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Donald Comer: New Southerner, New Dealer

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INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in ihis copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313 751-4700 800, 521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 0118104 Donald Comer: New Southerner, New Dealer Breedlove, Michael Alan, Ph.D. The American University, 1990 Copyright ©1990 by Breedlove, Michael Alan. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb R& Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DONALD COMER: NEW SOUTHERNER, NEW DEALER by Michael A. Breedlove submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Signatures__of Committee: Chair: Dean ofl the College October 15, 1990 Date 1990 The American University 7133 Washington, DC 20016 THE JLI.SBIC.ilT U iriT Z IIS 'T Y LJSSra? Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 0 Copyright by Michael A. Breedlove 1990 All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To my mother, Mary Watson Griffith Breedlove (1920-1975) and to my family Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DONALD COMER: NEW SOUTHERNER, NEW DEALER BY Michael A. Breedlove ABSTRACT Donald Comer became a leader in the cotton manufacturing industry in the 1920s. That decade and the next were a time when both the New South ideology and labor-management relations underwent change. Those years were also watershed years in terms of changes in the political scene. During those years Progressivism changed and the New Deal arrived. As the son of Alabama Governor B. B. Comer, and as the leader of both Avondale Mills and Cowikee Mills, Donald was poised to act on those changes and to help shape both the economic and political side of life in the South. The Barbour County native acted to promote traditional New South goals of industrialism and diversified farming. The prominent Alabama cotton manufacturer also acted as a Progressive and as a New Deal advocate. The interaction of Comer with both the New South philosophy of economic development and the political reforms of both Progressivism and the New Deal are explored. Both the extent of his acceptance and the limits ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. to his belief in both economic and political reform are examined. Specific points investigated include New South issues such as industrialization and diversified farming, Progressive reforms such as education, the use of child labor, night work of women and children, the development of the Tennessee Valley, and Prohibition; New Deal issues of relief and recovery, particularly rural relief, the ending of tenant farming, and the limiting of cotton acreage, and government intervention in the economy and in labor relations. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project grew out of a graduate paper completed at the University of Alabama in Birmingham under the direction of Dr. Tennant S. McWilliams. Much of the credit but none of the blame may be assigned to him and to Dr. Marvin Y. Whiting. Both helped me to begin the study of Donald Comer (1877-1963). It was Dr. Whiting, as Archivist and Manu­ scripts Curator of the Birmingham Public Library Archives who actually introduced me to the massive Donald Comer pa­ pers. Both men have rendered significant help then and to the present. Thanks also go to Harvard University for recognizing that the Comer papers belonged in Alabama, which led to their transfer to Birmingham. The continuation of this study into its present form has been significantly helped by Dr. Alan M. Kraut. He helped me to choose this topic, and to write it without too many gaffes, as did Dr. Jon L. Wakelyn and Dr. Michael Kazin. They have also patiently helped me to overcome prob­ lems of both style and substance. Several institutions and individuals deserve my thanks. Rather than leave any one person off of this list who helped me significantly, I am not naming individuals, iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. but rather sections and institutions. Chief among them are the archivists librarians at the Birmingham Public Library, who made my research as pleasant as possible, and who al­ lowed me access to the Comer papers on weekends. Other institutions who helped my include the Alabama Public Library Service, the Library of Congress Manuscripts Division, the Special Collections section of the William R. Perkins Library at Duke University, the Southern Historical Collections at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the Special Collections section of the Samford Univer­ sity Library, and the National Archives, not only its main branch in Washington, D.C., but its branch in Atlanta, Geor­ gia. A special thank you goes to every person who works at the Alabama Department of Archives and History, to its dir­ ector, Dr. Edwin C. Bridges, and to my supervisor, Alden N. Monroe. Not only was I allowed to take unpaid leave to fin­ ish this monograph, every person there overlooked my petu­ lance when my writing was not going well, and my absences when the research and writing were going well. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................... iv INTRODUCTION .......................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. COMER AND THE NEW SOUTH, 1924-1940 .... 15 CHAPTER 2. COMER AS A PROGRESSIVE, 1924-1940 ......... 59 CHAPTER 3. COMER AND SOUTHERN COTTON, 1924-1940 . 106 CHAPTER 4. COMER AND COTTON MANUFACTURING, 1924-1932 . 142 CHAPTER 5. COMER AND PATERNALISM, 1924-1940 184 CHAPTER 6. COMER AND THE NEW DEAL, 1933-1940 ........ 228 CHAPTER 7. COMER, THE NRA, AND TRADE UNIONS, 1933- 1940 274 CONCLUSION ............................................. 341 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 348 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION Why is Donald Comer interesting? He was not an im­ posing man. Though tall, he was slim, balding, and quiet. When he entered a room, "no one noticed."' In a 1936 trade paper article, Comer was described as: Unpretentious . of slight, almost frail build, slightly stooped from intense work and lack of at­ tention to his physical well-being, quiet, retiring in manner, soft in speech, he is never spectacular, but always effective.2 The Alabama textile executive wore round, steel- rimmed glasses, was asthmatic, and suffered occasional, but severe attacks of malaria, an inheritance of his military service in the Philippines from 1898 through 1903.3 Ac­ cording to a friend, "his speech reflects his complete ear­ nestness, sincerity, and integrity."4 1 Interview with Mrs. Virginia Durr at her home in Montgomery, Ala., 10 Jan. 1989. 2 "My Brother Donald," Cotton 100 (May 1936): unpagi­ nated reprint found in the Comer papers, 125. Comer was then fifty-nine. For another source on Donald and his fa­ ther, see Ann Kendrick Walker, Braxton Bragg Comer: His Family Tree from Virginia's Colonial Days (Richmond, Va.: Dietz Press, Incorporated, 1947). 3 Ibid, and Francis B. Hutman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, 1798-1903 Volume I (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1903), 319. 4 Ibid. 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Part of
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