidae) new from Samsun province, Turkey. Geographical information (Coordinates), illustrated diagrams and description of newly recorded as well as new species are presented here along with key to species of each genus reported from Pakistan and Turkey.

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