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Cartography in Wikipedia Presentations of software, databases, information systems and internet KiG 2011, 15 Cartography in Wikipedia 1. Introduction and allows distribution, reproduction and commercial use of author content. If one Human aspiration to gather informa- contributes text directly to Wikipedia, he tion in one place is thousands of years or she thereby licenses it to the public for old. Many encyclopaedias were created use under GFDL. Those articles can be through centuries, but only the digital further distributed in several languages in era provided tools for simple browsing Wikipedia or between other data sources of large amounts of information. The which are GFDL licensees. A consider- first ideas of encyclopaedias on the In- able number of images and sounds are ternet were born during the 1990s. The not free content and are subject of copy- first project in that direction appeared right. They are: company logo, examples 160 at the end of 20th century, because the of songs and images from media used technical improvement of the Internet under condition of fair use (URL 2). in terms of availability and transfer rate There are number of disagreements was achieved. Jimmy Wales became in terms of reliability and accuracy of acquainted with the “wiki” editing model Wikipedia. The most frequent criticisms in 2001, so he launched Wikipedia on Fig. 1. Wikipedia logo (URL 3) are vandalism, inconsistency, unequal January 15, 2001 as an encyclopaedia Slika 1. Wikipedia logo (URL 3) quality, uncorroborated attitudes, bias of everyone could participate in and it rap- the system, and tendency to adjustment idly gained popularity, while other similar and popularity gained by recommenda- projects became less popular and finally tions. Some also say Wikipedia cannot ceased to exist. Meanwhile, Wikipedia Wikipedia’s slogan is: free encyclopaedia justify the term “encyclopaedia” which spread based on its popularity (URL 1). that can be edited by anyone (Fig. 1). implies a high level of reliability and This overview is based on a seminar It is developed using “wiki” computer authority, which it cannot keep because from the course Methods of Scientific software. The Wikipedia project began of its open editing policy. However, free Work of the postgraduate doctoral study on January 15, 2001 as a project com- access, frequent updating, diversity and in Geodesy and Geoinformatics at the plementary to Nupaedia – an English- detailed and numerous multilingual ver- Faculty of Geodesy of the University of language web-based encyclopaedia sions turned Wikipedia into a very used Zagreb. Content analysis of the Cartog- with articles by experts and licensed as source of information (URL 2). raphy category and a review of catego- free content, founded by Jimmy Wales ries constituting it were made, as well as and Larry Sanger. Nupaedia lasted from 2.1. Organisation and the number of articles in the category, in March 2000 until September 2003. It characteristics of Wikipedia both the Croatian and English versions. was Jimmy Wales, one of the Wikipedia All rules of Wikipedia are based on Content analysis of each article was not founders who called the Wikipedia proj- five fundamental principles which define done; emphasis was placed on cartog- ect a commitment to make a multilingual its character (URL 4): raphy as a subcategory in the Science free encyclopaedia of highest possible category of Wikipedia. quality and hand it out to every individual 1. Wikipedia is an online encyclopaedia on the planet in his or her own language. which incorporates elements of gen- An overview of Wikipedia, its struc- Nowadays, Wikipedia is managed by eral and specialized encyclopaedias ture and possibilities of its use were the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit and journals. Wikipedia is not an given. There is also a content overview of organisation (URL 2). uncritical collection of data (uncriti- Kartografija and Cartography categories cal in the sense there are no criteria in tables and an analysis of their content. Wikipedia exists as a wiki, which for its content). It is not a collection implies it is written collaboratively by of original documents, nor trivial, nor numerous volunteers and most of the dictionary, platform, web portal with 2. Wikipedia articles can be changed by anyone with news, service publisher, or an experi- Internet access and an adequate web ment in anarchy or democracy, or a Wikipedia (hav. wiki – fast, ency- browser. Editors are expected to main- web directory. It is not the place to put clopaedia – written work in which facts tain a certain level of neutrality, without in your own opinions, experiences or and insights about human knowledge determining the objectivity of truth. The arguments – all collaborators must are systematically