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FROM POULTRY MANURE by MUHAMMAD ASIF QAYYOUM TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF SOME MESOSTIGMATIC MITES (ACARI) FROM POULTRY MANURE By MUHAMMAD ASIF QAYYOUM 2006-ag-2261 M.Sc. (Hons.) Entomology A Thesis submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENTOMOLOGY Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. 2017 ii iii I believe in the religion of Islam. I believe in Allah and peace. My Beloved Family & Friends Whose encouragement, spiritual inspiration, well wishes, sincere prayers and an atmosphere that initiate me to achieve high academic goals. iv Acknowledgements If oceans turn into ink and all the wood become pens, even then, the praises of ALMIGHTY ALLAH cannot be expressed. Special praises and humblest thanks to the greatest social reformer Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW), the most perfect of even born on the surface of earth, who is a forever torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity. The work presented in this manuscript was accomplished under the skillful guidance and enlightened supervision of Dr. Bilal Saeed Khan (Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad). Earnest and devout appreciation to Dr. Muhammad Hamid Bashir (Department of Entomology) and Dr. Shahbaz Talib Sahi (Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad) for their time to time valuable suggestions. My gratitude will remain incomplete if I do not mention the contribution of Dr. Sebahat T. Ozman-Sullivan (Department of Plant Protection, Ondokuz Myis University, Samsun, Turkey) and Dr. Raul T. Villenuava (Research and Education Centre, University of Kentucky, Priceton, USA) for supervising me during TUBITAK-fellowship in Turkey and IRSIP (HEC, Pakistan) in Kentucky, USA respectively along with Dr. Jalal Arif (Chairman, Department of Entomology) for support. I would also extend my appreciations to Dr. Hans Klompen for giving me chance to attend the Acarology Summer Program (Soil Acarology), 2016 at The Ohio State University, USA under Acarology Development Foundation Scholarship. I would like thanks to TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) for giving me one year fellowship (TUBITAK-2216) to visit Ondokuz Myis University, Samsun, Turkey under which this research was done. I also thankful to Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, Pakistan for providing financial support through IRSIP (International Research Support Initiative Program) to visit University of Kentucky and Royal Entomological Society for giving outreach funds (partially financed to conduct research study in Punjab province, Pakistan). Muhammad Asif Qayyoum v vi LIST OF FIGURES Sr. No. Description Page No. 1 Morphology of the family Macrochelidae (A-F) 27-29 2 Morphology of the family Laelapidae (A-B) 32-33 3 Morphology of the family Dermanyssidae (A-B) 36-37 4 Morphology of the family Parasitidae (A-D) 39-42 5 Morphology of the Infraorder Uropodina (A) 43 6 Macrocheles merdarius (A-B) 54-55 7 Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (A-B) 60-61 8 Macrocheles subbadius (A-B) 66-67 9 Macrocheles robustulus (A-C) 72-74 10 Macrocheles insignitus (A-B) 78-79 11 Macrocheles penicillinger (A-B) 83-84 12 Macrocheles matrius (A-D) 88-91 13 Macrocheles peniculatus (A-B) 94-95 14 Macrocheles scuatatus (A-B) 99-100 15 Macrocheles glaber (A-C) 105-107 16 Macrocheles perglaber (A-D) 112-115 17 Macrocheles nataliae (A-B) 118-119 18 Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp. (A-D) 128-130 19 Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp. (A-B) 131-132 20 Glyptholaspis confusa (A-B) 136-137 vii 21 Glyptholaspis americana (A-B) 141-142 22 Gaeolaelaps heartus n. sp. (A-G) 152-156 23 Gymnolaelaps kabitae (A-D) 160-162 24 Pneumolaelaps berlesi (A-D) 166-168 25 Eulaelaps stabularis (A-D) 173-175 26 Dermanyssus gillanae (A-D) 182-184 27 Parasitus fimetorum (A-F) 189-193 28 Dendrolaelaps habitatus n. sp. (A-F) 199-203 29 Trichouropoda pseudoovalis n. sp. (A-C) 211-213 30 Nenteria pakturkus n. sp. (A-D) 221-224 31 Dendrogram of identified species of order Mesostigmata 226 viii LIST OF TABLES Sr. No. Description Pages 1 Composition of Hoyer’s medium 19 2 Terminology 21-24 3 Comparision of Macrocheles pakistanensis n. sp. and 127 Macrocheles punjabensis n. sp. with Macrocheles glaber group members LIST OF APPENDICES Sr. No. Research Publications, Presentation and Articles Pages 1 First record of Macrocheles matrius (Hull, 1925) (Acari: 253 Macrochelidae) from Turkey 2 Description of new records of the family Digamasellidae (Acari: 257 Mesostigmata) from Kızılırmak Delta, Samsun Province, Turkey 3 The role of family Macrochelidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) as a 261 biological control agent with short review on macrochelid fauna from Turkey and Pakistan 4 Poultry manure-inhabiting mites (Mesostigmata: Acari) 262 ix ABSTRACT The members of order Mesosigmata (Acari) are commonly found from all kind of microhabitat as most diverse group having predatory, parasitic and phoretic behaviors. The exploration and identification of mesostigamtic mites (Macrochelidae, Laelapidae, Dermanyssidae, Digamasellidae, Parasitidae and Uropodina) were poorly or not reported before. First species (Macrocheles layypurensis) was identified from the family Macrochelidae during 1971, seven species (Holostaspella bifoliata, M. zeta, M. merdarius, M. dispar, M. similis, M. nataliae and M. scutatus) reported (Malik, 2016) with poor description and illustrations from Pakistan while first species related to above families were identified in 1963 from Turkey. Until now, eight species (Pakistan) and sixty-two species (Turkey) were identified. This taxonomic study was carried out to identify the mesostigmatic mite fauna of poultry manure from Samsun province, Turkey and Punjab province, Pakistan. This research work refers to the detailed taxonomic study on the basis of morphological characters regarding poultry manure-inhabiting mesostigmatic mites (Macrochelidae, Laelapidae, Dermanyssidae, Digamasellidae, Parasitidae and Uropodina) that are newly recorded and addition of new species in the fauna of both countries by the author. The author has identified species (adult) as new records (five from Turkey and fourteen from Pakistan) including six new species to the world fauna. The classification given by Beaulieu et al. (2011) of order Mesostigmata at generic level was found appropriate and followed by the author in this mamuscript. As result of first part of study (Samsun province) six as new records; Dendrolaelaps casualis (Qayyoum et al., 2016a), Multidedrolaelaps putte (Qayyoum et al., 2016a), M. penicillinger, M. matrius (Qayyoum et al., 2016b), M. peniculatus and Dermanyssus gillanae are identified for the first time from Turkey while in second part of study (Punjab province) fourteen species as new records; M. muscaedomesticae, M. subbadius, M. robustulus, M. insignitus, M. matrius, M. glaber, M. perglaber, Glyptholaspis americana, Eulaelaps stabularis, Gymnolaelaps kabitae, Pneumolaelaps berlesei, Parasitus fimetorum, D. gillanae and Trichouropoda orbicularis are identified for the first time and three species redescribed (M. merdarius, M. nataliae and M. scutatus) from Pakistan along with six new species; M. pakistanenesis n. sp., M. punjabensis n. sp., G. heartus n. sp., D. habitatus n. sp., T. pseudoovalis n. sp. and Nenteria pakturkus n. sp.. Moreover, genera’s Dermanyssus (Dermanyssidae); Gaeolaelaps, Gymnolaelaps and Pneumolaelaps (Laelapidae); Parasitus (Parasitidae); Dendrolaelaps (Digamasellidae); Glyptholaspis (Macrochelidae); Trichouropoda (Trematuridae); Nenteria (Nenteriidae) are reported first time from Punjab province, Pakistan while genus Multidendrolaelaps (Digamasellidae) new from Samsun province, Turkey. Geographical information (Coordinates), illustrated diagrams and description of newly recorded as well as new species are presented in the thesis along with taxonomic keys upto species level. In conclusion of dendrogram, E. stabularis and P. fimetorum, and M. scutatus and G. heartus n. sp. giving the 100% similarity means having similar morphological characters based on standardized characters while members of the family Laelapidae and infraorder Uropodina having closer relationship to each other within their family. x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Mites are mircroscopic arthropods belonging to subclass Acari (class Arachnida) along with ticks. Mites are known to be one of the most diverse organisms, colonizing terrestrial, marine and freshwater habitats as well as on animals and humans (Krantz, 1978; Moreno-Moreno and Mayagoitia-Penagos, 2008). Poultry manure is a special microhabitat for certain insects and mites which provide shelter, food and associated environment. Manure fauna is part of the structure and function of an ecosystem which is very important in order to understand its dynamics. Manure-inhabiting mites have an important role in biological cycle of natural and cultivated soil. Mesostigmata having more than a hundred families, nine hundred genera’s and more than eight thousand species that are identified till today (Beaulieu et al., 2011; Abdigoudarzi et al., 2014). The members of Mesostigmata are free-living predators, having coprophilous and Phoretic behavior like Uropodids, Macrochelids and Laelapids that usually act as a biological control agent for controlling different dipteran flies, especially by feeding on their eggs and early instar larvae; they also feed on nematodes (Ito, 1970; Krantz, 1983, 1978; Gerson et al., 2003, Lindquist et al., 2009a, 2009b). Poultry birds are more threatened by the superfamily Dermanyssoidea, which
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