processed in alpha- GNU Free Documentation License is respect the policies of avoiding enter- betical or other order) is a multilingual, one of many copyright licenses, which ing results of their own research and web-based free content encyclopaedia. enables availability of Wikipedia's articles aiming for accuracy. KiG 2011, 15 Prikazi softvera, baza podataka, informacijskih sustava i internet Kartografija na Wikipediji 1. Uvod abecednim ili drugim metodičkim slije- Postoji također i čitav niz nesuglasi- dom, sustavno obrađuju činjenice i spo- ca po pitanju pouzdanosti i točnosti Wiki- Ljudska želja za sakupljanjem infor- znaje o svom ljudskom znanju) višejezič- pedije. Najčešće mete kritika su vandali- macija na jednom mjestu stara je tisu- na je, na Webu zasnovana enciklopedi- zam, nedosljednost, neravnomjerna kva- ćama godina. Kroz stoljeća su izrađe- ja slobodnog sadržaja. Slogan Wikipe- liteta, nepotkrepljeni stavovi, pristranost ne mnoge enciklopedije, no tek je digi- dije glasi: „slobodna enciklopedija koju sustava, težnja usuglašavanju i popular- talno doba pružilo alate za jednostavno svatko može uređivati“ (slika 1). Razvi- nost koju stječe preporukama. Neki uz to pretraživanje velike količine informacija. jena je korištenjem vrste računalnog sof- navode i da Wikipedija ne može oprav- Tijekom 90-ih godina 20. stoljeća rodi- tvera pod nazivom „wiki“. Projekt Wikipe- dati naziv „enciklopedija“ koji za sobom le su se prve ideje o enciklopediji na in- dije započet je 15. siječnja 2001. godi- povlači visoki stupanj pouzdanosti i mje- ternetu. Prvi projekt u tom smjeru poja- ne, i to kao dodatak stručno pisanoj Nu- rodavnosti koji ona, zbog svoje otvorene vio se tek na kraju prošlog stoljeća, jer pediji - enciklopediji na internetu, pisa- uređivačke politike, ne može održati. No 161 se čekao tehnički napredak interneta u noj pretežno na engleskom jeziku, koju sloboda pristupa, učestala ažuriranja, ra- smislu dostupnosti i brzine prijenosa. Ji- su osnovali Jimmy Wales i Larry San- znolikost i detaljnost te brojne višejezične mmy Wales se 2001. godine upoznao s ger. Opstala je od ožujka 2000. godine inačice pretvorile su Wikipediju u vrlo ko- konceptom Wiki, te je 15. siječnja 2001. do rujna 2003. godine. Upravo je Jimmy rišten izvor informacija (URL 2). godine pokrenuo Wikipediju kao enci- Wales jedan od suosnivača Wikipedije, klopediju u kojoj su svi mogli sudjelova- a projekt Wikipedije sam naziva „nasto- 2.1. Ustroj i karakteristike Wikipedije ti i vrlo brzo je dobivala na popularnosti, janjem da se višejezična slobodna enci- a ostali slični projekti gubili su popular- klopedija najviše moguće kvalitete nači- Sva pravila Wikipedije temelje se na nost i na kraju se ugasili. Enciklopedija ni i razdijeli svakom pojedincu na plane- pet općih principa koji određuju karakter u koju sadržaje mogu unositi svi posje- tu na njegovu materinskom jeziku“. Wi- Wikipedije (URL 4): titelji svoje je širenje bazirala upravo na kipedijom danas rukovodi neprofitna or- 1. Wikipedija je enciklopedija koja uklju- popularnosti (URL 1). ganizacija zaklada Wikimedija (URL 2). čuje elemente općih enciklopedija, Wikipedija postoji kao „wiki“, što po- specijaliziranih enciklopedija i ča- Ovaj prikaz nastao je na temelju se- sopisa. Wikipedija nije nekritička minarskog rada iz kolegija Metode znan- drazumijeva da se piše u suradnji s broj- nim volonterima, te većinu članaka može zbirka podataka (nekritička u smislu stvenog rada poslijediplomskog doktor- da ne postoje kriteriji za njen sadržaj). skog studija Geodezije i geoinformatike mijenjati svatko s pristupom internetu i odgovarajućim web preglednikom. Od Ona nije kolekcija izvornih doku- na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u menata, niti trivijalnosti, niti rječnik, Zagrebu. Napravljena je analiza sadržaja urednika se traži da održavaju određenu razinu „neutralnosti“ pri sažimanju ista- govornica, portal s vijestima, uslužni kategorije Kartografija, tj. pregled potka- izdavač, ni eksperiment u anarhiji ili tegorija koje ju sačinjavaju i broja člana- knutih stajališta, bez određivanja objek- tivnosti istine. GNU licencija slobodne demokraciji, niti web direktorij. Ona ka u njima, kako u inačici Wikipedije na također nije mjesto za ubacivanje hrvatskom jeziku, tako i na engleskom dokumentacije (GNU Free Documenta- tion License – GFDL) jedna je od broj- svojih mišljenja, iskustva ili argume- jeziku. Nije rađena analiza sadržaja po- nata – svi suradnici moraju poštovati jedinih članaka, već je naglasak stavljen nih licencija autorskih prava, koja omo- gućava raspoloživost Wikipedijinih člana- politiku izbjegavanja unošenja re- na kartografiju kao potkategoriju u kate- zultata vlastitih istraživanja i težiti goriji Znanost na Wikipediji. ka tako da dopušta raspačavanje, stva- ranje izvedenica
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